Activities implemented in the form. Basic concepts

Topic 1. Innovations as an object of innovation management

1.1. Definition of novelty and innovation. Criteria for innovation.

In a competitive environment, it is necessary to constantly upgrade products, expanding product lines, which will make it possible to achieve high profit rates for a long time, to defend leadership positions in the market.

Some aspects of innovation management:

1. Innovation as an object of management identified in post-industrial society. At the previous stages of the development of society, innovations were not considered as one of the factors of competitive success, and, accordingly, they were not singled out as a separate subject of research and management.

2.Interaction of strategy and innovation. At present, the directions of strategic and innovative management are complementary and, therefore, they must be considered in a complex: the strategy is focused on innovation, and innovation underlies the results of strategic management.

Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of innovation. Key concepts are scientific and technical progress, innovation, innovation, innovation, which, as a rule, are identified. It is generally accepted that the concept of “innovation” is the Russian version of the English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "innovation". In the theory of innovation, 3 fundamental terms are distinguished: innovation (innovation), innovation, innovation. (rice)

Innovation(innovation) is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development and experimental work in any field of activity to increase its efficiency. Innovation is close to the concept of “invention”, because is a specific result of the development of a new scientific idea, which has the form of a sample, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase efficiency.

Innovations can take the form of: discoveries, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production process, organizational, production or other structure, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, document, marketing research results. Thus, innovation - this is new or updated product someone's creative activities proposed consumers for further conversion and use.

The process of introducing an innovation to the market is commonly referred to as the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called the innovation lag.

Innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as practical application turn into scientific and technical innovations - final result. The development of innovations is the implementation of a commercial (entrepreneurial) idea to meet the demand for specific types of products, technologies, services as goods. The presence of demand indicates their competitiveness, which is an important result of innovation.

Innovation(English “innovation”) means innovation as a result of practical (or scientific and technical) development of innovation.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the emergence of new and improved industrial processes and equipment on the market.

B. Santo: innovation is such a socio-technical and economic process that, through the use of practical ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties. If innovation is focused on economic benefit, then its appearance on the market can bring additional income.

J. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Analysis of various definitions of innovation leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter singled out five typical changes (1911):

1. The use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale).

2. Introduction of products with new properties.

3. Use of new raw materials.

4. Changes in the organization of production and its logistics.

5. The emergence of new markets.

Later (1930), he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.

Innovation- this is the end result of the introduction of innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect, i.e. profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of industrial, financial, commercial, administrative and other nature.

In management, innovation is defined as the creation and presentation of goods or services that offer consumers benefits that consumers perceive as new or better. Thus, consumers do not always need a new product, but a solution that offers new benefits.

Features of the definition of innovative activity:

Often the term "innovation" is used as a synonym for the word "invention". Technologists often use phrases such as " innovative developments”, which rather corresponds to the terms: technology, business process, business idea.

There is a common misconception that innovation occurs in high technology. In fact, innovation occurs in all areas, from bread baking to oil production. There are simply companies that prefer the innovative path of development, that is, they constantly reinforce industry or market leadership with technical innovations. They allocate significant funds for R&D, maintain a large staff of specialists, and are not afraid to outsource the development of new products and processes. Innovation helps companies stay ahead of the competition, gain additional profit by reducing costs, increasing productivity, creating new products and new markets, and so on.

The most fertile ground for the birth of innovations is competition. It is competition that forces us to constantly improve, reduce costs, and look for new markets. And innovation is a very significant competitive advantage. And often it is innovations that are a chance for small companies to make a qualitative leap, leaving behind larger market participants.

Innovation must have goal. Having purpose can improve the quality of innovation—which means more effective new developments, often without increased investment. At the same time, the presence of a goal does not guarantee increased sensitivity to market changes.

In any case, for success, you must first decide where to go next. And what is the purpose of this.

Innovative activity is synonymous with entrepreneurial activity. For the convenience of analysis, it is necessary to distinguish between companies by volume: large - in which there are entire departments of innovative development and small - in which the entrepreneur-innovator plays the main role. To be successful, you need to expand the scope of perception. But if entrepreneurs have no problem with this, then large corporations that look at the market through the prism of the reports of their marketing departments often find themselves incapable of effective innovation if they do not determine the goals of the development and research process. Having a goal also provides a kind of stability that allows innovators to stay open to ideas and opportunities longer. In this regard, the innovator is identical to the entrepreneur.

It is necessary to evaluate the effect not only from the position of the seller, but also from the position of the consumer, and also take into account the negative consequences of the development of innovations.

A new product becomes a successful innovation if it meets the following four criteria.

1.Importance . The new product or service must provide benefits that are perceived as meaningful by consumers.

2.Uniqueness . The benefits of the new product must be perceived as unique. If consumers believe that existing products have the same benefits as the new product, it is unlikely to get high marks.

3.Sustainability . A new product may offer unique or important benefits, but if it is easily replicated by competitors, its market prospects are dim. Patents are sometimes a barrier to competition, but in most industries the most effective means sustaining innovation are the company's "agility" in the market and the "strong" brand names of the supplier".

4.Liquidity . The company must be able to sell the created product, and for this it must be reliable and efficient; must be sold at a price that consumers can afford to pay; to deliver and support the product, the company must develop an efficient distribution system.

With the help of the criteria, it is possible to explain the phenomenon of innovation, which ensures economic growth, as the end result of the implementation of the innovation process, expressed in a new marketable high-tech product that is in demand on the market, protected as intellectual property or focused on a positive effect.

In line with international standards innovation is defined as the end result of an innovative activity that is embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services. .

Therefore, the properties of innovation from the position of the company are:

Scientific and technical novelty,

manufacturing applicability,

Commercial feasibility (acts as a potential property, which requires certain efforts to achieve).

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. Let's pay attention to two points:

- "materialization" of innovation into new types of products, means and objects of labor, technology and organization of production;

- "commercialization", turning them into a source of income.

Sometimes innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages. The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are close, but not unambiguous. Innovation process associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations .

From what has been said, it follows that innovation should be considered continuously with the innovation process.

Innovations: essence, types, content in the organization.

Innovative activity of the organization.

Formation of an innovative strategy of the organization.

Innovative infrastructure: concept, elements, functions and principles of functioning.

State regulation of innovation activity.

Innovations: rationale, methods for selecting the most effective.

1. Innovation: essence, types, content in the organization.

Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of innovation. The key concepts are scientific and technical progress, innovation, innovation, innovation.

NTP - the interconnected progressive development of science and technology, manifested, on the one hand, in the constant impact of science, discoveries and inventions on the level of technology and technology, on the other hand, in the use of the latest instruments and equipment in scientific research. At the organizational level, scientific and technical progress is realized in the form of innovations.

Innovation- this is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development and experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness. Innovations can take the form of: discoveries, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, managerial or manufacturing process, organizational, production or other structure, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, document (standard, recommendations, methods, instructions, etc.), marketing research results, etc.

Innovation- this is the end result of the introduction of innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect. It is wrong to include in the concept of "innovation" the development of innovation, its creation, implementation and diffusion. These stages refer to innovation as a process, the result of which may be innovations or innovations (or to the process of creating an innovation).

The innovation involved in the dynamics, and developed to a certain extent, becomes an innovation. From the moment it is accepted for dissemination, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation.

Innovation: a certain novelty, close to the concept of “invention”; a specific result of the development of a new scientific idea, which has the form of a model of new technology, a structural material for the production of any product, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics that make it possible to increase production efficiency (can be presented in the form of scientific, technical or other documentation, i.e. in the form of information describing technological, organizational, managerial and other processes and phenomena of an intangible nature, if it is able to effectively affect the results of material production).

Innovation :

the process of introducing, disseminating and using innovations in order to directly meet public needs for products, services, processes of a higher quality level;

this is such a purposeful change that introduces new relatively stable elements into the implementation environment (organization, population, society, etc.) (innovations act as a form of controlled development);

this is the process of bringing an invention or discovery to the stage of practical use, when it begins to produce an economic effect;

it is a process that characterizes the transition of a system from one state to another due to the introduction of individual innovations.

Innovation:

this is such a socio-technical-economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties, and if an innovation is focused on economic benefits, profit, its appearance on the market can bring additional income;

this is the commercial use of the results of creative activity aimed at the development, creation and distribution of new competitive types of products, technologies, forms and management methods, which are based on objects of intellectual property;

it is the end result of an innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services;

it is the transformation of a potential scientific and technical progress into a real one, embodied in new products and technologies;

this is a profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of an industrial, financial, commercial, administrative and other nature.

Main criteria classification of innovations are: the complexity of the set of considered classification features for analysis and coding; the possibility of quantitative (qualitative) determination of the criterion; scientific novelty and practical value of the proposed classification feature.

Based on the composition of innovations, a number of the most common types are distinguished.

Type innovations are logistical and social.

With t.z. influence on the achievement of the economic goals of the organization, material and technical innovations include product innovations (product innovations) and process innovations (technological innovations). Product innovations enable profit growth both by raising the price of new products or modifying old ones (short term) and by increasing sales volume (long term).

Process innovations improve economic performance by:

improving the preparation of raw materials and process parameters, which ultimately leads to a reduction in production costs, as well as to an increase in product quality;

increase in sales due to the productive use of existing production capacities;

the possibility of mastering commercially promising new products that could not be obtained due to the imperfection of the production cycle of the old technology.

Technological innovations appear either as a result of a single innovation process, i.e. close relationship between R&D to create a product and its manufacturing technology, or as a product of independent special technological research. In the first case, innovations depend on the design and technical features of the new product and its subsequent modifications. In the second case, the object of innovation is not a specific new product, but a basic technology that undergoes evolutionary or revolutionary transformations in the process of technological research.

Social innovations include: economic (new methods of labor assessment, stimulation, motivation, etc.), organizational and managerial (forms of labor organization, decision-making methods and control over execution, etc.), legal and pedagogical innovations, innovations of human activity (changes in intra-collective relations, conflict resolution, etc.).

Features of social innovations in comparison with material and technical ones are that:

they have a closer connection with specific social relations and the business environment;

they have a large scope, tk. the implementation of technical innovations is often accompanied by the necessary managerial and economic innovations, while the social innovations themselves do not require new technical equipment;

their implementation is characterized by less visibility of providing benefits and the complexity of calculating efficiency;

during their implementation, there is no manufacturing stage (it is combined with design), which speeds up the innovation process;

2. By innovative potential allocate radical (basic), improving (modified) and combinatorial (using various combinations) innovations.

Radical innovations include the creation of fundamentally new types of products, technologies, and new management methods. The potential results of radical innovation are to provide long-term advantages over competitors and, on this basis, a significant strengthening of market positions. In the future, they are the source of all subsequent improvements, improvements, adaptations to the interests of individual consumer groups and other product upgrades. The creation of radical innovations is associated with a high level of risks and uncertainties: technical and commercial. This group of innovations is not widespread, but the return from them is disproportionately significant.

Improving innovations lead to the addition of the original structures, principles, forms. It is these innovations (with a relatively low degree of novelty contained in them) that are the most common type. Each of the improvements promises a risk-free increase in the consumer value of products, a reduction in the costs of its production, and therefore must be implemented.

Combinatorial (innovations with predictable risk) are ideas of a relatively high degree of novelty, which, as a rule, are not of a radical nature (for example, the development of a new generation of goods). These include all significant innovations, market reactions that are easy to predict. The difference from radical (fundamentally unpredictable) innovations lies in the fact that the development of a new generation of a particular product (including through the use of various combinations of design elements) due to the concentration of huge resources necessarily ends in success.

By the principle of relation to his predecessor innovations are divided into:

replacing (involving the complete replacement of an obsolete product with a new one and thereby ensuring a more efficient performance of the relevant functions);

canceling (exclude the performance of any operation or the release of any product, but do not offer anything in return);

returnable (imply a return to some initial state in case of detection of insolvency or inconsistency of innovation with new conditions of use);

opening (create means or products that do not have comparable analogues or functional predecessors);

retrointroductions (reproduced on modern level methods, forms and methods that have long been exhausted).

4. According to the implementation mechanism stand out: single, implemented on one object, and diffuse, distributed on a variety of objects, innovations; completed and incomplete innovations; successful and unsuccessful innovations.

5. According to the features of the innovation process distinguish intraorganizational innovations, when the developer, manufacturer, organizer of innovations are in the same structure, and interorganizational, when all these roles are distributed among organizations specializing in the implementation of individual stages of the process.

6. Depending on the source of the initiative or origin of the idea innovations are divided into copyright (own, independent) and custom (portable, borrowed).

7. By scope of application innovations can be point, system and strategic.

Key elements of the innovation environment:

actual innovation, i.e. a set of scientific and scientific and technical results or a product of intellectual work;

commodity producer of competitive products, which acts as a consumer of certain innovations;

investors providing financing for the entire range of works to provide the commodity producer with the required innovations;

the appropriate infrastructure to solve the problems that arise in this process.

(innovation) is the end result of creative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice.
Note [O.P.2]: Is a new idea always an innovation?
In other words, innovation is the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.
This means that if, for example, a new idea is developed, reflected in diagrams, drawings or thoroughly described, but it is not used in any industry or area, and it cannot find a consumer on the market, then this new idea, this knowledge, represents is the result of creative work, is not an innovation.
It follows that the main properties (criteria) of innovation are:
scientific and technical novelty;
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practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use e.g. in industry, agriculture, healthcare, education or other areas of activity;
- commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is “accepted” by the market, i.e. marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.
Thus, a new idea in itself, no matter how thoroughly it is described, formalized and presented in diagrams and drawings, is not an innovation (innovation) if this idea is not embodied in products, services or processes used in practice. Only implemented in new products or processes, new ideas are called innovations. That is, the indispensable properties, criteria for innovation are the novelty of the idea and its implementation, implementation in practice, in new products or processes.
Since a new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people. Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical implementation of a new idea turns out to be closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance of a new idea on the market.

Scheme 1
Innovation -
new idea, new knowledge The result of completed scientific research (fundamental and applied), experimental design, other scientific and technical achievements. New ideas can take the form of discoveries, rationalization proposals, concepts, methods, instructions, etc. Innovation \u003d Innovation (from the English innovation - the introduction of a new one) The result of the introduction of new knowledge, its implementation in a new or improved product sold on the market, or in a new or improved technological process used in practice. Diffusion of innovation The process of dissemination of an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. the application of innovative products, services, technologies in new places and conditions. The form and speed of this process depend on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of economic entities to quickly respond to innovations.
Note [O.P.4]: How
do scientific and innovative activities correlate?
way (see scheme 1). The first component of the innovation process - innovations, i.e. new ideas, knowledge - is the result of completed scientific research (fundamental and applied), experimental design, and other scientific and technical results. The second component of the innovation process is implementation, the introduction of innovation into practice, i.e. innovation or innovation. The third component of the innovation process is the diffusion of innovations, which means the spread of an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. the application of innovative products, services or technologies in new places and conditions.
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Innovative activity is rooted in ancient times, when science in the modern sense of the word did not exist. But even then, at the heart of the innovative
process lay new ideas, innovations. So, the idea of the wheel originated in the Ancient East about 6 thousand years ago. The birth of the idea of the wheel was the beginning of an innovative process, during which products and technologies were developed that put the idea of the wheel into practice, satisfying the various needs of people. So, the advent of the cart made it possible to move with the help of a wheel, a block - to lift heavy objects, a water wheel - to transfer the energy of water, a foot spinning wheel - to make yarn, etc. These technological processes and products, through which the idea of the wheel was used, were innovations (innovations). Subsequently, knowledge about processes and products using the idea of the wheel spread and applied in new places and conditions - this is the stage of diffusion of innovations.
Questions about how new ideas appear, new knowledge is generated, are mainly analyzed in such a field of research as the methodology of science, in which various models of the formation of scientific theories, their relationship with empirical facts, the development of scientific knowledge, the role of internal and external factors this process, etc. This area requires special consideration and study, which goes beyond innovation management. It is important to emphasize here that the result of scientific research - new knowledge, innovation - gives rise to the innovation process.
Innovation is such a component of the innovation process, which is the result of the implementation of new knowledge in the form of a new or improved product accepted by the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice.
Being the end result of creative work, realized in the form of a new product or technological process, innovation itself is a commodity. It should be emphasized that, for example, when it comes to the end result of a development implemented in the form of a new product, say, a programmable samovar, then buying this innovation means buying not the samovar itself, that is, an object, a thing, but a body of knowledge, information about it product and its production. In other words, innovation is an intellectual product, which largely determines the nature of the problems of managing innovation processes.
The nature of the third component of the innovation process - the diffusion of innovations - depends on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of business entities to quickly respond to innovations, etc.
Since diffusion includes everything involved in the process of disseminating, promoting and selling an innovation, it is sometimes mistakenly identified with the marketing of an innovation. However, marketing is that part of the diffusion process over which the enterprise has control, such as advertising, product promotion, pricing. Another part of the diffusion process over which the enterprise has no control is dissemination, the promotion of innovation by users and scientific publications, for example, a consumer telling a friend about the benefits of a product, a potential user inquiring about a new product, or publishing an innovation in scientific work.
Thus, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events from a new idea to its implementation in a specific product, service or technology, and further dissemination of innovation.
Note [O.P.5]: Why is new knowledge sometimes not used in practice for a long time?
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One of the fundamental issues concerning the dynamics of the innovation process is the reduction of the time interval, the lag between the emergence of new knowledge and its use, implementation, i.e. innovation. In other words, there is often a significant time gap between the first two components of the innovation process - innovation and innovation, which slows down the innovation process as a whole.
Here are the most striking examples of the delay practical implementation the results of scientific research, which subsequently had a revolutionary significance for the development of the relevant industries.
So, in 1854, the French professor of chemistry Deville (H.Sainte-Claire Deville) discovered a new chemical element - aluminum. Despite the many useful qualities of the new element (this new metal was light, malleable, less susceptible to corrosion), at that time no practical use was found for aluminum, the potential of which had not been realized for almost 100 years. It was only after the Second World War that it began to be used in the form of alloys for household utensils, masts, window frames, fuselages, aircraft wings, etc.
Another example is a laser. It generated only scientific interest for years before it became an essential component of, for example, such an industry as optical communication. Almost half a century (43 years) passed after Einstein's scientific results in 1917 before the first prototype of a laser device was made.
It should be noted that there are many examples of scientific discoveries, which were largely dictated by a request from potential users, a practical need. But even in these cases, there is a time delay between the acquisition of new knowledge, the emergence of a new scientific idea, innovation, and the corresponding innovation, innovation. For example, the need for the transistor existed long before its invention in 1943. Bell Laboratories has invested heavily in this research. The invention was patented in 1948, but only in 1951 did the actual production of transistors begin. It took 11 years after the invention, until in 1954, Texas Instruments produced the first silicon transistor for widespread use.
One can cite a lot of examples from Russian (Soviet) practice, when scientific results, which have a huge potential for practical application, have been “collecting dust on the shelves” for years and decades, waiting for implementation. However, we focused on examples from foreign practice to emphasize that the problem under consideration is general for the management of innovation processes, and not specific to planned economy or for individual countries.
Of course, in the history of innovation there are examples of scientific discoveries that immediately resonated and were used in practice, i.e., the time gap between the first two components of the innovation process was minimal. One such example is X-rays. They were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, and by the turn of the 20th century, X-ray tubes were being produced for use in medicine. But such examples, unfortunately, are the exception rather than the rule. More often, the time lag between a scientific discovery, the acquisition of new knowledge and its application in practice is a fairly long period of time, commensurate with the length of the main stages of the innovation process, or even longer.
Why do new ideas, as a rule, take so long to be embodied in specific products, services, technologies, to reach the consumer, the market? Why is such an important resource of innovation processes as time often used inefficiently? What factors influence the time lag between the emergence of new knowledge, innovation and its application, innovation? These issues are currently very important, since the success of the entire innovation process depends significantly on the speed of translating new knowledge into practice. So effective management innovation involves overcoming barriers that delay the practical implementation of new ideas, obtaining and maintaining competitive advantage as a result of rapid entry into the market with innovative products and services.
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Note [O.P.6]: What are the main drivers of the innovation process?
Why is the development and implementation of innovations, the intensification of innovation processes an integral feature of a market economy? What drives businesses to invest more and more in innovation? In other words, what is the driving force behind scientific and technological progress, innovation processes in the market? What makes and stimulates economic entities of various levels to develop and implement innovations?
The main "driver" of innovation processes in the market is to obtain a competitive advantage. More and more managers in a wide variety of organizations and enterprises are realizing the rapid growth of the importance of innovation in achieving a favorable competitive position.
Yes, one of the most innovative organizations in the world is Japanese company Sony. This firm has created, developed and marketed many innovative products such as VCRs for home use, Trinitron color television systems, 3-inch floppy disks, hand-held camcorders, hand-held flat-panel TVs, compact discs, etc. One of the company's leaders, Akio Morita as he wrote in his book Made in Japan (Morita Akio "Made in Japan", New York, 1986): "We have launched many products that the market has never seen before ... We usually develop New Product and go to market with it while the industry giants wait to see if it succeeds. Only then, if successful, do they flood the market with that product. This is how things have been for many years. We always had to be ahead."
Thus, in order to gain a competitive advantage, i.e. to outperform its competitors even for a short period of time, Sony is constantly innovating with a pioneering strategy.
It should be noted here that new knowledge, research and development (R&D) alone do not create a successful economy. The key to competitiveness and wealth growth is the successful use of R&D, i.e. innovation. Figuratively speaking, the following analogy with a fairy tale is partly acceptable to the innovation process. New scientific knowledge, innovation is like an introduction: "Once upon a time, a long time ago ...". And innovation, the introduction of this knowledge is associated with the words: "And they lived happily ever after."
Note [O.P.7]: Than
explain the modern acceleration of the pace of innovation processes?
But the duration of this happy life' tends to decrease rapidly. Table 1 shows how dramatically the lifespan of a successful innovative product is reduced. If until the 19th century the unit of measurement of duration life cycle product was a century, then in the 19th - early 20th centuries it began to be measured in decades. In the second half of the 20th century, the average life span of a product was already measured in years, but now the life cycle is often measured in months, and this downward trend continues.
Table 1.
Average] Period Product life expectancy XIII-XIX centuries Century XIX century - 1940 Decades 1940 - present Years Present - near future Months Now the economic battles, the "innovative race" for achieving competitive advantage do not subside. Necessary condition success in the competitive struggle is increasingly becoming the activation of innovative processes. Therefore, many organizations are currently faced with a dilemma: innovate or liquidate.
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Another significant driver of innovation processes in many countries is state regulation. Government policy, legislation can significantly intensify innovation processes, stimulate organizations of various forms of ownership in various industries and areas to invest in the development of innovative products, services and technologies. For example, the state may introduce new standards to be met by industrial emissions into rivers and the atmosphere or transport safety equipment, which will lead to innovations in production technologies, innovative products. Changes in economic policy may also necessitate the search for more efficient innovative technologies, can initiate the search for alternative resources, the development of innovative products, etc.
We can note one more, according to some experts, an important reason, the driving force of innovative processes - these are such fundamental characteristics of human nature as curiosity and laziness. Curiosity (i.e., “What if I do this?” mentality) and laziness (i.e., “How can I find an easier way to do this?” attitude) can be “served by innovation” .

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Activities implemented in the form. Basic concepts

Topic 1. Innovations as an object of innovation management

1.1. Definition of novelty and innovation. Criteria for innovation.

1. Innovation: essence, types, content in the organization.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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