To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

SOCIAL SPHERE The main questions of the Unified State Examination

Codifier Questions social relations social stratification and mobility Social groups Youth as a social group Ethnic communities Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation Social conflict Types of social norms Freedom and responsibility Deviant behavior and its types Social role Socialization of the individual Family and marriage

Sociology is the science of society The term was introduced by Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher. The concept of "sociology" is derived from two words: the Latin soci (etas) - society and the Greek logos - a word, a doctrine. Hence sociology is the science of society by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Basic concepts Social groups Differentiation Stratification Social institution and their types Social mobility and its types Social descent Social uplift Marginals Lumpens Social lifts social status Social role Socialization Social control Social norms Deviant behavior Social interaction Cooperation Rivalry Social conflict (stages) Ethnos Nation Interethnic relations Interethnic conflicts National politics Demography Family as social institution Family Functions

The social structure of society is the structure of society as a whole, the system of relations between the main elements. Individual Social groups (communities) Social institution A really existing set of people, characterized by common features Specific public education created to meet the most important needs of human society. Individual (Greek "atom" - indivisible) - the term characterizes a person as one of the people

Types of social institutions Economic (need for material goods) Political (state, parties, law, movements) Family institution (marriage, kinship, etc.) Cultural (science, education, culture, religion)

Theory of stratification Pitirim Sorokin - American sociologist Differentiation - the division of society into groups characterized by different characteristics. There is no subordination between them. Stratification - a set of social strata arranged in a hierarchical order = distribution of social groups Inequality scale

Criteria for stratification - income - power - education - prestige

Types of stratification Economic is expressed in the difference in income, standard of living, in the existence of rich, middle and poor sections of the population Professional involves the allocation in society various groups according to the nature of their activities and occupations Political involves the division of society into managers and managed, political leaders and the mass

Social mobility is the movement of people from one social group to another Horizontal transition of a person to a group located on the same level as the previous one. Vertical movement from one level of the hierarchy (ladder) to another. It is possible to make both social ascent and descent – ​​downward and upward mobility individual group

The way people move from one group to another is called the "social lift". Army School Church Canals social mobility

Marginals (marginalis - located on the edge, on the border) are social groups that occupy an intermediate position between stable communities. Lumpens (German lumpen - rags) are people who have sunk to the bottom of society.

The social status of a person Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations. Social status depends on: - age, - sex, - origin, - profession, - marital status.

The social status of the individual the prescribed status the achieved status does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (sex, race, age) it is provided by the family depends on the individual, what a person becomes (education, profession) is acquired

Prestige and authority assessment by society or a social group of the social significance of certain positions occupied by people is associated with social status. business qualities a person by a society or a group of people is associated with personal status, a certain, specific person can be authoritative

The social role of a person A social role is the expectation and prescription of behavior corresponding to a given status. The set of roles performed by a person is called a role set. And the set of statuses is a status set

Socialization and adaptation The process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles, norms and spiritual values

Socialization and adaptation Social adaptation is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means.

Socialization and its levels 1 2 Primary - occurs in small groups: family, peers, teachers Secondary - occurs at the level of large social groups: institutions, army, state Primary agents of socialization Secondary agents of socialization Agents - people responsible for the transfer of cultural experience

Social control - the mechanism of relations between the individual and society Social norms - rules generally accepted in society that regulate people's behavior Sanctions - encouragement or punishment aimed at maintaining social norms Formal and informal Formal and informal positive negative legal Customs, traditions religious moral political aesthetic ethical

Deviant (deviant) behavior Deviant (deviant) behavior is behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person. The most dangerous manifestations of deviant behavior: - crime, - alcoholism, - drug addiction. positive negative

Forms of social interaction Cooperation - participation in a common cause Stages of conflict Social conflict - special interaction (confrontation) of individuals and groups when their views, positions, interests collide Rivalry - intersection and mismatch of interests Conflict resolution methods Pre-conflict Conflict Post-conflict Method of conflict avoidance Negotiation method Mediation method

Ethnic communities Ethnicity is a historically formed set of people in a certain territory who have a common culture, language and are aware of their unity Nation is an ethnic community that takes shape during the formation of capitalist relations: 1) a national market is formed; 2) a single economic organism is being formed - National economy, it unites various peoples 3) into a single whole - a nation.

Interethnic relations and national policy Integration - cooperation of nations, rapprochement of various aspects of the life of peoples Differentiation - the desire of peoples for national independence Ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) from confrontation to social competition Causes of conflicts: Territorial (separatism) Economic Social Cultural and linguistic (nationalism , xenophobia, chauvinism, discrimination) discrimination

Family as a social institution Family as a social institution is a system of connections and interactions of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and socialization of the individual. A family as a small group is an association of people connected by a common life, mutual assistance and mutual responsibility. Relationships can be based on marriage and consanguinity.

Typology of families Traditional (patriarchal) Family of partnership type Simple nuclear Monogamous (2 spouses) Polygamous (more than 2 spouses) Polygyny (1 m + several women) Polyandry (1 f + several men)

Functions of families Reproductive - reproduction of the population Educational - socialization of the younger generation Household - support for physical health, care for children and elderly parents Economic - obtaining material resources of some family members for others Sphere of primary social control - regulation of the behavior of family members Function of spiritual communication Social status – presentation of a certain social status to family members Leisure – organization of rational leisure

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

Social structure (from Latin structura - structure, location, order) of society - the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as relations between them Social groups Social relations Social division of labor Needs and interests of social groups Values social groups Norms and roles of social groups Lifestyles of social groups

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Which element(s) is(are) related to social structure society? Intelligentsia Crew of the ship Family All of the above Answer: __________ 4

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Are the following statements about the social structure of society correct? A. The basis of the social structure is the social division of labor. B. The social structure organizes society into a single whole Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 3

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Social relations are certain stable connections between people as representatives of social groups Main features DURATION SYSTEMICITY STABILITY SELF-RENEWAL BREATH OF SOCIAL RELATIONS Nature of relations COOPERATION COMPETITION Social conflict

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Socio - group Relations between classes, social strata Socio - demographic Relations between men, women, children, youth, pensioners, etc. Socio-ethnic Relations between nations, nationalities, national and ethnographic groups, etc. Socio-professional Relations between labor collectives, professional associations Interpersonal Relationships of a person with people around him Social relations

7 slide

Description of the slide:

Social relations do not belong Between nations and nationalities Between man and the people around him Between classes Between man and nature Answer: __________ 4

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Are the following statements about social relations correct? A. Social relations always assume the character of cooperation. B. Social relations can take on the character of a social conflict Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 2

9 slide

Description of the slide:

A social group is any group of people that has some common socially significant attribute (gender, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.) SMALL BIG family, school class, group of friends, etc. nation, class, estate, caste, etc. Social division of labor and specialization of activity Historical, established diversity of living conditions, culture, social norms and values ​​Causes of appearance Know each other well, are engaged in some common business and are in direct relationships common interests

10 slide

Description of the slide:

11 slide

Description of the slide:

12 slide

Description of the slide:

Are the following statements about a social group correct? A. A social group is any set of people distinguished by gender, age, nationality. B. A social group is any set of people distinguished by profession, place of residence, income. Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 3

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Establish a correspondence between examples of social groups and their types. For each position given in the first column, match the position from the second column. Examples of social groups A) Russians B) Neighbors in the cabin C) Entrepreneurs D) Tourist group E) Spaceship crew F) Kshatriya caste Types of social groups Small Large 2 1 2 1 1 2

14 slide

Description of the slide:

SOCIAL ROLE - this is what is expected in a given society from any person occupying a certain place in social system Basic (citizen, family member, worker, owner, consumer, etc.) Situational (passenger, pedestrian, buyer, spectator, etc.) Society puts forward role requirements for a person. These requirements are enshrined in the rules - social norms. Society, its various groups and organizations with incentives and punishments, i.e. various sanctions, support the fulfillment of social roles.

15 slide

Description of the slide:

The structure of the social role Requirements for behavior corresponding to the social role Evaluation of the fulfillment of a social role Sanction - the reaction of society or a social group to the actions of an individual within the framework of a social role Inducing a person to a certain type of behavior Social norms A role conflict is a conflict related to the performance by a person of one or several social roles that involve incompatibility, conflicting duties and demands

16 slide

Description of the slide:

Are the following statements about social role correct? A. Man has one social role. B. A person has a whole set of social roles. Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 2

17 slide

Description of the slide:

Establish a correspondence between examples of social roles and their types. For each position given in the first column, match the position from the second column. Examples of social roles A) cashier B) pedestrian C) researcher D) father E) spectator E) producer Types of social roles main situational 1 2 1 1 2 1

18 slide

Description of the slide:

SOCIAL STATUS - general position individual or social group in society, associated with a certain set of rights and obligations SOCIAL STATUS Personal status - the position of an individual in small group, depending on how its members evaluate him in accordance with his personal qualities (leader, expert, soul of the company) .) Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (gender, age, nationality, etc.) The achieved (acquired) status is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (material position, education, etc.)

Slide

Description of the slide:

SOCIAL CONFLICT - a clash of opposing public interests, views, aspirations, directions of social development Participants in social conflict Individuals Social groups Organizations and associations Stages of social conflict Pre-conflict - folding conflict situation. The conflict itself is distrust and lack of respect for the enemy; inability to reach an agreement Conflict resolution - termination of actions aimed at changing the behavior of rivals; elimination of the causes of conflict

21 slide

Description of the slide:

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS Social heterogeneity of society, the presence of opposite orientations Differences in income levels, power, culture, access to education, information Religious differences Human behavior, its social and psychological traits (character, intelligence, common culture etc.) Types of conflicts Intrapersonal Interpersonal Intergroup C external environment Conflict covering individual spheres of public life Conflict covering society as a whole

Topic: social sphere of society. Part one The concept of the social sphere, social differentiation separate groups: Ethnic communities Strata Class family Social status and social role Socialization.

Question 1. The concept of the social sphere Social sphere– (1) this is the area of ​​interaction between different social communities. circle of philatelists, nation, class, youth, etc. (2) the sphere of social protection of the individual.

The division of society into elements is called social differentiation. The word "differentiation" comes from a Latin root meaning "difference". The social structure of a society is a set of interacting and interconnected social groups and communities.

Elements of social structure: individuals, social communities, social groups.

Types of social formations - elements of the social structure Society is differentiated into various formations: communities (large social groups) - groups that unite people living in general conditions with a single standard of living. Ethnic Territorial Demographic Classes Strata a social group is a collection of people who: interact with each other and are aware of their own unity are considered members of the group from the point of view of others. Various teams small social group emotional interaction family group of friends

Classifications of social groups Social groups are classified on various grounds: 1. By the number of members, small and large. 2. According to the time of existence: temporary long-term existence 3. According to the compactness of existence: scattered groups, collected compact ones. 4. By nature and depending on the possibility of joining them: open closed groups. 5. According to the degree of organization: organized, partially organized, unorganized. 6. By structuredness: having a permanent structure, having a temporary structure, unstructured. 7. By type of activity: fully engaged in one type of activity, engaged in different types activities. 8. According to the form of social management: state-controlled, self-governing social groups. According to the form of intra-group cohesion: cohesive, disunited.

Individual elements of the social structure: Ethnic communities

Separate elements of the social structure: Strata of the Concept of Pitirim Sorokin. A stratum is a large group of people who occupy a certain common position in society. From a geologist. "layer". Social stratification is a set of strata (other groups) located in a vertical (hierarchical) order.

Criteria for stratification Economic stratification is expressed in the difference in income, wealth, standard of living, in the existence of rich, poor and middle strata of the population. Property relations are a manifestation of political stratification. The division of society into managers and controlled, Power and prestige. Authority. Authority reflects the degree of influence of an individual in a social group or society. political leaders and the masses. Professional stratification can include the allocation of various groups in society according to the nature of their activities, occupations. At the same time, some professions are considered more prestigious than others.

Historical types of stratification

Elements of the social structure: class Criteria for distinguishing classes: According to Marx: relationship to the means of production Place in the system of social production, a way to generate income and welfare. According to Max Weber: property, prestige, power

The main classes of modern developed societies The elite of society: presidents, prime ministers and other political figures; big businessmen, the most influential representatives of the creative intelligentsia. Prosperous strata of society: scientists, writers, artists, doctors, lawyers, teachers, medium and small businessmen, highly skilled workers, etc. ("white collars"). Skilled workers of factories, plants, construction firms, agricultural enterprises, services, etc. with consistent and reliable performance. Unskilled workers ("blue collars"), as well as the unemployed, the poor, people with an income on the verge of or beyond the poverty line; vagabonds, beggars, criminals, etc. When there is a balance in society, the upper and lower classes each occupy 20%, the middle - 60%. The decile is the difference in income between the richest and poorest 10%. In the Russian Federation, it ranges from 15 to 40. In developed countries, it does not exceed 10.

Elements of social structure: the family. A family is a community of people based on marriage, consanguinity, assuming a common life. Marriage is a voluntary union between a man and a woman. Family functions: socialization of children, reproductive, erotic, economic, cultural and leisure

Types of families Monogamous and polygamous (several spouses of the same sex). nuclear family: wife, husband and children, with the addition of one or two spouses' parents. undivided family - several family groups. Incomplete family - the absence of one of the parents.

Question 2. Social status and social role Soc. status - a place in the social structure of society, the social position that a person occupies. From a person occupying a certain social position, others expect appropriate behavior. Social Role is the behavior expected by others. For example, the status of a school student involves the following components of social. roles: visiting educational institution, assimilation of school subjects, etc.

Status set - a set of social statuses of one person. The main social status - the position that is the most significant for a person, determines him socially.

Varieties of social status Prescribed status - social position, human by birth or as a direct result of marital status. Achieved status - a change in social status due to dissatisfaction with them. In developed societies plays the most important role. The achieved status becomes possible only if a change of social group is possible: a transition between the estates in France, but not the Indian castes.

Question 3. Social mobility Social mobility is the transition of people from one social group to another.

Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified several "social lifts": the army, the church, the school.

Negative Consequences of Social Mobility Lumpens are people who have sunk to the bottom of social life (tramps, beggars, homeless people). Marginals are groups occupying an intermediate position between stable communities. One of the main channels of marginalization is mass migration from the countryside to the city.

Question 4. Socialization Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles and norms. The agent of socialization is a factor that has a significant impact on socialization. The agents of socialization are called institutions, groups and individuals. primary. They are in constant contact with the object of socialization: parents are secondary. Have a rare or indirect impact on the object: the media, neighbor Uncle Vasya.

Mechanisms of socialization Social adaptation (from lat. adapto - I adapt) is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means. 1. active adaptation. A person not only masters the established forms of human interaction, established norms, values, but also to some extent seeks to change those that seem to him imperfect or outdated. 2. Conformism is a passive perception of the goals and values ​​of the group, environment. The outward expression of conformity is often obedience, when all instructions are meekly fulfilled. At the same time, however, internally a person may not agree with group norms and values. Identification is a mechanism by which an individual learns and implements the norms, values, qualities, etc. of those groups to which he is aware of belonging.

The second part of the course includes concepts: Social institution Institutionalization. The role of values ​​and cultural universals. social norm; Differences between law, morality and morality Anomie deviant behavior; Deviations and delinquency social control and self-control; social conflict and ways to resolve it; National politics, ethnic conflicts; social processes in modern Russia. Constitutional foundations of national policy in the Russian Federation

Answer the question: What is the relationship between social statuses and roles? Show it with specific examples. (1. What is “social status”, “social role”? 2. How are they related to each other?)

Answer the question: After graduating from a technical college, a young man got a job as a consultant for a computer manufacturing company. Some time later, he enrolled in advanced training courses. Changes also occurred in his personal life: he married the daughter of a co-owner of the company. Completion of studies at the courses coincided with his appointment as chief engineer of the enterprise. What social process can be illustrated by this plot? What factors played a decisive role here? What are they called in sociology?

20. Align the sanctions and their types SANCTIONS: 1) a flattering review; 2) imposition of a fine; 3) imprisonment; 4) mockery; 5) bonuses; 6) awarding an order; 7) deprivation civil rights; 8) announcement of a boycott; 9) applause; 10) administrative penalty; 11) confiscation of property; 12) installation of a memorial sign

Having believed in the special life-giving power of the pyramids, a resident of the Moscow region began to erect them in various parts of the region. This case can be seen as an example of adaptive behavior conformist behavior illegal behavior deviant behavior

23. The state of society, in which generally accepted norms are weakened or disintegrated, is called conformism anomie imbalance deviation

25. The application of sanctions to ensure compliance with social norms is the basis of socialization of social control of social adaptation of deviant behavior

26. Are the following judgments about social norms correct? A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws. B. Behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society is called conformism. only A is true; 3) both judgments are correct; only B is true; 4) both judgments are wrong.

Social control is a mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: a) statuses and roles; b) expectations and motives; c) norms and sanctions; d) power and action.

The process of the church losing influence on various spheres of society is called: a) Secularization b) Modernization c) Democratization d) Ecumenism

6. Social norms are (somewhat correct): a) traditions, b) documents, c) mores, d) contracts, e) laws of nature.

Channels of social mobility in modern society are (somewhat correct): a) the Internet, b) the army, c) transportation, d) mobile phone, e) education.

The goals of the school are: a) education of students; b) enrichment of students with knowledge; c) professional orientation; d) all of the above.

slide 1

Slide text:

SOCIAL SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE

slide 2

slide 3

Slide text:

Stratification Criteria

Power

Education

Prestige

Lifestyle

A stratum is a "layer", a group of people that occupies
certain position in society

slide 4

Slide text:

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

SEPARATE SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SUCH SOCIAL BENEFITS AS MONEY, POWER, PRESTIGE

CAUSE?

slide 5

Slide text:

ACCORDING TO ONE OF THE THEORIES, SOCIAL INEQUALITY IS A NATURAL INEQUALITY THAT ALLOWS THE MOST ABLE TO GO UP

CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS THAT INEQUALITY GENERATES PRIVATE PROPERTY. A class struggle begins between the economically ruling class and the working class

OTHER RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT ATTITUDE TO PROPERTY IS NOT THE ONLY CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL GROUPS. AMONG THE CRITERIA - PROFESSION, INCOME, EDUCATION, LIFESTYLE...

THEORIES OF THE APPEARANCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

slide 6

Slide text:

CLASS STRUGGLE

CLASS STRUGGLE

CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE MAIN DRIVING FORCE OF HISTORY

OPPOSITORS OF THIS THEORY PAY ATTENTION TO THE DESTRUCTION AND DISASTERS THAT ACCOMPANY REVOLUTIONS

YOUR POINT OF VIEW: ?

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide text:

SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOVIET SOCIETY

A PERSON CAN TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL GROUPS TO ANOTHER. BUT SUCH POSSIBILITY DRAFTLY INCREASES DURING REVOLUTIONS AND OTHER SHOCKS. WHOLE SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE SHUT UP.

REVOLUTION OF 1917

WHOLE ESTATES AND GROUPS DISAPPEARED (NOBILITY, clergy, bourgeoisie)
THE INCREASE OF THE WORKING CLASS AND THE REDUCTION OF THE PEASANTRY. THE FORMATION OF A LAYER OF THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED: WHOLE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS CHANGED THEIR PLACE IN ITS STRUCTURE

Slide 9

Slide text:

The social status of the individual

Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations.
Social status depends on:
- age,
- floor,
- origin,
- professions,
- marital status.

Slide 10

Slide text:

The social status of the individual

prescribed status

achieved status

does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (gender, race, age)
his family provides

depends on the personality, what a person becomes (education, profession)

slide 2

slide 3

Stratification Criteria

Income
- power
- education
- prestige
- Lifestyle

A stratum is a “stratum”, a group of people that occupies a certain position in society.

slide 4

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

SOCIAL INEQUALITY:

• SEPARATE SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SUCH SOCIAL BENEFITS AS MONEY, POWER, PRESTIGE