The concept of "type of standard" defines the content depending on its purpose. The state standardization system establishes the following types standards:

1. Fundamental

2. Standards for products and services

3. Standards for work (processes)

4 Standard for control methods (for test methods, measurement methods)

They are developed in order to ensure mutual understanding, unity of approaches and the relationship between the activities of science and production. These standards establish norms, requirements, rules that are considered as general and should contribute to the solution of problems common to science and production.

Fundamental standards may establish scientific and technical terminology widely used in science and industry.

Product standards establish requirements either for a specific type of product or for a group of homogeneous products, depending on this, they are divided into 2 types:

Specification Standard. Containing requirements for specific products. These standards apply to the manufacture, supply, operation, repair and disposal of products. These standards should not contradict the standards of general specifications and contain additional (compared to the standards of general specifications) product requirements.

General technical standards.

Standards that contain general requirements for groups of homogeneous products. They contain borders such as:

1 Classification

2 Basic parameters (dimensions)

3 General requirements to quality

4 Labeling requirements

5 Safety requirements for human life and property, and for environment.

Also, these standards contain requirements for the acceptance of products, methods of control, transportation and storage. They establish requirements for specific types of work that are carried out at different stages of existence (design, production, supply, operation, repair, disposal). Work standards should contain requirements for health and safety at all stages life cycle products. Designed to provide comprehensive control of all mandatory requirements for product quality.

§7 State control and supervision for compliance state standards.

In accordance with the Law "On Standardization", state control and supervision over compliance with economic activity mandatory requirements of state standards. These requirements include - the requirement to ensure the safety of people's lives, their property, the environment, as well as other requirements specified in the laws. In terms of content, control and supervision are identical, the difference lies in the powers of the entities that exercise supervision or control. In the event of violations of the mandatory requirements of state standards, an inspection report is drawn up, which is the basis for issuing orders and making a decision to impose a fine. In case of non-compliance by business entities with the instructions received, state inspectors send necessary materials to court in due course.

Categories and types of standards are developed on the basis and results of research, development, technological and design work taking into account the best domestic and foreign achievements in the relevant fields of science and technology, the requirements of international, regional and progressive national standards of other countries and provide optimal solutions for the economic and social development of the country.

Rice. 10.1. Classification of categories and types of standards

State standards(GOST R) are obligatory for all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the country, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, citizens engaged in individual labor activity, ministries (departments), other organizations of state administration of the Russian Federation, as well as local government bodies within the scope of their activities. GOSTs R are established mainly for products of mass and large-scale production, products that have passed state certification, export goods, as well as for norms, rules, requirements, concepts, designations and other objects of cross-industry application that are necessary to ensure optimal product quality, unity and interconnection of various branches of science, technology, production, etc. For example, the objects of state standardization can be:

Organizational, methodological and general technical objects, including the organization of standardization work, a single technical language, standard sizes and standard designs of general-purpose products (bearings, fasteners, tools, etc.), compatible software and hardware information technologies, work on metrological providing, reference data on the properties of materials and substances, classification and coding of technical and economic information;

The constituent elements of large national economic complexes (transport, energy systems, communications, defense, environmental protection, etc.);

Objects of state scientific, technical and socio-economic target programs and projects;

Products of wide, including intersectoral, application;

Achievements in science and technology that allow the Russian Federation (or specific enterprises) to ensure the competitiveness of their products or technologies;

Products manufactured in Russian Federation to meet the internal needs of the population and production, as well as supplied to other states under bilateral obligations;

The system of design (ESKD) and technological (ESTD) documentation, documentation in the field of management and organization of production, etc.

The development of the state standards of the Russian Federation is carried out, as a rule, by the technical committees for standardization in accordance with the given plans for the state standardization of the Russian Federation, the work programs (plans) of the technical committees and contracts for the development of standards. When developing standards, one should be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation, state standards and other regulatory documents on standardization, as well as take into account the documents of international and regional standardization organizations.

The state standards of the Russian Federation include:

Mandatory requirements for the quality of products, works and services that ensure safety for human life, health and property, environmental protection, mandatory requirements for safety and industrial sanitation;

Mandatory requirements for compatibility and interchangeability of products;

Mandatory methods of control (measurement, testing, analysis) of requirements for the quality of products, works and services;

Parametric series and standard designs of products;

Basic consumer (operational) properties of products, requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation, storage and disposal of products;

Provisions that ensure technical unity in the development, production, operation (application) of products and the provision of services;

Rules for the preparation of technical documentation, tolerances and landings, general rules ensuring product quality, conservation and rational use of all resources, terms, definitions and designations, metrological and other general technical rules and regulations.

State standards contain the following structural elements: title page; foreword; content; introduction; Name; application area; Normative references; definitions; designations and abbreviations; requirements; applications; bibliographic data. Structural elements, with the exception of the elements "Title page", "Foreword", "Name", "Requirements", are given depending on the features of the standardized object. Construction, presentation, design, content and designation of standards - according to GOST R 1.5-93.

GOSTs R are approved by the State Standard of Russia (Gosstroy of Russia). Before approving a standard, Gosstandart of Russia or Gosstroy of Russia checks them for compliance with legal requirements, current state standards of the Russian Federation, metrological rules and norms of the terminology used, rules for constructing and presenting standards. When approving a standard, the date of its entry into force is set, taking into account the activities necessary for the implementation of the standard. The validity period of the standard, as a rule, is not set. After approval, it is assigned a GOST R index, a standard number and the last two digits of the year of approval or revision (for example, GOST R 248-99). State registration of the standard is carried out by the State Standard of Russia in the prescribed manner.

Industry standards(OST) are developed in cases where there are no state standards of the Russian Federation for standardization objects or if it is necessary to establish requirements that exceed the requirements of state standards of the Russian Federation (the requirements of industry standards should not contradict the mandatory requirements of state standards). OSTs are used by all enterprises and organizations in this industry (for example, machine tool building, automotive and tractor, etc.), as well as other enterprises and organizations (regardless of their departmental affiliation and type of ownership) that develop, manufacture and use products that belong to the nomenclature, assigned to the respective ministry. OSTs establish requirements for products that are not related to objects of state standardization, technological equipment, industry-specific tools, as well as for norms, rules, terms and designations, the regulation of which is necessary to ensure the interconnection in the production and technical activities of enterprises and organizations in the industry and for achieving the optimum level of product quality.

OSTs are obligatory for enterprises and organizations of this industry, as well as for enterprises and organizations of other industries (customers) that use or consume products of this industry.

Industry standards are approved by the ministry (department) that is leading in the production of this type of product. After approval, they are assigned an OST index, a numeric industry code, a standard number and the last two digits of the year of approval or revision (for example, OST 3.348-98).

Specifications(TS) are developed by enterprises, organizations and other business entities when it is not practical to create a state or industry standard or it is necessary to supplement or tighten those requirements that are established in existing GOSTs or OSTs. It is impossible to develop specifications, the requirements of which are lower than the requirements of the categories of standards or contradict them.

Technical specifications are applied on the territory of the Russian Federation by enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, and citizens engaged in individual labor activities, in accordance with contractual obligations and (or) licenses for the right to manufacture and sell products or provide services.

The TU sections include an introductory part and the following sections:

Basic parameters and (or) dimensions;

Technical requirements;

Security requirements;

Completeness, acceptance rules;

Control methods (tests, analysis, measurements);

Rules for labeling, transportation and storage;

Instructions for use;

Manufacturer's warranty.

Prior to approval, TS projects are agreed with consumers or customers of products (to reflect the wishes and comments of consumers in TS) and other interested organizations. At the same time, it is checked whether they contradict the standards in force in the country and other specifications.

TS is approved by the manufacturer (developer of technical specifications), as a rule, without limitation of validity period. The limitation of the period of validity of TS is established in agreement with the customer enterprise (consumer).

Designations for technical specifications are assigned by the enterprise-developer of products in accordance with the accepted procedure for designating technical specifications. For newly organized enterprises and associations, it is recommended to designate technical specifications with the following structure, consisting of the TU index, a four-digit product class code according to the OKP (All-Russian classifier of products) and a three-digit registration number separated by a dash, as a rule, an eight-digit enterprise code according to OKPO (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations), which is the holder of the original technical specifications, and the last two digits of the year of approval of the document (for example: TU 4521-164-34267369-99, where 4521 is the OKP product group, 34267369 is the enterprise code according to OKPO).

After approval, technical specifications are subject to state accounting registration. If the technical specifications are approved by the enterprise, then they are sent to the laboratories of the state supervision of standards. Not subject to registration specifications for the following products:

Prototypes (experimental batches);

Souvenirs and products of folk art crafts (except for products made of precious metals and stones);

Technological industrial waste of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products;

Component parts of the product, semi-finished products, substances and materials not intended for independent supply or manufactured by direct order of one enterprise;

Means of technological equipment, produced in the form of individual units or small batches, sporadically, as the need for them arises, with the exception of measuring instruments and test instruments;

Single production products.

Information about technical specifications is published in the monthly publications of the State Standard of the Russian Federation.

Enterprise standards(STP) develop and approve enterprises and associations, including unions, associations, concerns, joint-stock companies, intersectoral, regional and other associations, for products, processes and services created and used only at this enterprise.

STP apply to norms, rules, methods, components of products and other objects that are applicable only at this enterprise; on the norms in the field of organization and management of production; on technological norms and requirements, standard technological processes, equipment, tools; services provided within the enterprise; processes of organization and management of production, etc. STP can also be developed in order to limit state and industry standards and features of a given enterprise, if this does not violate or reduce the quality indicators and requirements established by GOSTs or OSTs.

As an enterprise standard, it is allowed to use international, regional and national standards of other countries on the basis of international agreements (contracts) on cooperation or with the permission of the relevant regional organizations and national bodies, if their requirements meet the needs of the national economy and there are no state and industry standards developed on their basis . The construction, presentation, design, content and designation of enterprise standards are given in GOST R 1.5-93. STP is approved by the management of the enterprise ( Chief Engineer enterprises, associations). After approval, they are assigned the STP index, the digital code of the enterprise, workshop, department, standardization object, and the last two digits of the year of approval or revision (for example, STP 0005-48-553-44-92.). STPs are approved, as a rule, without limitation of the period of validity, and they do not apply to the supplied products and are not subject to state registration with the Gosstandart of Russia.

Standards public associations, scientific, technical and engineering societies(STO) develop and approve, as a rule, fundamentally new types of products, services or processes, advanced methods of control, measurement, testing and analysis, as well as non-traditional technologies and production management principles. Public associations dealing with these problems pursue the goal of disseminating promising results and world scientific, technical, fundamental and applied research through their standards. These categories of standards are taken into account and applied by business entities for the dynamic use of information received in various fields knowledge of the results of research and development, and also serve as an important source of information on cutting-edge achievements. By decision of the enterprise or organization itself, they are adopted on a voluntary basis for the use of certain provisions in the development of OSTs and enterprise standards.

STO, as well as OST and STP, should not contradict Russian legislation, and if their content concerns the safety aspect, then the drafts of these standards should be agreed with the state oversight bodies.

Business entities determine the need to use SRT independently and bear responsibility for this. Information about the adopted standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations is sent to the bodies of the State Standard of Russia.

When developing all types of domestic standards, the recommendations of international organizations for standardization are taken into account.

international standard(ISO) is developed and published by the international organization for standardization. Based on ISO, national standards are created, they are also used for international economic relations. The main goal of ISO is to promote the favorable development of standardization in the world in order to facilitate the international exchange of goods and to develop mutual cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities.

Once approved, an International Standard is assigned an index, a standard number, and a year of approval or revision (eg ISO/R 1989).

Gosstandart of Russia allows the following rules for the application of international standards:

Acceptance without amendments of changing the text of the international standard as the state Russian GOST R. Such a standard is designated as it is customary for domestic standards;

Adoption of the text of the international standard, but with additions reflecting the peculiarities of Russian requirements for the object of standardization. When designating such a standard, the number of the corresponding international one is added to the code of the domestic standard.

10.2. Types of standards

Standards are fundamental;

Standards for products, services;

Process standards;

Standards for methods of control, measurement, testing, analysis, etc.

Fundamental standards develop with the aim of promoting mutual understanding, technical unity and interconnection of activities in various fields of science, technology and production. This type of standards establishes such organizational principles and regulations, requirements, rules and norms that are considered as common to these areas and should contribute to the fulfillment of goals common to both science and production. In general, they ensure their interaction in the development, creation and operation of a product or service in such a way that the requirements for environmental protection, product or process safety for human life, health and property, as well as resource conservation and other general technical standards stipulated by state standards for products.

This suggests that the fundamental standards should be basically complex standards that combine interrelated standards if they have a common target orientation, establish consistent requirements for interrelated standardization objects. These standards, essentially being a combination of interrelated regulatory documents of a methodological nature, contain provisions aimed at ensuring that the standards applied at different levels of management do not contradict each other and the law, ensure the achievement common purpose and fulfillment of mandatory requirements for products, processes, services. An example of fundamental standards can be complex standards (ESKD, ESTD, ESDP, regulatory documents on the organization of the State Standardization System in Russia, etc.).

Standards for products, services establish requirements for groups of homogeneous products (services) or specific products (services).

An example of standards for products, services can be:

General technical requirements standards;

Standards of parameters and (or) sizes;

Standards for construction types, size, brand, assortment;

Acceptance rules standards, etc.

The standards of general technical requirements regulate the norms and requirements common for a group of homogeneous products that ensure the optimal level of quality that must be laid down in the design and set in the manufacture of specific types of products included in this group.

Depending on the type and purpose of the product, requirements can be established for its physical and mechanical properties (strength, hardness, elasticity, wear resistance, etc.); reliability and durability; technical aesthetics (coloring, usability, finishing, etc.); raw materials used in the manufacture of these products, raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.

General specification standards include sections:

Classification, basic parameters or dimensions;

General requirements for quality parameters and, as a rule, give only those requirements that are mandatory and subject to control;

Requirements for packaging, labeling, safety;

Environmental protection requirements;

Product acceptance rules;

Rules for transportation and storage;

Rules for the operation, repair and disposal.

Standards for parameters and (or) dimensions establish parametric or dimensional ranges of products according to the main consumer (operational) characteristics, on the basis of which products should be designed specific types, models, brands to be manufactured by the respective industries. These standards should take into account the prospects for the development of products that contribute to scientific and technological progress and increase the efficiency of industrial production. Such a standard is, for example, GOST 8032-84, which regulates the preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers.

Standards for types of construction, size, brand, range determine the design and basic dimensions to determine a group of products, unify and ensure interchangeability in the development of specific sizes, models, etc. Compliance with the requirements of design and size standards gives a great technical and economic effect, as it reduces the cost of designing, developing and manufacturing products. Brand standards establish the nomenclature of brands and chemical composition material (raw materials), and in some cases - the main consumer characteristics. Assortment standards regulate the geometric shapes and sizes of products. This type of standards is especially widely used in the metallurgical industry.

The standards of acceptance rules regulate the procedure for acceptance of a certain group or type of product to ensure the unity of requirements for the acceptance of products in terms of quality and quantity.

The standards for the rules for labeling, packaging, transportation and storage normalize the requirements for consumer labeling of products in order to inform the consumer about the main characteristics of the product, for packaging taking into account technical aesthetics, etc.

Standards for the rules of operation and repair establish general rules that ensure the performance of products under specified conditions and guarantee their operation.

Process standards establish requirements for specific processes that are carried out at different stages of the product life cycle (design, production, consumption (operation), storage, transportation, repair, disposal).

Process standards include the following:

Requirements for methods of computer-aided design of products, modular design;

Schemes of the technological process of manufacturing products;

Requirements for technological modes and factors influencing them;

Consumption (operation) rules;

General requirements for storage, transportation, repair and disposal;

Safety requirements for human life and health, etc.

A special place is occupied by environmental requirements. When conducting technological operations standardization is subject to the maximum allowable norms of various kinds of impacts of technologies on the natural environment. These impacts can be chemical (emission of harmful chemicals), physical (radiation radiation), biological (infection by microorganisms) and mechanical (destruction) in nature, dangerous in environmental terms.

Environmental requirements include:

Conditions for the use of certain materials and raw materials that are potentially harmful to the environment;

Parameters of the efficiency of the treatment equipment;

Rules for emergency releases and liquidation of their consequences, maximum allowable discharges of pollutants with wastewater.

Standards for methods of control (tests, measurements, analysis) establish the procedure for sampling (samples) for testing, test methods (control, analysis, measurement) of consumer (operational) characteristics of a certain group of products in order to ensure the unity of the assessment of quality indicators.

It is necessary to use standardized methods of control, testing, measurement and analysis, as they are based on international experience and advanced achievements. Each method has its own specifics, associated primarily with a specific object of control, but at the same time, general provisions can be distinguished that are subject to standardization:

Means of control and auxiliary devices;

The procedure for preparing and conducting control;

Rules for processing and processing results;

Permissible error of the method.

The standard usually recommends several methods of control, testing, analysis in relation to one indicator of product quality. This is necessary so that one of the methods, if necessary, is chosen as an arbitration method. In addition, it must be borne in mind that methods are not always completely interchangeable. For such cases, the standard provides either a clear recommendation on the conditions for choosing a particular method, or data on their distinctive characteristics.

Test methods are selected depending on the type of product to ensure its proper quality. The standards provide for various types of tests: daily for quality control of products; standard, produced by the supplier enterprise during the development of the production of new products; periodic, conducted to check the compliance of products with the requirements for it.

INTRODUCTION

Standardization, metrology and certification are tools for ensuring the quality of products, works and services - important aspect multifaceted commercial activity.

The problem of quality is relevant for all countries, regardless of the maturity of their market economy. To become a participant in the world economy and international economic relations, it is necessary to improve the national economy, taking into account world achievements and trends.

The lag of national standardization and certification systems largely predetermined the difficulties experienced by domestic enterprises in the conditions of modern competition not only in foreign markets, but also in the domestic one.

Russia's transition to a market economy defines new conditions for the activities of domestic firms and enterprises. The right of enterprises to independence does not mean permissiveness in decisions, but makes them study, know and apply in their practice the “rules of the game” accepted all over the world. International cooperation in any direction and at any level requires the harmonization of these rules with international and national norms.

The laws of the Russian Federation “On Protection of Consumer Rights”, “On Standardization”, “On Certification of Products and Services”, “On Ensuring the Unity of Measuring Instruments” have created the necessary legal framework for introducing significant innovations in the organization of these most important areas of activity for the economy.

Today, a manufacturer and its reseller seeking to raise their reputation trademark, win the competition, enter the global market, are interested in fulfilling both the mandatory and recommended requirements of the standard. In this sense, the standard acquires the status of a market incentive. Thus, standardization is a tool for ensuring not only competitiveness, but also an effective partnership between the manufacturer, customer and seller at all levels of management.

Standardization is based on the latest achievements of science, technology and practical experience and determines progressive, as well as economically optimal solutions to many national economic, sectoral and intra-production tasks. Organically uniting functional and applied sciences, it contributes to strengthening their purposefulness and the fastest introduction of scientific achievements into practical activities.

Standardization creates the organizational and technical basis for the manufacture of high-quality products, specialization and cooperation of production, gives it the properties of self-organization.

A standard is a sample, a standard, a model taken as initial ones for comparison with other similar objects. As a regulatory and technical document, the standard establishes a set of norms, rules, requirements for the object of standardization and is approved by the competent authorities.

The standard is developed for material objects (products, standards, samples of substances), norms, rules and requirements of a different nature.

Standards in the Russian Federation are mandatory within the established scope of their application and are divided into the following categories:

state standards - GOST;

industry standards - OST;

republican standards of the former union republics - PCT;

enterprise standards - STP.

State standards are mandatory for use by all enterprises, organizations and institutions in all sectors of the national economy. They apply mainly to objects of intersectoral application, norms, parameters, requirements, product quality indicators, terms, designations, etc., necessary to ensure the unity and interconnection of various fields of science and technology, production, as well as to products of mass and large-scale production of a wide and intersectoral applications. State standards are approved by the State Committee for Standards.

Industry standards are obligatory for all enterprises and organizations of this industry, as well as for enterprises and organizations of other industries that use (consume) the products of this industry.

An industry here means a set of enterprises and organizations, regardless of their territorial distribution and departmental affiliation, that develop and (or) manufacture certain types of products assigned to the ministry that is leading in its production.

OSTs are developed for objects that are not subject to state standardization, including technological equipment, tools, standard technological processes for industry use, as well as norms, rules, and requirements necessary for the interconnection of enterprises.

Industry standards establish requirements for products that are not related to the objects of state standardization and are necessary to ensure the relationship in the production, technical, organizational and managerial activities of enterprises and organizations in the industry. Industry standards may restrict the application of government standards to industry product lines, sizes, and so on.

Industry standards are approved by the ministry that is leading in the production of this type of product. Industry standards of an organizational and methodological nature are obligatory only for enterprises and organizations of the ministry that approved them.

Republican standards are mandatory for all enterprises and organizations of republican and local subordination of the republic, regardless of their departmental subordination, and establish requirements for products manufactured by these enterprises and organizations in the event that there are no state or industry standards for it.

Enterprise standards are mandatory only for the enterprise (association) that approved this standard. Enterprise standards may apply to the components of products developed or manufactured at the enterprise, internal norms and rules in the field of management and organization of production, product quality management; equipment and tools, typical technological processes, methods of measurement and control.

2. TYPES OF STANDARDS.

Depending on the purpose and content, the State Standardization System establishes a standard for products of all categories of the following types:

general specifications;

general technical requirements;

parameters and (or) dimensions;

types, basic parameters and (or) sizes;

designs and sizes;

acceptance rules;

control methods (tests, analysis, measurements);

rules for labeling, packaging, transportation and storage;

rules of operation and repair;

typical technological processes.

STP is developed for parts and assembly units, technological equipment and tools; norms and rules in the field of organization of production and product quality management; technological norms, requirements and typical technological processes; verification schemes of the enterprise.

The concept of "type of standard" determines the content of the standard, depending on its purpose.

The standards of general specifications establish performance characteristics common to a given group of homogeneous products, acceptance rules, control methods, requirements for labeling, packaging, transportation and storage, completeness and guarantees of the manufacturer (supplier).

Specification standards have a similar content, but refer to a specific product or several of its close types (types, brands, models).

The standards of general technical requirements establish norms and requirements common to a group of homogeneous products, the observance of which ensures an optimal level of quality in design and manufacture.

Technical requirements standards establish requirements for quality, reliability, appearance a specific type of product in accordance with its main consumer (operational) characteristics.

Standards of parameters and (or) dimensions establish parametric or dimensional ranges of products according to the main consumer (operational) characteristics, on the basis of which products of specific types, models, brands should be designed.

Design and dimensional standards establish designs and basic dimensions for a certain group of products in order to unify them and ensure interchangeability in the development of specific sizes, models, etc.

Grade standards establish the range of grades and the chemical composition of the material (raw material).

Assortment standards establish the geometric shapes and dimensions of products.

Standards for control methods (tests, analysis, measurements) establish the procedure for sampling (sampling), methods for monitoring consumer (operational) characteristics of a certain group of products in order to ensure the unity of the assessment of quality indicators.

Standards for standard technological processes establish methods and technical means for performing and controlling technological operations for the manufacture of products in order to introduce advanced production technology and ensure a uniform level of product quality.

General technical and organizational and methodological standards (for general norms, quality indicators, methods of calculation and design, classification and coding, terms, units of physical quantities, general requirements for products, requirements for labor safety, environmental protection, etc.) for types do not subdivide.

3. STATE AND INDUSTRY SYSTEMS OF STANDARDS.

On the basis of complex standardization in the Russian Federation, systems of standards have been developed, each of which covers a specific area of ​​activity carried out on a national scale or in certain sectors of the national economy.

The normative-technical and organizational-methodological basis for the production of specific types, types, product groups are industry standards systems that regulate technical characteristics, requirements for quality and reliability of products, methods and methods for achieving and controlling these requirements, etc. Industry systems also include sets of standards for terms, definitions and designations used in the industry.

Unified state systems of standards ensure uniformity and the highest efficiency in carrying out the most important types of work common to various sectors of the national economy. Such systems include the State Standardization System (SSS), the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD), one system technological preparation of production (ESTPP), the Unified System of Technological Documentation (ESTD), the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical and Economic Information, the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements (GSI), the State System of Labor Safety Standards (GSSBT), etc.

Unified decimal system of classification and coding of technical and economic information. The huge scale of production and the associated increase in information flows require its prompt processing for planning, accounting and effective management of enterprises and industries. This goal is served by a nationwide automated system for collecting and processing information based on the state system of computer centers and the country's unified automatic communication network.

The standards are regulations containing norms, rules and characteristics, that is, requirements for goods, works, services. The following types of standards operate on the territory of the Russian Federation: state standards (GOSTs); industry standards (OSTs); enterprise standards; standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. In addition, international (regional) standards, rules, norms and recommendations for standardization are applied in the Russian Federation.

State standards are developed for products, works and services of cross-industry significance and must not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation. State standards contain safety requirements; on technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of products; main consumer (operational) characteristics of products, methods of their control, requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation, storage, use, disposal and other information. The requirements established by state standards are mandatory if they relate to ensuring the safety of products, works, services, technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of products, uniformity of their control methods and uniformity of labeling. Other requirements of state standards may be mandatory if it is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. State standards are adopted by the State Standard of Russia and are put into effect after they state registration. The same body carries out the official publication of the newly introduced, replaced, canceled state standards.

Industry standards are developed for products, works, services of industry significance and are accepted by the relevant government bodies management within their competence. They must not violate the mandatory requirements of state standards.

Enterprise standards can be developed and approved by enterprises independently, and they should also not conflict with the mandatory requirements of state standards. The standards of enterprises are subject to obligatory observance by other economic entities, if the contract for the development, production and supply of products, for the performance of work and the provision of services refers to these standards.

The standards of scientific, technical, engineering and other societies are developed and applied by them for the dynamic dissemination and use of the results of research and development obtained in various fields of knowledge. Information about accepted industry standards, public organizations sent to the bodies of the State Standard of Russia.

Ryazan - 2010

Methodical instructions were discussed at the meeting of the department "Technology Catering» minutes № « » 2010

Head of the Department ___________ O.V. Cherkasov

Approved by the council (methodical commission) Faculty of Technology

"_____" _____________ 2010.

Chairman ____________ E.N. Bondarenko

Objective - study of the categories of standardization normative documents (according to the GSS of the Russian Federation) and the types of standards used in the Russian Federation.

As a result of the execution laboratory work students should study the existing categories of normative standardization documents (according to the GSS of the Russian Federation) and the types of standards used in the Russian Federation.

Normative document on standardization- this is a document that establishes rules, principles, norms, characteristics regarding the objects of standardization, various types of activities or their results, and is available to a wide range of users.

Objects of standardization are industrial and technical products, consumer goods, technological processes, forms and methods of organizing labor and production, reliable reference data on the properties of materials and substances, documentation requirements, rules for transporting and storing products, domestic services subject to or undergoing standardization.

Normative documents for standardization according to the GSS of the Russian Federation include standards, technical regulations, all-Russian classifiers of technical and economic information, as well as norms, rules and recommendations for standardization. With a certain reservation, normative documents include specifications.

The most massive normative document on standardization is the standard.

Standard according to GOST R 1.0-92, this is a normative document on standardization, developed, as a rule, on the basis of consent, characterized by the absence of objections on significant issues from the majority of interested parties, adopted by a recognized body (organization, enterprise). The standards are based on the generalized results of science, technology and practical experience and are aimed at achieving optimal benefits for society.

Depending on the object of standardization and the level of approval (acceptance) of the document The standards are divided into categories:

· international;

regional;

State standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R);

interstate (GOST);

industry standard (OST);

The standard of the scientific and technical or engineering society (STO);

Enterprise standard (STP).

international standard- a standard adopted by an international (worldwide) standardization organization. These recognized organizations are the non-governmental organizations ISO (ISO) and 1 IEC (IEC). Status of standards adopted by ISO and IEC - recommendatory, voluntary.

Regional International Standard- a standard adopted by an international intergovernmental, regional organization for standardization. Such standards in Europe are the CEN standards of the European Standards Committee, ENSI of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, etc. The status of such standards for countries that are members of regional associations (for example, the EU) is mandatory.

GOST - state standards of the former USSR , acting as interstate standards for countries - the former republics that were once part of the USSR. They are applied without re-registration according to the decisions of the national committees for standardization. GOST is essentially an international standard of a regional nature. As of January 1, 2001, over 20,000 GOSTs are in force in Russia and the CIS countries.

GOST R - standard accepted by Gosstandart Russia or Gosstroy of Russia. GOST R objects include organizational, methodological and general technical objects, products, works, and services that have intersectoral, nationwide economic significance.

OST - industry standards, are installed on objects similar to GOST R and GOST, but having a purely industry significance. OST is applied by enterprises and organizations subordinate to the relevant federal authority executive power that approved (adopted) the industry standard, and all other enterprises and organizations using (consuming) the products of this industry. Industry standards can establish restrictions on GOST and GOST R in terms of nomenclature, standard sizes, requirements, without reducing the quality and performance indicators established by state standards. Such standards are called restrictive.

The fund of industry standards is about 40 thousand items.

HUNDRED - standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. SRT objects are new original types of products and services, test methods, technologies, new principles of organization and management of production, etc.

STP - standards of enterprises, organizations. Developed and adopted by the enterprise itself. The objects of standardization at the enterprise can be parts, components and assemblies of manufactured (developed) products, norms and rules in the field of organization and management of production, norms for the development of enterprise products and calculation methods, technological norms and requirements, standard technological processes, tooling and tools. STPs can establish restrictions on GOST, GOST R, OST without compromising the quality of the relevant product or service.

In addition, there are:

national standard - a standard adopted by a national standardization body and available to a wide range of consumers. It includes State standards and industry standards.

Administrative-territorial unit standard - a standard adopted at the level of one subject - the Russian Federation and available to a wide range of consumers.

preliminary standard - a temporary document that is adopted by the standardization body and brought to a wide range of potential consumers; information obtained in the process of using the preliminary standard, and feedback on this document serve as the basis for deciding whether it is appropriate to adopt and put the standard into effect.

Compatibility standard - a standard that establishes requirements regarding the compatibility of products or systems at their junctions.

standard with open values - a standard containing a list of characteristics for which values ​​or other data must be established to specify a product, process or service.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization" recommends the use of STP for the development of state, international standards, as well as for regulating the requirements for raw materials, semi-finished products, etc., purchased from other organizations and enterprises. STP is mandatory for an enterprise that has adopted this standard. But if in the contract for the development, production, supply of products or the provision of services there is a reference to the enterprise standard, it becomes mandatory for all business entities - participants in the contract.

Relatively new for Russian standardization is the introduction of technical regulations into the list of regulatory documents.

To technical regulations should include legislative acts and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation containing requirements, norms and rules of a technical nature; state standards of the Russian Federation in terms of the mandatory requirements established in them; rules and regulations federal bodies executive power, whose competence, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, includes the establishment of mandatory requirements.

The technical regulation contains technical requirements either directly (for example, the mandatory requirements of state standards), or by referring to the standard, or by including the content of the standard.

The regulations also include all-Russian classifiers of technical and economic information(OKTEI).

OKTEI is a systematized code of classification groups of certain objects of classification, containing their conditional digital codes and names. Developed for products, services, documentation, production processes and them constituent elements having a nationwide economic application. An example of OKTEI can serve as All-Russian classifier OKP products; enterprises and organizations - OKPO; management documentation OKUD, etc., over 30 items.

Rules for standardization(PR) - a regulatory document on standardization adopted by Gosstandart or Gosstroy of Russia.

PR is developed for specific production processes and their elements related to solving the problems of organizing and managing work on standardization, metrology, certification, accreditation, licensing, state control and supervision over compliance with the mandatory requirements of technical regulations, state and interstate standards. If PRs have been registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, then the requirements contained in them are mandatory.

Norm- a normative document containing provisions that establish quantitative measures or qualitative criteria that must be satisfied in the production or work process.

Specifications(TU) - a document developed by enterprises and organizations in the case when it is not practical to create a standard. The object of TS can be trial products or products of a one-time delivery, produced in a small batch, as well as works of art crafts, etc.

In accordance with the Law "On Standardization", specifications are classified as technical, not regulatory documents. At the same time, it has been established that specifications are considered as regulatory documents if they are referred to in contracts or agreements for the supply of products. Technical specifications are developed in accordance with GOST 2.114-95. The technical specifications fund includes about 150 thousand items.