Financial control is carried out in accordance with the established procedure by the entire system of state bodies, as well as by special control bodies. If we consider financial control depending on the entities exercising it, then state, on-farm and independent (auditor) financial control are distinguished.

State control is implemented through nationwide, non-departmental and departmental financial control, carried out by public authorities and management.

National control is of the highest importance due to the special status of the bodies exercising it. Now it is the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation. National control is carried out within the framework of the entire state and is aimed at objects subject to control, regardless of their departmental subordination. The legislative bodies of the country exercise control over the consideration and approval of the state forecast for the economic and social development of the country, draft budgets for all parts of the budget system, and reports on their implementation. The legitimacy and efficiency of the use of public funds, the expediency of the costs incurred are controlled.

Non-departmental financial control is carried out by special financial and credit authorities, such as the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, the Federal Tax Police Service, the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation, etc. The activities of these bodies will be discussed in detail below, but we note here that the financial control of these bodies is aimed at objects regardless of their departmental affiliation and is of a daily, systematic and regular nature.

Departmental financial control is the control of ministries, departments, and other government bodies over the activities of enterprises, organizations, and institutions that are part of their system. This control is carried out by independent structural control and audit units (departments, departments, groups) of ministries, departments, directly subordinate to the heads of these bodies. Its object is the production and financial activities of subordinate enterprises and institutions.

Departmental control is currently causing justified criticism, as it is no longer consistent with its purpose. The liquidation of sectoral ministries and the related system of departmental control was one of the prerequisites for the creation of an audit institute in Russian Federation.

On-farm financial control is carried out at specific enterprises, institutions and organizations by their leaders and functional structural divisions (accounting, financial department, planning and wage regulation department, etc.). Control functions in this case are associated with the process of daily financial economic activity. On-farm financial control is carried out by the economic services of enterprises, organizations, institutions (accounting departments, financial departments, etc.). The object here is the production and financial activities of the enterprise itself, as well as its structural divisions (shops, sections, departments, branches).

Independent (audit) control is carried out individuals- specially certified auditors and legal entities - audit firms, regardless of the type of ownership.

This is, first of all, entrepreneurial activity (i.e., activity aimed at making a profit), the main purpose of which is to establish the reliability of the accounting (financial) statements of economic entities and the compliance of financial and business transactions regulations in force in the Russian Federation. This is some difference between auditing and financial control of public bodies.

The form of financial control is a way of expressing and organizing control actions.

Depending on the timing of financial control can be divided into preliminary, current and subsequent.

Preliminary financial control is carried out at the stage of drawing up, reviewing and approving the financial plans of enterprises, estimates of expenses and incomes of institutions and organizations, draft budgets, texts of contractual agreements, constituent documents etc. Thus, it contributes to the prevention of improper, irrational spending of material, labor and financial resources, as well as negative financial results activity of economic bodies in general.

Current financial control is carried out in the process of executing financial plans in the course of economic or financial transactions, when, for example, compliance with the norms and standards for spending inventory and Money.

Subsequent financial control is carried out after the completion of the reporting period and the financial year as a whole. In particular, the expediency of spending public funds in the execution of budgets, the implementation of financial plans of enterprises and organizations, estimates of budgetary institutions are checked.

These three types of control should follow one after another, cyclically acquiring the qualities of preliminary, current and subsequent.

There are other options for classifying the forms of financial control. It is possible, for example, to single out permanent, systematic (discrete) and episodic control.

Control methods are understood as methods and methods of its implementation.

Methods for the implementation of financial control are different. They can be divided into audits, business surveys, audits, economic analysis and others. An audit is a comprehensive examination of the financial and economic activities of the audited entity in order to identify its compliance with current legislation. When conducting audits (scheduled, unscheduled), a set of methods can be used, such as a cross-check, restoration of quantitative accounting, control comparison, etc. There are also special methods of control, which can in turn be divided into methods of documentary and actual control.

Under the forms of financial control understand the ways of concrete expression of the organization of control actions. Depending on the time of the control, there are three main forms of financial control - preliminary, current and subsequent (Figure 1).

Figure 1- Forms of financial control

Preliminary control precedes the actual expenditure and receipt of funds. the main objective preliminary control - identifying the possibility of increasing income and the most effective use financial resources.

Preliminary control is carried out at the stage of drawing up, reviewing and approving budgets of different levels, cost estimates of budgetary institutions, financial plans and programs, balances of financial resources of territories and other financial and economic documents and draft laws. Preliminary control allows you to choose the most economical solutions when planning destinations budget appropriations, funds of enterprises, organizations for current and capital expenditures.

Current control is carried out in the process of financing planned activities and mobilizing revenues. It consists in the analysis of operational data, current reporting by controlled organizations. In the process, shortcomings in the work of individual organizations are also revealed. Ongoing control helps prevent wasted spending and improves revenue mobilization.

It relies on the primary documents of operational accounting, involves a system factor analysis activities of enterprises and organizations in order to identify reserves for the growth of profitability and profit, reduce the cost of production, overdue receivables and payables, the completeness and timeliness of settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

Subsequent financial control is carried out at the end of the financial year or reporting period. In the course of it, the quantitative and qualitative fulfillment of the targets for each type of income and expenditure, for tax and non-tax revenues to the budgets of different levels and the expenditure of budgetary funds, off-budget funds and financial plans of enterprises, organizations, estimates of budgetary institutions.

Subsequent control is carried out by financial authorities in three forms: documentary audit, verification and analysis of reports.

A documentary audit establishes the security of safety, legality, expediency of the use of material assets and funds.

The audit is carried out by economists of financial agencies in the area of ​​work assigned to them (budget, taxes).

The third form of follow-up control is the analysis by financial agencies of the reports of departments, departments, departments of executive authorities, organizations and institutions.

Table 1.

To determine the types of financial control, one proceeds from such the most significant features of the classification as the subject and object of control. Traditionally, the following types of financial control are distinguished (See Table 2).

Table 2.

Main types of financial control

State financial control is implemented through the national and departmental. State control is carried out by public authorities (the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, the Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.).

Non-state financial control includes:

audit control, on-farm financial control and public control.

Independent (audit) financial control is carried out by specialized audit firms or services. Independent auditing provides users with financial reporting additional confirmation of the reliability of data on the company's activities. audit financial control accounts receivable

The official final document, which reflects the results of the audit, is the audit report. In accordance with the nature and objectives of the audit, such forms of audit are distinguished as: mandatory and initiative audit. aim statutory audit is to obtain information about the financial position of the organization, the users of which are: the executive body of the organization, its participants (owners), as well as public authorities. An initiative audit is carried out in order to obtain information that is necessary for the executive body or members of the organization to make management decisions. [5, p. 152]

Internal financial control is carried out financial services enterprises, institutions and organizations. The object of control is the production and financial activities of the enterprise itself as a whole, as well as its structural divisions separately. Goals and objectives, the implementation of this control are formulated by the management bodies of economic entities.

Public financial control was widely used in Soviet times. This form of control is carried out by non-governmental public organizations or individuals (experts) on a voluntary basis.

Professor Romanovsky M. V., depending on the subject, also distinguishes legal and civil control. Legal control is carried out law enforcement in the form of audits, forensic accounting expertise, etc. Civil control is carried out by individuals in the taxation of their income and property, their receipt of income in the form of wages, bonuses, benefits, dividends, interest, etc.

Budgetary control is one of the most important types of financial control. Its task at the stages of drawing up, reviewing and approving budgets is to check the completeness of the use of available reserves in the revenue part of the budget.

Tax control is part of financial control. Its main goal is to mobilize tax revenues of the budgets of all levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation, established by tax legislation.

The main task of customs control is to ensure the timeliness and completeness of payment customs fees and fees to the budget.

The purpose of currency control is to ensure the full and timely receipt of export foreign exchange earnings to Russia and the validity of payments in foreign currency for imported goods.

Insurance control and supervision is carried out over the correct conduct of insurance operations. Its task is to ensure the stable development of a competitive insurance market.

Thus, financial control is classified depending on:

1. time of holding, it can be preliminary, current and subsequent;

2. entities that carry it out, it can be state and non-state (intra-economic, departmental, audit);

3. objects - budgetary, tax, customs, currency, insurance, monetary, etc.

Under the methods of financial control understand the methods, or methods, means of its implementation. The application of a particular method depends on a number of factors: legal status and features of the forms of activity of the bodies exercising control, from the object and purpose of control, the grounds for the emergence of control legal relations, etc. According to the methods of financial control, there are:

1) checks;

2) surveys;

3) supervision;

4) analysis financial activities;

5) revisions;

6) observations (monitoring) (See Fig. 2).

Rice.

The audit is carried out on certain issues of financial and economic activity on the basis of reporting, balance sheet and expenditure documents. Violations of financial discipline are identified and measures are planned to eliminate their negative consequences.

The survey covers certain aspects of the activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions, but unlike inspections - for a wider range of indicators, and determines the financial situation of economic agencies, their development prospects, the need for reorganization or reorientation of production.

Supervision is a system of periodic control actions to monitor the conditions for its implementation established in a particular area of ​​activity. For example, supervision is carried out over the activities of business entities in order to comply with the conditions of licensing.

Supervision (monitoring) is a constant control over the use of financial resources of the subject of control and its financial condition. Supervision can be established by the creditor with the consent of the subject, and can also be introduced by the arbitration court when establishing signs of financial insolvency (failure to fulfill the financial obligations assumed) of the enterprise.

Analysis as a method of financial control should be systematic and factorial. It is carried out periodically or annual accounts. The level of implementation of the plan, compliance with the norms of spending funds, financial discipline, etc. are revealed.

An audit is a system of mandatory control actions for documentary and actual verification of the legality, expediency and effectiveness of financial and economic operations performed in the audited period, as well as the legality and correctness of actions officials.

An audit, unlike an audit, provides the most complete and reliable information about the state of affairs in the audited organization, since it implies a complete coverage of the documents being audited. In addition, the results of the audit contain specific documented

determination of established shortages and losses of monetary and material resources.

According to the completeness of the coverage of the control of the financial and economic activities of the subject, there are:

1. A full audit provides for the verification of all aspects of the financial and economic activities of economic entities.

2. Partial audit is carried out for the purpose of control certain aspects financial and economic activity of an economic entity.

3. A thematic audit involves monitoring the financial and economic activities of a number of similar economic entities in order to identify typical shortcomings, offenses on certain issues of financial and economic activities.

4. A comprehensive audit includes an audit of all aspects of the financial and economic activities of an economic entity.

Thus, the following methods of financial control are applied: audits, inspections, surveys, supervision, observation, analysis of financial plans, applications, reports on financial and economic activities, etc. Their implementation is usually planned. However, they can also be carried out outside the plan, in connection with the need.

1. Financial control - forms and methods of conducting

Financial control is essential component financial management process, which is due to the most important functions of finance: distribution and control.
The process of distribution and redistribution of the value of GDP must be accompanied by control cash flows in economics.
Financial control is a legislatively regulated activity of specially created control institutions and controllers-auditors who monitor compliance with financial legislation and financial discipline by economic entities, as well as the expediency and efficiency of their financial transactions.
Thus, financial control is not limited to the legal and quantitative aspects and has an analytical aspect.
Historically, financial control arose as a state one, its appearance was associated with the need to control the spending of funds from the state treasury. Then, in addition to state financial control, carried out by specially created control bodies executive power, parliamentary financial control arose, as well as audit (non-state) financial control, carried out on a commercial basis.
State financial control is a complex system of economic and legal actions of individual authorities and administration, which is based on the constitution and other laws of the state.
It is necessary to track the cost proportions of the distribution of the gross national product. State financial control extends to all ways of movement
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of monetary resources associated with the formation of public funds, the completeness and timeliness of their receipt and intended use.
the main objective state control- maximizing the receipt of funds to the treasury and preventing their misuse.
State controllers first of all check the observance of financial discipline, i.e. the strict execution of all established state instructions regarding the use of public funds, including budgetary resources, extra-budgetary funds, funds of the central bank, local governments, etc.
Controllers are empowered to carry out audits and checks mainly in the public sector of the economy. The sphere of private and corporate business subject to state control only in part, on a certain range of issues, such as taxation, the use of public resources. Non-state financial control includes intra-company (corporate) and audit (external) control. The task of non-state control is to increase the efficiency of the use of invested funds by reducing costs, including tax payments to the state.

Financial Control Bodies

The system of financial control bodies in economically developed countries is generally the same and includes the following elements:

1. Office of the Chief Auditor-Auditor (Accounts Chamber) reporting directly to the Parliament or the President of the country. The purpose of this department is to control the spending of public funds and state property;
2. tax department with subordination to the president, government or the ministry of finance, which controls the flow of tax revenues to the state treasury;
3. supervisory structures within government departments that carry out inspections and audits of subordinate institutions;
4. audit firms that carry out on a commercial basis verification and confirmation of the reliability of reporting information and the legality of financial transactions;

5) internal control services (internal audit), whose main task is to reduce costs, optimize financial flows and increase profits. In states of a totalitarian type (with prevailing state ownership), state financial control is of a global administrative nature, pursuing mainly fiscal goals.
The transition to a market economy in Russia led to the emergence of new control institutions: the tax department (the Russian Ministry of Taxes and Duties), the Department of Insurance Supervision of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the institute of accounting chambers under the federal and regional authorities, Treasury bodies, and audit firms.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 26, 1996 "On measures to ensure state financial control in the Russian Federation", the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation and the Federal Service for Currency and Export Control are also classified as control bodies.
As the foundations of market management are strengthened, the organization of financial control becomes more and more legal in nature and approaches the Western model, which, according to experts, has proven its effectiveness.
The development of democracy and parliamentarism necessitates a stricter control over the executive power and an increase in the professional level of control services. Market competition forces firms to improve internal control methods, as well as to attract specialists from specialized consulting and audit firms.

Principles of organization of financial control

The world community, based on many years of experience, has developed the basic principles of organizing financial control, which every modern civilized state strives to implement in its entirety.
These principles are set out in the Rome Declaration of INTOSAI, including such universal ones as independence and objectivity, competence and transparency.
The independence of control should be ensured by the financial independence of the controlling body, longer
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significant, in comparison with the parliamentary terms of office of the heads of state control bodies, as well as their constitutional nature.
Objectivity and competence imply obligatory observance by controllers of the current legislation, a high professional level of work based on established standards for conducting audit work.
Publicity provides for the constant communication of state controllers with the public and the means mass media.
There are other principles that are more applied, including:

1. effectiveness of control;
2. clarity and consistency of requirements imposed by controllers;
3. incorruptibility of subjects of control;
4. the validity and evidence of the information given in the acts of inspections and audits;
5. prevention (prevention) of probable financial violations;
6. presumption of innocence (before trial) of persons suspected of financial crimes;

7) coordination of actions of various supervisory authorities
ganov and others.
Each institution and type of control has its own regulations, that is, the order and sequence of control actions.
For example, the generally accepted rules for conducting a comprehensive audit of an economic entity include the following step-by-step actions of control bodies:

1. inventory of the availability and safety of inventory items, objects of work in progress or construction, semi-finished products, office and other equipment, cash and settlements;
2. visual verification of the correctness of the execution of documents, the completeness and reliability of filling in the details, the compliance of the documents presented for verification with the approved standards, the identification of low-quality documents, the arithmetic calculation of the results, their data;

1. verification of the completeness and correctness of the reflection in the documents of financial and economic transactions, as well as the correctness and completeness of the reflection of accounting records in accounting registers, development tables, order journals, in the general ledger, etc.;
2. verification of the correctness of the calculation of calculated indicators (wages, taxes, depreciation amounts, reserves, interest on a loan, etc.);
3. verification of the correctness of reporting - accounting, financial, tax, statistical, insurance, credit and other, provided for by the current legislation of the country.

Other types of control, such as documentary thematic audits, require appropriate regulations determined by control departments or company management (during internal control).

Models and forms of financial control

The effectiveness of financial control also depends on the sanctions applied to financial violations. In world practice, there are two established models of financial control.
In countries that adhere to the Anglo-Saxon model, the activities of the control body are limited to the preparation of an audit report.
The issue of sanctions is considered by administrative and judicial bodies. In countries where the French model has taken root, control bodies also perform some judicial functions: they have the right to determine the degree of guilt of persons in financial violations, as well as to demand compensation for damages.
For example, the Accounts Chamber of France, after checking the accounts of a state organization and identifying a shortage (overspending) of funds, can issue a ruling in relation to government officials who have committed a violation, which is also an executive document giving the right to seize the property of a government official or the property of his guarantors and successors.
Forms of control are usually classified according to the following criteria:
1) implementation regulations - mandatory (external), proactive (internal);
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1. time of holding - preliminary, current (operational), subsequent;
2. subjects of control - presidential, legislative authorities and local self-government, control of executive authorities, control of financial and credit authorities, intra-company, departmental, audit;
3. objects of control - budgetary; control over off-budget funds, tax, currency, credit, insurance, investment, customs control; control over the money supply.

Mandatory control of the financial activities of legal entities and individuals is carried out on the basis of the law. This applies, for example, to tax audits, control over the targeted use of budgetary resources, mandatory audit confirmation of financial and accounting data of enterprises and organizations, etc.
Initiative (internal) control does not follow from financial legislation, but is an integral part of financial management to achieve tactical and strategic goals.
Preliminary financial control is carried out before financial transactions and is of great importance for preventing financial irregularities.
It provides for an assessment of the financial feasibility of planned expenditures in order to prevent wasteful and inefficient spending of funds.
An example of such control at the macro level is the preparation and approval of budgets at all levels and financial plans for extrabudgetary funds.
At the micro level, this is the development of financial plans and estimates, cash requests, financial sections of business plans, the preparation of forecast balance sheets, joint venture agreements, etc.
Current (operational) financial control is carried out when making monetary transactions, financial transactions, issuing loans and subsidies.
It prevents possible abuses in receiving and spending funds, contributes to the observance of financial discipline and the timely implementation of cash settlements. Accounting plays an important role here.
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Subsequent financial control is intended to assess the results of the financial activities of economic entities, the effectiveness of the implementation of the proposed financial strategy, comparison of actual financial costs with forecasted ones, etc.
It is carried out in the analysis and revision of financial and accounting records.

Methods of financial control

There are the following control methods:

1. documentary and cameral checks;
2. surveys;
3. supervision;
4. analysis of the financial condition;
5. observation (monitoring);
6. revisions.

When conducting audits of reporting documentation and expenditure documents, certain issues of financial activity are considered and measures are outlined to eliminate the identified violations.
The survey covers a wider range of financial and economic indicators of the studied economic entity to determine its financial condition and possible development prospects.
Supervisory authorities supervise economic entities that have received a license for a particular type of financial activity. It implies compliance with established rules and regulations.
An analysis of the financial condition as a kind of financial control involves a detailed study of financial and accounting statements (periodic or annual) for a general assessment of the results of financial activities, the provision of own capital and the effectiveness of its use.
Observation (monitoring) - constant control by the lender over the use of the loan and the financial condition of the client.
The inefficient use of the received loan and the decrease in liquidity may lead to tightening of credit conditions or the requirement for early repayment of the loan.
revision- the most profound and comprehensive method of financial control. Its essence lies in the complete examination of fi-
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financial and economic activity of an economic entity in order to verify its legality, correctness, expediency, and effectiveness. Types of audit: full and partial, complex and thematic, scheduled and unscheduled.
Audits are carried out both by internal control structures and by various state and non-state control bodies (Department of Financial Control and Audit of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Treasury, Central Bank, audit services). The results of the audit are documented in an act, on the basis of which measures are taken to eliminate violations, compensate for material damage and bring the perpetrators to justice.

2. State financial control In Russian federation

The principle of separation of powers, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitutions (charters) of the constituent entities of the Federation, is to control the financial activities of executive authorities by the President and representative authorities.
Such control is carried out when adopting certain laws relating to issues of financial activity, when considering and approving draft budgets, state and local off-budget funds, as well as when approving reports on their implementation.
Financial control by representative authorities is carried out by the relevant structures, committees, commissions of the Federation Council and the State Duma, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, and the Chambers of Control and Accounts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The beginning of such control was laid in 1992 by the creation of the Control and Budget Committee under the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation as a body independent in its actions neither from the apparatus of the President of the Russian Federation, nor from the Government of the Russian Federation. At present, the main part of its functions has been transferred to the State Duma Committees on Budget and Taxes, Finance and Banking, the relevant subcommittees of which carry out expert and analytical work on all financial matters. For example, the subcommittee on
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budget makes a conclusion on the draft federal budget. The remaining subcommittees deal with the evaluation of bills on taxation, banking and financial activities.
Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. It has a special place in the system of financial control by representative authorities.
Its activities are determined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 11, 1995. The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is independent of the Government of the Russian Federation, a permanent body of state financial control, endowed with broad powers and accountable to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
The sphere of authority of the Accounts Chamber is control over federal property and the spending of federal funds.
All legal entities are subject to control, which is carried out in terms of receiving, transferring or using funds from the federal budget and extra-budgetary funds, using federal property, as well as applying tax, customs and other benefits provided by federal bodies.
The following tasks were set for the officials of the Accounts Chamber:

1. organization of control over the execution of the federal budget and off-budget funds;
2. preparation of proposals to eliminate detected violations and streamline the budget process;
3. assessment of the effectiveness of spending public funds, including those provided on a returnable basis, and the use of federal property;
4. identification of the validity of articles of the federal budget and off-budget funds;
5. financial expertise, i.e., an assessment of the financial consequences of the adoption of federal laws relating to the federal budget;
6. control of receipt and movement of budgetary funds on bank accounts;
7. regular submission to the Federation Council and the State Duma of information on the implementation of the federal budget;

8) control over the flow of funds to the federal budget from the privatization of federal property, its sale and management.
The duties of the Accounts Chamber also include monitoring the state of the state external and internal debt of the Russian Federation and the activities of the Central Bank in servicing the state debt; the effectiveness of the use of external credits and loans received by the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as control over the provision by Russia of loans and gratuitous transfers to foreign states and international organizations.
The main forms of control carried out by the Accounts Chamber are thematic inspections and revisions. When facts of gross violations of laws and financial discipline that cause damage to the state are revealed, or if the procedure and deadlines for considering submissions are not observed.
The Accounts Chamber has given it the right to issue binding instructions. If the instructions are not followed, the Board of the Accounts Chamber, in agreement with the State Duma, may suspend financial and settlement operations on the accounts of a legal entity. This may be challenged in court.
It is legally determined that the activities of the Accounts Chamber are public: all results must be covered in the media.
Financial control by the President of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation by issuing decrees, signing federal laws, appointing and dismissing the Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation, etc.
Some functions of financial control are assigned to the Main Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, which was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 24, 1994. It is a structural subdivision of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and reports directly to it, interacting with all state executive authorities. Its functions include:
1) control over the activities of control bodies under the federal executive authorities, divisions of the Presidential Administration, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation;
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2) consideration of complaints and appeals of individuals and legal entities.
The Control Department has the right to demand from the heads of state bodies, organizations and enterprises documents, materials and other information necessary for conducting inspections.
It can also involve specialists and representatives of law enforcement agencies in inspections and submit proposals based on the results of inspections for consideration by the President. They send orders to eliminate violations, which are considered within ten days. But they are not given the right to apply any sanctions on their own.
Executive authorities exercise financial control within their powers, and also control the activities of structures subordinate to them.
Financial control of the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law "On the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation", it is endowed with the broadest powers. The Government of the Russian Federation controls the process of developing and executing the federal budget, common policy in finance, money and credit.
It controls and regulates the financial activities of federal ministries and departments, directs the activities of financial control bodies subordinate to it.
The Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulation "On the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation" (Decree of March 6, 1998), the Regulation "On the Treasury" (Decree of August 27, 1993).
Under the Government of the Russian Federation, there is an Interdepartmental Council for State Financial Control, established in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 2, 1996, to coordinate control over state funds. The Council includes the chairman of the Central Bank, the head of the Federal Treasury, and the heads of financial and control bodies.
Representatives of the Prosecutor General's Office and law enforcement agencies may take part in the work of the Council. The Council is headed by the Minister of Finance.
The most important place in the system of financial control is occupied by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. It develops and implements the financial policy of the country, and also controls its implementation.

by the executive authorities. All structural units Ministries of Finance control financial relations in one form or another.
First of all, the Ministry of Finance exercises financial control during the development of the draft federal budget; controls the receipt and expenditure of budgetary funds and funds of federal non-budgetary funds; conducts currency control; control over the direction and use of public investments allocated on the basis of decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Based on the results of the control, the Ministry of Finance has the right to demand the elimination of detected violations, to limit and suspend funding from the federal budget to enterprises and organizations that carry out illegal spending of funds and do not provide appropriate reporting, as well as to recover public funds used for other purposes, with the imposition of prescribed fines.
An important role in the conduct of financial control is played by the Methodological Guidelines for the organization of accounting in the country approved by the Ministry of Finance, as well as the certification of auditors and licensing of audit activities (except for the audit of banks).
It should be noted that the control powers of the Ministry of Finance apply to financial resources only at the federal level.
The budgetary legislation provides for the financial independence of the subjects of the Federation and local governments, which are responsible for the formation and use of their budgets and extrabudgetary funds.
Operational control over the use of public funds is carried out by the Department of State Financial Control and Audit operating within the Ministry of Finance, as well as by the bodies of the Federal Treasury.
The Department of Financial Control and Audit of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation was established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 and replaced the Control and Auditing Department of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
The Department and its territorial subdivisions must carry out comprehensive audits and thematic audits to control the receipts and targeted use of financial resources.

the federal budget and state off-budget funds; documentary checks of financial and economic activities on the decisions of law enforcement agencies, as well as state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments.
The bodies of the Federal Treasury are called upon to implement the state budget policy, manage the processes of execution of the federal budget, while controlling strict control over the receipt and targeted use of public funds.
The following tasks are assigned to the Treasury:

1. control of the revenue and expenditure parts of the budget in the course of its execution;
2. control of the state of public finances and provision of reports on the financial operations of the Government of the Russian Federation and the state of the budget system to the highest legislative and executive bodies;
3. control of the state of the state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation;
4. control over state federal off-budget funds and financial relations between them and the federal budget.

Treasury bodies have the right to check monetary documents, reports and estimates in state bodies, banks, enterprises of all forms of ownership using federal budget and extra-budgetary funds; suspend operations on bank accounts in case of violations.
They have the right to make decisions on the collection in an indisputable manner of state funds subject to return to the budget, the period for which the return of which has expired, as well as to collect in an indisputable manner penalties from commercial banks in case of untimely crediting of funds received from economic entities to the accounts of the federal budget and extrabudgetary funds.
Penalties are charged in the amount of 1/300 of the current refinancing rate of the Central Bank for each day of delay. As a rule, the Treasury bodies interact with the tax authorities and law enforcement agencies by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation.
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The transition to the treasury system for the execution of the federal budget will significantly strengthen the control powers of the Federal Treasury in terms of the federal budget. It should be noted that at present there are no serious administrative or criminal liability for the misuse of budgetary funds, which sharply reduces the degree of effectiveness of state financial control.
Practically no cases are known when cases initiated on the facts of misuse of state resources were brought to court.
The Budget Code of the Russian Federation of 1998 is designed to help improve the efficiency budget control. Thus, the Budget Code obliges budget funds managers to exercise control over ensuring the intended use and timely return of budget funds by their recipients through inspections of subordinate enterprises and budgetary institutions.
Violators of budget legislation may have their spending accounts blocked, budget funds withdrawn, operations on accounts in credit institutions suspended, etc.
In addition, the Budget Code more clearly defines control functions in the field of the budget and the budget process by the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Federal Treasury, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, financial authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.
At the same time, there is no effective mechanism for monitoring budgets at all levels. This problem is being addressed by a special the federal law“On State Financial Control of the Russian Federation”, which provides for appropriate sanctions and mechanisms for their application.

Specialized Bodies

In connection with the increasing role of taxes in state revenues during the transition to a market economy, it became necessary to separate the tax authorities into a special centralized system- The State Tax Service of the Russian Federation, which was transformed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 23, 1998
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to the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties. The following functions are entrusted to the Ministry:

1. development of the main directions of tax policy and its implementation;
2. coordination of activities of territorial tax authorities;

3) interaction with other controlling structures
and law enforcement agencies.
The main task of the tax authorities is to ensure a unified system of control over compliance with tax laws, the correctness of the calculation, the completeness and timeliness of paying taxes and other obligatory payments. The main operational link is the city and district tax inspectorates, since it is they who carry out current tax control and keep records of taxpayers.
In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, tax authorities have the right to check monetary documents of legal entities and individuals, including joint ventures, foreign citizens and stateless persons, to receive from them necessary information(with the exception of those that are a trade secret), examine any production, warehouse and retail premises used to generate income, apply coercive measures against officials and citizens, including the seizure of relevant documents and the suspension of operations on bank accounts. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the types of tax offenses and responsibility for their commission.
According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 8, 1999 “On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR “On the State Tax Inspectorate””, tax authorities received powers in the field of control over compliance with currency legislation, carried out within their competence.
To ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation and strengthen state discipline in the field of taxes, tax police bodies, its territorial and local divisions were created.
The tax police, interacting with the tax authorities, is called upon to solve the following tasks:
1) detect, prevent and suppress tax crimes and offenses. Tax authorities owe ten-120

tiday term to send materials about alleged tax crimes to the tax police. In accordance with the amendments made in December 1995 to the Law of the Russian Federation “On federal bodies of the tax police”, the latter received the right to conduct a preliminary investigation of tax crimes;

1. ensure the safety of the activities of state tax inspections;
2. protect employees of the tax inspectorate from unlawful encroachments in the performance of their official duties;
3. prevent, detect and suppress corruption in the tax authorities. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 18, 1992 No.

"On State Insurance Supervision in the Russian Federation" financial control in the field of insurance is carried out by the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Insurance Activities as part of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
The main tasks and principles of this service are defined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the organization of insurance business" dated December 31, 1997.
In addition to licensing insurance activities and regulating the single insurance market, the state insurance supervision bodies in the center and locally exercise control over the observance of the rights and interests of policyholders.
The rules for the formation and placement of insurance reserves, the methodology for calculating the ratios between assets and liabilities of an insurance company, as well as the procedure for accounting for insurance operations and reporting forms for insurance activities, including compliance with established standards, are established.
In case of repeated detection of violations of the law and regulatory documents, the insurance supervisory authorities have the right to restrict the validity of licenses of insurance companies or apply to court of Arbitration with a claim for their liquidation.
A special role in the implementation of financial control belongs to the Bank of Russia (Central Bank). As a public administration body endowed with power, it organizes and controls monetary relations in the country, supervises the activities of commercial
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banks. A special subdivision created for this purpose - the Department of Banking Supervision - checks the compliance of commercial banks with banking legislation and the banking standards established by the Central Bank.
When establishing the facts of violations or when banks provide incomplete or inaccurate information, the Central Bank, depending on the type of violation, has the right to resort to certain methods of influence: a fine in the amount of 1% of the authorized capital; fulfillment of the requirements of the Central Bank for financial recovery; reorganization, replacement of the management of a commercial bank; the application of more stringent standards; a ban on conducting certain transactions and opening branches for a period of up to one year; the appointment of a temporary administration for up to a year and a half, and at least the revocation of the license and liquidation of the bank.
The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation (SCC RF) is entrusted with monitoring compliance with tax, customs and currency legislation when goods are moved across the customs border of the Russian Federation.

3. Non-state financial control

The formation of the foundations of a market economy increases the role of those types of financial control that are carried out on the basis of Russian laws, but without the direct participation of state regulatory authorities.
Non-state types of financial control include:

1. intracompany (corporate);
2. control by commercial banks over client organizations;
3. audit control. Internal financial control is carried out

economic services of the enterprise itself, firm, corporation - accounting, financial department, service financial management and others - for the finances of their enterprise, its branches and subsidiaries.
Internal control services monitor the effectiveness and expediency of monetary expenditures, both their own and
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and borrowed money; analyze and compare actual financial results with forecasted ones; evaluate financial results from investment projects; control the financial condition of the company.
Internal control accompanies the entire process of investing capital.
The so-called post-audit means comparing the actual financial results at each stage of production and investment activities with those predicted in the financial section of the business plan; analysis and elimination of the causes of their discrepancy; search for ways to reduce costs and improve methods of financial forecasting.
Reforming the banking system in the early 1990s. and the emergence of commercial banks significantly changed the functions of banks in the field of financial control.
Whereas branches of the State Bank of the USSR controlled almost all financial activities of serviced enterprises, commercial banks are required by law to control only compliance by client enterprises with the state-established procedure for conducting settlement and cash transactions and currency legislation.
At the same time, commercial principles in the activities of banks require them to assess the financial condition and creditworthiness of the enterprise - a potential borrower. In the case of a loan, the bank monitors the use of the loan, the solvency and liquidity of the client in order to assess the likelihood of repayment of the loan with interest due on the due date.
Such control by the bank is an important element of credit risk management.
Audit control - the new kind financial control, which appeared in Russia in the late 1980s.
The appearance in the market conditions of various commercial structures has sharply increased the demands on the part of society for their financial reliability and objectivity in assessing their financial condition.
The state is also interested in an independent examination of the financial statements of private commercial structures, especially considering that it is carried out at the expense of the economic entities themselves.
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The main tasks of audit control:

1. establishing the reliability of accounting and financial statements;
2. control over compliance with Russian legislation when performing certain financial and business transactions;
3. verification of settlement and payment documentation, tax declarations and other financial obligations of the audited economic entities. Audit services may provide audit-related

services: setting up and maintaining accounting records; preparation of financial statements; analysis and forecasting of financial and economic activities; training of employees of accounting services and consulting in matters of legislation; elaboration and implementation of recommendations received from various regulatory authorities.
Auditing can be mandatory and proactive.
An initiative audit is carried out at the request of the economic entity itself, and a mandatory audit is carried out in the prescribed manner in all cases provided for by the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ “On Auditing”.
All organizations that have the organizational and legal form of an open joint-stock company, credit, insurance organizations, stock exchanges, extra-budgetary funds created at the expense of mandatory contributions are subject to mandatory audit. charitable foundations, state and municipal unitary enterprises, as well as other enterprises provided for by law.
In addition, enterprises, with the exception of state and municipal enterprises, whose individual performance indicators exceed the criteria established by law, are subject to annual audit control.
A mandatory audit can also be carried out on behalf of state bodies - the prosecutor's office, the treasury, the tax service, the tax police. Evasion of a legal entity from conducting a mandatory audit or obstruction of its conduct entails the collection of a fine by a court decision.
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Audits can be carried out both by individual citizens who have passed the state attestation and are registered as entrepreneurial auditors, and by audit firms, including foreign ones, which may have any organizational and legal form provided for by Russian law, except for an open joint stock company.
After obtaining a license for the right to carry out audit activities, such companies and citizens are included in the state register of auditors and audit firms. Audit firms and individual auditors are not entitled to engage in any other business activities.
The relations of an audit firm with clients are formalized by a contract with payment for services at fixed prices.
In accordance with the Rule (Standard) of audit activity No. 6 "Auditor's report on financial statements" after the audit, the auditor draws up an audit report expressing an opinion on the reliability of financial statements.
The auditor's report may be:

1. unconditionally positive - drawing up such a conclusion means that the statements are prepared in such a way as to ensure in all material respects the reflection of the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period;
2. conditionally positive - means that, with the exception of the circumstances specified in the audit report, the financial statements are prepared in such a way as to ensure in all material respects the reflection of the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period;
3. negative - means that due to certain circumstances, the reporting is prepared in such a way that it does not provide in all material respects the reflection of the assets and liabilities of the economic entity as of the reporting date and the financial results of its activities for the reporting period.

The auditor has the right to refuse to draw up an opinion if, as a result of certain circumstances, the audit firm cannot and does not express an opinion in one of the forms established in Rule (standard) No. 6.
With the formation and development of market relations, the scope of audit control in Russia is expanding, and at the same time, the requirements for the quality of audit and professional level auditors.
The main criterion for assessing the quality of an audit is compliance with the rules and standards of auditing.

TOPIC 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ESSENCE

FINANCE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Lecture number 6. Financial control and its role in the distribution and efficient use of funds

Target: consider the essence and purpose of financial control; get acquainted with the methods and forms of financial control; to study the features of preliminary, current and subsequent financial control; consider the organization of national control; study the procedure for exercising financial control in the Donetsk People's Republic.

Plan

2. Types, forms and methods of financial control.

3. Organization of financial control in the DPR.

The effectiveness of the implementation of financial policy depends on many factors, among which a special role belongs to financial control.

Financial control is a form of implementation of the control function of finance.

Financial control- purposeful activity of authorized bodies to comply with the implementation by business entities of the established forms and methods of financial relations, analysis of their effectiveness and development of proposals for their improvement.

Financial control- a set of types, forms and methods for verifying the legality and expediency of financial transactions and the implementation of financial policy tasks on this basis.

It is financial control that provides feedback between the goal and objectives of the financial policy and the practical results achieved in the development of the economy. The data obtained as a result of financial control are the basis for changing the concept of financial policy, for developing new financial plans and forecasts for the regrouping of financial resources, changing the forms of financial relations, which, in turn, need to be controlled again.

So, the ultimate goal of financial control is to promote the formation and successful implementation of a science-based financial policy and an effective financial mechanism for all subjects of financial relations, as well as the rational use of financial resources in all sectors of the economy.

The implementation of financial control is based on such principles:

ü objectivity (carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation);

ü constancy (carried out with a certain frequency);

ü comprehensive nature (covers all aspects of financial and economic activity);

ü effectiveness (according to its results, certain measures are taken);

publicity (results are published to the general public);

ü preventiveness (proactive nature of financial control);

ü independence (exclusion of the material or moral interest of the inspector).

Tasks, types, forms, methods, subjects and objects of financial control should be considered depending on the level of its implementation.

Financial control at the macro level- this is control by the state over the process of formation and movement of financial resources of all parts of the financial system. His tasks are:

ü ensuring the process of formation and use of centralized funds of funds;

ü compliance with the existing forms and methods of financial relations is objectively necessary;

ü identification and elimination of disproportions in the distribution of financial resources by sectors and regions in order to use them most effectively.

The object of financial control at the macro level - public finances.

Subjects of financial control at the macro level - the highest bodies of legislative and executive power and administration, as well as special control bodies.

Financial control at the micro level- this is control at the level of individual business entities of all forms of ownership. His tasks are:

ü Ensuring compliance by economic entities with the current financial legislation;

ü ensuring the timeliness and completeness of the fulfillment of financial obligations to the budget and trust funds, contractors;

ü identification of on-farm reserves for the growth of financial resources;

ü promoting the rational use of all types of resources, proper accounting, reporting.

The illegality of the actions of individual business entities leads to a distortion of financial policy and hinders the achievement of the intended results. If in the course of control a constant violation of financial legislation by the majority of subjects is revealed, this may indicate that the financial policy does not take into account their interests. It is necessary to make adjustments to such a policy, as no strengthening of control will give the desired results until the financial policy takes into account the interests of all subjects of financial relations.

The object of financial control at the micro level– financial and economic activities of enterprises, organizations and institutions.

Subjects of financial control at the micro level- economic services of the enterprise, its individual specialists, as well as the management of the enterprise.

During the transition period from administrative to market forms of management, financial control was significantly weakened. A bet was made that in market conditions, economic levers would become the best controllers. It is now clear that this position is erroneous.

Types, forms and methods of financial control

Financial control provides for its various types, forms and methods.

Kinds control determine the relationship of the controlling and controlled subjects.

Forms- display the stage of its implementation in relation to the movement of cash flows.

Methods- a set of techniques and methods for its implementation.

Based on this, the classification of financial control will look like this (Figure 6.1).

Fig.6.1. Classification of financial control

1. Depending on the type of financial control:

1.1. Internal control- carried out by economic services of enterprises and organizations (accounting departments and financial departments), owners of enterprises, management, internal audit department.

1.2 External control consists in checking the financial and economic activities of a subject by the relevant authorized control bodies. Its purpose is to verify the compliance of financial activities with current legislation. This control on the basis of the subjects of its implementation is divided into:

1.2.1. State financial control - control by the state both over the financial activities of legal entities and individuals, and over their own finances. Covers the micro and macro levels of distribution and redistribution of GDP.

Divided by:

1.2.1.1. National control - is carried out with respect to any business entity, regardless of its departmental subordination. Depending on how the nationwide control is organized in the country, the directions of the economic development of society, the level of well-being of the population, as well as the scale of the shadow economy depend. Includes general control: today it is the Administration of the Head of the DPR, the Council of Ministers of the DPR, the Ministry of Finance of the DPR, the Ministry of Revenue and Duties of the DPR, the Central District Hospital, the State Property Fund of the DPR, and other executive bodies. Special control: tax service of the DPR, customs service of the DPR, Control and Audit Office, Department of the Treasury, Pension Fund of the DPR, Social Insurance Fund against accidents at work and occupational diseases of the DPR, Social Insurance Fund in case of temporary disability and in connection with motherhood of the DPR, etc.

1.2.1.2 Municipal control- this is the control of local self-government bodies, carried out by the representative and executive authorities of local Councils through the relevant commissions and local financial authorities. The object of control is local budgets, local trust funds, financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations of communal property.

1.2.2. Departmental (internal corporate) control carried out by the control and audit departments of ministries, departments or corporations. Its object is the financial and economic activities of subordinate enterprises and institutions or enterprises that are part of corporate associations.

1.2.3. Public financial control carried out by public organizations (parties, movements, trade unions); MEDIA.

Under the administrative-command system, this type of control was the most widespread. It was carried out by the party organs and the public control committee (more than 10 million people). In reality, he did not fulfill his functions due to the unprofessionalism and disinterest of the performers.

1.2.4. Independent (audit) control – independent external financial control based on commercial principles. It is carried out by specialized audit firms and services – independent regulatory bodies, at the request and at the expense of the enterprise. It is aimed at checking the legality of financial activities, the feasibility of individual financial transactions, the reality and completeness of the reflection financial information in financial accounting and reporting. Conclusions based on the results of the control are advisory in nature.

Audit can be mandatory and proactive.

Required– provided by law for banks, investment funds and companies; other financial institutions involved in raising funds from citizens and trading in securities: stock exchanges, insurance companies, credit unions, non-state pension funds.

Audits may also be carried out on the initiative management or business owners.

Auditors are set high professional requirements. The auditor must have a qualification certificate indicating his qualification suitability and a license - permission to engage in audit activities. For example, certification and licensing of audit activities in Ukraine is carried out by the Audit Chamber.

In order to ensure objectivity in conducting audits, the current legislation prohibits their conduct by an auditor who has his own property interests, direct family ties with the management of the business entity being audited, or is a member of the management, founder or employee.

2. Depending on the stage of control (time of its implementation) There are the following forms of financial control:

2.1. preliminary control conducted prior to financial transactions and is essential to prevent financial irregularities. It provides for an assessment of the validity of financial programs and forecasts to prevent wasteful and inefficient spending of funds. An example of such control at the macro level is the process of drawing up and approving budgets of all levels and financial plans, extra-budgetary funds based on the assessment of the validity of the distribution of GDP and the development of macroeconomic indicators for the development of the country's economy. At the micro level, this is the process of developing financial plans and estimates, financial sections of business plans, drawing up forecast balance sheets, as well as memorandums of association, joint venture agreements, etc.

2.2. current control carried out in the course of financial transactions, i.e. in the process of cash flow. It prevents possible abuses in receiving and spending funds, contributes to the observance of financial discipline and the timeliness of financial and monetary settlements.

2.3. Follow-up control is carried out after the implementation of financial transactions and on the basis of the results of financial activities for a certain period (month, quarter, year). Its purpose is to verify the implementation of the strategy and tactics of the financial activities of a particular entity, and on a society-wide scale, the process of implementing financial policy. This form of control provides complete and comprehensive information about the financial activities of both each subject and society as a whole.

3. Depending on the methods (techniques) used:

3.1. natural when control is not carried out according to documents, but the presence of goods and materials and their properties are checked (inventory, laboratory analysis, control measurement, control launch of raw materials into production, verification of actually performed work).

3.2. documentaries, when control is carried out according to documents (revisions, verifications).

Documents, in turn, are studied in a chronological or systematized way.

Chronological method- this is the study of documents without their preliminary classification by type of operation in the sequence in which the operations were carried out. This method is difficult to apply to large objects, since it does not allow covering all financial and economic operations.

Systematized method- this is the study of documents in accordance with a certain system, i.e. for certain transactions.

3.2.1. revision- the most profound and comprehensive method of financial control. This is a complete survey of the financial and economic activities of an economic entity in order to verify its legality, correctness, expediency, and effectiveness. It is also a way of documentary opening of shortages, overspending, misappropriation and theft of funds and material values, confirmation of financial abuse. Based on the results of the audit, an act is drawn up, designed to serve as the basis for correct conclusions regarding the subsequent activities of the enterprise.

Revisions can be full and partial; complex and thematic; scheduled and unscheduled; documentary and factual (i.e. checking not only documents, but also the availability of money and inventory items).

3.2.2. Examination- on the basis of reporting documentation and expenditure documents, certain issues of financial and economic activity are considered and measures are outlined to eliminate the identified violations (checking the correctness of attributing costs to the cost of production).

3.2.3. Analysis of financial activity as a kind of financial control, it involves a detailed study of periodic or annual financial and accounting statements with the aim of a general assessment of the results of financial activities, an assessment of the financial condition and provision of own capital, the effectiveness of its use.

3.2.4. Survey- familiarization on the spot with individual areas of financial work, during which its positive and negative sides are identified. Characteristic of the survey is the comparison of the financial state of affairs with the normative one.

Besides, financial control should be distinguished:

Depending on the venue:

Directly on site;

Remote.

According to the target orientation of control actions:

Strategic;

Tactical.

Necessary condition ensuring the effectiveness of financial control is the optimality and consistency of the actions of regulatory authorities. In other words, financial control cannot be effective if it does not cover all areas of circulation of financial resources.

Along with the consolidation of the legal framework for the activities of regulatory bodies, strict professional parameters are also required, which are mandatory for those who are checked and those who check. In developed countries, professional requirements for control are fixed in the standards developed by the competent authorities and specialists within the framework of the current legislation.

The most important element in the system of financial control is the subjects of control, as they, in accordance with the current legislation, directly exercise control and are responsible for their actions.

The subjects of financial control are specially authorized bodies (state control bodies; structural units created in business entities and state authorities and local self-government; non-state specialized organizations), as well as qualified specialists who carry out their control activities in accordance with the rule of law. Subjects of control, in order to implement the tasks set, perform specific actions or functions, the implementation of which is carried out on the basis of their powers, which determine the competence of the body exercising control.

The process of purposeful activity of subjects of control, or the process of financial control, is carried out using certain methods. Under the methods of financial control understand the specific ways of implementing control actions and operations. The external expression of control actions and operations is realized in a certain form of control. The established procedure for the implementation of control actions and operations is the control procedures. A certain sequence of financial control procedures, together with the methods used, constitutes the mechanism of financial control.

As a rule, the process of financial control includes the following main stages:

• planning, which involves the definition of the object, goals, objectives and forms of control and the formation of a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators by which the implementation of financial decisions will be assessed;
• conducting control, the purpose of which is to collect operational data characterizing the state of the object of control, and their preliminary assessment;
• systematization of control results (generalization and ordering of the information received according to certain criteria) and reporting;
• implementation of the results, which involves bringing the decisions made based on the results of the control to all interested parties, the development and implementation of measures to eliminate the identified violations and shortcomings.

Financial control is organized and carried out on the basis of certain principles. The principles of financial control, which formed the basis for organizing, first of all, state financial control in the Russian Federation, were adopted by the IX Congress international organization Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) in 1977 in the city of Lima (France) and are reflected in the Lima Declaration of Guiding Principles of Control.

The main principles of financial control are the following: legality, independence, objectivity, publicity, responsibility, delimitation of functions and powers, consistency.

The principle of legality provides for the existence of a legal framework that ensures the conduct of control in accordance with its goals and objectives. The independence of the financial control bodies (organizational, functional, financial) is guaranteed by the current legislation. Objectivity is understood as the absence of bias and non-interference in the operational activities of a business entity (control), the validity of conclusions based on the results of control measures. The principle of publicity implies the public availability of the results of financial control, subject to established norms and rules regarding state and commercial secrets. The principle of responsibility implies a conscientious attitude of employees of the financial control bodies to their official duties. The implementation of the principle of delimitation of functions and powers consists in the absence of duplication in the activities of financial control bodies. The principle of consistency means the unity of the legal framework, the establishment of periodicity in the conduct of certain financial control measures.

Information support of financial control is all the information used in the implementation of the control process, characterizing the object of control, its specifics (associated, for example, with industry specifics), as well as information technologies used in the implementation of control. Such information includes: planning and economic, reporting, statistical information, information on the status of document flow, accounting data, as well as management and financial accounting, etc. Of great importance for the implementation of financial control is the "quality of information", i.e. its reliability, timeliness, completeness and necessity. The main source of information for the implementation of financial control are accounting data, the main task which is the provision of information to external and internal users of financial statements.

Legal and methodological support of financial control includes:

• financial and legal acts, which include: laws, subordinate normative legal acts of bodies of general and special competence, adopted in pursuance of laws;
• standards, which are normative and technical documents approved by the competent authority, establishing a set of norms, rules in relation to the subject of standardization (for example, rules (standards) of auditing);
• codes professional ethics;
• methodological documents that contain specific issues of organizing financial control, explain the methods and techniques for the practical implementation of certain control procedures (for example, instructions on the procedure for carrying out inspections or working with documents, etc.).

The implementation of financial control implies the existence of responsibility of business entities, and local government, as well as bodies exercising financial control, and their officials. In case of violation of the established norms of law, the following types of liability arise: administrative, civil, criminal, disciplinary. In addition, officials of public authorities and bear the responsibility provided for by the legislation on state and municipal service.

Failure to perform or improper performance by participants in the control process of their rights and obligations entails the use of certain coercive measures, the main of which are: warning; imposition of a fine, accrual of interest; prohibition or restriction of activity; prohibition on the implementation of certain operations (for example, blocking expenses, suspension of operations on accounts in credit institutions); withdrawal of material and monetary resources (for example, budgetary funds); compensation; confiscation. The applied measures of coercion, expressed in monetary terms, are called financial sanctions, which are understood as financial measures on the part of state and other bodies. The main purpose of the application of financial sanctions is to reduce violations of the established norms of law by the subjects of financial relations and to prevent such violations.

Coercive measures, or sanctions, are applied by state authorities and their officials in accordance with their powers, if there are certain grounds. The grounds for the application of coercive measures are: failure to comply with the law (decision) on the budget; misuse of budgetary funds, untimely and incomplete transfer of budgetary funds to their recipients; failure to provide accounting (financial), tax reporting; tax evasion, etc. These violations are reflected in the final document (for example, an audit or inspection act), on the basis of which coercive measures are applied.

Characteristics of types, forms and methods of financial control

The classification of types, forms and methods of financial control is based on signs that characterize certain relationships between the objects of classification.

To determine the types of financial control, as a rule, one proceeds from the most significant features of the classification, such as the subject and object of control. Depending on certain features of the classification, the following types of financial control are distinguished (Table 6.1).

Table 6.1

Depending on the entities exercising control, there are: state financial control and non-state financial control, which includes audit, intra-economic and public control.

State financial control is a set of actions and operations carried out by public authorities, as well as bodies specially created by them, using specific forms and methods of its organization for the observance of legal norms by business entities and public authorities in order to ensure the legality, expediency, efficiency of education, distribution and use financial resources of the state.

State financial control covers not only the public sector of the economy, but also extends to business entities of all forms of ownership, mainly by checking their compliance with tax laws, the fulfillment of state and municipal orders, the intended use of subsidies, subsidies, budget loans, as well as the effectiveness of the provision and legality use of tax incentives. Consequently, the object of state financial control is all monetary relations that develop in the course of the activities of business entities related to the formation and use of financial resources of the state.

The organization of state financial control in various countries is largely determined by the form of government (for example, for Russia, the United States - the presence of the institution of presidential power). Taking into account certain signs of classification within the state financial control, the following types can be distinguished:

1. In relation to the branches of state power: control exercised by the legislative (representative) bodies of state power, both directly (parliamentary control) and through bodies of independent control specially created by them; control exercised by the President; control exercised.

Parliamentary control includes: consideration and approval of the budget, a report on its implementation; control activities of standing commissions and commissions to investigate financial violations, etc. For example, in India, these are parliamentary committees (state reporting, budget proposals, state enterprises), in the United States, such bodies are the Congressional Budget Office and the General Financial Control Department. The purpose of the Congressional Budget Office is to supply the Congress, including budget committees, with information on financial and economic issues, analyze the implementation of financial programs, etc. The main function of the General Financial Control Department, as the main body that controls budget execution, is to control government spending. This body has a certain independence from both branches of government.

In a number of countries (Austria, Spain, France, Germany, etc.), Accounts Chambers act as independent bodies of state financial control. In the Russian Federation, parliamentary control, including in the financial sector, is carried out by the chambers of the Federal Assembly - the Federation Council and the State Duma, which form committees and commissions (for example, the committee on budget and taxes). In accordance with Art. 107 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by the Federation Council are subject to mandatory consideration State Duma federal laws on: the federal budget; federal taxes and fees; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue. The bodies of independent state financial control in the Russian Federation are the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and the control and accounting bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In most countries, in parallel with the parliamentary oversight bodies, there are also government control and audit bodies. In the United States, such a body is the Office of Management and Budget under the President, inspection services in federal departments, the President's Council for Combating Financial Abuse in Government Agencies; in Finland, it is the Audit Office of the State Economy, which is part of the Ministry of Finance. Such bodies also include the Office of the Inspector General and Auditor General in India, the Office of the Comptroller General in Canada, etc.

The system of control bodies within the executive power in the Russian Federation is formed by the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. Financial control exercised by executive authorities, local governments is assigned to: the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Federal Treasury (federal service), the financial authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, the main managers of budgetary funds and managers of budgetary funds.

Presidential control in the Russian Federation, as control over the execution of decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation on public finance issues, is carried out by bodies authorized by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with the law (for example, the Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation).

2. In relation to the level of state power, there are: federal bodies of state financial control and regional bodies of state financial control. The federal bodies include: in the Russian Federation - the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its federal services, etc.; in Germany (FRG) - the Federal Audit Chamber; in France - the Court of Accounts of France. Regional authorities include the control and accounting bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation (for example, the Chamber of Control and Accounts of Moscow, the control and accounts chambers of the territories and regions of the Russian Federation), the control bodies of the administration of the subjects of the Russian Federation (for example, the Main Department of State Financial Control of the city of Moscow); in Germany - the counting chambers of the federal lands; in France - regional audit chambers.

3. According to the nature of competence, they distinguish: bodies of general competence - exercise control over a fairly wide range of issues (for example, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Main Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision of the Russian Federation, etc.); bodies of branch competence (Federal Insurance Supervision Service); bodies of intersectoral competence (Federal Tax Service, Federal Customs Service).

Non-state financial control includes: audit control, on-farm financial control and public control.

Audit control is an activity carried out by audit organizations or auditors for independent verification of accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs. The purpose of the audit is to express an opinion on the reliability of financial (accounting) statements and on the compliance of the accounting procedure with the current legislation, which allows its user to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activity, financial and property status of business entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions. An audit does not replace state control over the reliability of financial (accounting) statements, carried out in accordance with the law. The official final document, which reflects the results of the audit, is the audit report. It is intended for users of financial (accounting) statements, which include members of the organization or owners of its property, tax authorities, statistical authorities.

In accordance with the nature and purposes of the audit, such forms of audit are distinguished as: mandatory, conducted in relation to certain business entities (engaged in a certain type of activity or formed in a certain organizational and legal form) and initiative audit. The purpose of a mandatory audit is to obtain information about the financial position of an organization whose users are: the executive body of the organization, its participants (owners), as well as public authorities exercising control both in certain areas of financial relations (for example, the activities of extrabudgetary funds) and the process of formation, distribution and use of public funds. An initiative audit is carried out in order to obtain information about the financial position of the organization, the state of its relationship with counterparties, tax authorities, etc., which is necessary for the executive body or participants (owners) of the organization to make management decisions.

Auditor control has its own characteristics: the audit is carried out on a contractual basis; a business entity has a certain autonomy in choosing an audit organization (auditor); violations of the current legislation revealed during the audit affect the form of expression of the opinion of the audit organization on the reliability of the reporting, but does not entail the application of financial sanctions (for example, unlike the tax control authorities).

AT international practice audit is currently distinguished: operational audit, which is a test of the functioning of individual parts of the economic mechanism of the organization in order to assess their effectiveness, reliability and usefulness; audit for compliance, which involves checking compliance with the norms of legislative acts and guidance materials prescribed by the administration for personnel; audit of financial statements, which is carried out in order to determine whether the accounting and reporting information is consistent with generally accepted accounting rules.

On-farm control are carried out by special units provided for by the management structure of a business entity, as well as individual specialists. On-farm control has a number of features: the employees who carry it out are directly subordinate to the manager; this type of financial control is carried out continuously, not periodically; in addition, there is no unified regulation of the scope and nature of control procedures, the procedure for their documentation (determined, as a rule, by the organization itself). On-farm control is organized mainly at medium and large enterprises; its implementation, provided that it is properly organized, contributes to: increasing the responsibility of officials and employees; safety and rational use of financial resources of the organization; prevention of negative phenomena in the financial and economic activities of the organization; obtaining the necessary operational information for management.

The types of financial control traditionally include public control, which is understood as control carried out directly by citizens, as well as public organizations and associations, that is, without the participation of special state bodies.

Depending on the object of control, such types of financial control are distinguished as: budgetary, tax, customs, currency, control in the insurance sector (insurance), monetary control, control over the activities of extra-budgetary funds, etc.

Budgetary control, which is one of the most important types of financial control, ensures the correctness of the compilation and execution of budget revenues and expenditures in the context of indicators established by the law on the budget for the corresponding year; identification of deviations in the course of budget execution; identification of financial violations in the public sector, control over the correct implementation of budget accounting. Tax and customs control are considered either as independent types of control, or as components of budgetary control.

Financial control, the object of which is financial relations that develop in various areas and links of the financial system, can be carried out by both state and non-state financial control bodies. Thus, financial control in the insurance sector is carried out by specially created government bodies(for example, the Federal Insurance Supervision Service of the Russian Federation), as well as audit organizations. Financial control in the pension system in the Russian Federation is carried out by: the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Federal Financial Markets Service, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (in relation to insurers and pensioners), the Federal Financial and Budgetary Supervision Service, the Public Council for Investing Pension Savings, non-state pension funds(in relation to management companies), audit firms, internal control bodies.

The totality of control actions and operations carried out by subjects of control can be expressed in one form or another, depending on a number of factors. Taking into account these factors (time and place of control, frequency of its implementation, etc.), the following forms of financial control can be distinguished (Table 6.2).

Table 6.2

Depending on the time of conducting, preliminary, current and subsequent control are distinguished.

Preliminary control- control carried out before financial and economic operations, for example, during the discussion and approval of draft laws (decisions) on the budget and other draft laws (decisions) on budgetary and financial issues, at the stage of drawing up estimates of income and expenses of budgetary institutions. It is of great importance for preventing violations of financial legislation.

current control is carried out in the process of financial and economic transactions, for example, when considering certain issues of budget execution in the course of parliamentary hearings and in connection with deputy requests, when checking payment documents for budget cash expenditures by the treasury bodies. Current control allows you to obtain the necessary operational information characterizing the state of the object of control, to make the necessary adjustments in case of deviations.

Follow-up control is carried out following the completion of financial and economic operations, it is distinguished by a deeper study of the activities of a business entity. As a rule, according to the results of subsequent control, documents (for example, acts) are drawn up, the provisions of which are mandatory for their execution.

Based on the direction of influence of the subject of control on the object, external and internal financial control are distinguished. External financial control is understood as follows: in relation to public authorities - control exercised by entities independent in their activities from public authorities, i.e., specially created control bodies; in relation to a business entity - control exercised by other external entities (tax, financial authorities, audit organization). Internal financial control is understood as follows: in relation to public authorities - control carried out directly in the system of public authorities (for example, departmental control); in relation to a business entity - control exercised by the relevant service (internal control).

When conducting financial control, certain methods are used, which traditionally include inspection, verification, audit, supervision, monitoring, etc.

Survey- this is the collection and general analysis of information on a specific issue in order to determine the appropriateness of further detailed verification.

Examination is a single control action or a system of control actions in relation to certain financial and economic operations of business entities.

revision- this is a system of mandatory control actions for documentary and actual verification of the legality, expediency and effectiveness of financial and economic operations performed in the audited period, as well as the legality and correctness of the actions of officials. An audit, unlike an audit, provides the most complete and reliable information about the state of affairs in the audited organization, since it involves a complete coverage of the documents being audited; while the verification involves selectivity and therefore contains the risk of not detecting certain deviations from the established norms, rules, parameters to a greater extent. In addition, the results of the audit contain a specific documented definition of the identified shortages and losses of monetary and material resources.

According to the completeness of the coverage of the audited issues, audits and audits are: thematic (carried out on a certain range of issues) and complex (that is, they cover almost all aspects of financial and economic activity). By the nature of the sources of control, they carry out: documentary checks and audits (verification of financial statements and documents generated in the activities of the organization) and actual (techniques such as conducting an inventory of funds and inventories, etc. are used).

Supervision is a system of periodic control actions to monitor the conditions for its implementation established in a particular area of ​​activity. For example, supervision is carried out over the activities of business entities in order to comply with the terms of licensing.

Monitoring unlike supervision, it is a system of constantly performed control actions and monitoring operations in order to determine current changes in the activities of a business entity.

Organizational and legal foundations of financial control in the Russian Federation

The activities of the financial control bodies in the Russian Federation are carried out in accordance with the established rules of law, the main sources of which are: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legislative acts of local governments, subordinate regulatory legal acts (decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, etc.) - In Art. 265 and 266 Budget Code The Russian Federation stipulates that state and municipal financial control is exercised by: legislative (representative) bodies and representative bodies of local self-government; executive authorities and local governments. The control of legislative (representative) bodies, representative bodies of local self-government provides for their right to create their own control bodies (Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, control chambers, other bodies of legislative (representative) bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies) to conduct an external audit of budgets.

The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is a permanent body of state financial control. In its activities, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 4-FZ of January 11, 1995 “On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation”, and other federal laws.

The main task of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is to control the execution of the federal budget, which includes: control over the timely execution of revenues and expenditures of the federal budget and the budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds, assessing their validity; assessment of the effectiveness and expediency of spending public funds and the use of federal property, etc. The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation also carries out operational control for the execution of the federal budget, conducts comprehensive audits and thematic audits; carries out examination of projects of the federal budget, laws and other normative legal acts; analyzes violations and deviations in the budget process .

At the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, external state financial control over the execution of regional budgets is carried out by control and accounting bodies created by legislative (representative) authorities. For example, in Moscow, such a control body is the Control and Accounts Chamber of Moscow, formed by the Moscow City Duma. It organizes and exercises control over the legal, rational and efficient use of the city budget; for the receipt of funds to the city budget received from the disposal and management of city property.

The most important body of state financial control in the system of executive authorities is the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.04.2004 No. 185 "Issues of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation" determined that the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, along with other functions, performs the function of control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere, the implementation of which involves the development and approval of: the procedure for organizing control in the financial and public sector; the procedure for exercising control over the execution of the federal budget and implementing coercive measures applied to participants in the budget process for violating budget legislation; methodologies for counteracting the legalization of proceeds from crime, corruption and the financing of terrorism.

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.03.2004 No. 314 "On the system and structure federal bodies executive power” and by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 329 “On the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation” coordinates and controls the activities of the federal services under its jurisdiction: the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Insurance Supervision Service, the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision and the Federal Service for financial monitoring and also monitors the implementation of the Federal customs service legal acts concerning the issues of calculation and collection of customs payments, determination of the customs value of goods and vehicles.

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Federal Services carry out their activities in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other organizations. In their activities, they are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, relevant Regulations.

The Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 15, 2004 No. 278 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision”, performs the functions of control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere, as well as the functions of a currency control body. The Service conducts audits and checks on the legality and efficiency of the use of federal budget funds, state off-budget funds and material assets owned by the federal government; exercises supervision over the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on financial and budgetary control and supervision by the financial control bodies of federal executive bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments; exercises control over foreign exchange transactions carried out in the Russian Federation (except for credit organizations and currency exchanges), as well as over compliance with the requirements of acts of currency regulation and currency control bodies, organizes checks of the completeness and correctness of accounting and reporting on foreign exchange transactions; organizes the formation and maintenance of a unified information system control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere.

The Federal Insurance Supervision Service, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 330 “On the Federal Insurance Supervision Service”, exercises control and supervision in the field of insurance activities (insurance business): over compliance with insurance business objects insurance legislation, including through inspections of their activities on the ground; for the provision by insurers of their financial stability and solvency in terms of the formation of insurance reserves, the composition and structure of assets, etc. This service also carries out the powers associated with the receipt, processing and analysis of reports submitted by the subjects of the insurance business; with the generalization of the practice of insurance supervision and the development of proposals for improving the legislation governing the implementation of insurance supervision.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 23, 2004 No. 307 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Financial Monitoring Service”, the main functions of the Federal Financial Monitoring Service are control and supervision over the fulfillment by legal entities and individuals of the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on countering the legalization (laundering) of income received crime and financing of terrorism; collection, processing and analysis of information on operations (transactions) with cash and other property subject to control, verification of the information received; identification of signs of operations (transactions) with money or other property related to the legalization of proceeds from crime.

Customs control in the Russian Federation is carried out by the Federal Customs Service, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, which is endowed with special powers to exercise its functions both in the field of customs and in related areas - tax and currency control. Customs authorities enjoy the rights and fulfill the duties of tax authorities to collect taxes and fees when goods are moved across the customs border in accordance with the customs legislation of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, other federal laws on taxes and (or) fees, as well as other federal laws.

Currency control in the Russian Federation is carried out by currency control bodies, which are the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) and the Government of the Russian Federation (a system of federal executive authorities, for example, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation). Currency control in the Russian Federation is implemented in the following areas: determining the compliance of ongoing currency transactions with the current legislation and the availability of the necessary licenses and permits for them; verification of the fulfillment by residents of obligations in foreign currency to the state, as well as obligations to sell foreign currency on the domestic market of the Russian Federation; checking the validity of payments in foreign currency; verification of the completeness and objectivity of accounting and reporting on foreign exchange transactions, as well as on transactions of non-residents in the currency of the Russian Federation.

Auditing control in the Russian Federation (audit activities) is carried out in accordance with Federal Law No. 119-FZ dated 07.08.2001 “On Auditing Activities”, which determines the legal framework for regulating auditing activities in the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with other federal laws governing relations arising from the implementation of audit activities. Relations arising in the course of audit activities may also be regulated by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Executive authorities carry out the regulation of audit activities in various areas - implementation public policy in the field of auditing, development of measures state support development of the audit services market. In addition, they are subject to regulation next questions: certification of auditors and licensing of audit organizations; creation and accreditation of professional audit associations; control over the activities of audit organizations, etc.

Auditing activities in the Russian Federation are carried out on the basis of federal rules (standards) of auditing, internal rules (standards) that are in force in professional audit associations and audit organizations (used by private auditors operating without forming a legal entity). Rules (standards) contribute to improving the quality of audits, ensuring the comparability of the activities of audit firms (auditors).

Auditing activities are carried out in the form of mandatory and initiative audits. The Federal Law "On Auditing" defines groups of business entities whose activities are subject to mandatory audit based on certain criteria. Such criteria in the Russian Federation are: organizational and legal form (joint stock companies of an open type), type of activity (banks, insurance organizations, commodity and stock exchanges, investment institutions, etc.), financial indicators activities (revenue, amount of assets), etc.

In some cases, a public authority may act as a customer of audit control, for example, when conducting an audit of commercial organizations using public funds.

On-farm control in the Russian Federation is carried out by decision of the participants (owners) of a business entity or executive body (manager), except for the banking sector, where the organization of internal control is mandatory for commercial banks. On-farm control in the Russian Federation is carried out by: management bodies (for example, the board of directors); enterprise administration; specialized services (internal audit, internal control) or employees whose official duties includes control. In some cases, the legislation provides for the mandatory election of an audit commission (auditor), for example, for joint-stock companies. The organization can exercise internal control both independently and on the basis of an agreement with an audit organization. A credit institution is obliged to organize internal control that ensures an appropriate level of reliability corresponding to the nature and scale of operations.

Public control in the Russian Federation is carried out in various fields of activity, for example, in the field of education, the field of social insurance and pensions.

For example, the Program for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation in the Medium Term (2002-2004), approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 910-r dated 10.07. boards of trustees whose activities will ensure the inflow of additional financial, material, human resources into education, their effective use and public control.

Federal Law No. 65-FZ of July 16, 1999 (Article 4) “On the Basics of Compulsory Insurance” provides that one of the basic principles for the implementation of compulsory social insurance is to ensure supervision and public control.

In the system of compulsory pension insurance, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 827 dated July 23, 2003 “On the Public Council for Investing Pension Savings” created the Public Council for Investing Pension Savings, which exercises: public control over the activities of subjects of relations in the formation and investment of pension savings; development of recommendations and draft regulations aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of insured persons, at creating a system for guaranteeing the safety of pension savings and other functions.

Ways to improve financial control in Russia

The role of financial control in creating an adequate financial management system for modern economic conditions can hardly be overestimated. In this regard, the need to improve financial control in order to increase its effectiveness and efficiency is of great importance, i.e. increasing the adequacy of the positive results achieved in the process of monitoring the intended goals, while taking into account the costs incurred (time, material and money, labor resources etc.).

Improvement of financial control in the Russian Federation should be carried out in the following main areas. The creation of methodological foundations of financial control in the Russian Federation as the most important component of national control will allow all subjects of control and economic entities to obtain clear guidelines in the process of determining and implementing their tasks, functions, powers, as well as to determine the goals, objectives, principles, ethical standards of financial control, etc. P. It is also necessary to define legislatively: types of financial control, subjects and objects of financial control, separate the spheres of external and internal financial control. Lack of common approaches to the classification of financial control, unified terminology regarding the definition of such key concepts, as a type, form, methods of control, creates difficulties in the development and application of regulatory legal acts (methodological documents of regulatory authorities, etc.), contributes to a number of controversial situations, for example, in relation to liability measures for financial violations. It is also necessary to complete the development of a unified codified system of financial control standards, using the experience of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.

In matters of improving financial control big role belongs to various professional associations, associations of financial control bodies, whose activities will allow solving both individual issues of the implementation of one or another type of financial control in the Russian Federation, and key issues of financial control methodology.

The key direction of improving state financial control as an essential component of financial control in the Russian Federation and increasing its effectiveness is the adoption of a unified concept of state financial control in the Russian Federation, which should establish uniform methodological and legal foundations for the implementation of state financial control in the Russian Federation, determine the system of bodies exercising control, and as well as the mechanism of their interaction. Within the framework of these issues, it is necessary to develop scientific and methodological foundations for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of state financial control bodies and their employees.

In modern conditions, there is no mechanism for interaction between the state financial control bodies and the legislative (representative) and executive authorities, the development of which is a key issue in the organization of state financial control in the Russian Federation. An important issue is also the definition of the body with the status of supreme audit body. In addition, it is necessary to clearly define the status of the state financial control bodies in relation to the audit control bodies, legislatively fixing their priority in matters of financial control methodology. The issue of the need to develop fundamental legal acts, such as the Federal Law on State Financial Control in the Russian Federation, on the status of control and accounting bodies, has not yet been resolved.

In order to increase the efficiency of spending public funds, a promising direction for improving control is the transition to an audit of the effectiveness of public expenditures, which is a line of activity of control bodies that involves analyzing the effectiveness and economy of the use of public funds, assessing possible reserves for their growth and the validity of spending. Currently, there is no unified methodology for auditing the effectiveness of public expenditures, and criteria and indicators for the effectiveness of the use of public funds have not been defined. Work needs to be completed to specify and legislate the criteria for the inefficient use of budgetary funds, the disposal of state property, as well as responsibility for their inefficient use.

A significant share in the total volume of financial violations detected in the course of financial control is the misuse of budgetary funds. At the same time, the grounds on which the use of budgetary funds can be interpreted as misuse are not clearly defined, and there are no legal mechanisms that should be aimed at strengthening the measures of responsibility for the misuse and inefficient spending of public funds.

An important problem in the implementation of control is the low percentage of return of budget funds based on the results of audits and inspections. In this regard, it is necessary to take a set of measures: to increase the level of effectiveness of control measures aimed at clarifying the responsibility of public officials for violating the requirements of the law on the execution of budgets and off-budget funds and on the disposal of state property; to increase the responsibility of officials for failure to comply with the instructions of the Control Bodies; on the establishment of legal norms, fixing the mechanism for the return of budgetary funds and the responsibility of officials for the provision of unsecured budgetary loans and loans, etc.

In order to improve the efficiency of conducting audits of financial and economic activities as one of the main methods of financial control, it is necessary to legislate the basis for conducting an audit by defining the purpose and objectives of the audit, the procedure for its implementation; the composition of the bodies having the right to conduct an audit, their rights and obligations; determine the rights and obligations of the audited organizations, etc.

An important issue of improving control is the exclusion of duplication of actions of control bodies, which consists in the performance by various bodies of their functions in relation to the same objects of control - the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, bodies federal treasury, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, control bodies created by the main managers and managers of budgetary funds in the implementation of subsequent financial control.

The bodies of tax and customs control should interact more closely with the control bodies of executive power, primarily with the federal treasury and the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. In addition, the improvement of the efficiency of tax control will be facilitated by: solving problems related to the development of forms and methods of control work in relation to taxpayers who submit "zero balances" or do not submit tax returns; further development of tax administration, and first of all for business entities operating in priority areas for this region; introduction of a system of indirect control, which is based on the assessment of the risk of non-payment of taxes and other obligatory payments; expansion of areas of interaction with public organizations of taxpayers; improvement of the procedure software desk audits, as well as standardization of the procedure for on-site and on-site inspections, etc.

Use of new information technologies should become a factor in improving the efficiency of state financial control. Informatization of the activities of public authorities and state financial control based on advanced technologies opens up prospects for increasing the efficiency of using public resources. With the advent of new information technologies, it will be possible to fully ensure the openness of budgets at all levels, the ability to control the expenses and incomes of each recipient of budget funds in real time. The availability of operational information on the financial and economic activities of all participants in the budget process will help prevent violations of financial and economic activities. To form a single information space, information compatibility of the results of the activities of control bodies, automation of accounting for control measures and ensuring the exchange of relevant information between control bodies, etc. is necessary.

In order to improve audit control, the problem of improving the quality of audit services provided deserves special attention. In this regard, the development of additional criteria that characterize the activities of audit organizations in addition to compliance with existing rules (standards) is of great importance. In addition, such factors as the creation of methods for assessing the damage from the implementation of a poor-quality audit, simplification of existing system court office work, etc. The quality of audit services is closely related to the level of qualification of auditors, the improvement of which should be facilitated by more efficient system their professional training. Assistance in the implementation of this direction should also be provided by professional audit associations (for example, the Audit Chamber of Russia).

An important direction in improving audit control in the Russian Federation should be to change the nature of the audit, which will consist not only in expressing an opinion on the reliability of reporting, but also in providing the necessary information to its users about the actual financial position of a business entity. In order to further expand the interaction between state financial control bodies and audit organizations, it is necessary to expand and more clearly formalize the areas of possible cooperation, for example, in terms of analyzing the rational and efficient use of public financial resources and property. Most important point is also the coordination of the interests of all participants in the audit services market on the basis of an effective mechanism for its regulation, which would include measures not only of administrative, but also financial impact, and would also take into account the system of established ethical standards, which today are mainly declarative in nature.

In modern conditions, its solution requires legislative support for on-farm financial control, the current state of which allows us to speak only about its creation, and not about development. It is necessary to legislate the basis for the functioning of internal control services and establish the basis for their interaction with other financial control bodies. An important direction in improving the system of on-farm control is the development and implementation of the most rational forms, methods for its implementation, which help reduce the abuse of officials, the safety and rational use of financial resources, and reduce the labor intensity of control work (for example, the introduction of budgeting, focused on results).

Further development and improvement of public control should be facilitated by the implementation of the following measures: expansion of the activities of boards of trustees, the creation of which is provided for by current legislation; clearer regulation of certain aspects of the activities of non-profit organizations ( public organizations, parties, unions, etc.), such as informing about the results of their activities (defining a specific list of mass media in which reports of such organizations should be published, establishing liability measures for evading the publication of reports); legislative provision of procedures for access to state information resources, excluding information with limited access, as the most important basis for exercising public control over the activities of state authorities, local governments, public, political and other organizations; ensuring the possibility of public participation in the implementation of specific control activities (for example, an inventory of inventory items and funds).

test questions

• What is the content of financial control, its goals and objectives?
• What principles underlie the organization of financial control?
• Expand the concepts of "system of financial control" and "mechanism of financial control".
• What is the relationship between financial control and accounting?
• What is the specificity of audit control?
• On what grounds is the state financial control classified?
• What is the purpose of internal financial control?
• Describe the main forms and methods of financial control.
• What are the powers of the state financial control bodies?
• What are the main directions of development of the financial control system in the Russian Federation?

Tasks for independent work

• Make a diagram reflecting the types, forms, methods of financial control.
• Draw up a diagram reflecting the division of activities and interaction of state financial control bodies, taking into account the tasks they perform and the functions they perform.
• Carry out a comparative analysis of the powers of state financial control bodies in the process of applying liability measures for financial violations. Please rate the applied financial sanctions in terms of their effectiveness.