Parameters, dimensions and general technical requirements for trailers.
OST 37.001. 220-80

This standard applies to all types of trailers intended for towing by cars and minibuses on public roads.

1. PARAMETERS AND DIMENSIONS OF THE TRAILER

1.1. The total design weight of the trailer must not exceed the permitted by the manufacturer of the traction vehicle, must not be more than the curb weight of the traction vehicle and exceed 1800 kg.
1.2. The total structural weight of the trailer without brakes must not exceed the permitted by the manufacturer of the traction vehicle and must not be more than half of the curb weight of the traction vehicle.
1.3. The vertical static load in the center of the ball joint of the towbar in any weight condition of the trailer must correspond to the value permitted by the manufacturer of the towing vehicle, but must not be less than 240 N (25 kgf) and more than 980N (100 kgf).
1.4. The length of the trailer must not be more than 1.5 times the length of the main traction vehicle or more than 8 m.
1.5. The width of the trailer must not exceed the width of the main traction vehicle by more than 200 mm on each side and must not exceed 2.3 m.
1.6. The height of the trailer must not be more than 1.8 of the trailer gauge or more than 3m.
1.7. The center of gravity of a loaded trailer must be located in such a way that the ratio of the height of the center of gravity to the gauge of the trailer wheels is no more than 0.725.
1.8. The ground clearance of the trailer must not be less than the ground clearance of the main traction vehicle.

2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAILERS

2.1. General requirements
2.1.1. Trailers must be single-axle, it is allowed to use a paired axle.
2.1.2 A trailer with a horizontal interior floor, mounted on a level surface, must have a load on one side of the tire(s) of not more than 55% of its gross weight.
2 1.3. The design of the trailer must be designed for movement as part of a road train with a full design mass at a maximum speed permitted by manufacturers of traction vehicles.
2.1.4. The design and dimensions of the drawbar (frame) of the trailer must ensure the possibility of its deviation relative to the coupling ball installed on the vehicle, at the angles provided for by OST 37.001.096-77.
2.1.5. Trailers must be equipped with two non-removable safety chains (cables), which, in the event of an emergency break (breakage) of the towbar, must not allow the drawbar to touch the road surface, while ensuring trailer control.
2.1.6. Trailers must have two wheel chocks ("shoes").
2.1.7. Trailers must have space for jacking.
2.1.8. The trailer parking brake control must be removable and located on the right side in front of the drawbar (frame).
2.1.9. Trailers must be equipped with under-wheel protective devices (fenders, mudguards) if body parts do not perform the function of this device.
2.1.10. The materials used for the manufacture of trailers must have a fire resistance of water, fuel and oils not lower than the resistance of materials for parts and assemblies of a similar purpose of the main traction vehicle.
2.1.11. Trailer painting and control appearance coatings according to GOST 7593-80.
2.1.12. The trailer must have a climatic version in accordance with GOST 15150-69, corresponding to the climatic version of the main traction vehicle, and must be designed for storage conditions in open areas.
2.1.13. The service life of the trailer in accordance with the purpose and operating conditions are regulated by regulatory and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
2.2. Requirements for systems, components and assemblies of the trailer
2.2.1. Trailer brake systems must comply with the requirements of OST 37.001.016 70.
2.2.2. The locking device for coupling with a traction vehicle must comply with the requirements of OST 37.001.096-77.
2.2.3. Trailer electrical equipment, external lighting and signal devices must comply with the requirements of GOST 3940-71. GOST 8769-75, GOST 10984-74 and GOST 20961-75.
2.2.4. Trailers must have brackets (or a place) for attaching a license plate in accordance with GOST 3207-77.
2.2.5. To connect to the vehicle's electrical system, the trailer must have a plug in accordance with GOST 9209-76 with a connecting cable.
2.2.6. Trailers must have support legs that ensure the stability of the trailer in the uncoupled state and do not impair the cross-country ability of the road train.
With a vertical static load from the trailer locking device of more than 390 N (40 kgf), the front support leg must be equipped with a lifting-lowering mechanism that ensures that the locking device is installed in the position necessary for coupling (uncoupling). When the mechanism is manually driven, the force on the handle should not exceed 118N (12 kgf).

3. COMPLETE TRAILER

3.1. Trailers equipped with tires not unified with the main traction vehicle must have a spare wheel and a device for its fastening.
3.2. Trailers must be accompanied by necessary tools and accessories, if the set of tools and accessories of the main traction vehicle is not sufficient to service the trailer.

4. TRAILER MARKING

4.1. Trailers must have a nameplate and markings in accordance with industry normative and technical documentation.
4.2. Trailers must have an additional plate near the locking device in accordance with GOST 12971-67 indicating the full design mass of the trailer; maximum static load on

GOST R 52281-2004

Group D22

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

General technical requirements

Automobile trailers and semi-trailers.
General technical requirements

OKS 43.080.10
OKP 45 2500

Introduction date 2006-01-01

Foreword

Tasks, basic principles and rules for carrying out work on state standardization in Russian Federation established GOST R 1.0-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions" and GOST R 1.2-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Procedure for developing state standards"


About the standard

1 DEVELOPED BY THE STATE scientific center Russian Federation, Federal State Unitary Enterprises "Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Automobile and Automotive Institute" (FSUE "NAMI"), Federal State unitary enterprise"21 Research Testing Institute of Automotive Equipment of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation" ("21 NIII AT MO RF")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 56 "Road Transport"

3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 15, 2004 N 108-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME


Information about changes to this standard is published in the "National Standards" index, and the text of these changes - in the "National Standards" information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"

INTRODUCED Amendment N 1, approved and put into effect by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated 11/23/2006 N 267-st from 01/01/2007

Change No. 1 was made by the database manufacturer according to the text of IUS No. 2, 2007

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to car trailers, semi-trailers intended for the carriage of goods as part of a road train on public roads and their chassis and establishes general technical requirements for them.

The standard does not apply to trailers towed by vehicles equipped with towing devices in accordance with GOST 28248, multi-purpose trailers (semi-trailers), as well as trailers (semi-trailers), in terms of dimensions and permissible axle loads exceeding the values ​​established for motor vehicles.

2 Normative references

This standard uses references to the following standards:

GOST 2349-75 Hook-and-loop traction devices for automobile and tractor trains. Basic parameters and dimensions. Technical requirements

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers to them, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications

GOST 7593-80 Paint and varnish coatings for trucks. Technical requirements

GOST 9008-94 Details of wooden platforms for trucks, trailers and semi-trailers. General specifications

GOST 9200-76 (ISO 1185-75, ISO 1724-80, ISO 3731-80, ISO 3732-82, ISO 4091-78) Seven-pin detachable connections for cars and tractors

GOST 10409-74 (ISO 4107-95) Automobile wheels with collapsible rim. Main dimensions. General technical requirements

GOST 12017-81 Coupling pins for automobile semi-trailers. Types and basic dimensions

GOST 12105-74 Truck tractors and semi-trailers. Mounting dimensions

GOST 14192-96 Marking of goods

GOST 15150-69 Machinery, instruments and others technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of environmental climatic factors

GOST 21624-81 Maintenance and repair system for automotive vehicles. Requirements for operational manufacturability and maintainability of products

GOST 21758-81 Maintenance and repair system for automotive vehicles. Methods for determining indicators of operational manufacturability and maintainability during testing

GOST 23945.0-80 Unification of products. Key points

GOST 27226-90 Platforms onboard motor vehicles. Inner dimensions

GOST 28248-89 (ISO 1103-76) Cars. Ball-type towing hitch. Main dimensions

GOST R 41.13-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 13) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles of categories M, N and O with regard to braking

GOST R 41.30-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 30) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tires for motor vehicles and their trailers

GOST R 41.48-2004 (UNECE Regulation N 48) Uniform provisions concerning the certification of vehicles with regard to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices

GOST R 41.54-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 54) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tires for goods vehicles and their trailers

GOST R 41.55-2005 (UNECE Regulation N 55) Uniform provisions concerning mechanical parts of coupling devices of vehicle combinations

GOST R 41.58-2001 (UNECE Regulation N 58) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I Rear protective devices; II Vehicles with regard to the installation of Type Approved Rear Protective Devices; III Vehicles with regard to their rear protection

GOST R 41.73-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 73) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of goods vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers with regard to their side protection

GOST R 50511-93 (ISO 3006-76, ISO 3894-77, ISO 7141-81) Light alloy wheels for pneumatic tires. General specifications

GOST R 50577-93 Signs of state registration vehicles. Types and basic dimensions. Technical requirements

GOST R 50643-94 Detachable connection for anti-lock braking system. Main dimensions. Technical requirements. Test methods. Vehicle Mounting Instructions

GOST R 51893-2002 Pneumatic tires. General safety specifications

GOST R 51980-2002 Vehicles. Marking. General technical requirements

GOST R 52051-2003 Mechanical vehicles and trailers. Classification and definitions

GOST R 52230-2004 Automotive and tractor electrical equipment. General specifications

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards according to the "National Standards" index, compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replaced (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

3 Terms and definitions

This standard uses the terms according to GOST R 52051, as well as the term with the corresponding definition:

3.1 main traction vehicle: The vehicle listed as the main traction vehicle in design documentation(KD) on a trailer (semi-trailer).

4 General technical requirements

4.1 Appointment requirements

4.1.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be designed for operation in non-garage storage.

4.1.2 Trailers (semi-trailers) as part of a road train with the main traction vehicle, specially designed for long-distance and international transportation, with a cruising range of at least 1000 km, at the request of the consumer (customer) can be additionally equipped by the trailer manufacturer with a fuel tank with a device for mechanized pumping of fuel into the tank of the tractor.

4.1.3 When installing an additional fuel tank on trailers (semi-trailers), it must be protected from damage by structural elements. The fuel tank must be protected from corrosion.

Types and connecting dimensions of plugs and fillers of fuel tanks must comply with the requirements normative document.

4.2 Reliability requirements

4.2.1 For trailers (semi-trailers), the average resource before overhaul must be at least the resource of the main traction vehicle under the first category of operating conditions in accordance with GOST 21624 in macroclimatic regions with a temperate climate of V category of placement I in accordance with GOST 15150.

4.2.2 The mean time between failures of trailers (semi-trailers) must not be lower than that of the main traction vehicle.

4.3 Requirements for resistance to external influences

4.3.1 The climatic version of trailers (semi-trailers) must comply with the requirements established for the main traction vehicle.

4.3.2 The materials used for the manufacture of trailers (semi-trailers) must have a resistance not lower than the materials of parts and assembly units of the main traction vehicle.

4.3.3 The paint and varnish coatings of trailers (semi-trailers), except for those supplied with primer, must not be destroyed during mechanical washing with a water jet under pressure up to 0.15 MPa (1.5 kgf/cm), and must also be resistant to fuel and lubricants .

4.3.4 The service life of the paint coating is at least 5 years when trailers (semi-trailers) are operated in macroclimatic regions with a temperate climate of V location category I according to GOST 15150.

4.4 Requirements for ergonomics and technical aesthetics

4.4.1 Painting of trailers (semi-trailers) and control of the appearance of the surface of the coating - according to GOST 7593.

4.4.2 Paint and varnish coatings used for the outer surfaces of trailers (semi-trailers) must allow the possibility of touching up or repainting them with natural drying paints.

4.4.3 Forces required to raise the spare wheel, folding ladder should not exceed 500 N (50 kgf). When using lifting mechanisms (mechanical, hydraulic), the force on the mechanism drive handle, if it is cyclically repeated, should not exceed 200 N (20 kgf).

The force required to lift the side of the platform (bringing to transport position), should be no more than 300 N (40 kgf).

The force required to open and close the locking devices of the platform sides must be no more than 200 N (20 kgf).

4.4.4 The force on the handle of the drive mechanism for lifting and lowering the support devices of semi-trailers and the support post of a single-axle trailer must be no more than 200 N (20 kgf). For supporting devices with a load of more than 200 kN (20 tf), in agreement with the consumer (customer), an increase in force is allowed, but not more than 400 N (40 kgf).

4.5 Design requirements

4.5.1 General requirements

4.5.1.1 The dimensions and location of the towing and turning devices of trailers must be such that when turning the road train (when moving forward), the distances between the tractor and the trailer indicated in Figure 1 are observed, and at the same time there is no contact between the trailer and the traction vehicle in conditions operation.

Figure 1. Distances between the tractor and the trailer when turning the road train

The radius of the clearance of the rear of the tractor (trailer or semi-trailer for a multi-link road train);
- the radius of the front of the trailer; - the center of the towing device;
- the center of the trailer turning device; - distance to the center of the drawbar
devices for trailers with a central axle (axles) - no more than 420 mm

Picture 1

These requirements do not apply to trailers equipped with a coupling device that changes the distance between the trailer and the vehicle when turning.

Mounting dimensions of semi-trailers - according to GOST 12105 (version A).

4.5.1.2 Coupling loops of trailers (except for self-dipping releases) - according to GOST 2349, GOST R 41.55.

Trailers and their chassis intended for long-distance and international transportation, at the request of the consumer (customer), must be equipped with a backlash-free coupling device in accordance with GOST R 41.55.

Coupling pins of semi-trailers - in accordance with GOST 12017 (version A).

Trailers (semi-trailers) equipped with brakes (except for inertial ones), intended for operation as part of multi-link road trains, must have a place at the back for installing a towing device in accordance with GOST 2349, GOST R 41.55.

Trailers (semi-trailers) not equipped with a towing hook must have devices for forced evacuation (pulling out).

4.5.1.3 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have a brake system drive outlet in front, a hydraulic system drive outlet for dump trucks, detachable connections in accordance with GOST 9200 and for connecting an anti-lock braking system (ABS) in accordance with GOST R 50643.

Trailers (semi-trailers) intended for operation as part of multi-link road trains must additionally have similar outlets at the rear.

4.5.1.4 The design of trailers (semi-trailers), except for trailers (semi-trailers), the speed of which is limited by the requirements of the DD, must ensure the possibility of their movement as part of a full-weight road train with a maximum speed not lower than the maximum speed of the traction vehicle.

4.5.1.5 Static angles of lateral tipping of trailers (semi-trailers) with an onboard platform with a full mass with a load that ensures full use of the cargo capacity of the main onboard platforms must be at least:

35° - for single axle trailer;

32° - for a two-axle trailer;

28° - for semi-trailers (together with a tractor).

4.5.1.6 The ground clearance of trailers (semi-trailers), except for trailers (semi-trailers) with a reduced loading height, must be not less than that of the main traction vehicle.

4.5.1.7 Semi-trailers must be equipped with a support device to maintain the front part in the uncoupled state and ensure the convenience of coupling (uncoupling) the semi-trailer from the traction vehicle by one person.

Support device controls must be located on both sides.

It is allowed to install the control element only on the right side of the semi-trailer.

4.5.1.8 The ground clearance under the supporting devices of the semi-trailer with a full weight must be, mm, not less than:

4.5.1.9 The vertical static pressure on the traction hook of the vehicle from the coupling loop of a single-axle trailer with a full weight, except for trailers, dissolutions, should not exceed 500 N (50 kgf).

By agreement with the consumer (customer), it is allowed to increase the vertical static pressure to the values ​​\u200b\u200bestablished by GOST 2349, and for trailers with a central axle (axes) - GOST R 52051.

4.5.1.10 Single-axle trailers, except for trailers, must have support posts that ensure stability in the uncoupled state. With a vertical static pressure of more than 500 N (50 kgf) from the trailer coupling loop, the front support leg must be equipped with a mechanism for raising and lowering the coupling loop to a position that ensures the coupling (uncoupling) of the trailer from the traction vehicle.

4.5.1.11 The design of trailers (semi-trailers) must ensure the convenience of cleaning and washing operations (removal of dirt, dust, snow).

4.5.2 Handling and stability

4.5.2.1 A full weight trailer as part of a road train with the main traction vehicle, when driving straight on a road with a hard, even surface, at any speed, must not go beyond the corridor, the width of which is 0.5 m more than the maximum width of the road train.

4.5.2.2 The turntables of trailers shall turn to each side through an angle of at least 60°.

When turning at the maximum angle, the drawbar of the trailer with steerable wheels, the swivel bogie and the self-aligning axles of the trailer (semi-trailer) must not reach the stop. At the same time, it should be possible to roll the wheels without side slip when the road train is moving with a minimum turning radius of the main traction vehicle.

4.5.2.3 The steered wheels of trailers and semi-trailers shall have a locking device for ease of maneuvering when the road train is reversing.

The design of the blocking device must exclude the possibility of its spontaneous activation (deactivation).

4.5.3 Suspension

4.5.3.1 The suspension of trailers (semi-trailers) must ensure smooth running in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory document.

4.5.4 Wheels and tires

4.5.4.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) should be equipped with pneumatic tires in accordance with GOST 5513, GOST R 41.30, GOST R 41.54, GOST R 51893.

4.5.4.2 Rim profile and fastening of wheels of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 10409, GOST R 50511 and regulatory document.

In technically justified cases, it is allowed to use wheels according to the design documentation for a trailer (semi-trailer) of a specific type.

4.5.4.3 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have spare wheels and appropriate devices for their attachment. The number of spare wheels and their need for dump trailers, dissolution trailers and single-axle trailers towed by utility vehicles are set in agreement with the consumer (customer).

4.5.5 Brake system

4.5.5. * Braking systems and braking properties of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST R 41.13.
________________
* The numbering corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.

4.5.6 Onboard platform

4.5.6.1 Dimensions of onboard platforms - according to GOST 27226.

Trailers (semi-trailers) with side platforms must be equipped with devices (hooks, brackets, etc.) for tying the awning and securing the load, and at the request of the consumer (customer), it must be possible to attach the awning frame and additional boards or extensions .

Side platforms of trailers (semi-trailers) must have rear and side folding sides. Side platforms of single-axle trailers with a gross weight of up to 1.2 tons inclusive are allowed to be equipped with one folding tailgate.

4.5.6.2 At the request of the consumer (customer), trailers (semi-trailers) are equipped with extensions.

The design of devices for fastening extension boards of trailer platforms (semi-trailers) with a carrying capacity of 4.0 tons or more is recommended to be calculated on maximum height extensions, determined by the conditions for the full use of the carrying capacity of trailers (semi-trailers) when transporting goods with a specific volume of at least 2.5 m/t.

4.5.6.3 At the request of the consumer (customer), the design of the platforms shall provide for the possibility of installing sealing devices to prevent the loss of bulk cargo during their transportation.

4.5.6.4 The structure of the awning frame should provide for ease of installation and dismantling of the awning. The height of the loading space under the awning for trailers (semi-trailers) with a carrying capacity of 3.0 tons or more - not less than 1800 mm.

4.5.6.5 Technical requirements for wooden parts of platforms - according to GOST 9008.

4.5.6.6 The floor of the onboard platform of trailers with a carrying capacity of 1.5 tons or more is recommended to be made without wheel arches.

4.5.6.7 The floor of the onboard platform of trailers (semi-trailers), except for dump trucks, with a carrying capacity of at least 8 tons, it is recommended to rely on the ability to operate a loader with a gross weight of 3.2 tons.

At the request of the consumer (customer), the estimated weight of the loader can be increased to 3.7 tons.

4.5.6.8 The handles of the locking devices of the side platforms (doors of vans, etc.) of trailers (semi-trailers) in the equipped state shall be located at a height of not more than 1950 mm from the supporting surface of the road.

4.5.7 Electrical equipment

4.5.7.1 Electrical equipment, external lighting and signal equipment of trailers (semi-trailers) must comply with the requirements of GOST R 52230.

4.5.7.2 The number, location, color and visibility angles of trailer (semi-trailer) instruments must comply with the requirements of GOST R 41.48.

4.5.7.3 Trailers must be equipped with a plug with a connecting cable, and semi-trailers with a socket.

4.5.8 Completeness

4.5.8.1 Each trailer (semi-trailer) must be accompanied by operational documentation that meets the requirements of the regulatory document.

4.5.8.2 Completeness of trailers (semi-trailers) with additional equipment is determined by the contract between the consumer (customer) and the manufacturer.

4.5.9 Marking

4.5.9.1 Marking of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST R 51980.

4.5.9.2 Places for installing jacks must be indicated in the operation manual (OM).

4.5.9.3 Places for mooring trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 14192.

4.5.10 Unification requirements

4.5.10.1 The economically feasible degree of unification (both intra-factory and inter-factory), as a rule, is determined separately in each specific case and is reflected in the technical documentation.

The main provisions for unification are in accordance with GOST 23945.0.

5 Safety requirements

5.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be equipped with removable rear protective devices in accordance with GOST R 41.58.

Trailers (semi-trailers) are allowed not to be equipped with a rear protective device, if the elements of their frame and platform perform its functions.

5.2 Trailers, except for single-axle trailers and trailers, must be equipped with a device that maintains the drawbar coupling eye in a position that facilitates coupling and uncoupling from the traction vehicle. At the same time, it must be possible to tilt the drawbar to corners in accordance with GOST 2349 with the device disconnected.

In case of spontaneous disengagement of the drawbar loop from the vehicle's towing hook (in the event of an emergency separation from the traction vehicle), the device must not allow the drawbar coupling loop to touch the surface of a horizontal section of the road.

5.3 Single-axle trailers (except for dissolutions), as well as trailers without brakes, must be equipped with safety chains (cables).

In the event of an emergency break (breakage) of the towing device, the safety chains (cables) must ensure the control of the trailer, in addition, single-axle trailers must not allow the drawbar coupling loop to touch the surface of a horizontal section of the road.

Safety chains (cables) should not be attached to the vehicle's towing hook or its fasteners.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

5.4 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have at least two wheel chocks located in an easily accessible place.

5.5 Semi-trailers intended for the carriage of long loads (pipes, logs, etc.) must have a device in front that protects the cab of the driver of the traction vehicle from damage due to possible displacement of the transported load during sudden braking.

5.6 Trailers (semi-trailers) - dump trucks must be equipped with a device for fixing a raised unloaded body.

5.7 Trailers, except for dissolutions, and semi-trailers must be equipped with over-wheel protective devices (fenders, mudguards), if the parts of the platform or the installed equipment do not perform the function of this device.

Protective devices on the rear side of the wheel must have a lower edge at such a height that the plane passing through the theoretical point of contact of the tire with the road of trailers (semi-trailers) in the loaded state and the lower edge of the part of the device made of elastic material makes an angle with the road plane of not more than 15°.

The width of the protective devices must be at least the width of the tires installed in the design documentation.

5.8 Trailers, except for single-axle ones with a gross weight of up to 1.2 tons, and semi-trailers must be equipped with service and parking brake systems.

5.9 The parking brake control of trailers (semi-trailers) is located on the right side or behind and must be easily accessible and non-removable.

5.10 If there is only one spare wheel, it is not allowed to install the spare wheel and the control mechanism for its lifting (lowering) on ​​the left side of the trailer (semi-trailer) and trailer with a swivel bogie and a base up to 3200 mm, having a right-hand location of the parking brake system controls.

5.11 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be equipped with steps or ladders for climbing onto the platform, unless the design provides for other elements that perform their functions.

The bearing surface of the step must be corrugated.

5.12 The design of the spare wheel lift should not allow it to fall when the lift drive handle is released.

5.13 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be provided with a place for attaching a license plate in accordance with GOST R 50577.

5.14 Trailers, except for dissolutions, and semi-trailers, except for those intended for the carriage of long indivisible goods and without platforms, must be equipped with side protective devices (BZU) in accordance with GOST R 41.73.

Trailers (semi-trailers) are allowed not to be equipped with side protective devices if their frame elements, platforms and other elements perform the functions of a safety lock.

6 Transport

6.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be adapted for their transportation by rail and by car in accordance with the rules applicable to each mode of transport. Transportation by water and air transport is negotiated by the customer in terms of reference. Partial disassembly is allowed.

6.2 Trailers (semi-trailers) shall be provided with places for mooring or mooring units that provide the possibility of securing trailers (semi-trailers) during transportation, as well as during their loading and unloading.

The strength of the mooring places on the trailer (semi-trailer) must be sufficient to withstand the calculated overloads when transporting them by a specific type of transport.

7 Instructions for use

7.1 Labor intensity of maintenance and current repair trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 21624.

The frequency of maintenance of trailers (semi-trailers) - 15,000 km.

7.2 The trailers (semi-trailers) should be supplied with the necessary tools and devices for carrying out maintenance work, if specified works not provided with tools and fixtures of the main traction vehicle. In this case, to place the tool and accessories on the trailer (semi-trailer), a place must be provided to ensure their safety.

7.3 Lubricants and working fluids used in trailers (semi-trailers) must correspond to those used for assembly units of a similar purpose of the main traction vehicle.

7.4 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be designed for the aggregate repair method.

7.5 Requirements to ensure the operational manufacturability and maintainability of trailers (semi-trailers) - in accordance with GOST 21624.

Indicators of operational manufacturability - according to GOST 21758.

7.6 Preparation for operation and operation should be carried out in accordance with the OM for a specific trailer (semi-trailer).

8 Manufacturer's warranty

8.1 Warranty operating time and warranty period of operation of trailers (semi-trailers) must not be lower than that of the main traction vehicle.

Bibliography

OST 37.001.450-87 Plugs and fillers of fuel tanks of vehicles. Types and main connection dimensions

OST 37.001.291-84 Vehicles. Ride technical standards

OST 37.001.429-98 Wheels for pneumatic tires with non-separable deep rims with landing shelves 5° with the shape of side flanges B, J, K, L. General specifications

OST 37.001.511-2001 one system design documentation. Operational documents for automotive industry products

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Moscow: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2005

Revision of the document, taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"

Manufacture of trailers for cars.
So, you are finally ripe to stop working for someone and start earning yourself. There are a bunch interesting ideas for business, from needlework to writing your own software. However, if your hands are growing from the right place, and your head is working in the right direction, you can do such a simple and profitable business as the production of trailers for cars. With the right approach to the topic of organizing this business, you can easily get away from working for your "uncle" and start working for yourself and for your own pleasure. You can earn not only in production, but also in the further maintenance of trailers, which will also bring very good and tangible profits.

But we'll talk about numbers later. So, let's go in order, what do we need?
First: the presence of a production area, that is, a room in which you can directly produce products and carry out maintenance of the units.

Room.

The room will need an area of ​​​​50 square meters and above. Perhaps you already have a large garage, count on being able to work on two or three pieces of the product at the same time, plus required space for tools and equipment. In the absence of such, you will have to look for a suitable room on the side and rent it. The price depends on the location and size, and, of course, on the personal characteristics of the tenant - here's how you agree. Let's consider, as an example, areas in cities with a population of 100 - 250 thousand people, the cost will fluctuate around 0.5-0.8 dollars per square meter rented premises.

Staff.

Second: You will need an assistant, that is, a hired worker. Of course, you can do everything alone, but if you want to work at a faster pace and, accordingly, produce more products, get more profit, increase the pace, you definitely need an assistant at the initial stage, over time you will have more than one employee, but several. But now we are considering starting a business with minimal investment, so we are still talking about hiring one employee.

Attracting a new person to work is a big responsibility that carries certain risks, because the successful start of your business will also depend on this person. Therefore, the selection of a candidate must be approached carefully and with caution, it is good if this is a person whom you already know and are confident in him. professional qualities. If this is not the case, try to find a person on the recommendations of friends and acquaintances.

Remember, you are not the owner of a large firm that can afford the loss in hiring skilled workers and teach them something in the production process. You immediately need a highly qualified specialist in this field, well, or at least a person who has experience working with trailers in terms of maintenance. And, of course, he will have to pay wages, here again everything depends on you - as you agree. We will assume that the average wage your assistant will be $400 per month.

Equipment.

Third: You will need quality trailer assembly equipment. So, what do you need from the main tools?

Need a good welding machine- we will assume that the average cost is about 400 dollars, you will also need a high-quality grinder (grinder in a simple way) - the cost is about 300 dollars, a good drill - the cost is 250 - 300 dollars. Well, you need other tools: hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, drills, electrodes, and so on, on average for another 700 - 1000 dollars.

Fourth: advertising. In order for your product to be bought, you need to know about it. There is a slogan in modern world- "Advertising is the engine of trade", and this is an absolutely true statement. After all, note that there are things that you have never heard of before, but a month or two passes and when you hear a familiar melody or motive, you immediately associate certain images in your head, for example, Vest razors or Dosya washing powder. So let's not deviate from world practice and move our product in the same way.

It is necessary to immediately promote product advertising at the start, the best in this case are local FM radio stations, and local city newspapers with free ads. First, it is necessary to immediately coordinate and produce a commercial, the text and music of which will not change throughout the entire advertising period. You need to order such advertising for a period of at least two to three months, with scrolling intervals of at least four times a day.

As for the newspaper, it is necessary to coordinate and produce one layout / block with beautiful design, preferably placed on 2-3 pages of the newspaper, with a period of at least two to three months. We will assume that such a pleasure will cost you about $ 1,500. But trust me, it's worth it. In three months, every motorist and not only will know where, if necessary, in your city you can buy a high-quality and inexpensive trailer.

Sales of products.

Fifth: sales of products. To sell products, you will need a platform for displaying goods, so to speak "face". Ideally, if you have a platform for the exhibition of trailers, right next to your production premises. Of course, it is desirable that it be a covered area, protected by a fence, with protection from rain and snow, but it does not matter if there is none, because you produce a quality product and rain and snow do not interfere with it in principle.

Investments.

Sixth: investment. So, let's calculate how much money you need at the start. Variable Costs: Renting the premises: $0.7 per square meter x 50 = $1,050 per month, tools $2,000, advertising $1,500, materials to make two trailers $600. Total at the start you will need: 1050 + 2000 + 1500 + 600 = 5150 dollars. Salary for the employee is a constant expense, we will consider it every month as well as the purchase of material for production.

Payback.

Seventh: let's calculate the payback period. average cost sales finished products about 600 dollars /piece Suppose in the first month of work you produced two trailers, sold them in the next month, in the second month you already produced four trailers, sold them in the next month, in the third month you produced six trailers and on average we will assume that together you can produce about six trailers per month and also sell, on average, about six trailers per month.

Thus, it turns out: it is necessary to sell about 20 trailers in order to pay off the investment and start making a net profit. In 4-6 months from the start of production and sales, your business will fully pay off and you will start working in a net plus for yourself. Good luck in your endeavors.

When the enterprise PO "Kurgan trailers" focused only on the production of trailers, things quickly went uphill. At first, the company sold its products individuals, and today they cannot be outdone by the number of large customers. Thirst spoke about how the plant makes a decision to release new models, and about attracting customers CEO company Alexander Tupitsyn.

Easy update

Developing family business, Alexander began to think about the question of who else can offer the products of his company, how to ensure a stable flow of customers and how to adjust the manufacturing process to the growing demand.

At the Kurgan trailers enterprise, production is quite flexible - this is what main feature. Almost all the parts that make up the trailer are made in the same factory. Purchased parts are used very little - mostly those that require a separate manufacturer. Due to the constant availability of the necessary constituent parts able to provide fast updates model range products.

The plant has its own design bureau - it includes 7 people, each of whom is responsible for a separate scope of work. Therefore, the introduction of a new product takes place without fundamental investments. Money. All equipment is reconfigurable, nothing supernatural is required.

Alexander Tupitsyn: “The decision whether the trailer will go on the market or not, we make together with economists and the marketing department. We evaluate the market, possible sales volumes. We determine the implementation conditions based on information about customers, age group, income, climate zone. Bringing out New Product to the market, we analyze forecasts and only then make decisions. When considering whether to continue to manufacture a particular model, past years' sales are taken into account. By this year, only one modification had left the market - it was replaced by another, with better characteristics and a lower price.

The expansion of production with new models took about six months. It consisted in the creation of a new site at the enterprise. It was necessary to allocate space for it, equip it, purchase tools and hire staff. More time had to be spent on the preparation of design documentation and staff training.

More load-bearing trailers are produced in smaller quantities - it depends on the requirements of the customer. Sometimes it is necessary to manufacture a product for a specific cargo, for the transportation of which special materials and design are needed.

The company produced about 40 heavy-duty trailers with a brake system - and all are different. Single assembly does not require high costs. There was no need to upgrade the equipment either, since manual assembly was mainly used.

What can you win

Entrepreneurs who want to engage in the production of similar products and their subsequent sale are enough. To take second place in sales and manufacture of trailers in Russia and bypass competitors is obtained due to several factors.

Alexander Tupitsyn: “The main advantages of successful growth in sales are the following: we are practically independent of suppliers, we are not associated with changes in the exchange rate, apart from speculation in the metal market. In addition, we are not tied to delivery times, since we do everything ourselves. When developing a new product, we most often overestimate the requirements for the product to withstand a large load, as is customary in Russia, where high requirements are placed on the product. The designs of our trailers are durable and reliable, they correspond to the declared characteristics in terms of carrying capacity, and they are always manufactured within the framework of the regulations.”

It is very difficult to imagine the development of new modifications without updating fixed assets. Buyers may appear with their offers from an unknown field of activity - a quick reconfiguration for advantageous order requires readjustable technical processes and, of course, capacities to increase the number of trailers sold. The lion's share of the profit goes to the modernization of production.

Alexander Tupitsyn: “The main direction of investment for us is technical re-equipment. The purchase of modern high-performance equipment that will manufacture our products and diversify the range will allow us to produce not only trailers. In any market there is a glut and other crisis phenomena. From such moments we must be insured. It is important to offer the market new products that will keep the company on its feet in difficult times. Therefore, modernizing production and developing new models are our top priorities. This is what we are investing in.”

At the request of buyers, it is possible to produce a new modification based on trailers or a completely alternative product. Such production is universal. The plant has a metal preparation shop, a welding shop, a painting shop, a machining shop, and an assembly shop. There is a sewing workshop - they sew awnings for trailers, overalls. Production is so flexible that customer orders are never ignored. The main thing is to find these customers and offer correct solution at a reasonable price.

Basic parameters for sales

Alexander Tupitsyn: “If a client places an order, then we all calculate, look at competitive offers, offer the best options, and he makes a decision. If we are promoting a product, then there is a different approach. First, we study the market, the demand for this trailer model, and, depending on this, we already decide whether it is profitable to produce such a modification. And the sale of the product itself depends on whether it corresponds to the declared quality, price and consumer characteristics.”

Another factor is the availability of the product to customers. It is provided by a dealer network that has about 80 partners in our country. The company's website contains contacts where you can always contact for any questions.

The management is constantly engaged in the development of the dealer network, trains its employees to sell and promote goods. Our hero closely monitors marketing, advertising and other forms of stimulating demand for his products. Work is also carried out in neighboring countries, the goods are easily sold in countries Customs Union. Thanks to the new technical regulations, sales are obtained without bureaucratic delays. The dealer network and the quality of the product have become a guarantee of success.

A good friendly team was formed at the plant, which withstood all the difficulties. Alexander manages to retain qualified workers, although this is not so easy.

Alexander Tupitsyn: “New engineers come to us, young people appear. She is not like experienced workers - without factory hardening of the 90s. But these are creative people who want to put all their efforts into a common cause. We do not experience a large shortage of personnel, because we always have a job, the enterprise operates stably and decent wages are paid on time.”

The only problem, according to our hero, is technologists and designers. You have to fight for them. To date, it has already been possible to form a team of designers.

"Kurgan trailers" in facts and figures

Organizational and legal form

Joint-stock company.

Unique offers

The main enterprise "Kurgan trailers" is engaged in the manufacture of trailers for various purposes with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons. They are divided into two categories: with a carrying capacity of up to 750 kg and from 750 kg to 3.5 tons. The latter are equipped with brakes.

Annual turnover

In 2016, approximately 24.5 thousand trailers were sold, and the revenue amounted to about 930 million rubles including VAT. In 2015, it was 890 million rubles.

Alexander Tupitsyn: “The plant ranks second in Russia in terms of production volume. With the leader, we produce almost the same amount of products. And the enterprise, which occupies the 3rd place, produces 3 times less than us.”

Return on investment

The expansion of production with new models took about six months.

Promotion tools

Dealer network, which now has about 80 partners throughout the country, sales sites