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Alexander Trus

Psychology of management. Workshop

Reviewers: Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank (Head of the Department, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor G. V. Gatalskaya); doctor of psychological sciences, professor I. A. Furmanov.

© Trus A. A., 2015

© Design. UE "Publishing House" Higher School "", 2015

Foreword

In 2014, the publishing house "Higher School" published a textbook "Psychology of Management". The book, aimed at a student audience, was also positively received by the listeners of the system additional education– specialists undergoing retraining in personnel management, undergraduates, students of MBA programs, as well as heads of various organizational and managerial levels of state and commercial enterprises, HR-specialists, business coaches and organizational consultants.

Taking into account that in study guide"Psychology of management" was covered by a wide range of theoretical provisions of the activity of a modern leader, ranging from issues of effective self-organization to the psychological aspects of individual and group work with employees, it was decided to write workshop, which would allow readers to gain not only knowledge useful for their work, but also to form relevant managerial competencies.

The work of both the future leader and the already formed manager, focused on progressive career growth and obtaining high results in his work, as well as in the activities of the organizational entity he leads, should be continuous. At present, as the coaching and advisory experience of the author shows, most large organizations includes corporate training centers for the implementation of continuous training and retraining of personnel. The question, in our opinion, is the desire of the manager to systematically and purposefully replenish his baggage with relevant “knowledge - skills - skills”, form and develop the necessary personal characteristics in order not only to respond to the challenges of the current situation, but to implement a proactive approach to their activities. .

This book will allow the manager to work independently to develop their managerial competencies, and can also be used in the university educational process and in a corporate format. Working on its substantive content, we, first of all, started from the very concept of "workshop". In the dictionary of the Russian language S. I. Ozhegov (1987) we find the following definition: “Practical work. In higher educational institutions: a course of practical training in some academic subject.

The word "workshop" consists of two independent components - "practitioner" and "mind", the combination of which can be interpreted in two ways: "practical (or practical) mind" and "smart practice". Regarding the first phrase, the well-known Soviet psychologist B. M. Teplov in his book “The Mind of the Commander” (1990) notes: “The difference between theoretical and practical thinking lies in the fact that they are related to practice in different ways; not that one of them has a connection with practice, while the other does not, but that the nature of this connection is different. The work of practical thinking is mainly aimed at solving specific problems - organizing the work of a given plant, developing and implementing a battle plan, etc. - while the work of theoretical thinking is mainly aimed at finding general patterns - the principles of organizing production, tactical and strategic patterns and etc.”

The workshop and its electronic supplement present a large number of organizational, managerial and communicative situations taken from the experience of domestic leaders at various levels.

Further, from B. M. Teplov we find: “A practitioner’s ability to use hypotheses is incomparably more limited, since these hypotheses should be tested not in special experiments, but in life itself, and – which is especially important – a practical worker does not always have time for such kinds of checks. Harsh conditions of time are one of the most characteristic features the work of the practical mind." Let's turn to the second phrase - "smart practice". The book, in which you have already read several pages, is a kind of simulator for developing various managerial skills and forming professionally significant personal characteristics. The experience gained can and should be carried into your practical activities, use not only proven tools, but also implement ideas that you will undoubtedly have when performing the proposed tasks.

The best thing a book can do for a person is to make him act.

Thomas Carlyle

Further, B. M. Teplov notes: “If we already establish gradations of activity according to the difficulty and complexity of the requirements for the mind, then we have to admit that from the point of view of the diversity, and sometimes internal inconsistency of intellectual tasks, as well as the rigidity of the conditions in which mental work, the first places should be occupied by the highest forms of practical activity.

Taking into account the relatively young age of management psychology as a science and a field of professional practice, as well as the complexity and uneven development of its individual provisions, we turned to the ideas set forth in the works of some authoritative experts from related fields, which are referenced in the text of the workshop. If desired, the trainee (student, listener, undergraduate) or educator (teacher, business coach, organizational consultant, coach) can refer to the primary source for more detailed and detailed information.

The workshop is aimed at improving the managerial competence of a particular reader - both today's student planning to make a managerial career in the future, and a "veteran of the managerial movement." The more competent managers there are, the more successful a single structural unit and the enterprise where they work will be. The more efficient enterprises, the stronger and more prosperous our country will be. We hope that the book “Psychology of management. The workshop will make a certain contribution to the achievement of these goals.

Chapter 1

Renowned psychologists Jim Lauer and Tony Schwartz (2014) point out that we live in a digital age. We race at full speed, our rhythms are accelerating, our days are cut into bytes and bits. We prefer breadth to depth and quick reaction to thoughtful decisions. We glide across the surface, hitting dozens of places for a few minutes, but never staying long. We fly through life without pausing to think about who we really want to become. We're online, but we're offline.

The first step in the work of a psychologist (consultant, coach) with a business owner (professional manager) is the analysis of the client's personal characteristics. Such an analysis reveals individually for each of them the meaning of a short but capacious phrase: "Know thyself."

We offer readers techniques aimed at conducting personal, managerial and professional introspection.

"Know thyself" - these words were written over the entrance to the oracle in the Delphic temple. Subsequently, they were repeatedly repeated by many sages. Examples of successful business people - business owners and professional leaders– confirmed that this advice works.

Self-knowledge greatest achievement our kind.

Founder of positive psychology M. Csikszentmihalyi

“Management begins with oneself” - this phrase must be accepted by each subject of a difficult managerial process as an axiom. A leader who knows his strengths and weak sides, its shortcomings, but continuously learns - develops - improves, creates the prerequisites for the professional growth of its employees, and therefore, to increase work efficiency structural unit or the organization as a whole. Self-knowledge of a leader is the first step towards setting clear career, managerial and professional goals, determining personal resources to achieve them, directing energy towards a steady movement towards them. At the same time, he will be able to competently organize himself, his work time and space.

1.1. Conducting your own SWOT analysis as a manager

SWOT technique (the abbreviation is made up of the first letters of English words: strength, weakness, opportunities and threats) involves identifying strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as establishing chains of links between them, which can later be used to formulate a strategy and assess the feasibility of planned results leader's activities.

This technique is currently quite common in business environment and is commonly used to evaluate current state and development potential of the enterprise. It, as a rule, refers to the marketing area of ​​organizational, managerial and business practices and is implemented as one of the effective tools at the sessions. strategic planning, when conducting a management audit of business entities, as well as in various advisory systems.

To conduct your own SWOT analysis as a manager, complete the task.

Draw a square on a sheet of A4 paper (Fig. 1.1). Divide it into four equal parts with vertical and horizontal lines. Write at the top of each of the four squares in the center:

- my strengths(S);

– my weaknesses (W);

– my opportunities (O);

– my threats (T).

Complete these boxes for yourself (present tense).

Rice. 1.1. SWOT Analysis Matrix

One of the main conditions when filling out your SWOT analysis matrix is ​​honesty and sincerity. You should not stick out your strengths, just like you should not engage in self-criticism or focus exclusively on shortcomings. A systematic balanced analysis will allow you to look at yourself "as if from the outside" in order to further outline "points of growth" and draw up a plan for the next steps for your own change in the right, desired, constructive direction.

The real joy of life is to have a purpose, the importance of which you yourself understand ... To be natural and strong, and not one of a bunch of neurasthenics and whiners who complain that life does not care about their happiness.

Bernard Show

If you are a leader or a specialist planning to pursue a managerial career, before filling out this matrix, it is recommended to talk with your immediate and direct supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, business partners in order to collect from them the most detailed and multidimensional feedback. As they say, “you can see it from the outside” and “the big is seen from a distance.” Thus, you will conduct a procedure for yourself, which in modern personnel technologies is called “360-degree assessment”. As a result, you can get very useful and valuable information for yourself, which will allow you to conduct a realistic, objective SWOT analysis, without an obvious bias, both in “praiseful odes” and in negative value judgments about yourself.

In return, promise your "experts" that they will also be able to contact you for objective feedback if they need it.

If you are a student or student of the MBA program, you can involve your classmates as "experts", as well as ask for feedback from the teachers and the group curator. For a “3D third-party look”, you can use the information received from your friends and acquaintances.

Don't be surprised if different people judge the same side of you differently. Someone will think that you are a decisive and assertive person, but for someone you are a model of measured and slow pace. This is very valuable information for you, provided that you use it wisely, both for further introspection and for asking your "experts" clarifying questions for clarification.

These questions include the following.

In what situations does this quality manifest itself most clearly in me?

What examples can you give?

Do you think this quality helps (hinders me) in my studies (in work, in managerial practice, in business interaction)? What exactly, in your opinion, is its negative (positive) impact felt?

How can I use this quality to increase the effectiveness of my studies (work), or do I need to “part” with it, get rid of it?

No one should become a victim of their own biography.

Psychologist George Kelly

The main idea and directions for further work with the filled matrix:

Build and develop your strengths;

Work with weaknesses (minimize their impact up to complete elimination);

Rely on available opportunities;

Keep flagged threats in "manual control" mode.

When working with the SWOT technique, it should be remembered that opportunities and threats can turn into their opposite. Thus, an untapped opportunity can become a threat. Or vice versa, a successfully prevented threat can create additional strengths and open up new opportunities (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1

Analysis of SWOT results

Here is what the well-known Russian marketing specialist I. Mann (2014) writes about this: “From experience: an honest list of weaknesses (and it turns out to be quite long) often paralyzes. Some experts recommend starting with them (to overcome yourself). Others advise, "Don't waste a single moment of your precious life overcoming your weaknesses!"

I am for the golden mean. There are weaknesses that can be ignored, that you can learn to work with and live with, that you can use to your advantage. And there are weaknesses that need to be eliminated, defeated, overcome.

Use all your possibilities. Consider risks. How easy it is to write and how difficult to make!

You cannot imagine how much effort and time I had to make to understand the topic of Internet marketing! It took several years for complete zero go to the current status (and now I teach others the right Internet marketing). A clear and well-thought-out plan is important here.”

Start conducting your own SWOT analysis right now.

1.2. Model of personal development "Johary's Window"

When a future or current leader begins to engage in personal and professional self-development and sets out to learn more about himself, he inevitably has a lot of questions, among which two are necessarily present:

What kind of person am I?

Am I the way I perceive myself “from the inside”, or is it “more visible” to other people from the outside?

Even someone who is constantly concerned about the development of his own personality often finds it difficult to structure his idea of ​​himself, that is, he cannot formulate an understanding of his own personality in an orderly form. One of the tools for solving this problem is the so-called "Johary Window". The Johari Window shows how well a person knows himself, helps to understand how others treat him, establish communication with other people or improve understanding in a team.

This technique was proposed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 and has not lost its relevance to this day. The name "Johari" is derived from the names of these psychologists. The Johari window model has been called both the self-knowledge model and the self-knowledge model. personal growth, but no matter how the model is called, with its help the leader can “look into himself”, try to find his weaknesses and understand how to strengthen his strengths.

The stability that we lack in the world around us must be created within ourselves.

Nathaniel Branden

"Window" (Fig. 1.2) is a symbolic image of a person's personality. It is divided into four squares (zones).

Rice. 1.2. Johari window

Zone 1 (Open "I") represents that part of a person's personality, which is known both to the person himself and to others. When people share information and understand each other, their relationships improve. The larger the area of ​​this square, the more information about the person is known, the more efficient, productive and mutually beneficial will be the relationship between people.

Zone 2 (Blind "I") corresponds to that part of the personality that others know about, but the person himself does not know about it. The larger the area of ​​this square, the more difficult it is to reach mutual understanding.

The man who doubts himself lists himself as his own enemy and points the gun at himself.

Alexandr Duma

Zone 3 (Hidden "I") is a part of the personality known to the person himself, but unknown to others. This makes communication difficult, since it gives one-sided advantages to the individual, allows you to hide negative information from others. There is information that people are in no hurry to share simply because they do not consider it important, but much more often information is not shared because of the desire to gain influence or gain control over the situation in this way.

Zone 4 (unknown "I") - this is what is unknown about the personality either to the person himself or to those around him. It is by reducing the area of ​​this square that, if desired, it is possible to increase the efficiency of communications.

When interacting with a person environment zones 1-3 usually increase at the expense of zone 4. With a developed habit of introspection, a person can effectively use the unknown "I" to develop his psychological repertoire, master new knowledge and skills, and expand his comfort zone. The concept of a comfort zone is used to describe situations in which a person feels familiar and comfortable. This zone can be expanded by revealing the unknown abilities of the individual.

The effectiveness of the Johari Window concept can be clearly illustrated with the help of works of art. The American film "Hero", in which D. Hoffman plays the main role, allows you to slightly open almost all zones of the "Window of Johari". The hero of the film, a petty thief who is able to rob even his lawyer, turns out to be capable of real feats, and contrary to his own declared “philosophy” of life, “all people are enemies”.

The expansion of the open "I" can be effectively carried out through feedback from the interaction of people. A person must learn to receive this feedback and use it for introspection.

The task

Draw a Johari Window on a piece of paper.

Answer the following questions.

What signs do you use to determine the reaction of other people to your behavior?

– How do you react to a strange or unexpected reaction of another person in response to your behavior?

– How often do you openly ask for evaluation of your behavior or activities?

How tolerant of criticism are you?

By honestly answering these questions to yourself, you can get an idea of ​​what you need to work on to better use feedback from others for introspection.

M. Byaugo and J. Milne (2014) offer "five main questions to yourself."

1. When am I the happiest?

2. Why does this particular activity bring me happiness?

3. What opportunities do I have to build a business around the activities that bring me the most happiness?

4. What's stopping me?

5. How can I overcome the current obstacles and develop a new worldview in the next twelve months that will help me follow the path of my destiny?

1.3. Winner List

Awareness of one's successes and gaining legitimate pride in them are the most important components of the progressive development of the leader, the components of constructive changes in his personal and managerial scale. However, in a rapidly changing market environment and in a dynamic organizational and managerial situation, he does not always manage to deservedly celebrate his achievements. Sometimes, not having time to enjoy the results, you need to return to your duties, take on a new job, move towards the next, more ambitious goal.

One should be aware that a well-deserved success contains a powerful resource, considerable energy potential, necessary for the leader to maintain self-confidence, in their strengths and capabilities. If he does not have enough time to realize and evaluate his own achievements, he is unlikely to be able to feel that he has changed for the better, has grown as a manager and professional. Maintaining adequate self-esteem is an important component of the psychological culture of the leader.

Being an optimist means seeing things in a good light and not losing hope and faith that everything will be fine.

Brandon Burchard

As the coaching and advisory experience of the author of the workshop shows, over the course of a managerial career, leaders win many "big" and "small" victories. However, in the pursuit of conquering more and more new business and managerial peaks, it is difficult for such leaders to appreciate that they have become more successful, more competent, more confident and stronger than some time ago. Truly successful leaders quite often do not feel successful, as they are focused on future achievements. They ignore the remarkable results obtained in the “here and now” situation, which takes away from them the opportunity to feel like a winner, to give themselves an adequate deserved assessment.

The task

Take five sheets of A4 paper and title each one "My managerial victories and professional achievements in 20___".

Recall all your managerial, commercial, professional and other successes over the past five years, and write them down in a column on the appropriate piece of paper.

Don't try to complete all the sheets in one sitting. This task is quite laborious and difficult. Give it a few days to complete. As more and more new situations, facts, events, lists will be extracted from the "bins" of your memory.

When the lists are ready, analyze them in detail by answering the following questions.

– What are you most proud of?

– What allowed you to achieve such remarkable results?

How have you changed in these five years?

You can seek help from one of your fellow managers, your coach, an HR specialist, or a significant person who knows you well, is able to listen, support and share the joy of well-deserved victories.

Enter into your daily practice the habit - when summing up the results of work at the end of the day, pay more attention to what you managed to do, what results you achieved (even if, at first glance, these are “little things”). This will allow you to gain a well-deserved sense of pride and gratitude for everything you did during the day.

If you keep a personal diary, add one more option to it. Mark in it at the end of the week on Friday how you have changed, what new knowledge and skills you have gained, what you have achieved.

Think about the question: “How can I celebrate my achievements and instill in myself the mindset of a successful leader”?

Completing the task will allow you to feel your success, feel more confident, adequately assess the dynamics of your development.

Reviewer

Management Psychology: Workshop. - Stavropol: Publishing House of SKI BUPK, 2008. - 94p.

Workshop

Psychology of management

E.V. Gukasova

K.M. Oganyan

Tsyrenova Anzhelika Antsiferovna

WORKSHOP ON THE COURSE

"FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENT THEORY"

Raktikum to the course "Fundamentals of Management Theory"

EDUCATIONAL MANUAL

Editor R.A. Bagaeva

Signed for printing 228.1204.2011 Format 60X 60x84 1/16

Conv. p.l. 17.90255.3 Circulation 100 copies. Order No. 29399

VSGUTU publishing house

670013. Ulan-Ude, st. Klyuchevskaya 40, in

@© ESSUTU, 2011

cand. psychol. Sciences, Associate Professor K.M. Oganyan,

cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor E.V. Gukasova

cand. tech. Sci., Professor Borisov S.V.

The workshop includes questions for discussion, topics for essays, recommended literature, psychological tests and problem situations on the topics of the course.

It is intended for students studying the discipline "Psychology of Management" in the specialties "Organization Management", "Economics and Management at the Enterprise".

© Publishing house SKI BUPK

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..

Topic 1. Psychology of management as a science……………………………………………………..

Topic 2. Personality as an object and subject of management……..……………………………………

Topic 3. The art of managing people …………...…………………………………………….

Topic 4. Communication and management activities …………………………………………….

Topic 5. business conversation as a type of managerial communication…………………………………..

Topic 6. Business meeting as a type of managerial communication ……………………………..

Topic 7. Negotiations as a type of managerial communication ……………………………………..

Topic 8. Acceptance management decisions and solution managerial tasks ……………

Topic 9. Conflicts and stresses in business communication…………………………………………….

Topic 10. Ethics, culture and etiquette in business communication……………………………………….

Themes scientific works, reports on the discipline "Psychology of Management"...............

Glossary of terms……………………………………………………………………………

Literature…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Speaking about management, most often they mean its economic or technological aspects. But no less important, and sometimes decisive, are its psychological aspects. Conflicts, a bad psychological climate in a team usually arise from improper organization of relationships, from misunderstanding or non-compliance with the laws of psychology in managing people.

The purpose of management psychology as a science and practice is to provide psychological training for managers, the formation or development of their psychological management culture, the creation of the necessary prerequisites for theoretical understanding and practical study of the most important problems in the field of management.

in management psychology and individual worker, And social group, and the team act in the context of the organization to which they belong and without which their analysis in terms of management is incomplete.

The main topics of research in management psychology: the study of the personality of an employee in an organization, analysis of the organization's influence on the socio-psychological structure and development of the team.

The most relevant psychological problems for the organization in the field of management psychology are the issues of increasing the professional competence of managers (managers) at all levels, i.e. improvement of management styles, interpersonal communication, decision making, strategic planning and marketing, coping with stress and more; improving the efficiency of training and retraining methods management personnel; search and activation human resources organizations; evaluation and selection (selection) of managers for the needs of the organization; assessment and improvement of the socio-psychological climate, rallying personnel around the goals of the organization.

Psychology of management, studying the structure, specifics and features management activities, shows the ways and means of turning it into an effective tool for solving various managerial problems. To master management activity means to be able to organize each of its components in the most effective way. Mastering one's own activity, turning oneself into a subject of activity, is the mastery of each of its psychologically significant components. And in order to master each component of your activity, you need to know these components, and the psychological structure of activity in general, and managerial activity in particular.

When studying the “Psychology of Management”, the student masters a general educational discipline that forms his general psychological knowledge and skills as future specialists in consumer cooperation in the field of managerial relations.

The purpose of the workshop is to offer practical material that actively forms the skills of a psychological managerial culture of interpersonal interaction in the field of solving problems of managerial activity.

The workshop contains ten topics in which questions for discussion, topics of abstracts, recommended literature, practical tasks are proposed, consisting of psychological tests, situations for analysis, trainings. In addition, the manual offers exemplary topics of scientific papers, reports on the discipline and a glossary of terms.

Situation 1

Anton Vasilkov was lucky - he got a job in a joint venture. Very often, after a working day, he, along with his German colleagues, went to the bar to drink beer and chat. Relations, as it seemed to Anton, were increasingly turning from business into friendships. The next day, after the next "gatherings", Anton turned to Peter Berg, who was sitting next to him in the office: "Remember, you told yesterday how you and Martin made a brawl in a restaurant?" To which a very sharp answer followed: "Anton, do your job." The young man was discouraged - yesterday he and Peter were best friends, and today such an appeal.

How would you explain to Anton the reason for the disagreement with your German colleague?

1. Peter is a rude, ill-mannered person.

2. Peter is convinced that what was said in a private conversation should not be made public.

3. Peter believes that you should not talk about extraneous things in the workplace.

4. It is unpleasant for Peter to remember an incident from his life, which he told about while drinking heavily.

You chose explanation #1. In the proposed situation, there is no indication of Peter's bad manners. On the contrary, Anton, who had been talking to him for a long time and considered Peter his friend, was clearly shocked by his sharp rebuff. Return to the situation and make a different choice.

You chose explanation #2. This is a very likely answer - the rules of good manners dictate that the content of a private conversation should not be made public. But there is no indication in the situation that anyone could hear the conversation of colleagues sitting at adjacent tables. Try to find a more precise explanation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the best answer. Germans usually do not confuse the concepts of friendship and business relations. Therefore, they believe that in a bar you can talk about any topic, and in the workplace - only on topics directly related to work. A Russian who interacts with German partners and does not adhere to this principle may be considered tactless, unceremonious, intrusive and ill-mannered.

You chose explanation #4. This possibility cannot be ruled out, and then Peter's negative reaction to Anton's statements is understandable. But this explanation does not fully reveal the situation. Try to find a more precise explanation.

Situation 2

Here are the stereotypes of representatives of several nations. Determine which peoples these characteristics apply to:

1. Generous, patient, simple-minded, disorganized, broad nature, likes to drink, fair, open.

2. Polite, restrained, pedantic, uncommunicative, imperturbable, conservative, neat, conscientious, graceful.

3. Aggressive, greedy, vindictive, lazy, impudent, dishonest, immoral, rude.

4. Elegant, gallant, talkative, deceitful, charming, depraved, stingy, frivolous, uninhibited.

5. Neat, pedantic, executive, economical, uninteresting, corrosive, restrained, stubborn, efficient.

6. Talented, kind, fair, hardworking, charming, strong, self-confident, honest.

7. Proud, traditional, respectful of elders, vengeful, hospitable, slightly arrogant.

This refers to the following peoples:

1. Russians.

2. English.

3. Projective variant (absolutely negative stereotype).

4. French.

6. Projective variant (absolutely positive stereotype).

7. Residents of the North Caucasus.

Situation 3

Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, was invited to the North Caucasus, to the University of the city of N to give a course of lectures on the psychology of ethnic tolerance. At the station, Ivan Ivanovich was met by his university friend Barasbi Khachimovich and immediately invited to the wedding of his younger brother, which was to take place the next day. This is what happened to our hero in the next two days.

Situation 3.1

In the morning, Barasbi and Ivan, along with other guests, gathered near the bus to go to the village where the wedding was to take place. Barasbi invited Ivan to sit in the front seat, and he himself stepped aside to resolve some issues regarding the organization of the celebration. Since the bus began to quickly fill up with guests, our hero took the next seat for his friend. After some time, a venerable old man in a large hat entered the bus and was about to sit next to Ivan, but he politely informed him that the seat was taken. Despite this, the Caucasian did not leave, and Ivan was forced to try again to explain to him that the place was occupied, and point out the many empty seats in the back. At this time, Barasbi entered the bus, hurried to the elderly man, helped him sit down in the chosen seat and apologized to him for a long time. Ivan was at a loss, all the way he was tormented by an unpleasant feeling that he had done something wrong.

How do you think Barasbi Khachimovich explained what happened to Ivan Ivanovich? Choose the answer that suits you best.

1. The venerable elder occupied this seat earlier, which is why he tried so persistently to sit on it.

2. The venerable elder did not speak Russian, so he did not understand Ivan, deciding that he wanted to give him his place.

3. The venerable old man did not want to sit next to the “stranger” and hoped that he would force him to go deeper into the bus, sitting in the seat occupied by Barasbi.

4. The venerable elder acted on the basis of the principles that had developed throughout his life.

You chose explanation #1. To a Russian person, such an explanation may seem quite reasonable, but in the proposed situation there is no indication that the venerable old man took a seat on the bus before Ivan. Return to the situation and make a different choice.

You chose explanation #2. Even if the elderly man did not know Russian, he would be able to understand from Ivan's behavior that he is trying to "defend" a seat for his friend and points to empty seats in the back of the bus. Try to find a more precise explanation.

You chose explanation #3. This explanation is rejected by most residents of the North Caucasus, who are known for their hospitality. From the description of the situation it is clear that the venerable elder did not show unwillingness to be near Ivan, on the contrary, he claimed a place next to him. Find a better explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #4. This is the best answer. The traditional cultures of the North Caucasus are collectivist cultures with a clear vertical hierarchy, which corresponds to the concept of a place of honor that has survived to this day. Since the position "in front" is considered more prestigious than the position "behind", the rule is strictly observed to yield the front seat in a car or bus to an older person and (or) rank. That is why the venerable old man in a large hat was so persistent in his desire to take it. At the same time, he had nothing against Ivan as a neighbor, since a guest in the Caucasus, even younger than the host, has the right to claim one of the places of honor.

Situation 3.2

At the wedding, Ivan gradually forgot about what had happened, especially since he was shown all sorts of signs of respect and was put in one of the places of honor. He ate national dishes with pleasure, observed table customs with interest and listened to folk music. However, amid the noise and merriment, he suddenly noticed that the bride was bored alone in the corner, was silent, her head bowed and did not touch her food. Ivan felt sorry for the girl, and he decided to entertain her somehow. Resolutely going to the bride, our hero invited her to dance. But the bride, instead of rejoicing, turned pale and lowered her head even lower. But the men standing nearby became visibly alarmed, grabbed Ivan by the arms and took him to another room, leaving him there for reflection. Our hero was completely upset: after all, he wanted the best ...

What explanation did Barasby give for what happened?

1. The groom is terribly jealous and called for help from other men "to restore order."

2. The bride is very shy, and the men helped her get rid of the attention of an obsessive guest.

3. During the wedding, the bride occupies a special position, and she cannot be active.

4. Any wedding in the Caucasus is not complete without a fight, and Ivan's behavior was perceived as an excuse to start fights.

You chose explanation #1. This could be a possible explanation, but in the proposed situation there is no indication that the jealous fiancé asked anyone for help. On the contrary, Ivan's behavior caused an equally negative reaction from all men. Most likely, this is not related to personal relationships, but is caused by other reasons. Find the correct explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #2. Maybe the bride is really very timid and shy. But if the cause of the conflict was in her personality traits, then the groom would come to her aid, and Ivan's behavior would not cause general disapproval of the men present at the wedding. There is a better explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the best answer. For many peoples of the North Caucasus, ritualized avoidance of contact and silence are included in the standard of communication of the bride at the wedding feast. She humbly stands in the corner of the room, does not even have the right to raise her eyes, not to mention talking with guests and dancing. Therefore, Ivan's behavior was perceived as a challenge to society and an insult to the bride, and the reaction of the men was so violent and simultaneous.

You chose explanation #4. Of course, the inhabitants of the North Caucasus are quite temperamental, but they are not inclined to start fights, especially during such important event, how's the wedding. Most likely there was another reason. Find a better explanation.

Situation 3.3

After Barasbi explained the situation to Ivan, he apologized and went to unwind in the garden, singing a cheerful song to relieve tension. But then a group of talking guests appeared on his way, and in order to go further along a rather narrow path, he had to maneuver between them. Ivan tried to look as affable and benevolent as possible and, continuing to sing, patted some of them on the shoulder. However, the guests reacted to him not quite in a friendly way and literally pushed him out of their circle. Slightly crumpled, bewildered and completely bewildered, Ivan hurriedly went to the hotel.

What happened? Choose an appropriate explanation for the situation.

1. In the North Caucasus, there is a ritual rite of friendly brawl with a guest as a way of expressing great respect for him.

2. The guests in the garden were offended by how and what Ivan sang.

3. Ivan interfered with the communication of the guests.

4. The guests were drunk and confused Ivan with someone else.

You chose explanation #1. The North Caucasus is famous for its variety of customs and traditions, but the custom of a friendly brawl with a guest simply does not exist. Choose a different answer.

You chose explanation #2. The guests could not be offended by Ivan's singing, as he has good vocal abilities, and the song was completely harmless. The given answer is not a correct explanation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the most appropriate answer. Ivan really interfered with the communication of the guests. In the cultures of the North Caucasus, non-verbal aspects of communication, including the rules for organizing the space of communication (proxemic behavior), are very significant. Having passed between the talking men, and even using a form of bodily contact that is excluded in social situations - a pat on the shoulder, our hero grossly violated the personal space of those who were talking, interrupted their dialogue. Non-compliance with the necessary standards of courtesy (even out of ignorance) is usually alarming for the inhabitants of the North Caucasus, causing them feelings of hostility and antipathy.

You chose explanation #4. The inhabitants of the North Caucasus are sensitive to the culture of drinking alcoholic beverages, especially at the festive table. They are not inclined to get drunk and pester others. Find the correct explanation for the situation.

Situation 3.4

Ivan spent the night restlessly, tossing and turning and worrying about what had happened. Fortunately, Barasby came to his hotel in the morning. Ivan informed him that he had to significantly improve his theory of interethnic contacts, as it turned out that it did not quite correspond to practice. Therefore, he was forced to postpone his lectures on the psychology of ethnic tolerance and urgently return to Moscow. He asked Barasby to take him to the station in the evening, and then they celebrated such an unexpected parting "as God sent." When Barasbi was about to leave for home, our hero asked him to throw away what was left of their meal in the trash along the way. Handing Barasby a bag of garbage, Ivan said goodbye and safely slammed the door of his room behind him.

But Barasby did not come to the station, which surprised Ivan unspeakably. What do you think is the reason for such impolite behavior of Barasby?

1. In the North Caucasus, it is not customary to see a dear guest immediately before his departure, as this is a bad omen.

2. Barasbi was late for the station, having mixed up the time of the train departure.

3. Ivan broke the rules of hospitality.

4. In the evening, Barasbi was supposed to be at the continuation of the wedding celebrations, but in order not to offend Ivan, he did not directly reject the request for seeing off.

You chose explanation #1. Many residents of the North Caucasus are somewhat superstitious. However, seeing off at the station cannot be regarded as an unfortunate omen. Find the correct explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #2. Of course, it is impossible to completely exclude the possibility of Barasbi being late, but he is a very responsible person, and, moreover, in the North Caucasus it is considered unworthy to forget one's promise. There is a better explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the best answer. Handing Barasbi a bag of garbage and slamming the door behind him, Ivan insulted him, as he grossly violated the norms of hospitality. In the North Caucasus, adherence to these norms is the sacred duty of every person, and their violation can lead to serious problems in relations with others, up to the rupture of these relations. So, according to tradition, the host receives the guest while standing, but does not sit down himself without the invitation of the latter. The guest is supposed to be escorted - depending on the circumstances - to the edge of the village, through the gate, and in a modern house, do not close the door until he is out of sight. And asking guests to take out the trash is simply indecent.

You chose explanation #4. The cultures of the North Caucasus are not among those whose representatives are not inclined to politely decline requests outright. Barasbi simply could not do this, since it was precisely such behavior, in his opinion, that would have offended his Russian friend.

Surviving everything that had happened and drinking tea on the train, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov did not yet know that the university administration had decided to send him to lecture on ethnic tolerance in one of the African countries...

Situation 4

The family of Dagestani Akhmet recently moved to Moscow, but he has already met some of his neighbors on the porch. So, he met and talked several times with his peer Petya and his sister Vera, who live two floors below. One fine day, going to the mosque, he went down in the elevator, where Vera entered with her lap dog Daisy under her arm. With the further movement of the elevator, Ahmet looked worried and tried to move away from the girl with the dog. Vera tried her best to correct the situation, she was interested in the health of his parents, offered him to stroke the dog, said that she did not bite, but, contrary to her expectations, the neighbor's reaction became even more negative. On the ground floor, Ahmet rushed out of the elevator without even saying goodbye.

How would you explain Akhmet's behavior to Vera? Choose the explanation that suits you.

1. Ahmet is afraid of dogs.

2. He is allergic to dog hair.

3. He considers it unacceptable to be in a cramped elevator cabin alone with an unfamiliar girl.

4. Ahmet doesn't like being in an elevator with a dog.

You chose explanation #1. There was no indication in the description of the situation that Ahmet was frightened. Try again to find the correct answer.

You chose explanation #2. This is a possible answer, but the description of the situation does not say that Ahmet is allergic. Come back to the situation and make the right choice.

You chose explanation #3. Of course, this possibility cannot be ruled out, but the elevator cabin is large enough and allows people in it not to touch each other, which would really be considered absolutely unacceptable by a representative of one of the Caucasian cultures. Most likely, the reason for Akhmet's behavior is different. Go back to the situation and find the correct answer.

You chose explanation #4. This is the best answer. Ahmet is a Muslim, and in Islam, a dog is considered an unclean animal that defiles a true Muslim with its touch and even breathing. Therefore, Ahmet tried to avoid any contact with the dog, while at the same time having nothing against Vera descending with him in the elevator.

She should explain that when going out for a walk with the dog, it is advisable not to go with Ahmet and his family members into such a cramped room as an elevator cabin, and if this happens, hold the dog so that it does not touch the Muslim’s clothes and does not breathe on him .

Situation 5

The Takhsurman family came to Moscow from Dagestan. The boy continued his studies in the eighth grade, where he was placed at the same desk with the Russian girl Masha. Masha liked Takhsurman: he did not pull her braids, treated her to fruits, shared pencils and erasers. In the class where Masha and Takhsurman studied, it was customary to clean the office in pairs of students sitting at the same desk. When it was the turn of Masha and Takhsurman to be on duty, the boy quickly left the school, flatly refusing not only to clean the office, but even to bring water to wash the floor. Masha could not understand why Takhsurman, always so polite and attentive, behaved so unworthily.

How would you explain Takhsurman's behavior to Masha? Choose the appropriate answer.

1. Tahsurman was a lazy boy and did not like to do housework.

2. Tahsurman fell in love with Masha, but did not want to show her his feelings. On the contrary, he wanted to show that he was not going to follow her instructions.

3. Tahsurman hurried to the sports ground, where his friends were waiting for him.

4. In Dagestan, Takhsurman did not take part in cleaning the classroom.

You chose explanation #1. This is a very likely explanation: many teenagers are not eager to dust and mop floors. However, there was no indication in the situation that Tahsurman was a lazy boy. Make another choice.

You chose explanation #2. This explanation may be correct, as adolescents often express their feelings in this way. However, there is a better explanation that you need to find, because in the situation there is no indication that Masha gave orders to Tahsurman and tried to lead him.

You chose explanation #3. This can hardly be considered the correct explanation, since the situation does not indicate that friends were waiting for Takhsurman, which is why he left the school in such a hurry. Go back to the situation and make a better choice.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct answer. Indeed, such behavior in the current situation is typical behavior men and boys belonging to the cultures of the peoples of Dagestan. There, according to tradition, cleaning the premises is the duty of women. Therefore, Takhsurman could not even imagine that he should clean the office, and he regarded this assignment as an insult to his manhood.

Situation 6

A Russian history teacher Alexander Dmitrievich was sent to work in one of the rural schools in Ingushetia. The teacher quickly won the trust and respect of the children, as his lessons were very interesting and the grades were fair. At one of the lessons, Isa, a student of the 10th grade, took out an expensive and beautiful knife from his pocket and began to demonstrate it to his classmates. The teacher silently approached the young man, took the knife and placed it on his table. The student, in response to such an act of Alexander Dmitrievich, left the class.

Isa told his father about the conflict with the teacher. He was outraged by the behavior of Alexander Dmitrievich and in the evening, together with other fellow villagers, went home to the teacher. An unpleasant conversation took place, during which the men demanded that Alexander Dmitrievich give Isa the knife and apologize to him.

How would you explain to Isa, his father and other men the behavior of Alexander Dmitrievich?

1. The knife was beautiful, the teacher liked it, and he decided to take it for himself.

2. The teacher wanted to humiliate the boy by taking the weapon - a symbol of courage and manhood.

3. In a similar way, the teacher wanted to demonstrate his power over the students.

4. Alexander Dmitrievich considered the knife a symbol of aggression and assumed that it could threaten the life and health of students.

You chose explanation #1. This answer has the right to exist, since the stereotype of many peoples regarding Russians includes such a characteristic as "the desire to live at someone else's expense." However, there is no indication in the situation that Alexander Dmitrievich appropriated the knife. Find a better explanation.

You chose explanation #2. Representatives of the peoples of the Caucasus, this explanation may seem correct, since the knife is an attribute of a man and its withdrawal can be regarded as a humiliation of man's dignity and honor. However, from the standpoint of Russian culture, there was nothing in the actions of Alexander Dmitrievich that could in one way or another testify to his intention to humiliate Isa. On the contrary, the situation indicates that the teacher tried not to focus on the boy's behavior. Therefore, this explanation is incorrect. Go back to the situation and try to choose a more appropriate answer.

You chose explanation #3. In the description of the situation, there was no indication that Alexander Dmitrievich was an authoritarian, incompetent teacher. On the contrary, the text says that the teacher, by his professionalism and personal qualities quickly won the trust of students. Try again to find the correct answer.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct explanation. Indeed, Alexander Dmitrievich, as a teacher, was responsible for the health and life of children in the lesson, therefore, in order to prevent the possible consequences of playing with knives, he took the knife from Isa. In addition, the display of weapons in peacetime is seen in Russian culture as a sign of threat and violence.

Situation 7

The Asanov family moved from Ingushetia to the Stavropol Territory, and Asiyat continued her education in the 9th grade of the local school. The director of the school, Alexander Ivanovich, having met Asiyat on the morning of September 1 in the school lobby, approached her, hugged her shoulders and, looking into her eyes, asked how she was getting used to the new conditions. The girl was outraged by this behavior of Alexander Ivanovich.

How would you explain to Asiyat the principal's behavior?

1. Alexander Ivanovich allowed some liberties in relations with his students.

2. Alexander Ivanovich treated all his students like a father.

3. Alexander Ivanovich wanted to establish relations with Asiyat so that she would later tell him about the events in the class.

4. Alexander Ivanovich drank a little on the occasion of the beginning of the school year and did not control his behavior.

You chose explanation #1. This is the wrong answer. There is no indication in the situation that the principal of the school was incorrect in relation to the students. Go back to the situation and choose a more accurate explanation.

You chose explanation #2. This is the correct answer. Alexander Ivanovich behaved in accordance with the norms of Russian culture, in which touching a child - regardless of his gender - is an expression of warmth and care. In general, Russians often use touch gestures (stroking, patting, kissing, hugging) and communicate with each other at a closer distance than Caucasians. In addition, Russian culture is more "staring" than Caucasian cultures: women do not hesitate to look into the eyes of men and meet their eyes. If a person looks away from the interlocutor, he may be suspected of insincerity. In educational conversations with a child, the phrase “look into the eyes” is very often repeated.

You chose explanation #3. This explanation is incorrect. There is no indication in the text that the headmaster had a staff of informers among the students. You need to find a more precise explanation.

You chose explanation #4. This is absolutely the wrong answer. Although there is a stereotype that all Russians drink too much, it seems completely unbelievable that the headmaster would drink on the morning of the first of September. Go back to the situation and find a more accurate explanation.

Situation 8

Aslan, a resident of Vladikavkaz, came to Stavropol to study at the college. On the first day of classes, he met the students of his group, and he liked them. After classes, the group decided to celebrate their acquaintance in a cafe. In the course of communication, Aslan's positive opinion about the students of his group became even stronger. When parting, everyone said goodbye warmly. Several girls kissed Aslan. He froze in bewilderment: such behavior of the girls caused him unpleasant feelings.

How would you explain the girls' behavior to Aslan? Choose one of the answer options.

1. The girls abused alcohol a little and relaxed, so they allowed themselves such behavior.

2. The girls acted in such a way as to humiliate weak Russian students who allowed them such behavior in their presence.

3. Russian girls are easily accessible.

4. Russian girls behave this way towards all new acquaintances.

You chose explanation #1. This explanation is not entirely correct, since the description of the situation does not indicate that young people in the cafe abused alcohol. Make another choice.

You chose explanation #2. Such an explanation might seem plausible to a person from the Caucasus, but it is not correct. There is another explanation.

You chose explanation #3. Such an explanation could come from a native of the Caucasus, but Russian girls, especially first-year college students, are usually quite modest. Find a better answer.

You chose explanation #4. This is the best answer. In modern Russian youth subculture, friendly kisses at a meeting and parting are a sign of respect and a good attitude towards a person. In a similar way, Russian girls showed Aslan a positive attitude.

In addition, it should be taken into account that Russians generally use kisses in their behavior much more often than representatives of Caucasian cultures, especially when meeting and parting. In the Russian tradition, a kiss as a greeting expresses a feeling of affection and friendly unity. Both farewell and forgiveness are also sealed by Russians with a kiss as a sign of friendship.

Situation 9

Tenth grader Ira was invited by her school friend Rukiyat to visit relatives in a mountainous Dagestan village for the holidays. The girls arrived there late in the evening, when the whole family was already asleep. In the morning, Ira woke up early and, going out into the yard, saw an elderly man. Deciding that it was Rukiyat's grandfather, Gadzhi Gadzhievich, about whom she had heard a lot, Ira ran up to him, grabbed his hand and introduced herself: "Ira." The elderly man was surprised and looked at the girl in bewilderment.

How would you explain Ira's behavior to an older person? Choose the best answer:

1. Parents raised Ira poorly.

2. Ira greeted the way she usually greets.

3. Ira mistook him for someone else.

4. Ira lost her ability to control herself because she was frightened by something.

You chose explanation #1. This answer is not entirely successful. The text of the situation does not give any reason to believe that Ira is poorly brought up and behaves disrespectfully with strangers. Try to find another answer.

You chose explanation #2. This is the best answer. In Russian culture, a woman, getting to know a man, can take the initiative herself: be the first to give a hand, introduce herself, etc. Therefore, Ira without hesitation went to an elderly man, confident that this was her friend Rukiyat's beloved grandfather.

You chose explanation #3. This is an incorrect explanation, since the situation clearly indicates that Ira left the house and it is unlikely that she expected to see someone else in the yard. Go back to the situation and choose a more accurate explanation.

You chose explanation #4. This explanation could be possible, but nothing in the description of the situation indicates that Ira was disturbed by something. Look for another explanation.

Situation 10

On one of the streets of Moscow, two acquaintances accidentally met, a Russian and a Chechen, who had not seen each other for half a year. Olga was very happy and rushed to hug and kiss Patimat. However, Patimat hastened to move away from Olga's embrace. The girls had a nice talk about everything that had happened to them. Lately, about common acquaintances, but Olga remained at a loss why Patimat greeted her so dryly after a long separation.

How would you explain Patimat's behavior to Olga? Choose the answer that suits you best.

1. Patimat did not recognize Olga.

2. Patimat had the flu and did not want to infect Olga.

3. Patimat acted in accordance with her idea of ​​expressing feelings.

4. Patimat was offended by Olga for something.

You choose explanation #1. We cannot rule out the possibility that Patimat did not recognize Olga at first. However, this is unlikely, since the girls are closely acquainted and have not seen each other for only six months. Return to the situation and make a different choice.

You chose explanation #2. This option has the right to exist, but nothing in the text indicates Patimat's disease. Find a better explanation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the best answer. Every culture has its own rules for non-verbal expression of emotions. The effect of these rules is very diverse. Thus, Chechen culture is characterized by restraint in emotional manifestations where manifestations of stormy joy can be expected from representatives of Russian culture. Physical contact is generally not allowed between Chechens in public, while Russians in general touch each other (shake hands, hug, kiss) much more often than representatives of many other cultures. Patimat pulled back when meeting Olga, acting in accordance with the rules of expression of emotions accepted in Chechen culture.

You chose explanation #4. This explanation is incorrect. In Chechen culture, it is not customary to hide resentment. Therefore, if Patimat was offended by Olga, she would tell her about it. You need to find a more precise explanation.

Situation 11

Aslambek and Igor, who served together in the army, met a few years after demobilization. Igor came to visit a friend shortly after Aslambek got married. The newlywed was to visit his wife's house for the first time. Since the first arrival of a son-in-law to visit new relatives requires the obligatory accompaniment of one or two friends, Aslambek decided to take Igor with him.

At a party, Igor was shown all kinds of signs of respect, but Aslambek was treated differently. He was not even invited to sit down, and he had to stand up to listen to the endless taunts and sharp jokes of women - his new relatives addressed to him. Aslambek only blushed and did not answer even the most insulting jokes. Igor, seeing how hard it was for a friend, tried to stand up for him, which caused additional ridicule and condemnation.

Igor, in the end, realized that he had done something wrong, but did not know what exactly.

How would you explain the situation to Igor? Choose the correct answer in your opinion.

1. New relatives are unkind to As-lambek.

2. New relatives were unhappy that Aslambek brought Igor, a representative of another culture, with him as a friend.

3. Aslambek married a girl from a family with modern morals, in which power belongs to women, and men must obey them in everything.

4. The behavior of Aslambek and the representatives of his new family corresponded to certain rules.

You chose explanation #1. This answer is incorrect: if the wife's relatives treated Aslambek unkindly, then, according to Caucasian traditions, his marriage to her would be impossible. Find another explanation.

You chose explanation #2. This answer is not suitable, since traditional Caucasian hospitality was shown towards Igor himself. Look for another explanation.

You chose explanation #3. In any region of the world, there are families in which henpecked men are subordinate to women in everything. However, even today in the Caucasus this is unlikely, at least in the described situation there are no indications of this. Try again to find the correct answer.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct answer. Indeed, in the culture of the Vainakhs there is a custom associated with a certain behavior of the wife's relatives during the first visit to their home by a young husband. He is given a test, during which it is checked how self-possessed and self-confident he is. In accordance with how a person will endure offensive statements, as well as actions (prohibition to sit down, treats in a separate room) addressed to him, whether he will be persistent or not able to withstand all this, he will be treated in the future (respect or constantly tease).

Situation 12

Andrei, being on an expedition to Kabardino-Balkaria, was invited to Khachim's house. At dinner, which was attended by relatives and neighbors, Andrei talked about his work and decided to supplement his story by showing photographs. He left the room for a couple of minutes to bring them, and when he returned, he noticed that the attitude of those present towards him had changed. Andrei felt that he offended or upset the hosts and their guests in some way, but he could not understand what exactly.

How would you explain to Andrey what his mistake is?

1. It is indecent to leave the table during dinner.

2. The hosts were offended, deciding that Andrei was distracted from the meal, because he did not like the treat.

3. The Kabardians, having seen the photographs, considered Andrei an agent of the special services who documents his trip to the Caucasus.

4. The owners did not like that a stranger without their accompaniment moves around the house.

You chose explanation #1. This is the best answer. In traditional Kabardian culture, a rather complex table etiquette has developed. At the heart of a meal regulated to the smallest detail is the cult of food and the dining table. The table cannot be turned sideways or back, it cannot be left at the same time by the whole company: even when, after making a toast, the guests rise to drink while standing, one must remain seated, paying tribute to the table. Naturally, Andrei, who left the table for no particular reason, caused, to put it mildly, misunderstanding among those present.

You chose explanation #2. This is not the best explanation. Indeed, it would be extremely unpleasant for the hosts if the guest was dissatisfied with the reception. But in this case, there is no indication that Andrei really did not like the food. Go back to the situation and find the best answer.

You chose explanation #3. This explanation is not entirely serious. Look for the best explanation.

You chose explanation #4. This is not a completely correct explanation. According to traditional Adyghe etiquette, a guest is really not supposed to be alone for a long time. However, this rule is not due to distrust of the guest, but, on the contrary, concern for his comfort, and if the guest wishes, the host leaves him alone. There is a better explanation for you to find.

Situation 13

For Sunday lunch, the Nazarov family invited their new neighbors, Patimat and Zelimkhan, who came from Dagestan. Knowing that Muslims do not eat pork, Tatyana made her signature dish - dumplings - from beef and veal. The guests ate fish and vegetable salads with pleasure, but they were extremely suspicious of dumplings. They cut the dumplings, sniffed them for a long time, looked at them and asked where the meat came from.

The Russian hosts could not understand the strange behavior of the guests and were very offended. How can one explain the behavior of Patimat and Zelimkhan? Choose one of the answer options.

1. Patimat and Zelimkhan are vegetarians.

2. A married couple from Dagestan has the same stomach disease that requires a strict diet.

3. The guests are accustomed to delicious national dishes, and they did not like Tatiana's cooking.

4. Patimat and Zelimkhan do not eat not only pork, but also some other types of meat.

You chose explanation #1. This is a possible but unlikely explanation. Caucasians, especially at the festive table, prefer meat dishes, primarily lamb.

You chose explanation #2. This is not true, since there is no indication of this circumstance in the description of the situation. Go back to the description of the situation and choose another answer.

You chose explanation #3. This is the wrong answer. Of course, the guests could be picky, but they ate dishes prepared by the hostess from vegetables, fish and other products with pleasure. Choose another answer.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct answer. Apparently, Patimat and Zelimkhan are devout Muslims. And Islam makes quite strict requirements for meat food. Muslims are allowed to eat food prepared by Christians and Jews, but a number of conditions must be met: it must not be the meat of a pig, a predatory animal, a rodent, an animal that died of natural causes, an animal killed without invoking the name of God, etc. Only after fulfilling these conditions, a Muslim can eat meat.

Situation 14

Rashid, who arrived in Moscow from Dagestan, put on his best suit and hat and went to an official institution to obtain the documents he needed. Entering the building, he immediately went to the office he needed and politely turned to Inspector Marina Petrovna for help. However, she took his appearance negatively and, looking at him with bewilderment, studied the numerous certificates he had for a long time, and in the end rather rudely asked him to come to the head of the department in a few days.

How would you explain Marina Petrovna's behavior to Rashid? Choose an appropriate explanation.

1. She wanted to receive a bribe or an offering.

2. She did not like that Rashid violated the rules of conduct adopted among Russians.

3 She is a bureaucrat and treats visitors formally and nitpicking.

4. On this day, Marina Petrovna received a reprimand from her superiors for excessive liberalism, so she checked the availability of documents especially strictly, without showing her usual politeness.

You chose explanation #1. Nowadays, there is an idea that in all public institutions officials receive small salaries, and therefore take bribes. However, in the situation described, there is no indication that Marina Petrovna extorted a bribe from Rashid. Go back to the situation and try to find the correct explanation.

You chose explanation #2. This is the correct answer. In accordance with the rules of etiquette adopted by Russians, a man is obliged to take off his hat in the room. In a similar way, the visitor pays respect to the house and its owner. Without taking off his hat, Rashid aroused the discontent of Marina Petrovna, who considered him an ill-mannered person who did not show respect for everyone present in the room.

Marina Petrovna misinterpreted Rashid's behavior, because she did not know that almost all Muslim peoples associate a headdress with the dignity of a man - the head and breadwinner of the family. Moreover, the wearing of a headdress is consecrated by the Holy Tradition of Muslims: the hadiths tell that the Prophet himself, without taking off, wore a headdress, and imitation of him is considered very laudable.

You chose explanation #3. Marina Petrovna showed attention to the visitor and studied in detail the certificates he had. Therefore, it is difficult to call her a bureaucrat. Her dissatisfaction with Rashid has another reason, determine it.

You chose explanation #4. This possible reason behavior of Marina Petrovna, but in the description of the situation there is no indication that Marina Petrovna's mood deteriorated due to a reprimand from her superiors.

Situation 15

In the lobby of a Moscow institution, a young Russian woman, Svetlana, and a middle-aged Ossetian, Aslambek, are waiting for an elevator. An elevator arrives, and both a woman and a man try to enter the opened doors at the same time. They collide, Svetlana nevertheless goes forward, and Aslambek, confident that the honorable right to be the first to pass through the door belongs to a man, remains at a loss.

How would you explain Svetlana's behavior to Aslambek? Choose the best answer.

1. Svetlana is a poorly educated, impudent woman.

2. Svetlana wanted to draw attention to herself in this way and get to know each other.

3. Svetlana is used to men letting her go ahead at the door.

4. Svetlana is a big boss in this institution.

You chose explanation #1. This answer is not entirely successful. Russian women do not have such a trait as arrogance. Most of them behave respectfully with strangers. Try to find another answer.

You chose explanation #2. This is the wrong answer. Contrary to the common notion among Caucasians that Russian women are easily accessible, they are rather modest in behavior and prefer not to be active when meeting strangers. Choose another explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #3. This is the best answer. In Russian culture, there are certain rules of etiquette that reflect respect for women. A wave of feminism has not yet reached Russia from the West, and Russian men, as a rule, let the lady go first at the door. Therefore, Svetlana, without hesitation, went to the opened elevator doors, because of which there was a collision with Aslambek.

You chose explanation #4. This explanation could be logical from the point of view of Aslambek. In accordance with the vertical hierarchy characteristic of many collectivist Caucasian cultures, a high-status representative of an organization (the boss) enjoys the honorable right to be the first to go everywhere. However, in the description of the situation there is no indication of Svetlana's high status, so this answer is not a suitable explanation.

Situation 16

The Ingush family moved to live in Moscow. The day after moving into a new apartment, Elvira Aminovna baked pies and went to meet her neighbor on the landing. The Russian neighbor was surprised and showed no desire to get acquainted. Elvira Aminovna talked for a long time about herself and her desire to get acquainted, and Nadezhda Petrovna finally let her into the apartment. They drank tea with a pie, but Elvira Aminovna still left a residue in her soul from a visit to a cautious and distrustful neighbor.

How would you explain to Elvira Aminovna the neighbor's behavior? Choose one of the options.

1. Russians are not particularly hospitable.

2. Nadezhda Petrovna is afraid to let strangers into the house.

3. Elvira Aminovna tore her neighbor away from an urgent matter.

4. Nadezhda Petrovna has different ideas about how neighbors should get acquainted.

You chose explanation #1. Perhaps Nadezhda Petrovna is not very hospitable, but she did not show obvious displeasure. In Russian culture, hospitality and hospitality are seen as values ​​and norms. Everyday life, which is reflected, in particular, in numerous proverbs (“a guest on the threshold - happiness in the house”, “boil cabbage soup so that the guests go”, “the hut is not red with corners, it is red with pies”, “what is in the oven, everything is on the table swords "). Hospitality is also always noted in descriptions of Russians by foreigners. Go back to the situation and choose a more accurate explanation.

You chose explanation #2. This is the wrong answer. Indeed, the criminal situation that has developed in our days in big cities has led to the fear of many Muscovites to let strangers into their homes. But since Nadezhda Petrovna immediately opened the door to a new neighbor, the reason for her behavior must be sought elsewhere. Find among the answer options more accurate.

You chose explanation #3. This is a possible answer, but there is no indication of this fact in the description of the situation. There is another explanation.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct answer. Russians are friendly to the new neighbors. However, if in the Caucasus it is customary to get acquainted with neighbors immediately upon arrival, which is a manifestation of respect for them, then in Moscow the initiative to get acquainted usually belongs to those who already live in this place. Therefore, the unexpected visit of Elvira Aminovna was strange for Nadezhda Petrovna, and the new neighbor could seem intrusive.

Moreover, in modern Russian urban culture, friendly relations between residents apartment buildings arise not because of the inherent value of the community of neighbors as a significant group for a person. Friendships between them usually originate from common interests, for example, between parents of children of the same age or dog owners. In this way, Russian culture today differs from the more traditional cultures of the North Caucasus, where neighbors are bound by mutual obligations and expectations, and many norms contribute to maintaining such relations, including the desire of new residents to immediately enter into a network of neighborly relationships.

Situation 17

All his friends gathered at the celebration of Andrey's birthday. The last ones, when the company was already sitting at the table, were Andrei's university friend Katya and Ruslan, who had recently arrived in Moscow from Ingushetia. Ruslan was seated next to Katya in the empty seats at the end of the table. After that, Ruslan, dissatisfied with the place that he got at the table, frowned all evening, although the owners, as if nothing had happened, talked with him and entertained him in every possible way. The next time Ruslan refused to go to visit Andrei's company.

How would you explain to Ruslan why he was put at the festive table in such a dishonorable place?

1. A place at the end of the table is considered especially honorable by Russians.

2. Russians are very punctual and sit late guests at the end of the table as a punishment for being late.

3. They wanted to offend him by sitting at the table next to the girl.

4. In this company, the place of the guest at the table does not matter.

You chose explanation #1. This answer is not correct, since there is no such rule in Russian culture. Try to find another answer.

You chose explanation #2. This is not true. Russians themselves are often late (representatives of many other cultures even believe that being late is an integral part of the Russian character), so they are condescending to the lateness of others. In this case, too, Ruslan was given great attention and entertained in every possible way. Find the correct explanation for the situation.

You chose explanation #3. This answer can be considered the correct explanation from the point of view of a Caucasian, since a place at a table in the Caucasus should correspond to the status of a guest. By placing a man next to a woman, the owners thereby extend her lower status to him. However, the text does not indicate that the hosts used any principle when seating guests. Therefore, this answer is not suitable.

You chose explanation #4. This is the correct explanation, since the strict rules of etiquette characteristic of feasts in traditional cultures are not observed in the modern Russian youth environment. Places at the festive table are not divided into more honorable and less honorable, especially since there are no separate places for men and women. Wherein greater value is given not to where the guest is sitting, but to the attention he receives. Katya and Ruslan ended up next to each other at the end of the table only because they were the last to visit Andrei.

Situation 18

In the laboratory of one of the institutes, a peculiar situation has developed, which consists in the following. The head of the laboratory, who is a doctor of science, knows his business. At the same time, he is only interested in scientific products of good quality. He does not like subordinates, he does not know how they “live”, what needs and needs they experience. He behaves incorrectly with them, allows reproaches against them. He is dissatisfied with many employees.

They feel it, consider themselves humiliated and do not know what to do in the future. Leave - may be difficult to find new job, as it will be difficult to find a place worthy of their knowledge.

There is an informal leader in the laboratory. He is considered a smart, sympathetic person. There is a clear dislike between the leader and the head of the laboratory. The leader does not intend to seek a common language with him for the good of the cause. On almost all issues, employees turn to the leader.

The task. Analyze the current situation in the laboratory team and make an effective decision.

Situation 19

you as a leader modern firm, instructed their deputy to select from among the specialists of the company a candidate who could be sent for an internship at Harvard University. They were given several candidates.

The second is competent, friendly, able to get along well with people, avoiding conflicts between employees.

The third is logically thinking, understanding the tasks of the company, requiring employees to strictly comply with functional duties, not afraid to punish employees for miscalculations in their work.

The fourth is a good specialist, deliberately and consistently striding "upward" to power.

The fifth is a mid-level specialist who is a close relative of a well-known politician.

The task. Justify the choice of a candidate for an internship.

Situation 20

In the sector design institution"Gidropribor" was worked by only engineers of the corresponding profile. There were 8 of them. They worked harmoniously, successfully, they loved their work. Their leader was O.I. Ivanov, candidate of technical sciences. Many decisions in this group were made collegially and everyone liked it.

But it so happened that their leader decided in search of a better life leave the institution. Employees reacted to this event in different ways. Soon "from above" was appointed new leader sectors. Relatively young man, budding good guide and further growth.

For some time, the sector worked by inertia in a coordinated and friendly manner. But the reporting period came and it was necessary to draw up new plans for the future on complicated topics. As before, the employees of the sector wanted to make their proposals for setting new tasks. However, the new leader made it clear that they would work only according to the decisions made by him. He gave each of the engineers specific tasks that robbed them of initiative and creativity. This had a dramatic effect on relations within the group.

The task. Analyze the current situation and make an informed decision.

Situation 21

The employees of a company that produces refrigerators are very different. Some themselves want to help the leader in his work. Others, on the contrary, try to spend less mental energy and wait for instructions.

All employees of the company respect their leader, they know that he is smart and experienced.

The leader works a lot and he wants his subordinates to be good assistants and advisers to him. He often teases his subordinates, makes them think and innovate in the interests of business.

Many performers believe that they are already doing well. So why look for something new? There is a leader who is responsible for everything.

The manager, although he thinks through everything to the details in his work, still wants to speed up the production of refrigerators, and this requires active work all employees.

The task. Analyze the current situation and outline measures to enhance the activities of employees.

Situation 22

The tasks of the organization became more complicated in connection with the re-profiling of the products of the entire company. This situation was due to the fact that the firm was ahead of competitors and sales of products fell sharply.

The competitiveness of the organization is under threat. Its manager, after a meeting with the Board of Directors, instructed all heads of departments to urgently begin the technical re-equipment of the company to produce a new range of products.

All managers and staff of the company accepted the task as a guide to action. But some of the middle managers and foremen began to get nervous, so two of them became irritable, they lost their nerves, they began to think not so much about the affairs of the company as about themselves. Some of the employees fell into a "trance", they lost the desire to continue to work effectively.

Situation 23

At one of the Moscow plants, called a closed-type joint-stock company with limited liability, previously complex and responsible tasks of the military-industrial complex were carried out. Now conversion work is underway. Manufactured products are in demand of the population.

Part of the former staff still works at the plant. Basically, these are elderly people. The leadership of this organization has partially changed. Some managers left to work in structures of a commercial nature.

The psychological climate within individual units is heterogeneous. In some areas, workers are in conflict with each other for various reasons, while in other areas, conflicts are created due to the dissatisfaction of managers with the attitude towards work on the part of the staff.

Where employees quarrel among themselves, interpersonal conflicts arise. Eliminating them is not possible. Where conflicts are business-like and where leaders use authoritarian methods of leadership, conflicts are quickly resolved.

The task. Make informed decisions to prevent and resolve conflicts.

Situation 24

In one of the Moscow construction companies The recruitment of workers of various specialties was announced. There were many who wanted to. When applying for a job, the HR manager, as well as the head of the relevant work area, talked to the applicants.

Future workers were offered a "decent" salary. They were assured that in three months their salary would be increased. They began to work conscientiously.

More than three months have passed, but the wages of the workers have not been increased. The most active workers asked why they were not receiving the promised bonus. The leaders spoke to them unkindly, and even threatened that if they raised this conversation again, they would be fired. Some resigned themselves to the "wolf" laws of the labor market, while others continued to resent.

The task. Analyze the current situation and make a reasonable decision.

Situation 25

IN assembly shop one of the factories experienced failures in the operation of the conveyor, which negatively affected the financial situation of the workers, worsened the psychological climate in the team. The reasons for the failure of the conveyor were quarrels between workers, "positively" and "negatively" oriented to the process and results of labor. The head of the shop used in his work democratic style management.

The task. Analyze the current situation and make an effective decision.

Situation 26

The manager of one company would like to calmly, systematically and without emotions prove his point of view, the correctness, his view of a certain problem and bring it to understanding and acceptance by his leader (the president of the company or its general director).

As a rule, it happens that she works in a company, gains credibility (she good professional) and, when there is a misunderstanding with the main leader (this does not happen with the lower links), she proves her point of view for some time, but often emotionally (what seems elementary to her is not understood by the leader), and then she turns around and leaves. While she feels the strength in herself, but this position cannot always be maintained. She would like to learn not to leave, but to calmly pursue her own.

The task. Simulate the situation and talk to the president of the company in order to convince him without losing emotional contact with him, as well as control over your feelings.

Situation 27

The main manager is Ekaterina. She is 29 years old. She is new to the company. She showed herself as a capable worker, manager and was chosen to be the chief manager. Now she has 5 managers under her supervision. All but one, Boris, are younger than her and inexperienced. Boris is 52 years old, he has been working at the enterprise for 27 years. He wants to stay with the firm. Ekaterina believes that he has problems with the quality of work. Boris also applied for the position of chief manager.

He is said to have acquaintances in senior management. They say about Catherine that she is domineering, can be aggressive.

Ekaterina wants to help Boris improve his work. She already had several conversations with Boris. She spoke, he listened, and he was saddened.

She wants to talk to Boris again, perhaps there were communication problems before.

The task:

1. Analyze this situation: determine what barriers to perception could be; what are the interests of Boris and Catherine.

2. Think over a future conversation between Ekaterina and Boris, taking into account the factors identified during the analysis of the situation.

Situation 28

What to do if the subordinate is a creative person, periodically hovering in the clouds. The person is very responsible, but because of absent-mindedness, you have to control his every step.

The task. The manager needs to talk to the subordinate and convince him to change his behavior, to become more attentive.

Situation 29

The department of the enterprise is engaged in information processing. Most of the workers have been working here for many years and are accustomed to processing information manually. The increase in volumes dictates the need to automate data processing with the help of computer programs. Pre-retirement age workers oppose computerization and are ready to work more. However, this will not solve the problem, it will be necessary to increase the staff by putting young people at computers, but they do not know the processing process well and they cannot do without the help of experienced workers.

Situation 32

Three friends were offered to redevelop the office and complete it with furniture and office equipment.

The first began to ring up nearby firms and consult on the problem that had arisen.

The second went to the library to study the recommendations for equipping workplaces and specialized literature on the problem, taking into account the requirements of ergonomics and safety.

The third began to draw various options for redevelopment schemes and move furniture.

The task. Determine the type of personality of the employee depending on the individual psychological characteristics.

Situation 33

The company's management decided to launch new types of products. In this regard, it is envisaged:

Purchase of new types of equipment;

Training of personnel to work on it;

Temporary reduction in output and a corresponding reduction in size wages;

Changing the structure of personnel (rearrangement, creation of new jobs). Many of the company's employees do not approve of the management's plans, because they believe that innovations will lead to a reduction in the number of employees, a reduction in wages, an increase in the intensification of labor, a violation of the socio-psychological climate and habitual social connections, uncertainty about the future.

The task. As a leader personnel service suggest means to neutralize the causes of resistance to innovation.

Situation 34

During the audit of the work of the marketing department, a number of violations were identified:

Marketer O.K. Petrov made mistakes in the execution of financial documents;

Public Relations Manager SV. Sidorov failed to organize the presentation of new types of manufactured products;

Senior Marketing Specialist A.V. Ivanova untimely completed the task of studying the market conjuncture, which led to a violation of the deadlines for the production plan for the next year.

The head of the company applied the following penalties to the employees:

O.K. Petrov and SV. Sidorov was reprimanded in the order;

A.V. Ivanov's reprimand was not announced, since the violation was committed for the first time;

A.V. Ivanova was temporarily transferred to the position of personnel inspector.

The task. Analyze the leader's decision. Indicate what mistakes he made when applying measures of managerial influence "punishment". What are your actions in this situation?

Tests in the discipline "Managerial psychology"

List of didactic units

In the discipline "Managerial psychology"

1. Management psychology, its subject and object.

2. The concept of personality, its structure.

3. Individual typological personality traits.

4.Motivation as a factor in personality management.

5. Management and leadership. Leader personality.

6. Leadership styles. Building relationships with partners.

7. Small group as a socio-psychological characteristic of the organization.

8. Phenomenology of the group.

9. Socio-psychological climate in the group.

10. Psychological aspects of human communication.

11. Management technologies.

12.Nature and social role conflict.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING TESTS

in the discipline "Managerial psychology"

1. 120 minutes are allotted to complete the task in the form of tests for the course "Managerial Psychology".

2. Tests include 80 tasks, which contain:

32 tasks, each of which requires "Find the right answer"

28 tasks, in each of which you need to "Find a match"

20 tests with tasks "Finish the sentence" and "Set the sequence"

1.Find the correct answer:

Management psychology is...

1. The science of the patterns of manifestation and development of the psyche

2. An industry that studies the patterns of human behavior in groups

3A branch that studies the psychological aspects of management.

2.Find a match:

A. The object of managerial psychology

B. The subject of management psychology

1. Mental processes

2. Collectives of people

3. Find a match

A Tasks of psychology

B. Principles of Psychology

1. Unity of consciousness and activity

2. Management of mental processes

3.Personal approach

4. Understanding the essence of mental phenomena

5. Development of the psyche and consciousness in activity

6. Determinism.

4. Find a match

A. Aristotle

B. Plato

1. The soul is material and consists of atoms

2. The soul represents three types of spiritual phenomena: reason, courage, will.

5.Continue the offer

Plato argued that the soul is represented by...

6. Find a match

A. Behaviorism

B. Psychoanalysis

B. Neo-Freudianism

D. Humanistic school

D. Cognitive school

1 TO. Jung, A. Adler

2.A. Maslow, K. Rogers

3.D. Watson

4.Fr. Hyder, Newcomb

5.3. Freud

7. Determine the sequence in personality blocks

BUT. 1st part

B.2nd part

B.3 part

D.4th part

1. Stable features of mental processes

2. Socially determined personality traits

3.Knowledge and skills

4. Biologically determined personality traits.

8. Find the right answer

Individuality is...

1. Reasonable consciousness

2. A unique combination of mental characteristics

3. The ability to be in certain relationships with other people

9. Find a match

A. Ability

B. Makings

V. Talent

D. Genius

1.Anatomical and physiological predisposition

2.High degree of ability for a certain activity

4. Feelings

67. Find a match

A. Passion

B. Stress

B. Frustration

1. Mental state caused objectively or subjectively by insurmountable difficulties

2. Long-term stable intense state associated with some interest

3. Emotional state caused by unusual situations.

68. Find a match

A. Psyche

B. Consciousness

C. Self-awareness

1. The highest form of mental life

2. A person's awareness of himself as a person

3The ability of the brain to reflect the world around.

69. To find conformity

A. Attention

B. Memory

B. Imagination

1. The process of organizing the preservation of past experience

2. The process of creating new images and ideas

70. Find a match

A. Feeling

B. Perception

1. The process of reflection of objects and phenomena in general

2. Mental process of reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena.

71. Finish the sentence

Methods of research in psychology are...

72. Determine the correct answer

Questionnaire is a method that consists in the fact that ....

1. The subject is given tasks and answers to them

2. Helps to determine the status of a person in a group

3. A written survey of a large number of subjects is carried out

73. Continue the offer

Sociometric research helps ...

74.Find the correct definition

A. Affect

B. Mood

1. Certain actions aimed at achieving consciously set goals

2. Mental state, colored by rapidly growing emotional stress

3. Weak in terms of strength of manifestation, the general emotional state, which is reflected in human behavior

75. Determine the correct answer

Depending on the specific activity, branches of psychology are distinguished ....

1.Social

2. Comparative

3. Pedagogical

4.Space

5. Sports psychology

76. Finish the sentence

Interviewing is a method of psychology in which ...

77. Finish the sentence.

Testing is a method of psychology in which ....

78. Indicate the sequence of the hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

1. Self-expression

2. Physiological needs

3.Social

4. Need for respect

5. Need for safety and security

78. Find the right answer

1Appeal to the identity of the employee

2. Appeal to primary needs

3. Representation of complete freedom of action

79. Find the right answer

Democratic leadership style:

1. Appeal to the team

2. Appeal to psychological needs

3.Introduction of self-management

80. Find the right answer

Visual means of communication:

2.Gestures, facial expressions

3.Handshake

4. Distance to the interlocutor

The key to answering tests in the discipline "Managerial psychology"

3.A-2, 4; B-1,3,5,6

6.A-3; B-5; IN 1; G-2; D-4.

7.A-2; B-3; IN 1; G-4.

9.A-3; B-1; IN 2; G-4

14.A-4; B-3; IN 1; G-2

17.A-3; B-4; IN 1; G-2

22.A-3; B-1; IN 2

23.A-1,3,5; B-2,4,6

26.A-4; B-2; IN 1; G-3

29.A-2; B-3; AT 4; G-1

31.A-2; B-1; IN 3;

32.A-2; B-4; B-1; G-5; D-3

34. rules of conduct relevant to a particular institution, activity, situation.

35 ... the interaction of people in their activities, the transfer of information and decision-making.

37.A-2.5; B-1,3,4,6

39….a scientifically established method in which a psychic phenomenon is studied in specially designed and controlled rooms.

40 .... in which the researcher systematically and systematically observes the actions and deeds of a person or a group of people and, based on their behavior and actions, draws a conclusion about the mental phenomena observed.

41….a person viewed as conscious. sentient being with speech and the ability to labor activity and being in a certain relationship with other people.

42. Behaviorism, neobehaviorism, psychoanalysis or Freudianism, neo-Freudianism, cognitive and humanistic schools.

44…..processes through which a person learns the world around him. These include sensation, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking, speech.

45.A-2;.B-3; IN 1

46.A-1;B-3; IN 2

47.A-3; B-1; IN 2

48.A-3; B-1; IN 2

49.A-3.6; B-1,2,4,5,

51.A-3; B-1; IN 2

54.A-2.3; B-4; IN 1

55….to action with a specific focus

56.A-2.4; B-1,3,5

58. Motivation………to achieve personal and organizational goals

59. A-1,2,4; B-3.5

62. Need…..lack

63.A-2; B-3; IN 1

64 A-3; B-1; IN 2

65 A-4; B-3; IN 1; G-2

67.A-2; B-3; IN 1

68.A-3; B-1; IN 2

69.A-3; B-1; IN 2

71 .... ways of knowing the mental life of a person

73…..determine informal groups, informal leader, the status of each member of the team.

74.A-2; B-3; IN 1

76 ... .. oral survey of a large number of subjects and based on their answers, the problem is identified and solved

Anxiety is a child of evolution

Anxiety is a feeling familiar to absolutely everyone. Anxiety is based on the instinct of self-preservation, which we inherited from distant ancestors and which manifests itself in the form of a defensive reaction “Flight or fight”. In other words, anxiety does not arise from scratch, but has evolutionary grounds. If at a time when a person was constantly in danger in the form of an attack by a saber-toothed tiger or an invasion of a hostile tribe, anxiety really helped to survive, then today we live in the safest time in the history of mankind. But our instincts continue to operate at a prehistoric level, creating many problems. Therefore, it is important to understand that anxiety is not your personal flaw, but an evolutionary mechanism that is no longer relevant in modern conditions. Anxious impulses, once necessary for survival, have now lost their purpose, turning into neurotic manifestations that significantly limit the life of anxious people.