Organization of cargo transportation by rail

Transportation of goods by rail in Ukraine is regulated by the Charter of the Ukrainian Railways, the Rules for the Transportation of Goods, the technical conditions for loading and securing cargo, and others. normative documents, as well as an agreement concluded between the transport company and the consignor, forwarder or other customer. The work of organizing transportation on the railway is entrusted to special services of the railway: freight offices of stations, commodity cash desks, luggage (freight) yards. Their responsibilities include the execution and verification of documents drawn up by shippers for cargo transportation, as well as ensuring the process of cargo delivery.

Transportation of trade cargo by rail is carried out on a contractual basis on the basis of monthly transportation planning. Monthly transportation planning is based on current or long-term contracts for the organization of transportation and orders from shippers or forwarders. To do this, the customer (consignor, freight forwarder) to the local Railway Administration no later than. 14 days before the beginning of the month in which transportation is planned, must submit an application (lunar order) to obtain the required number of wagons or containers. Such an application is submitted in three copies, each of which is signed by the head of the enterprise and his signature is approved by the seal, in the form of a detailed plan for the transportation of goods according to the established nomenclature, with distribution by type of cargo, departure stations and railway destinations, and for cargo, vidvantazhuvatimutsya within the railway departures - with distribution by destination stations. At the same time, traffic volumes are calculated in tons and wagons or only in wagons. Shippers submit a separate detailed plan for each station of departure for each nomenclature group of cargo.

After developing a local railway monthly plan for the transportation of goods and bringing it to the attention of the consignor, he must submit a ten-day order for the provision of wagons by days of the decade and directions of transportation (no later than 3 days before the start of the decade).

Based on the received (no later than 1 day before the beginning of the decade) message from the local railway station on the number of allocated wagons in the context of cargo and railways or destination stations, the consignor must ensure the preparation of the cargo for shipment, determine the method of its movement (i.e. establish for this cargo, type of departure, speed of delivery, type of message), draw up the relevant transportation documents and transfer the goods to the transport company.

An important role in the organization of transportation is played by the method of transportation of goods, which is determined by a number of features based on the classification of rail transportation on a territorial basis and type of message, type of departure, speed of transportation, etc. The speed of cargo transportation is chosen and indicated in the railway bill of lading by the consignor.

The main transportation document for rail transportation is the railway waybill, which accompanies the cargo to the destination station and is transferred to the consignee along with the cargo. The consignment note contains information about the sender and recipient, the speed of transportation, the name of the cargo, the number of pieces and weight of the cargo, the declared value of the cargo, when it is accepted for transportation, etc. transportation, a receipt of acceptance of the goods for transportation, in the case of transportation of goods with limited storage periods, additional certificates, certificates of the quality of goods, veterinary certificates). In the railway bill of lading, the railway is obliged to affix a calendar stamp confirming the fact of acceptance of the cargo for transportation. The receipt of acceptance of cargo for transportation is issued to the consignee against receipt in the appropriate column of the back of the road sheet.

Transportation of goods by rail on a territorial basis is divided into domestic transportation and international transportation (including transportation of export and import cargo and transit transportation); depending on the type of communication, internal transportation of goods by rail is divided into local transportation (transportation is carried out between two stations of the same Railway Department); transportation in direct domestic traffic (between stations of two or more Railway Departments); transportation in mixed traffic ( various types transport), in particular, transportation in direct mixed traffic (by different modes of transport under one document).

By type of departure, that is, taking into account the size of the consignment, it is sent by rail, transportation is distinguished:

> Small shipments - they take place when a consignment of goods presented for transportation under one transportation document does not require the provision of a separate wagon (the mass of the shipment includes the mass of the cargo, tare or packaging, as well as the mass of the transportation devices belonging to it). Transportation by small shipments is carried out, as a rule, in a prefabricated universal wagon. In such a wagon, small consignments of cargo belonging to various consignors are combined into one wagon lot with the carriage registered on separate railway bills of lading;

> Wagon shipments - a wagon shipment is considered to be a consignment of cargo presented under one railway bill of lading, for the carriage of which a separate wagon is provided;

> Container shipments - a container shipment is a cargo that is presented according to one shipping document for transportation in a container, or an empty container.

In the practice of rail transportation, transportation by groups of wagons and transportation by routes are also distinguished.

Depending on the speed, all rail freight transport is divided into:

> Freight speed transportation (all freight trains provide it). When transporting most ordinary goods in universal wagons in small shipments, it is conventionally accepted in the amount of 180 km per day; wagon shipments - 330 km per day, route - 550 km per day;

> Transportation at high speed (in fast trains in one direction). It is used for the transportation of goods with a limited shelf life, for the transportation of valuable goods, other goods at the request of the consignor and as agreed to the railway. With such transportation, the mileage of a wagon with cargo ranges from 550 km per day (when transported by small shipments) to 660 km per day (when transported in a refrigerated wagon)

> Transportation at baggage speed (in freight cars of passenger trains). In this case, the speed of transportation depends on the timetable of a particular passenger train.

The railway bill of lading and the receipt of acceptance of the goods, which are issued to the consignor, confirm the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods, according to which the railway undertakes to deliver the goods to the destination railway station in a timely manner and in integrity in compliance with the conditions of its transportation and issue the goods to the consignee, and the consignor - to pay for this transportation .

The technological process of transportation of goods by rail includes the following technological operations:

Submission of wagons for loading;

Presentation of cargo for shipment;

Loading cargo into the wagon;

Direct transportation and escort of cargo on the way;

Operations upon the arrival of goods.

These operations are carried out after the shipper prepares the cargo before shipment. Before submitting goods for transportation, the consignor is obliged to pack the goods of good quality in a standard shipping container (if the cargo is sent in a container, another shipping container is not required). Package units and piece goods must be marked with transport markings and, if necessary, special signs and inscriptions that warn the performers of work with goods about how to handle them ("Top, not turn over", "Caution, fragile", "Center of gravity» ). The transport (shipping) marking must contain the name of the consignor and consignee, stations of departure and destination, serial numbers of packages, mass of cargo. The consignor is responsible for the correct preparation of cargo for transportation; if the cargo is packed in violation of the requirements of the standards, the railway has the right to refuse their acceptance for carriage.

Goods prepared for transportation are delivered to the railway station or sent directly from the consignor's sidings (for this, empty wagons are delivered to the non-public track). In the latter case, the railway station must notify the consignor no later than 2:00 before the delivery of empty wagons (or containers) for loading.

Serviceable wagons, cleaned inside and out, if necessary, disinfected, suitable for the carriage of specific goods, must be delivered for loading. Before loading, the sender's employees must check the serviceability of the presented wagon, since in case of damage or damage to goods in a faulty wagon, the sender is responsible. Particular attention should be paid to wagons for the carriage of goods with limited shelf life - isothermal wagons, refrigerated wagons, which must ensure the maintenance of the required temperature regime. The sender has the right to refuse a faulty wagon (unsuitable for technical or commercial use) and demand its replacement.

Loading of goods into wagons (and onto cars for delivery to the departure station), as well as unloading from them, can be carried out by the consignor or consignee, and in cases established by the Charter of the Ukrainian Railways, by the forces of the railway station.

When loading goods into wagons and containers, their carrying capacity must be taken into account and not exceeded; it is necessary to load the wagon up to the height of the sides. Concluding goods in wagons, it is necessary to take into account technical requirements placement of goods in wagons and containers, secure goods to prevent their movement during transportation. To reduce the duration of loading operations, it is recommended to widely use appropriate mechanization tools. This is all the more important because special deadlines for loading (and unloading) wagons have been set, for non-compliance with which penalties are provided.

Loaded wagons (containers) must be sealed by the railway or the sender. As a rule, goods are sent:

Behind the seals of the sender - when the cargo is loaded and weighed by the sender's means

Behind the seals of the railway - when the wagon is loaded and weighed by its means.

As a rule, on the sidings of the consignor, they are loaded by their own forces and means of the consignor; at the railway station, loading of goods is carried out by the forces and means of the railway (with the exception of goods with limited storage periods, bulky goods and heavy (weighing more than 0.5 tons) goods that are loaded by the sender), loading of goods into containers is carried out by the forces and means of the sender, and their unloading from containers - by the forces and means of the consignee. Regulatory documents provide for the possibility of performing all cargo operations by the railroad on a paid basis in accordance with the contract between the consignor and the railroad.

As a rule, by the time the goods are shipped, the shipper must pay the freight and other stipulated payments, otherwise the road may delay the dispatch of the goods.

Payment for the carriage of goods by railways is determined at regulated or contractual rates depending on the amount of goods, type of shipment, distance and speed of transportation, type of wagon used and its ownership (Ukrzaliznytsia wagons or rented or private wagons). Except tariff rates tariff fees are also applied (for storing goods in warehouses, for weighing cargo, for supplying wagons to sidings, for disinfection, for escorting cargo, etc.).

In confirmation of the fact of acceptance of the cargo for transportation, the sender is given a cargo receipt (receipt for accepting cargo for transportation), which, together with an invoice for payment for the goods, is sent to the recipient of the goods. The final payment for transportation is made by the consignee upon the arrival of the cargo at the destination station before the date of delivery of the cargo.

Railway is obliged to ensure the delivery of goods to their destination and within the agreed time. The duration of the cargo stay in transit is calculated according to the norms of the daily mileage of cargo, which depend on the type of wagon, type of shipment, nature of the cargo, delivery speed and transportation distance. In addition, additional time is allotted for performing operations related to the shipment and arrival of cargo and performing additional operations on cargo in the process of their delivery (for example, when redirecting cargo, accumulating and sorting small and container shipments in wagon norms on cargo sorting platforms, etc.) .

The total standard time for delivery of cargo, including the time for shipment and arrival of cargo, the time for additional operations (if necessary) of cargo and the time for direct transportation of cargo to the destination station, is calculated by the formula:

where Тtot is the total standard delivery time of the cargo, days;

Gv.p - time to perform operations from the departure and arrival of cargo, days (for any type of departure, 1 day is allocated for these operations);

Gdod - time to perform additional operations with cargo, days;

S - transportation distance, km;

Nn is the rate of carriage run per day, km.

The countdown of the delivery time of the cargo is carried out from 24 hours on the day of its acceptance for transportation. The date of acceptance of the goods for transportation and the date of the end of the delivery period must be indicated in the cargo receipt.

Cargoes are considered to be delivered on time if they are unloaded by the railway at the destination station, which is reported to the consignee, or if wagons (containers) with cargo are submitted for unloading by the consignee before the expiration due date delivery. The charter of the railways of Ukraine provides material liability railway for non-compliance with the terms of delivery of goods.

For untimely delivery of goods and empty wagons owned by enterprises, organizations, institutions, citizens-entrepreneurs or leased by them, the railway pays a fine to the recipient (unless it proves that the delay was not due to its fault) in the amount of:

10% of the toll - for a delay of 2 days;

20% of the toll - for a delay of 3 days;

30% of the fare - for a delay of 4 or more days.

The specified fine is not paid if the cargo was not taken out by the consignee from the station within 24 hours after receiving the notification of the arrival of the cargo or if the shipping documents for the cargo arrived are credited to the addressee within the same period.

Arrival operations include:

Notification of the consignee about the arrival of the cargo to his address;

Registration of documents for the right to receive goods;

Acceptance of cargo from a transport company.

The railway station must inform the consignee of the arrival of the goods at his address on the same day, but no later than 12 noon. the next day. The notification about the time of delivery of wagons (containers) with goods to the place of their unloading by the consignee must be made by the railway station no later than 2:00 before the announced delivery of wagons (containers).

The release of goods can be carried out not only by the method of issuing wagons or containers from the station train or other cargo storage, but also through the supply of wagons to the access roads of the consignee.

Arrived goods are stored at the station free of charge during the day. This period is calculated from 24:00 on the day of unloading the cargo (container) by means of the railway or from 24:00 on the date of submission of wagons for unloading by means of the recipient. The recipient is obliged during this time to accept and take out from the station the cargo that arrived at his address. For the storage of cargo at the station for more than the specified period, a fee is charged, established by the tariffs.

To receive the cargo, the representative of the consignee must contact the freight office of the station and present the appropriate order. The goods office checks the correctness and completeness of the charge for transportation, pays for additional operations with the cargo, etc. After the final settlement, the representative of the recipient is issued an invoice, for reverse side which is certified by a calendar stamp for the issuance of the cargo. The cargo is issued by the weigher after providing him with a completed invoice.

Reception of goods from the railway station can be carried out at the warehouses of the station or directly from the wagons, as well as directly at the warehouses of the consignee, which have access roads. When accepting the cargo, the consignee's representative is obliged to check whether it is preserved during transportation. At the same time, he checks the condition (serviceability) of the car, the integrity of the seals and prints on them, the serviceability of containers and packaging, the compliance of the data in the consignment note and on the marking with the actual number of seats, weight, quality of goods, conducts an internal inspection of the car and the state of confinement of goods in it, and similar.

The participation of the railway in the process of accepting cargo depends on whose seals (iron or consignor) the wagon (container) arrived. Upon arrival of goods in serviceable wagons with undamaged seals of the consignor, no weighing of goods is carried out, which is noted in the railway bill of lading. After that, the representative of the consignee signs the road sheet, receives the wagon (container) and organizes further operations with cargo in accordance with the accepted transport and technological scheme.

If the cargo arrived in a wagon (container) behind the seals of the railway, the consignee is obliged to require verification of the weight of the cargo, the number of pieces and the quality of the cargo, even if the cargo arrives with intact seals.

Also, the railway is obliged to check the cargo when:

> Arrival of goods that were loaded by the forces and means of the consignor and behind his seals, if a wagon malfunction or damage to the seals was found at the destination station;

> Arrival of cargo with signs of shortage, damage or damage during transportation in open rolling stock;

> Arrival of goods with limited storage periods with violations of the established delivery dates or with violations of the temperature regime during the transportation of goods in refrigerated wagons;

> Release of cargo that has been unloaded by the railway station in public places.

Goods received in small shipments are accepted by weight, number of pieces and their condition with the participation of a representative of the railway.

If violations are detected, the representative of the recipient is obliged to demand the execution and publication of a commercial act for him. If the railway refuses to draw up a commercial act, then the consignee within 24 hours must submit an application-complaint addressed to the head of the department or the head of the Railway Department through the head of the station, and the acceptance of the cargo must be carried out with the participation of a representative of an uninterested organization, the public or the transport police. When discrepancies in quantity (quality) are established, an appropriate act is filled out on the establishment of discrepancies in quantity (quality) upon acceptance of goods. The head of the railway department is obliged to respond to the application-complaint about the refusal to draw up a commercial act within 3 days (for goods with a limited shelf life - within 24 hours).

Commercial acts drawn up on special forms in 3 copies are signed by the head of the station, the head of the cargo yard, the person who weighed the cargo, the consignee. The first copy of the commercial act is transferred to the relevant railway service, the 2nd copy is issued to the consignee, the 3rd copy is kept in the affairs of the station. Commercial a kg is the main document on the basis of which claims can be made for in and coding iron material damage. In some cases, an act of a general form and a technical act are also filled out.

In addition to claims for shortage or damage to goods during transportation, customers can file claims against the railway for violation of the delivery time of goods, for failure to provide wagons or containers, for busting travel fees, and the like. The respective fines are stipulated by the Charter of Ukrainian Railways.

Rice. 10.1. Conditions for issuing acts on transport

Accepted goods must be unloaded from the wagon (container) on time. Wagon unloading operations can be carried out by the forces and means of both the consignee and the railway. The terms of unloading are established by the current regulatory documents and depend on the type of cargo, the method of unloading (mechanized or manual), etc. The duration of the idle time of the car under unloading is determined from the moment the car is submitted for unloading and ending with the moment the railway station receives the message from the consignee about the readiness of the cars for cleaning. Consignees are obliged to ensure round-the-clock unloading of wagons (including on holidays and weekends) in order to prevent excessive downtime of vehicles.

Relations between carriers, consignors and consignees are regulated by the Charter of Railway Transport Russian Federation. It defines the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties, as well as the basic conditions for the carriage of goods.

Issues related to the organization of the acceptance of goods for transportation, their transportation and storage in common areas of railway stations are regulated by special rules issued in accordance with the Charter of Railway Transport.

With the systematic implementation of the transportation of goods, consignors, consignees can enter into long-term contracts with carriers transportation agreements. They define the volumes, terms and conditions for the provision of vehicles and the presentation of goods for transportation, the procedure for settlements, the responsibility of the parties for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations, as well as other conditions for organizing transportation. In accordance with the said agreements railways undertake to accept goods in the stipulated volume within the established time limits, and shippers - to present them for transportation.

Transportation of goods can be carried out by wagon, container, small, group, route, as well as groupage wagon shipments.

wagon shipment cargo is considered to be presented for transportation under one consignment note, for the transportation of which a separate wagon is required.

Container shipping the cargo presented for transportation under one consignment note is recognized, for the transportation of which the provision of one container is required.

Under small shipment means the cargo presented under one consignment note, for the transportation of which the provision of a separate wagon or container is not required. At the same time, the total weight of the cargo must be at least 20 kg, but not more than 20 tons, and its amount should not exceed half the capacity of a covered wagon, container or half the floor area of ​​a four-axle platform, gondola car.

Group sending is considered to be the presentation for transportation under one consignment note of cargo, for the transportation of which it is required to provide more than one wagon, but less than the route shipment.

Under route shipment is understood as the presentation for transportation under one consignment note of cargo, the transportation of which requires the provision of wagons in a quantity that meets the standards established for routes by weight or length.

prefabricated carload shipment is the cargo of different names presented under one consignment note to the address of one consignee.

Goods can be transported by cargo or high speed. The speed of transportation of goods is chosen and indicated in the railway bill of lading by the consignor. If only high speed is allowed for a given consignment, then the consignor must specify it.

Carriage of goods is carried out in accordance with application the established form, which the consignor submits to the carrier at least 10 days before the start of transportation (when transporting goods sent for export, and in direct mixed traffic - at least 15 days in advance). The application shall indicate the number of wagons and tons, destination railway stations and other information, as well as the validity period of the application, which cannot exceed forty-five days.

In accordance with the Rules for accepting goods for transportation by rail, the consignor is obliged to prepare goods for transportation in order to ensure traffic safety, safety of goods, wagons, containers. The quality of the transported goods, their container and packaging must comply with the requirements of the standards, specifications etc.

Packaged and piece goods presented for transportation by the consignor must have the proper transport marking. It consists of basic, additional, informational inscriptions and manipulation signs.

Not later than two hours before the delivery of wagons, containers for loading, the carrier is obliged to notify the consignor of this.

Serviceable, cleaned inside and out, and, if necessary, disinfected wagons and containers suitable for the carriage of specific goods should be submitted for loading.

Loading of goods into wagons or containers, as well as unloading from them in places of common and non-public use is provided by the consignor or consignee. The loading of empty or loaded containers into wagons, as well as the unloading of such containers from them in public places, is provided by carriers at the expense of the consignees with payment by agreement of the parties.

When loading goods into wagons and containers, one should take into account their carrying capacity and not exceed it, and when placing and securing goods, comply with the requirements of the technical conditions for placing goods in wagons and containers.

When presenting cargo for transportation, the consignor must submit to the carrier for each shipment of cargo a duly drawn up railway bill of lading and other documents provided for by the relevant regulatory legal acts. Railway bill of lading and issued on its basis by the carrier to the consignor receipt about the acceptance of the cargo confirm the conclusion contracts for the carriage of goods.

In accordance with such an agreement, the carrier undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to him to the destination railway station in compliance with the conditions of its transportation and release the cargo to the consignee, and the shipper undertakes to pay for the carriage of the cargo.

In confirmation of the acceptance of cargo for transportation, the carrier is obliged to affix a calendar stamp in the railway consignment note. The receipt of acceptance of the goods is issued to the consignor against signature in the appropriate column of the back of the road sheet.

When presenting goods for transportation, the consignor shall indicate in the railway bill of lading their weight, and when presenting packaged and piece goods, also the number of packages.

Loaded wagons and containers must be sealed by the carrier or consignor (depending on which of them performed the loading). The procedure for sealing wagons and containers with locking and sealing devices is established by the Rules for sealing wagons and containers in railway transport.

As a rule, before the departure of goods from the railway station, the consignor pays a fee for the carriage of goods and other payments due to the carrier.

The final settlements related to the transportation are made by the consignee upon the arrival of the goods at the destination station until they are issued.

In case of untimely settlements for the carriage of goods due to the fault of the consignor or consignee, the carrier has the right to demand payment of interest on the amount of the overdue payment in the amount and in the manner established by civil law. Before making at the railway station of destination all payments due to the carrier, the wagons, containers are at the responsible demurrage of the consignee, and he is charged for the use of them.

Carriers are obliged to deliver goods to their destination and within the established time limits. They are determined in accordance with the Rules for calculating the terms of delivery of goods by rail, which are approved by the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. However, in contracts, consignors, consignees and carriers may provide for a different delivery time of goods.

Calculation of the term of delivery of goods starts from 24 hours of the day of their receipt for transportation. The carrier indicates the date of acceptance of goods for transportation and the estimated date of expiration of their delivery in the receipt issued to the consignor.

Cargoes are considered delivered on time if they are unloaded by the carrier at the destination station or if wagons, containers with cargoes are submitted for unloading by the consignee before the expiration of the established delivery time.

For non-compliance with the terms of delivery of goods, with the exception of cases provided for by the Charter of Railway Transport, the carrier pays a penalty in the amount of nine percent of the payment for the carriage of goods for each day of delay (in this case, incomplete days are considered full), but not more than in the amount of the payment for the carriage of this cargo .

The carrier is obliged to notify the consignee of the goods arrived at his address no later than at 12 noon on the day following the day of arrival of the goods. The procedure and method of notification shall be established by agreement of the parties. If the carrier has not notified the consignee of the arrival of the goods, he is exempted from paying for the use of wagons, containers and from the fee for storage of goods until notification of their arrival is received.

The carrier notifies the consignee of the time of delivery of wagons, containers with cargo to the place of their unloading by the consignee no later than two hours before the announced delivery of wagons and containers, unless otherwise provided by agreement of the parties.

Cargoes are released at the destination station to the consignee after he has paid the transportation fee and other payments due to the carrier, if they have not been paid by the consignor. The procedure for processing the issuance of goods is established by the Rules for the issuance of goods in railway transport.

If the consignee evades payment and payments, the carrier has the right to retain the cargo with a written notification of this to the consignor, who is obliged to dispose of the cargo within four days after receiving such notification.

Upon the arrival of the cargo at the railway station of destination, the carrier is obliged to issue the cargo and the railway waybill to the consignee, who is obliged to pay the payments due to the carrier and accept the cargo. The consignee may refuse to accept the cargo only if its quality has changed as a result of deterioration or damage to the extent that the possibility of full or partial use of such cargo is excluded.

Arrived goods, containers to be unloaded and issued in public places are stored at the destination railway station free of charge for twenty-four hours. The specified period is calculated from 24:00 on the day of the unloading of goods, containers provided by the carrier or from 24:00 on the day the carrier delivers wagons, containers with cargo to the designated place of unloading (for unloading by the consignee). The terms and procedure for the storage of goods at the railway station of destination are established by the Rules for the storage of goods in public places during transportation by rail. The carrier's expenses arising after the end of the delivery period in connection with the storage of goods at the destination railway station in excess of the specified period shall be paid by the consignee.

When issuing the cargo to the consignee, the carrier is obliged to check its condition, weight and number of pieces in the following cases:

• arrival of cargo in a faulty wagon, container, as well as in a wagon, container with damaged locking and sealing devices or locking and sealing devices of associated railway stations;
• arrival of cargo with a commercial act drawn up at a passing railway station;
• arrival of cargo with signs of shortage or damage or deterioration during the transportation of cargo in open railway rolling stock;
• arrival of perishable cargo in violation of the term of its delivery or in violation of the temperature regime when transporting cargo in a refrigerated wagon;
• arrival of cargo, the loading of which was provided by the carrier;
• delivery of cargo unloaded by the carrier in public places.

When transporting tare and piece goods in the cases listed above, the condition and weight of goods in damaged containers and packaging are checked.

If a shortage, damage (spoilage) of cargo is found at the destination railway station, or such circumstances are recorded in a commercial act drawn up along the route, the carrier is obliged to determine the amount of actual shortage, damage (spoilage) of the cargo and issue to the consignee commercial act. If it is necessary to conduct an examination, the carrier, on its own initiative or at the request of the consignee, invites experts or relevant specialists.

In case of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations for the carriage of goods by the carrier, the consignor, consignee shall be liable under Civil Code, the Charter of railway transport, as well as the contract for the carriage of goods.

In particular, the carrier bears property liability in the form of a fine for failure to comply with the accepted application for the carriage of goods if the wagons, containers are not delivered, and the consignor - if the goods are not presented, the wagons, containers supplied or the wagons and containers provided for by the application are refused. The amount of such fines, as well as cases when the parties are exempted from paying them, are established by the Charter.

The carrier bears property liability for the non-safety of the cargo after accepting it for transportation and before issuing it to the consignee, unless he proves that the loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of the cargo occurred due to circumstances that he could not prevent and the elimination of which did not depend on him. in particular due to:

• reasons depending on the consignor or consignee;
• special natural properties of the transported cargo;
• deficiencies in containers or packaging that could not be seen during an external examination when receiving cargo for transportation, or the use of containers, packaging that does not correspond to the properties of the cargo or established standards, in the absence of signs of damage to the container, packaging in transit;
• delivery for the carriage of goods, the humidity of which exceeds the established norm.

The carrier is released from property liability for loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of cargo accepted for transportation if:

• the cargo arrived in a serviceable wagon, container with serviceable locking and sealing devices installed by the consignor, or in serviceable rolling stock without reloading along the route with serviceable security markings or serviceable linkage, as well as in the presence of other signs indicating the safety of the cargo;
• shortage or damage (spoilage) of cargo occurred due to natural causes associated with the transportation of cargo in open railway rolling stock;
• the cargo was transported accompanied by a representative of the consignor or consignee;
• the shortage of cargo does not exceed the rate of natural loss and the error in measuring the net weight;
• loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of the cargo occurred as a result of the consequences caused by unreliable, inaccurate or incomplete information specified by the consignor in the railway bill of lading.

Compensation for damage caused during transportation by the carrier occurs:

• in the amount of the value of the lost or missing cargo in case of its loss or shortage;
• the amount by which the value of the cargo has decreased in case of its damage (damage) or in the amount of its value if it is impossible to restore the damaged cargo;
• in the amount of the declared value of the cargo or in the amount of a share of its declared value corresponding to the lost, missing or damaged (spoiled) part of the cargo, in case of loss of the cargo handed over for transportation with the declaration of its value.

The cost of the cargo is declared based on its price indicated in the seller's invoice or stipulated by the contract.

In addition to compensation for damage in the specified amounts, the carrier shall return the carriage fee collected for such cargo and other payments due to him in proportion to the amount of lost, missing or damaged (spoiled) cargo, if this fee is not included in the cost of the cargo.

The circumstances that are the basis for the liability of carriers, consignors, consignees in the carriage of goods by rail, are certified by commercial and other acts. The procedure for their preparation is determined by the Rules for the preparation of acts for the carriage of goods by rail.

commercial act the following conditions are verified:

• non-compliance of the name, weight, number of pieces of cargo with the data specified in the transportation document;
• damage (spoilage) of the cargo and possible causes of such damage;
• detection of cargo without a shipping document, as well as a shipping document without cargo;
• return of the stolen goods to the carrier;
• non-delivery by the carrier of cargo to a non-public railway siding within twenty-four hours after the execution of documents on the release of cargo. In this case, a commercial act is drawn up only at the request of the consignee.

A commercial act must be drawn up on the day of unloading or delivery of goods to the recipient, and if it is drawn up en route, on the day the circumstances that are subject to registration by such an act are discovered. If it is impossible to draw up an act within the specified time frame, it must be drawn up within the next day.

The commercial act must contain:

• accurate and detailed description the condition of the cargo and the circumstances under which it was discovered that it was not preserved;
• data on whether the cargo is correctly loaded, placed and secured, as well as whether there is a protective marking of the cargo transported in open rolling stock. If there are violations of the requirements for loading, stowage or securing of cargo, then the act indicates which ones.

When drawing up a commercial act on damage to food and perishable goods, an extract from the work journal about temperature regime isothermal wagons and containers.

The commercial act is drawn up in triplicate and filled out without blots, erasures and any corrections. It is signed by the consignee, if he participates in the inspection of goods, and the carrier. At the request of the consignee, the carrier is obliged to issue a commercial act within three days.

In accordance with the current legislation, the consignor or consignee, prior to filing a claim that arose in connection with the violation by the carrier of obligations under the contract of carriage, is obliged to present a claim to him. The procedure for its presentation is determined by the Rules for the presentation and consideration of claims arising in connection with the carriage of goods by rail. The claim shall be accompanied by original documents confirming the claims made by the applicant or duly certified copies thereof. Genuine documents must be attached to a claim for delay in the delivery of goods, and a document certifying the quantity and actual value of the shipped goods must also be attached to a claim for loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of goods.

Claims against carriers may be brought within six months, and claims for fines and penalties within forty-five days. The carrier is obliged to consider the received claim and notify the applicant in writing of the results of its consideration within thirty days from the date of receipt of the claim.

In case of full or partial refusal by the carrier to satisfy the claim or in case of non-receipt of a response from him within thirty days from the date of receipt of the claim by the consignors or consignees, claims may be brought. Claims are filed in court or court of Arbitration within one year from the date of occurrence of the events giving rise to the claim.

Questions for self-control

• 1. Name the main types of vehicles used in the process of distribution. What classes are they divided into?
• 2. What rolling stock is used to transport goods by rail?
• 3. What documents govern relations between carriers, consignors and consignees?
• 4. What are the obligations of the parties under the contract for the carriage of goods?
• 5. What is the procedure for accepting cargo for transportation by road?
• 6. What rules for stowage of goods must be observed when they are transported by road?
• 7. What is the procedure for handing over to the consignee the goods delivered by road?
• 8. What is the responsibility of the transport organization for the safety of the cargo?
• 9. In what cases is the carrier organization not liable for loss, shortage or damage to cargo?
• 10. What is the established procedure for considering claims made by consignees and consignors against a motor transport organization?
• 11. What shipments can be carried out for the carriage of goods by rail?
• 12. What is the procedure for submitting and considering applications for the carriage of goods by rail?
• 13. What is the content of the transport marking applied by the consignor to each package during rail transportation?
• 14. What documents confirm the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods by rail? What is their content?
• 15. Who establishes the procedure and terms for notifying the consignee of the arrival of the cargo? What is the procedure for issuing cargo at the destination station?
• 16. In what cases is the carrier obliged to check the condition, weight and number of pieces of cargo to be released?
• 17. What is a commercial act? In what cases, at what time and by whom is it compiled?
• 18. What is the established procedure for filing claims against the carrier in connection with the violation of his obligations under the contract for the carriage of goods?

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Organization of rail transportation of goods and their improvement on a logistical basis

• Introduction
• 1. Theoretical aspects organization of rail transportation of goods
• 1.1 Characteristics of the railway transport of Kazakhstan at the present stage
• 1.2 Organization of cargo transportation by rail
• 1.3 Organization of cargo and commercial work on the railway tr. Smekhov
• 1.4 Transport logistics as a tool for optimizing transport operations
• 2. Analysis of the activities of the transport enterprise LLC "DHL Logistics"
• 2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the activities of the enterprise LLC "DHL Logistics"
• 2.2 The procedure, features and problems of the implementation of the transportation process by rail at DHL Logistics LLC
• 2.3 Problems of industrial transport and its technical equipment
• 3. Ways to improve the organization of rail transportation of goods on a logistics basis at DHL Logistics LLC
• 3.1 Development of recommendations for improving the organization of rail transportation
• Bibliography

Introduction

Railways have always been one of the main modes of transport in the transportation of goods in our country, since the movement of sufficiently significant volumes of goods over long distances by other modes of transport in Russia was simply impossible.

Railway transport in the Russian Federation is of exceptional importance in the life support of a diversified economy and the implementation of socially significant services for the transportation of passengers and goods. Due to the natural-climatic and political-economic conditions of our country, its vast land spaces, it bears the main burden of transportation.

Carrying out the transportation of goods, passengers, luggage and cargo luggage, railway transport enters into certain legal relationships with consignors, consignees, passengers, individuals and legal entities, other modes of transport and vehicle owners. Regulation of emerging legal relationships is necessary to achieve the main goal facing the management of railway transport. Such is - increasing the efficiency of its work.

Railway transport operates continuously throughout the year and day, carrying out the mass transportation of fuel, metals, timber, building materials, fertilizers, grain, food and many other goods from all sectors of the economy, ensuring the normal functioning of production, the livelihoods of people in cities and rural areas.

The main tasks of transport is to better meet the needs of cargo owners and the entire population in transportation.

Freight stations of railways and access roads of industrial enterprises adjacent to them play an important role in the process of delivering goods from places of production to places of consumption. Continuous improvement of the technology of their work is one of the main conditions for the successful transportation of goods by rail.

In the organization of the transportation process, the leading role belongs to the engineers of the lines of communication. AT modern conditions transport workers require a high level of knowledge of the organization of production.

The leading role of railway transport in the overall transport system is determined by the relatively low cost, mass character, versatility, regularity, reliability and speed of transportation, the ubiquity of the network location, the ability to deliver goods from the consignor's warehouse to the consignee's warehouse. Railway transport operates continuously throughout the year and day, carrying out the mass transportation of fuel, metals, timber, building materials, fertilizers, grain and many other goods from all sectors of the economy, ensuring the normal functioning of production, the livelihoods of people in cities and rural areas.

The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze the practical application of the organization of rail transport of goods and their improvement on a logistical basis.

Currently, it is required not only to transport the goods and meet the deadline for its delivery, but also to provide transport services according to different classes quality, minimizing transport losses and costs. For these purposes, it is necessary to apply transportation process technologies that are convenient for consignors and consignees, optimally coordinate the rhythms of work of suppliers, consumers, railway transport and the time of delivery of goods for specific consignors and consignees, inform them about the progress of the cargo, ensure the completeness and quality of the services provided, etc. . in accordance with the law, to achieve maximum transport efficiency. This reflects the relevance of the chosen topic.

This work consists of three chapters, each of which describes and consecrates the idea of ​​the thesis step by step. The first chapter gives general idea about the transportation process, answering the question what types of transportation are there and includes three subparagraphs, each of which specifies the essence of the transportation process. The second chapter describes the analysis of the activities of the transport enterprise. The subtle features of his activity are revealed. In this chapter, similarly to the previous one, three subparagraphs are presented, which describe in more detail the characteristics of the enterprise, the problems of the implementation of the transportation process and relationships with consumers. The third chapter describes ways to improve the organization of rail transportation. Includes three sub-clauses, which reveal the essence of the problem posed and describe the improvement of problems on a logistical basis.

The object of the thesis is the process of rail transportation of goods, and the subject of this work is the direct implementation of the transportation process by rail.

1. Theoretical aspects of the organization of rail transportation of goods

1.1 Characteristics of the railway transport of Kazakhstan at the present stage

Railway transport in the Russian Federation is extremely important in the life support of a diversified economy and the implementation of socially significant passenger transportation services. Due to the natural-climatic and political-economic conditions of our country, its vast land spaces, it bears the main burden of transportation.

The comprehensive role of railway transport in the economy and social sphere of the Russian Federation is defined in article one federal law"On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation": "Railway transport in the Russian Federation is integral part unified transport system of the Russian Federation. The railway transport of the Russian Federation, in cooperation with organizations of other modes of transport, is called upon to meet the needs of individuals, legal entities and the state in rail transport in a timely and high-quality manner, to help create conditions for the development of the economy and ensure the unity of the economic space on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Railway transport plays an important role in the functioning and development of the country's commodity market, in meeting the needs of the population for movement. It is the main link in the transport system of Russia and most of the CIS countries. The special role of Russian railways is determined by the long distances of transportation, the absence of inland waterways in the main East-West communications, the cessation of navigation on rivers in the winter, and the remoteness of the location of the main industrial and agricultural centers from sea routes. In this regard, they account for almost 50% of the freight turnover and more than 46% of the passenger turnover of all modes of transport in the country.

The main field of application of railway transport is the mass transportation of goods and passengers in inter-district, intercity and suburban communications, with freight traffic predominating.

The importance of Russian railways in the development of interstate relations with the CIS countries and international transportation is great. After the collapse of the USSR, almost 60% of the total railway network (87.5 thousand km.) went to the Russian Federation. But the material and technical base, in particular repair service, locomotive and car building, turned out to be broken. The density of the railway network in Russia is 0.51 km per 100 km 2, which is significantly lower than the density of railways not only in developed countries, but also in most of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (in Ukraine - 2.76 km, in Belarus - 2.77 km, Latvia - 3.6 km, Georgia - 2.2 km, Uzbekistan - 0.79 km). It is obvious that in Russia it is necessary to build new railway lines, especially for the development of large deposits of fuel and raw materials in the east of the country.

Technical and economic features and advantages of railway transport are as follows:

Possibility of construction on any land territory, with the help of bridges, tunnels and ferries;

· implementation of railway communication with separated, including island, territories (as, for example, between the mainland and Sakhalin Island);

· mass transportation and high carrying capacity of railways;

versatility of use for the transportation of various goods and the possibility of mass transportation of goods and passengers at high speed;

regularity of transportation regardless of the time of year, time of day and weather;

· Possibility of creating a direct connection between large enterprises via access roads and ensuring the delivery of goods according to the “door-to-door” scheme without expensive transshipments;

· in comparison with water transport, as a rule, a shorter way of transportation of goods;

· relatively low cost of transportation compared to other modes of transport, except for pipelines.

Rail transport will continue to be the leading mode of transport in the country, however, the pace of its development may be lower than that of automobile, pipeline and air, due to their insufficient development in our country. In addition, one should take into account the increasing competition in the transport market, technological progress and some shortcomings of the railways. Such shortcomings include, first of all, the capital intensity of the construction of railways and the relatively slow return of the advanced capital (6-8 years, and sometimes more).

The entire network of Russian railways consists of 17 railways: East Siberian, Gorky, Far Eastern, Transbaikal, West Siberian, Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Kuibyshev, Moscow, October, Volga, Sakhalin, Sverdlovsk, Northern, North Caucasian, Southeast and South - Ural Railways. The Ministry of Railways and RAO "Russian Railways" manage the activities of lower structures: departments of roads and linear enterprises, locomotive and car depots, stations, track distances, communications, power supply, etc. In addition, the industry has a large number of industrial, construction, trade, scientific, design , and educational organizations and enterprises, solid social sphere. In recent years, railways have gained greater economic independence, and many of their industrial and ancillary enterprises have been separated from the system of the Ministry of Railways after corporatization and privatization.

Railway transport is divided into: public transport - transport that transports goods and passengers, no matter who they are presented to;

main or external transport carries out economic transportation between producers and consumers of products and transports passengers;

departmental transport - transport that performs the transportation of its departments or enterprises;

· On-farm transport mainly satisfies the technological needs of production within individual enterprises.

· transportation by rail: from Moscow to Vladivostok, Ussuriysk, Nakhodka and from Vladivostok to Moscow.

iron roads are major consumers of metal. In addition, rail transport is a very labour-intensive industry, with labor productivity lower than that of pipeline, maritime and air transport (but higher than that of road transport). On average, there are almost 14 people employed in transportation per 1 km of the operating length of Russian railways, and 1.5 people in the USA. with approximately similar volumes of transport work.

The disadvantages of railways should also include the still low level of quality transport services provided to clients. However, good technical equipment and progressive technologies Russian railways allow them to remain a completely competitive mode of transport.

Railway transport in Russia is federally owned and operated by the Ministry of Railways, which controls 19 railways, which are state-owned transport enterprises. The Ministry of Railways and territorial departments of railways carry out operational and economic management of the activities of lower structures: departments of roads and linear enterprises, locomotive and wagon depots, stations, track distances, communications, power supply, etc. In addition, the industry has a large number of industrial, construction, trade, scientific, design, and educational organizations and enterprises, a solid social sphere. In recent years, railways have gained greater economic independence, and many of their industrial and ancillary enterprises have been separated from the system of the Ministry of Railways after corporatization and privatization (Zheldorremmash, Vagonremmash, Remputmash, Roszheldorsnab, Zheldorstroytrest, Promzheldortrans, Transrestoranservis, etc.). Independent commercial centers and rental enterprises, a banking system (Zheldorbank), an insurance company (ZHASO) and other market infrastructure organizations have been created.

It is known that transport, being one of the most capital-intensive sectors of the economy, requires large long-term investments for its development. in recent decades, the satisfaction of transportation needs has been through the use of the previously created reserves of the throughput and carrying capacity of the country's transport system, which were eventually exhausted.

As a result, in the 1980s, the structural disproportion that arose between production and transport began to lead to regular disruptions in the operation of the transport system, especially its most important link - railway transport. Only economic crisis 90s with a sharp fall in production in Russia and neighboring countries led to an adequate reduction in volumes freight traffic which reduced the severity of the problem, but did not remove it from the agenda. Therefore, at the stage of Russia's exit from the depression and the beginning economic growth transport, along with energy, will become the “bottleneck” that will seriously slow down the entire process of the country's socio-economic development.

Railway transport, in terms of time and money costs, is the most balanced mode of transport. "Cheap and cheerful" - this is the most appropriate characteristic of rail transportation.

Railway is capable of transporting a wide range of different cargoes: from dangerous and flammable to oversized and heavy. The railway network is developed all over the world. Many large and not very large ones are equipped with access railway tracks. industrial enterprises, sea and river ports. This allows you to ship goods directly from the warehouse of the enterprise, without involving additional transport. Carry out reloading of cargo and containers from sea transport to rail transport, with further shipment of cargo to the final destination. Rail transport is one of the main participants in international cargo transportation under a multimodal scheme.

The main advantages of rail transport:

· low cost of rail transportation of goods over long distances in comparison with auto and air transportation;

· good speed cargo delivery;

Reliability and regularity of cargo transportation;

Independence from weather conditions;

a wide range of transported goods;

· Accurate train schedule (which allows you to track the location of the wagon with cargo, almost at any time, depending on the need).

Disadvantages of rail transport:

· different railway gauges in Europe and the CIS countries, which entails the need for additional manipulations with cargo or rolling stock at border crossings;

· transportation of railway and sea containers is possible, with the exception of specially stipulated cases, only to specially equipped railway stations;

· certain restrictions on rail transport of oversized cargo.

A large volume of military and special transport is entrusted to rail transport, and it is assigned the most important role in mobilization preparation.

Railway transport ensures the unity of the economic and strategic space of Russia, is an integrating and state-forming sector and a stabilizing factor in the economy. In the new socio-economic conditions, the main task of the federal railway transport is the transport service for consignors, consignees, the public, and other individuals and legal entities.

Socio-economic transformations in the country caused an objective need for a structural reform of the federal railway transport, its reorientation to market methods of organization and management. The goal of the railway transport reform program is to increase the efficiency of its work by developing competition and attracting investment.

The structural reform program provides for three stages of restructuring of the federal railway transport until 2012

The first stage (preparatory until 2002) is the formation of the necessary legislative base for the operation of railway transport in the new conditions and the separation of the functions of state and economic management. At the same time, the functions of economic management were transferred to the newly created open joint-stock company "Russian Railways" (JSC "Russian Railways"). For this purpose, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 585 dated September 18, 2003 “On the establishment of an open joint-stock company Russian Railways” was adopted. The sole shareholder of the company is the Russian Federation (100% of the shares are state-owned). On behalf of the Russian Federation, the powers of the shareholder are exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The second stage of the reform (2003 - 2006) provides for the preparation and phased organizational separation of subsidiaries from JSC Russian Railways joint-stock companies by type of activity (transportation of containers, perishable goods, transit transportation, etc.). The organization of the transportation process, the maintenance and operation of the infrastructure will remain with the railways. At the second stage, conditions should be created for the development of competition in the field of transportation.

At the third stage during 2006 - 2012. further strengthening is envisaged state regulation in the natural monopoly sector and the development of competition in the competitive sphere.

Railway transport plays an extremely important role in the development of the economy of any state, since, by transporting goods in accordance with the needs of production, it ensures the normal functioning and development of all its industries, regions and enterprises. Railway transport is a vital branch of the economy, ensuring the economic security and integrity of the state.

Russian Railways (RZD)- this is a development, a powerful transport system. At the beginning of 1996, the main indicators of the technical equipment of the railway network are characterized by the following data: operating length - 87.4 thousand km., Length of double-track lines - 36.8 thousand km., electrified lines - 39 thousand km., deployed length main routes -126.3 thousand km. The existing rolling stock and track facilities make it possible to drive freight trains weighing 10-12 thousand tons. The share of rail transport accounts for more than 70% of the total volume of transport of goods in the country. In 1995 - 1058 million tons of cargo (1214 billion tkm), while by all other modes of transport only 244.91 million tons. 35% of world cargo turnover. However, this does not mean that the work of Russian railway transport is flawless. Over the past years, as well as in the entire economy of the country, there has been a decline in production and a drop in labor productivity on the railways. The rolling stock is used unsatisfactorily, the turnover of freight cars has slowed down, and the accident rate has increased. Need urgent renovation a large number of railway stations. Tariffs increased sharply (according to some data, the growth index of freight tariffs related to wagon and container transportation in 1994 compared to 1990 amounted to 12,632 units).

The Ministry of Railways (MPS) of the Russian Federation regulates the activity of railway transport in Russia, whose functions include: maintaining the state monopoly in this sector of the economy (railway transport is a natural monopoly), strategic planning development of the industry, (the formation of a new legislative framework, the definition of a tariff policy and a number of other large-scale tasks. The Ministry of Railways does not interfere in the specific commercial activities of individual railways, which are independent business units that independently determine the main directions of their work. It also deals with the issues of railway transport in the country Department of Railway Transportation of the Ministry of Transport of Russia, which determines the general policy Russian government regarding this sector of the economy.

Management of railway transport is based on the production-territorial principle, the entire railway network is divided into railways (there are eighteen of them). The management of each railway is composed of various services and manages all the activities of the railway. In turn, the roads are territorially divided into departments that manage the production, economic and financial activities of linear production enterprises located within their boundaries. Linear enterprises include: stations, locomotive and wagon depots, track distances, power supply sections and some others. These divisions act as direct executors of all work on the transportation of goods and passengers. On the railways, privatization or the creation of private enterprises, companies and firms is allowed, the activities of which, however, do not interfere with the exercise of the state monopoly.

A similar system of railway transport management is typical for most countries of the world. Only in some countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Australia) there are private railways (in the USA and Japan all railways are private, in the other countries listed, private roads operate along with state ones). However, in all countries of the world, the creation of private enterprises operating in the field of railway transport is allowed; it is also allowed to have private railway access roads to enterprises and intra-factory transport. Transportation of goods by rail is a very complex technical, technological and legal process. In this context, two sides characterize the activity of railway transport. The first one is related to the solution of a wide range of tasks for the direct organization of the transportation process. The second side is the implementation of intersectoral technological relations and legal relations railway transport with enterprises of various forms of ownership, individuals, as well as other modes of transport. Relationships arising from the carriage of goods by rail within one country are governed by national charters, rules and various kinds of instructions issued and approved in the manner established by law of this country.

Obviously, legal and technological norms of the transportation process in international rail traffic is much more difficult, since when developing them, it is necessary to take into account the interests of several countries, the peculiarities of their national regulations, the working conditions of railways and technological features transportation abroad.

To ensure foreign economic relations and development international trade there is a need to create reliable transport links that ensure timely and safe delivery of goods, unhindered transfer of goods at state borders and ensuring the quality of the goods handed over for transportation.

The specificity of the participation of railway transport in the transportation of foreign trade goods in Russia lies in the fact that it delivers the vast majority of goods to/from Russian ports throughout the country for their further shipment by sea and river transport. In addition, rail transport carries out transit transportation of goods of foreign clients through the territory of Russia, exporting transport services. Thus, assessing the role of railway transport in foreign economic relations in general, one should not be limited to data directly on rail transportation, one should also take into account the volume of goods transported in a mixed railway-water transport, as well as transit traffic.

The length of public railways from 1970 to 2012 increased by 8 thousand km, of which electrified - by 19 thousand km. And the length of non-public railway tracks from 1970 to 2012 decreased by 20 thousand km. Freight turnover for 42 years has increased by 1.5 times, and the carrying capacity of passengers has decreased by 2.7 times, respectively, and passenger traffic has decreased.

Thus, a real market demand on transport services, transport as an essential infrastructure sector is playing an increasingly important role. At the same time, with the transition of the Russian economy from a closed type to an open one, the access of foreign carriers to the Russian transport services market is expanding. At the same time, due to the greater competitiveness of foreign transport, there is a significant reduction in foreign trade transportation performed by domestic carriers.

Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2012. - Moscow: Rosstat, 2012. - 795 p. - 2000 copies.

1.2 Organization of cargo transportation by rail

The process of transportation of goods is associated with the movement of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. The transportation of goods is determined by the need to continue and complete the process of production of industrial and agricultural products in the sphere of circulation, after which they become ready for consumption. In most cases, several types of transport are involved in the movement of cargo: road, industrial railway, main railway and others. When transferring products to a transport organization for delivery to a consumer, an important legal act takes place - the products turn into cargo.

Cargo- an object (including products, items, minerals, materials, raw materials, production and consumption waste), accepted in the prescribed manner for transportation in freight wagons and containers.

Consignor (shipper) - physical or entity, which, under the contract of carriage, acts on its own behalf or on behalf of the owner of the cargo, baggage, cargo luggage and is indicated in the transportation document.

1.3 Organization of cargo and commercial work on the railway. tr. Smekhov

The cargo is released at the destination railway station to the consignee.

Consignee (recipient) - an individual or legal entity authorized to receive cargo, baggage and cargo baggage.

Rail transport user- a passenger, consignor, consignee or other individual or legal entity using services (works) provided by railway transport organizations and individual entrepreneurs in railway transport.

Carrier- a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur who, under a contract of carriage by public rail transport, has assumed the obligation to deliver the passenger, the cargo entrusted to them by the sender, luggage, cargo luggage from the point of departure to the destination, as well as to issue the cargo, luggage or cargo luggage to the consignee

Transportation process- a set of organizationally and technologically interconnected operations performed during the preparation, implementation and completion of the transportation of passengers, cargo, baggage and cargo luggage by rail. The transportation process in the railway transport of the Russian Federation is carried out between railway stations with the participation of one or more infrastructures.

Public rail transport infrastructure(hereinafter referred to as infrastructure) - a technological complex that includes public railway tracks and other structures, railway stations, power supply devices, communication networks, an alarm system, centralization and blocking, information complexes and a traffic control system and other buildings, structures that ensure the functioning of this complex , structures, devices and equipment.

The transportation process is associated with the performance of constantly recurring operations: acceptance of cargo for departure, shunting movements associated with the supply of wagons for loading, loading into wagons, maneuvers associated with their cleaning, formation of trains and preparing them for departure, movement of trains to the destination station, disbanding and the formation of trains along the route, disbandment of trains at the destination station, maneuvers for the supply of wagons to the place of unloading, unloading and delivery of cargo to the consignee, etc. The transportation process is accompanied by a mass transfer, reception and processing of information about these operations. In multimodal transportation, transshipment from one mode of transport to another is carried out.

All operations of the transportation process must be carried out in the most rational way with the best use of vehicles and at the lowest cost. In modern conditions, this is possible by ensuring the unity of the management of the transportation process from top to bottom and the use of end-to-end network technologies that eliminate the loss of time at the junctions of the existing boundaries of departments and railways.

In 2001, by decision of the Collegium of the Ministry of Railways of Russia, a new organizational structure transportation process management, which includes the Transportation Control Center of the Ministry of Railways of Russia (TsUP), seven regional traffic control centers (TCUPR) and support control centers (OCs) on the roads.

The control technology is based on the principles of "just in time" and "door to door" using solid threads of train schedules developed for specific traffic flows, shippers and consignees.

The most efficient transportation process is carried out when creating complex transport and technological systems based on transport logistics.

Logistics- this is the theory and practice of managing material and information flows in the process of commodity circulation; planning the material demand of the consumer.

Delivery of products from the manufacturer to the consumer "just in time" with minimal cost cargo and material resources - the basis of transport logistics. At the same time, the functions of railways are expanding and invading directly into the spheres of production and consumption, taking into account the economic interests of the producer, railways and consumers.

Dispatch characteristics.

Carriage - a consignment of cargo presented under one consignment note, for the transportation of which a separate wagon is required.

Container - a consignment of cargo presented under one consignment note, for the transportation of which a separate container is required

Small - presented on one consignment note, limited in weight and volume (from 0.02 to 5 tons and a volume of not more than 1/3 of the capacity of the wagon), no, a consignment of cargo, for the transportation of which it is not required to provide a separate wagon or container.

Group - a consignment of cargo presented under one waybill, for the transportation of which more than one wagon is required, but less than the route

Route - a consignment of cargo presented on one consignment note, in an amount corresponding to the weight norm or length of the train established for routes. Incorrect name of the routes - tour trains or "turntables". Routes are divided into:

Ring - when the route follows the ring (for example, at station A, coal is loaded to the address of station B, upon arrival of the route at station B and unloading of coal, crushed stone is loaded at station C, upon arrival at station C and unloading of crushed stone, the route goes to address of station A in an empty state, after which the cycle repeats). Only such a route can be called a "turntable".

Direct senders - when the route is not tied to specific stations and a specific scheme (like ring routes). Direct, followed by spraying - when the route follows from one consignor to different consignees located at the same unloading station or when two or more routes follow from the loading station, combined into one, to the nearest technical station, after which they are separated.

Groupage wagon - presented by one waybill load of different names and positions of the nomenclature, following to the address of one consignee in one wagon.

The classic scheme of transport logistics unites three participants:

supplier (consignor);

carrier (railway or other mode of transport);

consumer (consignee).

For example, a coordinated supply of ore and coal flows by ring routes to Severstal OJSC from suppliers Murmansk region and the Komi Republic.

The implementation of transport logistics systems makes it possible to reduce wagon downtime, reduce the stocks of various types of raw materials, the number of backup tracks and the volume of reserves for the processing capacity of loading and unloading places.

A number of efficient transport and technological systems based on transport logistics have been developed and implemented on the railways of the Russian Federation:

sender routing (connects the consignor and consignee, that is, the supplier and consumer of goods into a single logistics system);

organization of technological routes (mutually agreed system "producer - transport - consumer");

consolidation of groups of wagons to the address of one consignee (connects in single system producers, consumers, etc.).

The creation of efficient rail logistics systems is an urgent task of restructuring rail transport. In the future, the Russian railway network will also include a network of logistics centers that will help increase the competitiveness of railway transport and goods manufacturers.

In the process of organizing the transportation of goods, cargo and commercial operations are carried out.

Cargo operation - loading of goods from warehouses into vehicles (wagons, cars, etc.) and unloading from them into warehouses, reloading of goods from wagons to wagons when transported by railways with different gauges, reloading of goods from one type of transport to another ( direct operation) movement of goods inside warehouses to check its presence or weight (reweighing), etc.

Commercial operation - includes the preparation, processing of transportation and transfer documents, registration of accounting and reporting documentation, collection of all types of payments and fees for the carriage of goods by rail and with the participation of other modes of transport. In addition, commercial operations include the preparation of wagons for the transportation of various goods and their inspection in a commercial sense; freight forwarding services for consignors and consignees, maintaining act-claim, contractual office work; addition and correction of tariff manuals and books of conventional prohibitions. Commercial operations also include weighing cargo, sealing wagons and containers, compiling and ensuring the safety of documentation related to loading cargo into open rolling stock, etc.

Transportation of goods by rail is organized on a contractual basis.

Forms of applications for the carriage of goods, the procedure for filling and submitting these applications, their implementation and accounting are established by the rules for the carriage of goods.

Improving the efficiency and quality of railways depends to a large extent on the level of planning and organization of their operational activities.

In terms of operational work, the volume of work of the rolling stock and the quality indicators of its use, as well as the size of the required fleets of locomotives and wagons, are established. Therefore, operational work planning is often referred to as rolling stock work planning.

The work of the rolling stock is planned in such a way that the plan for the transportation of goods and passengers is carried out in full, highly productively and at minimal cost.

In freight traffic, the rolling stock work plan is developed on the basis of freight flow diagrams for sections or roads.

The procedure for developing a plan is as follows:

1) norms for the loading of wagons for certain types of cargo and indicators for loading, unloading, receiving and delivering cargo are established. Density of transportation in tons is converted into wagons and the mileage of loaded wagons is determined;

2) a balance of empty wagons is drawn up for stations and sections. The points of unloading cargo and the excess of empty wagons are attached to the points of loading cargo and the shortage of empty wagons, taking into account the structure of the wagon fleet. A scheme of empty car flows is built and the empty, and then the total mileage of cars is determined;

3) gross ton-kilometers are calculated by sections. On the basis of the available lengths of the receiving and departure station tracks and the accepted weight norms of trains, the runs and density of their movement along the sections are established;

4) the linear mileage of locomotives is determined based on the accepted number of pairs of trains in sections, as well as the placement of push and double traction sections;

5) the number of special shunting locomotives and their mileage are determined on the basis of the planned volume of wagon processing at individual stations. According to the data on the number and duration of stops of combined trains at intermediate stations, the size of the shunting work of train locomotives is determined;

6) the required working fleet of wagons and locomotives is calculated based on sectional data on rolling stock runs and data on the operation of depots and stations.

In the economic movement, the indicators are determined in the same manner as in the cargo movement. As individual parts of the plan are developed, summary indicators are calculated that characterize the quality of work of departments or roads.

Rolling stock is planned to operate in physical wagons. The volume of work is determined on average per day. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to recalculate cargo flows into car flows. The recalculation is carried out using the static load indicator. Each indicator, expressed in tons (loading, acceptance, density of movement of goods, etc.), is divided by the value of the static load.

It is very important to correctly determine the average value of the static load, since both the mileage of the rolling stock and the required fleet depend on this.

The static load is determined separately for each bulk cargo and each planned cargo group. This takes into account the types of wagons in which this cargo can be transported (covered, platforms, tanks, etc.), specific gravity of each type of wagons in the carriage of cargo and the technical norm for loading each type of wagons in the carriage of this cargo.

1.4 Transport logistics as a tool for optimizing transport operations

All definitions of logistics as a field of scientific activity boil down to the fact that it is a complex science that studies various kinds of material flows in the sphere of production and circulation of products. We consider the management of material flows, as enterprises, as subjects economic activity, constitute a single economic space, and at each enterprise, production factors interact with each other and external environment and provide output (i.e. goods and services). At the same time, in any case, the enterprise operates in conditions of limited resources. In accordance with economic laws, it can act in such a way that:

Maximize your results. For a given amount of production resources, strive for the highest output
products, which will lead to profit maximization, i.e. monetary expression of production;

Minimize the consumption of production resources at a certain volume of output;

Optimize results. It follows that the costs and results must be in a certain optimal combination.

Compliance with economic laws in production and economic activities leads to the need for the manufacturing enterprise to carry out exchange processes with suppliers and other third-party organizations, bringing their products to the consumer. Therefore, it is logistics that serves as a necessary component of these processes.

The main goal of logistics is to ensure the supply of the necessary products to the right place, at the right time, with optimal
costs, required quality and quantity.

Logistics works with a material flow, which is difficult to organize and control without dividing it into certain actions, as a result of which the flow itself is formed.

A logistical operation is any elementary action or set of actions that leads to the transformation of the parameters of the material and / or related information, financial, service flows, which is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task. However, the concept of a logistics operation is not limited to actions only with material flows. To control the material flow, it is necessary to receive, process and transmit information that corresponds to this flow. The actions performed in this case are also related to logistics operations.

Logistic function is an enlarged group of logistics operations.

Logistics functions are divided into three large groups basic, key and supporting.

as key logistics functions allocate:

maintaining customer service standards;

Procurement management;

· transportation;

· Inventory Management;

management of order procedures;

management of production procedures;

· pricing;

physical distribution of products.

The function of maintaining customer service standards ensures the specified product quality. The distribution of goods and after-sales service are the most important tasks of the logistics management of any company.

The importance of procurement management in logistics cannot be overestimated. From the successful solution of the tasks facing this key function, - selection of suppliers, planning of resource requirements, determination of terms and volumes of deliveries, choice of transport, etc. - the efficient and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise depends. Besides, right choice supplier, taking into account its location, reliability, quality of the products supplied by it, to a large extent affects the value of logistics costs.

Transportation is one of the key logistics functions, since without it there is practically no material flow. It includes not only the transportation of goods, but also the organization of loading and unloading, freight forwarding, the choice of the type of transport, the optimization of traffic routes, etc. Due to the fact that in some sectors of the economy transportation accounts for 2/3 of the total logistics costs, the significance of this function is obvious.

Management of inventories of material resources and finished products- this is the creation, control and regulation of the level of stocks in the supply, production and marketing of products. Usually there is a need for certain stocks of material resources or finished products, which play the role of a link that smooths out the uneven demand, production or supply. By leveling the risks of disruptions in production or supply, stocks at the same time can lead to a freeze of significant financial resources, therefore, in logistics, much attention is paid to their optimization while maintaining the required level of customer service.

Management of order procedures is the establishment of the procedure for their receipt and processing, determining the time of receipt of finished products or services, coordinating the delivery and sale of finished products to consumers.

Management of production procedures (operational management) is the effective management of material flows in the production process. Under effective management here understand the management, leading to cost reduction and product quality improvement. The tasks set are solved, for example, with the help of micrologistics systems "just in time", "Kanban", etc.

Pricing is a function that determines the logistics strategy, which sets the level of overall logistics costs that make up a significant part of the price of the finished product.

The physical distribution of products is a complex logistical function, an integral part of the distribution process. It consists in the physical movement and storage of finished products by manufacturers and (or) intermediaries.

Thus, the operation links any of the functions with the end result. Logistic operations and functions are set by initial conditions, parameters of the external environment, strategy alternatives, characteristics of the objective function. To determine the volume of logistics operations of a company, one should take into account external, inter-shop, inter-section, inter-operational, intra-warehouse and other cargo flows, which depend on a number of factors, and primarily on the level of production organization. Logistics operations ensure the availability of the necessary and high-quality object or product of labor in the required quantity, in the right place, in right time. That is, I determine the "golden law" of logistics.

We list some of them: export and transportation of production cargo, its delivery to the enterprise, loading, unloading, storage, supply to production workshops, export of finished semi-finished products and final products, storage and delivery to the end consumer.

Logistic operations, therefore, are any operations performed with material objects and products of labor in the spheres of production and circulation, with the exception of technological operations for the production of material goods. But it is worth making an amendment that such operations may include operations for processing, storing and transmitting relevant information. Operations with information include: litter, processing, and transmission of information. In classical concepts, such logistics operations are distinguished.

By the nature of the flow:

Logistics operations with the material flow (warehousing, transportation, picking, loading, unloading, internal movement of raw materials and materials in the implementation of the logistics functions of production, packaging of cargo, consolidation of cargo units, storage);

Logistics operations with information flow (collection, storage, processing and transmission of information).

In relation to the logistics system:

external - focused on the integration of the logistics system with the external environment (operations in the field of supply and marketing);

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The main provisions of the organization and implementation of transportation of goods in domestic traffic are determined by the Charter of the Railways.

Railways and shippers in the systematic implementation of transportation of goods may conclude long-term contracts for the organization of transportation. The transportation contracts establish the volumes, terms and conditions for the provision of vehicles and the presentation of goods for transportation, the procedure for settlements, as well as other conditions.

Transportation of goods by rail is carried out on the basis of applications from shippers submitted to transportation operators ( logistics companies). The application is submitted in three copies indicating the volume of cargo transportation in wagons and tons in accordance with the established nomenclature of goods. The application form is established and published in the collection of rules and tariffs for railway transport.

Cargo transportation is carried out cargo(or high) speed. Criteria for determining the speed of transportation of goods, as well as the direction, but by which goods are transported at high speed, are established by Russian Railways. The list of these directions is published in the collection of transportation rules and tariffs. The speed of transportation is chosen and indicated by the consignor.

Freight charges are charged for the shortest transportation distance. Determination of transportation distances is the prerogative of the Ministry of Railways of Russia. In some cases, transportation fees may be charged based on the actual distance travelled. Consignors may present goods for transportation with the announcement of their values. For the declared value of goods, the charges specified in the tariff manual are charged.

Shippers are obliged to prepare goods for transport in such a way as to ensure traffic safety, safety of cargoes, wagons, containers. Requirements for tare and packaging of goods, the quality of transported products should be provided for by standards, technical specifications approved by the relevant state bodies.

About the time of submission of wagons, containers for loading carried out by consignors, employees of railway stations notify consignors no later than 2 hours before their submission. The railway is obliged to submit for loading serviceable inside and externally cleaned wagons and containers suitable for the carriage of specific goods.

Loading cargo into wagons, containers should be carried out based on the technical standards for their loading. Accommodation and cargo securing in wagons and containers are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical conditions for the placement and securing of goods. Transportation of goods on open rolling stock is allowed. The materials required for loading and fastening, packaging means and other devices are provided by the consignors. Installation and removal are carried out by consignors or consignees.

When presenting the cargo for transportation, the consignor must provide for each shipment of the cargo a properly executed railway bill of lading and other Required documents(appendices 12–14). The waybill and the receipt issued on its basis to the consignor confirming the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods. In accordance with the contract of carriage, the railway undertakes to timely and safely deliver the cargo to the railway station of the destination road in compliance with the conditions of transportation and release the cargo to the consignee. The shipper undertakes to pay for the shipping.

When presenting goods for transportation, the consignor must indicate in the railway bill of lading their weight, and upon presentation of packaged and piece goods also number of packages. The railway reserves the right to selectively check the weight of the cargo.

Loaded wagons, containers must be sealed by the railways, if the goods are loaded by the railways, or by shippers, if the goods are loaded by them. In the case of opening wagons or containers for customs inspection, their sealing with new locking and sealing devices is carried out by the customs authorities.

Due to force majeure, hindering the transportation of goods, loading and unloading of goods may be temporarily suspended or limited by the head of the railway of departure. The head of the railway sets a term for the termination or restriction of loading. Suspension loading due to circumstances prevailing on the railways is allowed only in exceptional cases.

The payment for the carriage of goods and other payments due to the railway are paid by the consignor, as a rule, before the moment of departure of the goods from the railway station. The final settlements related to the transportation of cargo are made by the consignees upon the arrival of the cargo at the destination station. Late payments will result in interest or penalties. Additional payments are also provided for re-addressing cargo.

Delivery times and rules for calculating these terms are approved by Russian Railways, but shippers and railways can change them by mutual agreement. The date of acceptance of the goods for transportation and the date of expiration of the delivery period is indicated by the railway station of departure in the receipt issued to the consignor on the acceptance of the goods. The railway is obliged to notify the consignee of the goods that have arrived at his address. no later than 12 noon, following the day of arrival. The order and method of notification are determined at the destination station. The railway may, in accordance with the contract, provide the consignee with preliminary information about the approach of goods to his address.

The cargo is released at the destination station to the consignee after paying them for the carriage of goods and other payments due to the railway. Confirmation of the release of the goods is the signature of the consignee in the road list.

Important in the organization and implementation of rail transportation in domestic communications are also the issues of paying for the use of wagons and containers, responsible storage of goods in case of their lack of demand, checking the cargo upon its issuance, penalties for demurrage of vehicles, carrying out and paying for the cleaning of wagons and the conditions for its implementation.

A separate chapter of the Charter of Railways is devoted to the issues of transportation of goods in mixed traffic.

In particular, it is stated that transportation of goods in direct mixed traffic carried out on the basis of a single transport document(consignment note) drawn up for the entire route of the cargo.

This section of the Charter resolves issues of interaction between railway transport with road and sea transport, issues of transferring goods from one mode of transport to another, the mutual procedure for providing containers, the procedure for receiving and delivering goods at ports and other transshipment points, sealing wagons and containers, general terms for the delivery of goods , charges for transportation in mixed traffic, mutual accounting of the norms of work with vehicles(wagons), mutual property liability for delays and a number of other issues.

Railways bear property liability for non-fulfillment of the accepted application for the carriage of goods, for the failure to supply wagons or containers. Consignors bear property liability for non-presentation of goods, non-use of wagons and containers or refusal to use them. The amount of property liability depends on many factors, but in any case, it is calculated from the amount of the minimum wage.

Shippers exempt from payment of fines for non-fulfillment of an application for transportation accepted by the railway due to:

• occurrence of force majeure circumstances;
• the occurrence of circumstances under which it is prohibited to carry out loading, unloading operations, as well as accidents at the consignor, as a result of the termination of the consignor's production activities;
• non-use of wagons submitted in excess of the application.

Railway exempt from payment of fines when circumstances arise:

• force majeure(force majeure circumstances);
• termination or restriction of cargo loading;
• non-payment of fees by shippers for previously submitted wagons or containers;
• delays by shippers of previously submitted wagons or containers.

The railway bears property liability for the non-safety of the cargo after it has been accepted for transportation and up to its delivery to the consignee, unless it proves that the loss or damage was not due to its fault. In this case, the railway is obliged to compensate for the damage in the amount by which the value of the cargo has decreased and up to the amount of its declared value. The cargo is considered lost if it has not been issued to the consignee after 30 days from the date of expiration of the delivery period or after 4 months. from the date of acceptance of the cargo for transportation in mixed traffic. The railway also bears property liability for delay in delivery.

Railway exempt from property liability, in particular if:

• the reasons for damage or loss depended on the cargo owner;
• occurred due to the natural properties of the cargo ;
• deficiencies in tare or packaging that could not be noticed when loading cargo at the departure station;
• transportation was carried out accompanied by a representative of the cargo owner;
• loss or shortage occurred due to the incompleteness or incorrectness of the information entered by the consignor in the waybill.

Shippers are liable for incorrect information, specified in the invoice, wagon delay, every hour of container delay, exceeding the carrying capacity of wagons or containers.

Cargo owners are obliged to repair wagons and containers at their own expense if they are damaged through their fault. In turn, the railway must repair wagons and containers belonging to consignors or consignees if their damage was due to the fault of the railway.

The circumstances that are the basis for the liability of railways, consignors or consignees are certified commercial acts or acts of general form(Annexes 15 and 17).

commercial act is compiled:

• when unloading wagons or containers in public places (at stations) - on the day of unloading;
• when unloading wagons or containers in non-public areas - on the day of unloading or in the process of unloading;
• en route - on the day of discovery of the circumstances to be formalized by a commercial act.

At impossibility to draw up a commercial act within the specified time it must be completed within the next day. The commercial act is drawn up in three copies and filled out without blots and erasures.

The commercial act must contain:

• accurate and detailed description of the condition of the goods;
• data on whether goods are loaded, stowed and secured correctly.

For perishable goods, an extract from the temperature log is attached to the commercial act.

Persons who have drawn up and signed a commercial act containing false information are liable in accordance with the legislation of Russia. The commercial act is signed by the recipient, if he participates in the verification, and by the employees of the railway.

Before presentation to the railway lawsuit, arising in connection with the carriage of goods, it is obligatory to file a claim with the railway. The right to file a claim arising in connection with the implementation of transportation, or a claim have:

• the consignor or consignee in case of loss, shortage, damage or deterioration;
• in case of delay in delivery;
• in case of delay in the release of the goods.

To claims supporting original documents or certified copies must be attached.

Claims against the railway can be made within 6 months, claims for fines and penalties - within 45 days. The railway is obliged to consider the claim and notify the claimant of the results in writing within 30 days of receipt of the claim. The shipper or consignee may assign its rights to assert claims and actions to other legal or individuals through the proper execution of a contract of commission or power of attorney.