confidence in the quality of the product

Water is a unique food product. The assimilation by the human body of various essential substances from a liquid medium is an order of magnitude or more superior to their assimilation from solid food. To a large extent, this concerns the set of micro- and macroelements contained in natural water.

The main natural chemical composition of water is associated with the mineral components dissolved in it: macro- and microelements. The first - calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium ions, chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates, depending on the predominance of certain substances, determine the hydrochemical class of waters. However, the taste characteristics of water can also be due to the presence of trace elements in it, for example, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. Organoleptic properties and especially the taste of water are of great physiological importance for maintaining the water-salt balance of the human body and largely determine the process of its preparation.

The taste qualities of water are determined primarily by the content and ratio of calcium and magnesium cations, bicarbonate ions, as well as the concentration and ratio of sulfates, chlorides and carbonates. These macroelements of water primarily determine the physiological usefulness of water for the body. The organoleptic properties of water affect the secretory activity of the stomach, and a change in the taste sensations of water has an effect on the sensitivity of achromatic vision and heart rate. Thus, the content of hardness salts in drinking water in the range of 1–4 mg-eq/l not only improves its taste, but also contributes to the flow of normal metabolic processes in the body. FROM drinking water a person receives (according to the norms) 1–2 g of mineral salts per day, and due to the fact that, unlike many food products, ions in water are in a hydrated state, their digestibility by the body increases by an order of magnitude.

Of particular importance for the human body are calcium ions, as the main structural component in the formation of supporting tissues. A lack of calcium in the body leads to osteoporosis, and a lack of it in water metabolism leads to edema. At the same time, an increased calcium content in water (100-500 mg/l) promotes stone formation in the kidneys and bladder. The presence of calcium ions in drinking water in the required quantities affects both excitatory and inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex, stimulates hematopoiesis and secretions of the salivary and pancreas glands, maintains a high level of metabolism and enhances the body's defense reactions. A decrease in the level of calcium ions in the blood causes an increase in heart rate and an increase in blood pressure.

Magnesium ions are the second most important for the human body. They are actively involved in metabolic reactions, in the construction of a number of enzyme systems, which are necessary for the implementation of the hexokinase reaction, i.e. to phosphorylate glucose and use it by body cells. Magnesium ions activate the process of inhibition in the cerebral cortex of the brain, indirectly, through sodium and potassium ions, stimulate the activity of adenosine triphosphoric acid in the brain tissue, which enhances glycolysis and the process of respiration in the brain tissues, improves overall well-being, has an antispastic and vasodilating effect, increases resistance mucous membranes and skin to the penetration of bacteria and toxic substances. At the same time, an excess of magnesium ions leads to metabolic disorders and growth arrest.

Of no small importance in the water metabolism of the human body are sodium and potassium ions as antagonists. Thus, the administration of potassium ions contributes to the excretion of sodium ions. The lack of potassium ions contributes to water retention in the body and the development of edema, and the lack of sodium ions leads to dehydration of the body.

Among anions, chloride ions are of particular importance for the human body. They maintain the osmotic pressure of blood plasma, lymph, cellular contents of the cerebrospinal fluid, regulate the body's water balance, participate in the formation of hydrochloric acid gastric juice and maintain acid-gastric balance. The increased content of chlorides negatively affects the functions of the digestive system.

With an increased content of sulfates in water, the function of the digestive system is disrupted and it has an unpleasant aftertaste.

The presence of trace elements in drinking water, especially fluorides and iodine, is of great importance for the human body. It is no coincidence that in normative document included the mandatory content of these elements when bottling water on the first and the highest category quality.

The practical interest in drinking water fluoridation is due, first of all, to the physiological role of this element. In addition to the well-known anti-caries effect of fluorine, its property to be a biocatalyst of mineralization processes is noted, which is used for therapeutic purposes in osteoporosis, rickets and other diseases, as well as the ability of fluorine to stimulate immunoreactivity and hematopoiesis in the human body. On the basis of field observations, it was shown that natural waters with a high content of fluorine in combination with calcium have a positive effect on the body's resistance to radiation damage. Fluorine is even capable of reducing the concentration of strontium in bone tissue by about 40%, and this process is not accompanied by depletion of the human skeleton in calcium.

Scientific Research Institute of Human Ecology and Hygiene environment them. AN Sysin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Dental Association of Russia showed that the problem of fluoridation is of decisive importance in the formation of healthy teeth in children and in the general prevention of caries. The problem of caries is also relevant for the adult population, since its consequences are not limited to the destruction of the masticatory apparatus. Complicated forms of caries often lead to inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region, allergization of the body, diseases of the ENT organs, digestive, excretory and other systems.

According to the WHO, the widespread occurrence of caries is largely due to a deficiency of fluoride in drinking water. So, in the prevention of caries, the use of improved chewing gums is estimated at only 2-3%, and the use of modern fluoride-containing toothpastes - at 25-30%. The highest preventive effect (from 40 to 70%) is ensured by the intake of fluorides with water. Thus, without sufficient provision of the body with fluorides from drinking water, an effective solution to the problem of caries is almost impossible.

Unfortunately, the range and level of physiologically necessary concentrations of fluorides in water is extremely narrow, low and amounts to 0.6-1.5 mg/l. At lower concentrations, there is practically no positive effect of this element on the human body, and an increase in concentrations to values ​​​​of more than 2-3 mg / l leads to serious disorders of bone tissue, inhibition of the functional activity of the central nervous system.

On the example of the trace element fluorine, the importance of the intake of microelements into the human body with drinking water and food products containing a significant amount of liquid was considered in more detail.

The trace element iodine is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, affects the metabolic and regenerative processes of the body. In excess, it affects the activity of enzyme systems, changes the structural and functional characteristics of the thyroid gland, liver, and kidneys. With a deficiency - a change in the metabolic processes of the body, characteristic of the hypofunction of the thyroid gland. The rate of physiological usefulness of iodine in drinking water and liquid products based on it is 10-125 mcg/l. At the same time, the intake of iodine into the body should not exceed 1 mg / day; if it is excessively taken into the body, in particular with water, it does not have time to be released and chronic poisoning may develop.

To date, domestic and foreign researchers have established the optimal parameters of the macro-mineral composition of drinking water, which largely coincide with the requirements SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" .

The standard divides water (non-carbonated), packaged in containers, into two categories - "First" and "Higher". The main difference between the categories is the presence in the requirements for the chemical composition of water of the "Highest Category" of restrictions not only on the maximum concentrations of individual substances, but also on the limitation of their minimum content.

Indicators ("Water of the highest category") for which the maximum and minimum values ​​are normalized:

Sources of water with a suitable chemical composition in nature are quite rare. Even if the production of bottled water has access to a source of water whose composition meets the standard, there are some subtleties that should be taken into account at the production design stage.

CALCULATION OF PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR TREATED WATER

When calculating the water consumption of the production of bottled water, it is necessary to take into account not only the direct consumption of water for the production of the product, but also a number of other factors affecting the consumption of treated water.

Hourly consumption of prepared water for the production of the product ( W h, l/h) is calculated by the formula -

Where:

N h- maximum hourly productivity of the bottling line (in pieces of bottles);
Wb
kw

daily water requirement ( W d, l / day) is determined by the formula -

Where:

W h- hourly consumption of prepared water for the production of the product (l / h);
T w- the duration of the bottling line per day (hours);
kw- coefficient expressing the amount of water consumed for the final washing of containers.

When calculating the daily requirement for prepared water, it is also necessary to take into account the consumption of water for the preparation of cleaning solutions and scheduled washing of bottling equipment.

If the design of the bottling line does not provide for its own reservoir and pump that feeds the bottling unit, then it is necessary to calculate the peak flow rate of product water ( Wp, l/s), according to the formula -

Where:

Nb- the number of bottles simultaneously placed in the block (node) of bottling (in pieces of bottles);
Wb- the volume of one bottle (in liters);
Ts- filling cycle time (in seconds).

Data on the value of the maximum second flow is necessary for the correct selection of the pump ( pumping station) supplying prepared water to the bottling line.

For the final washing of containers, only product water should be used. The water consumption for the final wash is usually 5 - 15%% of the volume of water poured into the container. Respectively coefficient - kw is taken within 1.05 - 1.15, depending on the characteristics declared by the manufacturer of the specific equipment of the bottling line.

When calculating the required performance of the water supply source, you should also take into account the water consumption for the own needs of water treatment equipment, which depends on the technologies and water treatment equipment used. Total consumption source water is calculated by the organization that performed the calculation and selection of equipment, after agreeing with the Customer on the technology and composition of the water treatment plant.

FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF WATER PURIFICATION AND PREPARATION FOR THE NEEDS OF BOTTLED WATER PRODUCTION

In the preparation of water for the production of bottled water, almost all existing purification and water treatment technologies can be used. In this article, we will not focus on the technologies and equipment for pre-treatment of water, such as: mechanical filtration , clarification / iron removal, demanganization , removal of hydrogen sulfide, reducing the content of organic substances, reducing oxidizability, etc., and consider the methods of final water treatment, since they determine the chemical composition, organoleptic properties and sanitary safety of the prepared water.

The final preparation of water can be conditionally divided into several stages, these are:

Depending on the chemical composition and other features of pretreated water, the above stages may be located in a different sequence or completely absent in the process chain of final water treatment.

REDUCTION OF TOTAL SALT CONTENT

As it was said, even if the water from the source of the enterprise's water supply meets the requirements of the standard in all respects, this does not mean that it can be directly bottled into containers and satisfy the expectations of the end consumer (let's talk about sanitary safety).

A bit of marketing

Main problem" natural waters lies in the fact that they are capable of causing scale formation, even at relatively low levels of hardness. Hardness in most natural waters is present in the form of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates Ca (HCO 3) 2, Mg (HCO 3) 2, which determine the temporary hardness of water. To prevent scale formation, it is necessary to reduce the hydrocarbonate alkalinity of commercial water.

 IT IS WORTH NOTING that any technology for reducing alkalinity implies a concomitant reduction in hardness and total salinity of the treated water.

Technologies used to reduce the total salt content:

DECARBONIZATION and NANOFILTRATION applicable at a relatively low content of hardness salts - up to 10 mg equiv./l, alkalinity - up to 5 mg equiv./l and total mineralization up to 900 mg/l. In case the source water is highly mineralized, the technology should be considered as a key technology. REVERSE OSMOSIS or alternative methods of water desalination.

DURING DECARBONIZATION calcium and magnesium ions are removed, which form carbonate hardness (replaced by hydrogen ions), non-carbonate hardness - also called "residual" hardness - remains. The decarbonization process also removes the "temporary" alkalinity (HCO 3 ) associated with calcium and magnesium ions.

The effect of water purification by H-cationization with starvation regeneration is affected by the presence of sodium ions in the source water. When there is a lot of sodium in the source water, the alkalinity of the filtrate decreases from the beginning of the working cycle, then increases and, on average, for the cycle is 0.7-0.8 mg equiv./l. At the beginning and end of the working cycle, a deeply softened filtrate is obtained, the appearance of non-carbonate hardness is observed in the middle part of the filter cycle. "Averaging" of the chemical composition of the filtrate in this case can be done in the intermediate storage tank of the treated water storage system.

A "side" effect of the use of decarbonization is a low - about 3 units - pH value (hydrogen index) of the treated water. That is, in the water treatment technology of an enterprise for the production of bottled water, pH normalization will be required - either at the stage of storing product water, or at the stage of correcting the salt composition of the prepared water.

 TO THE BENEFITS application of the decarbonization plant can be attributed to relatively low - the cost of equipment and operating costs.

 TO DISADVANTAGES - increased requirements for the safety of the water treatment facility and labor safety service personnel, in view of the fact that for the regeneration of the installation load is used CONCENTRATED HYDROGENIC OR SULFURIC ACID . As well as the need to neutralize regeneration effluents from the installation.

 WHEN USING NANOFILTRATION TECHNOLOGY membrane elements with a certain pore size are used, which ensures their selectivity to multiply charged and "large" ions. Monovalent ions (cations and anions) are generally not retained by the membrane. In reality, with a selectivity for MgSO 4 at the level of 98-99%%, the selectivity for NaCl for various nanofiltration membranes is 20-70%. When water is passed through such a nanofiltration membrane, all suspensions, colloids, bacteria and viruses, cations are removed. heavy metals and part of organic pollution. There is a fairly deep cleaning of hardness salts - 10-50 times. The concentration of sodium salts decreases slightly. As a result, the water is softened and partially desalinated.

The degree of water softening is determined by the characteristics of the membranes used and, since the selectivity of nanofiltration membranes for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations is different, and depends on the composition of the water.

Selectivity of the "average" nanofiltration membrane for the main ions:

The decrease in the total salt content is, on average, 66%, and depends on the salt composition of the source water.

Dignity water nanofiltration is to reduce not only water hardness, but also alkalinity, salinity, as well as the removal of mechanical, organic and biological water contaminants without the need to use reagents and problems with salt effluents with a relatively simple scheme. In some cases, the use of this technology allows you to refuse.

DISADVANTAGE - is the lower possible depth of water softening (although in the production of bottled water, in some cases, this can be an advantage), the need for more thorough pretreatment of water than with ion exchange, and significantly higher consumption of water, electricity and waste. True, since the latter are low-salt, their discharge is much easier to coordinate with environmental authorities.

USING REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY expedient at high, more than 1500 mg/l, salinity of source water. The selectivity of the membrane of the reverse osmosis plant, for the main ions, is 99 - 90%%, that is, deep water desalination occurs.

The average selectivity of the reverse osmosis membrane for the main ions (in real conditions):

The decrease in the total salt content is, on average, 95.4%, and depends on the salt composition of the source water.

If the produced water must meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" - First category, then further adjustment of the salt composition is generally not required. In the case when it is planned to produce water of the "Highest category", the salt composition of marketable water will need to be changed.

In view of the similarity of design features and operating principles of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis plants, the specifics of their application are very similar, but there are some operational differences.

To BENEFITS reverse osmosis technology can be attributed to a significant reduction in salinity and almost complete sterility of water treated by this method.

To DISADVANTAGES - the need for more thorough pre-treatment of water than with ion exchange, and significantly higher consumption of water, electricity and the volume of highly saline waste. Low pH level (5 - 6 units) of treated water. The need for subsequent adjustment of the salt composition, if the manufacturer decides to bottle the water of the "Highest category".

SALT COMPOSITION CORRECTION

To improve the taste properties of water and bring its chemical composition in line with SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" - the highest category, in most cases, it will be necessary to adjust the content of individual minerals or salt composition in general c. It may also be necessary to correct the pH value.

The choice of method (methods) by which the correction will be carried out depends on the chemical composition of the water supplied to the total salt reduction unit and the technology used for desalination.

SUBMISSION it is advisable to use in cases where there are no critical excesses of MPC in the source water ( P really D acceptable To concentrations) chemical substances, regulated standard. Critical excesses include exceeding more than ten times, from MPC, for individual ions.

Technically, admixture is implemented by combining the flow of water supplied to the partial desalination equipment and the flow of desalted filtrate, with the speed limiting of the first flow. Water supplied for correction should not contain substances, the permissible content of which is indicated in the standard as - "Absence" or "Traces".

Required water flow in the mixing line ( W2

Where:

From 0
From 1
W 1- filtrate consumption (l/h);
From 2- the content of the substance in the source water (mg/l).

Per From 2 a substance is accepted with a maximum excess of the MPC standard. After calculating the required flow rate, it is necessary to check the calculated content of other ions in the treated water.

Checking the content of any substance after mixing ( C0, mg/l) is calculated by the formula:

Where:

From 1- the content of the substance in the filtrate (mg/l);
W 1- filtrate consumption (l/h);
From 2- the content of the substance in the source water (mg/l);
W2- consumption in the mixing line (l/h).

 DOSING solutions of necessary substances into demineralized water on a par with, is one of the most common methods for correcting the salt composition of water bottled. Unlike the latter, dosing correction allows you to "point" change the chemical composition of water, although it is a more expensive solution, both in terms of capital and operating costs.

The solution(s) are introduced into partially demineralized water by means of a dosing pump from the reagent tank, in which the solution is prepared and stored.

The control of the dosing pump and, accordingly, the amount of the injected reagent is carried out - either in proportion to the filtrate flow (according to the water meter), or by devices that control the content of certain ions in the water or measure the total salt content of the filtrate after introducing the corrective solution.

The calculation of the required productivity of the dosing pump is carried out according to the same formula as the calculation of the mixing line productivity, but with some nuances.

Required performance of the dosing pump ( W2, l/h) is calculated by the formula:

Where:

From 0- the required content of the substance in the marketable water (mg/l);
From 1- the content of the substance in the filtrate (mg/l);
W 1- filtrate consumption (l/h);
From 2- the content of the substance in the dosed solution (mg/l);
kw- dosing range.

Coefficient kw indicates the range in which the dosing pump can be adjusted. For example, taking kw = 1, when calculating, we get the value of the maximum pump performance, i.e. if necessary - we will not be able to increase the amount of the injected substance. Recommended coefficient values kw are in the range 0,3 - 0,7 .

FILTERING THROUGH PARTIALLY SOLUBLE LOADS applicable at pH levels below 6. In the process of filtering water through such media, the filter material gradually dissolves, saturating the water various minerals. Simultaneously with the increase in salinity, the pH value of the treated water also increases. Such materials usually have self-limiting properties, as the pH normalizes, the dissolution of the material stops.

A typical load used to correct the salt composition and pH of water is CALCITE , manufactured by CLACK CORP (USA). Granules CALCITE mainly composed of natural calcium carbonate and, to a lesser extent, calcium chloride. Gradually dissolving, CALCITE passes into water in the form of calcium bicarbonate and chlorides. In addition, in the intergranular space and on the surface of the granules, the free carbon dioxide contained in the water is neutralized.

Structurally, the installation for correcting the salt composition based on partially soluble loads is a "normal" fast pressure filter.

The decision on the expediency of applying one or another method of correction depends on many factors. This is both the chemical composition of the source and pretreated water; and the selected pretreatment technology; and economic forces which should certainly be taken into account. Do not forget that all of the above methods can be used not only separately, but also combined in any way. OZONIZING WATER before serving it for bottling.

But what about ultraviolet disinfection or saturation of water with silver ions? - You ask.

ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION INSTALLATIONS do not provide a prolonged sterilization effect, that is, the water at the outlet of the sterilizer contains practically no living microorganisms, but does not have antiseptic properties. Such water, in contact with microbiological contaminants present on the internal surfaces of pipelines, bottles, corks, and simply in the surrounding air, is re-inseminated. Microorganisms caught in such water begin to multiply and soon their number goes beyond the MPC. standard .

On efficiency or "usefulness" WATER TREATMENT WITH SILVER IONS many articles have been written. We will express our point of view this issue and here are some absolutely reliable facts that are easy to verify.

Domestic sanitary standards limit the MPC of silver ions in water - the value 50 µg/l. The death of some microorganisms (by no means all) in water is caused by silver concentrations over 250 µg/l. Silver - heavy metal, capable of accumulating in the human body, this metal belongs to the second class of danger(highly hazardous substances). In "limiting" concentrations, silver ions have a mild bacteriostatic effect (the ability to slow down the growth of microorganisms). The use of this method to ensure the antiseptic properties of water, in our opinion, is not only ineffective, but also dangerous.

OZONIZING represents the only modern method water treatment, which is truly universal, since it manifests its effect simultaneously in bacteriological, physical and organoleptic terms. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizers, destroying bacteria, spores and viruses. The mechanism of water disinfection with ozone is based on its ability to inactivate complex organic matter protein nature contained in animal and plant organisms. During ozonization, simultaneously with disinfection, the water becomes discolored, as well as its deodorization and improvement of taste.

The bleaching effect of ozone is due to the oxidation of compounds that cause the color of water; they are converted into simpler, colorless molecules. Ozonation gives water a distinct blue hue.

Ozone does not give water tastes and odors and has a very valuable property of self-disintegration - after the end of treatment, after a while (up to 12 hours, taking into account the decomposition of the gas phase), ozone turns back into oxygen. Thanks to this, an overdose of ozone is not a problem. At its core, water purification with ozone is equivalent to a many times accelerated procedure of natural water purification, which occurs in natural conditions under the influence of atmospheric oxygen and solar radiation.

During ozonation, by-products such as ketones, aldehydes, bromates (if bromides are present), organic acids, peroxides can be formed. Before using ozonation, it is necessary to make sure that there are no substances in the water treated with ozone that can form these compounds.

CORRECTION OF THE CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS

At the stage, the correction of the content of such elements as fluorine and iodine is difficult for several reasons. This is also a very rigid "fork" of MPC, within which it is necessary to maintain the concentration (Iodide ion - 0.04 - 0.06 mg / l, Fluoride ion - 0.6 - 1.2 mg / l), and the probability decay during storage and disinfection of treated water.

Dosing of solutions of such substances must be carried out directly into the bottle, introducing the required dose of the solution through the filling head at the time of filling the bottle. For precise dosing of the solution, precision dosing pumps are used, synchronized with the filling unit.

Required capacity of the precision dosing pump( W2, ml/s) is calculated by the formula:

The development of water treatment technology for the production of bottled water requires an integrated approach. The stability of the quality of the final product depends on the degree of automation of the entire complex of water treatment equipment and the degree of its integration with the bottling line.

Manufacturers and suppliers. There are 110 companies in the 2020 catalog. Production and wholesale. Table water plants included in the list of the exhibition:

• GC "Alonka";
• KavMinVody;
• OOO "Fonte Aqua";
• Group of companies "Slavda";
• Soyuz Food Products LLC;
• Factory of soft drinks "Tonus", etc.

The products of the manufacturer "Achaluki" are also popular. Enterprises extract water from wells in ecologically clean regions of the republics, territories and regions of Russia. Drinking mineral and spring water in Russia is traditionally used to improve health and treat chronic diseases of the stomach and duodenum. Therapeutic and prophylactic properties are confirmed in water from Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki. Crimean sources of mineral and table waters are known. Products are bottled, PET containers and glass. Possibility of filling into containers of large volume under the order.

New ones are brought to the market trade marks, product name. Production contact information - address, phone, website in the "Contacts" tab. Delivery in Moscow and the Moscow region, regions of the country and the CIS transport organizations. Leave feedback about the service and purchases!

We invite suppliers of bottles, health facilities, dealers, pharmacies to cooperate. To buy in bulk, download the price list - contact the manager. Prices for large wholesale are negotiated by phone individually!

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Legal aspects, equipment selection, assortment formation, premises requirements, production processes, sales. Complete financial calculations.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

1. PROJECT SUMMARY

The goal of the project is to create an enterprise for the extraction and bottling artesian water. The expediency of the project is due to the growing popularity of this product both for use in offices and for home use.

Location of production - x. Pukhlyakovsky, Rostov region. Sales region - Rostov-on-Don and Rostov region. Price segment - "Standard +". The production premises are supposed to be leased, delivery is carried out by our own transport. Distribution is carried out through a partner network of stores. The trademark "VodoPukh" and the trademark are registered.

The project is attractive for investment, which is confirmed by financial calculations and the resulting integral performance indicators (Table 1).

Table 1. Integral project performance indicators

2. COMPANY AND INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION

The company carries out activities for the extraction and bottling of artesian water in 19-liter bottles. The main consumers of this product are organizations of any field of activity and any size; The use of bottled water for the needs of households in our country is not well developed, but it is gaining more and more popularity. Today, according to various sources, in Russia the consumption of bottled water per person is about 40 liters per month; in Europe, this figure is in the range of 100-150 liters. Thus, we can speak with full confidence about the significant growth potential of the industry. It should also be taken into account that Russia and, in particular, the Rostov region, have large reserves of fresh water, which has a positive effect on the cost of the final product.

According to Rosstat, more than 5,000 small and medium-sized businesses operate in the Rostov region. If we take the average number of the enterprise in 20 people, this will be 100,000 potential consumers. Based on the monthly water consumption of 40 liters per month, of which about 75% of the person consumes at the workplace, the total need for water supply for organizations is 100,000 * 40 * 0.75 = 3,000,000 liters per month. The number of households and their water consumption is extremely difficult to estimate, but it can be said that it is not less than the water consumption of organizations.

The competitive environment in the region is represented by the three largest suppliers, two of which both manufacture and distribute through the network own stores(1 and 3 own brands, respectively), and one is a distributor-aggregator that imports water from other regions into the region (7 brands in various price segments); in addition, there are about 10 regional producers, producing products of the budget segment and distributing through the village grocery stores, as a rule, they are not present in large cities of the region.

The technological process includes the lifting of water from a pre-drilled well, its purification, softening and disinfection, and subsequent bottling. After that, water is delivered to the points of sale by own transport. The sale is carried out through a network of partner stores. The competitiveness of the enterprise is ensured by High Quality purification and organoleptic properties of water provided by high-quality water treatment.

3. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS

The enterprise extracts water from an artesian well located in the Pukhlyakovsky farm in the Rostov region. The water of this region is characterized by high softness, as well as low acidity and the content of metal impurities. By processing on special equipment, water is filtered, disinfected, and its organoleptic properties are increased.

The quality of bottled drinking water is regulated by SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02. According to this regulation, all drinking water is divided into two categories: 1st category and the highest category. "VodoPukh" belongs to the highest category, which will increase the profitability of the enterprise due to a higher sale price, and, accordingly, increase the marginal income of the enterprise.

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The quality and characteristics of VodoPuKh water are confirmed by independent laboratories in Rostov-on-Don. The main characteristics of water are given in Table. 2 in comparison with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02.

Table 2. Comparative description of the main properties of water "VodoPukh"

In terms of the harmlessness of the chemical composition, organic, radiation and bacteriological contamination, as well as other parameters specified in the standard, VodoPukh fully complies with the requirements, significantly exceeding them in most parameters.

The water is bottled in 19 liter PET bottles with a handle. PET is being used as an alternative to the more common polycarbonate bottles, which, despite being more rigid and have a longer turnaround time, contain BPA, which negatively affects the taste of the water. The turnover of bottles, according to TO 2297-01-96201068-2008, is 50-60 cycles; in practice, the service life is 1.5-2 years. After that, the container must be disposed of.

The bottles are labeled with the corporate logo "VodoPukh", information about the manufacturer, water parameters and contact information partner stores.

4. SALES AND MARKETING

Water "VodoPukh" is sold through a network of retail outlets that specialize directly in drinking water. At the time of the start of the project, the chain's assortment includes three trademarks of the "Standard" and "Premium" segments. "VodoPukh" occupies an intermediate niche, which significantly increases the competitiveness of the brand.

A cooperation agreement was signed with the network. Marketing and promotion of the brand is carried out by the trading network; all brands in the range are advertised equally. Financing of promotional events is shared, 20% is paid by the manufacturer "VodoPukh", 30% - by the manufacturer of other brands of the range, 50% - by the distributor. This distribution of shares (20/30) generally corresponds to the share of brands in total sales. The media plan is given in Table. 3.

Since the demand for drinking water is highly seasonal, advertising campaign planned for changes.

The sale of water by the distribution network is carried out both through outlets by self-delivery, and with home delivery by prior order. An order can be placed both by phone and through the network's website.

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As of January 2016, the share of the network in the total sales of bottled (19 l bottles) water is 15%. Due to the expansion of the range of water "VodoPukh" it is expected to increase the share to 20%.

5. PRODUCTION PLAN

The first stage of the project implementation is the drilling of a well in the territory adjacent to the x. Pukhlyakovsky, Rostov region. Water is extracted from the second aquifer; its depth is 120-150 m. The expected flow rate of the well is 90 m 3 /day. Exploration and drilling are carried out by a specialized company. The cost of work is given in Table. four.

Table 4. The cost of works on the device of an artesian well

Water is supplied to production room, located 50-70 m from the well, in which bottling is carried out directly. The list of equipment is given in Table. 5.

Table 5. A set of equipment for filling water into 19-liter bottles

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The flow rate of the well exceeds the volume of water required during the first two years of the project. The volume of production is dictated by volumes retail sales. The average production volume in the first two years is 10,000 liters per day. The warehouse needs to maintain a constant stock to cover a two-day demand. Three lungs are used to transport water from the production site to the points of sale. trucks load capacity 1.5 tons.

Required area production area- 50 sq.m., warehouse - 80 sq.m. The number of production workers is 4 people. The number of auxiliary and warehouse workers - 3 people. The full staffing table is given in Table. 6. The production plan is given in App. 5.

All workplaces are certified in accordance with the law, ensuring maximum safety and availability of labor protection equipment.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

All administrative and managerial functions performed individual entrepreneur. For organization effective work he needs to have general knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship, tax legislation and accounting. Knowledge of detailed knowledge of production technology and labor protection is also important. Technology training is carried out by the equipment supplier within 2 working days after the installation of the equipment directly at the production site.

Table 6 staffing and payroll

All employees are directly subordinate to the owner of the enterprise.

Loaders perform both work on the territory of production, and work on the road when unloading cars at retail outlets. The dispatcher receives orders from the distributor, and also plans the route of the vehicles.

If you decide to start your business in the field of production, then the idea of ​​​​selling drinking water will surely interest you. Before starting the production and sale of goods, I want to note the significant pros and cons of this way of earning.

Benefits of a bottled drinking water business

• First, water is a commodity that belongs to the food group. No person can go without fluid for a long time. Therefore, we can conclude that this product will always be in demand and relevant, and the drinking water business will be profitable.
• Secondly, a big plus of this type of income is the organization of a business in almost any area. People's needs for purified, drinking water are only increasing, because the quality of water pipes is only getting worse every year. In this regard, drinking water from the tap will soon be generally impossible, so the prospects for the production and sale of bottled water will only increase.
• Thirdly, this type of business does not require relatively large financial investments, especially if your company will only sell drinking water, and not produce it.
• Fourthly, it is a quick payback. If you can compete in the market, you will soon recoup all the expenses spent on the business and get a clean and constant profit.

Disadvantages of the drinking water business

• The first significant disadvantage is a lot of competition in this area. A beginner, with only one idea and desire, without money, cannot break into such a difficult niche. Many firms have been specializing in this area for a long time and have been doing this business for many years.
• But do not despair, you must correctly analyze the demand and the level of competition in your city. Many firms sell low-quality goods, you can stay and firmly gain a foothold in the market only by providing the consumer with a quality product at an affordable price.
• The second minus is the constant checks by the sanitary and epidemiological service of the conditions at your production and the quality of your products.
• Solid start-up capital. To start production, you will need an impressive amount of money. You can find partners for yourself, because it will be difficult for one to promote such a large-scale project.
• In general, competition is the main disadvantage this business, if you are sure that you can handle it, then I recommend that you try to bring this idea to life.

Drinking water production business plan

Experienced businessmen know that a well-written business plan is half the battle. Therefore, at the initial stage, I recommend that you do just that.

What should be displayed in a business plan?

First, it is necessary to determine the profitability of the idea. To do this, analyze the level of demand and competition in your locality.

Secondly, it is necessary to correctly distribute the available funds. To do this, you need to have clear data regarding the costs of the project. All this will be displayed in the financial section.

Thirdly, it is the payback period of the business. The plan should indicate the approximate payback period of the project, the receipt of the first profit. This is necessary in order to navigate and not deviate from a clear plan of action. Also, this item will be of interest to investors, people who will be ready to invest in your business.

Documents for opening the production of drinking water?

• IP or LLC? To begin with, it is worth registering with the tax office as a private entrepreneur (in the case of a sale) or as a legal entity if you are a water producer.
• Certificates from the fire service and SES on the compliance of the equipment with all norms and quality standards.
• Certificate of quality used in the production of water (issued by the sanitary and epidemiological service).
• Occupation License entrepreneurial activity(rental agreement for premises, equipment, your personal data). All documents in without fail must be notarized.

Also, in the future, you will need to draw up agreements with water suppliers (if you do not produce it yourself), containers and other consumables.

Premises for rent

Your next step towards the implementation of the idea for the production of water will be the selection and rental of premises.

The area must meet the requirements and standards. Everything will depend on the volume of production.

The floor space includes:

• Place, area where water will be extracted (if it is included in the specifics of your enterprise);
• Separate rooms for liquid cleaning and spillage;
• Warehouse for storage of finished products
• Room for working staff.
• The premises must comply with all SES standards.

Location. It is best to rent a room outside the city, where rental prices are much lower, you can save a lot.

It is more profitable to open an enterprise for the production of drinking water in a big city, but due to the huge competition, you can try to find a profitable place near small settlements.

Equipment for the production of drinking water

In order to start production, you will need to purchase or rent equipment:

• For water purification (aeration system and dosing of reagents).
• For bottling
• Equipment for the manufacture of bottles (of course, this equipment is not necessary, you can do without it).

As an additional income, you can do recycling plastic bottles by purchasing the appropriate equipment for this. Watch from which you will learn all the nuances of this type of activity.

Bottled water production

If you decide to develop a business in this direction, then you will need to purchase equipment for the manufacture of bottles, as well as for washing them, because the container will be reusable.

How this process takes place, you can see in the video:

Water production technology:

1. Drilling of an artesian well;
2. Purification of water using special coal or sand filters;
3. Correction of the level of minerals;
4. Disinfection with ultraviolet rays;
5. Water ozonation
6. Pouring water into containers

Sale of drinking water as a business

Supply contracts are concluded with consumers directly if you are a water producer. If your specialization is only the sale of water, then you first need to conclude agreements with manufacturers. It is best to choose several options, check the quality of the products. To do this, you need to request samples and analyze the water quality in the laboratory. A very important criterion for any businessman is the purchase price. You need to choose the most suitable option in the price range.

Expenses

If your company is only engaged in the supply of drinking water to the house, then the costs will be as follows:

Room rental. You must rent a place where your products will be stored. For these purposes, any warehouse is suitable, even outside the city.

Transport. In order to deliver the goods, you will need to have vehicle. For these purposes, the most suitable option would be a gazelle. It is important that the car does not consume a lot of gasoline, so you should choose an economical and roomy option.

With the current rise in propaganda healthy lifestyle of life is growing and the consumption of purified bottled water. And since the quality of tap water in Russia is far from ideal, many consumers today are willing to pay for a good product. And you can make good money on this trend if you open your own production of bottled drinking water. Drinking water is water that has gone through several stages of purification and filtration. The final product can be packed in different containers - plastic, glass.

Our business valuation:

Starting investments - from 2,000,000 rubles.

Market saturation is high.

The complexity of starting a business is 6/10.

The drinking water business is characterized by many advantages that make this niche attractive to many aspiring entrepreneurs:

• Drinking water, carbonated and non-carbonated, is in high demand.
• You can organize your own workshop literally in any region of our country, since there are no problems with the supply of "raw materials".
• This business is variable, which will allow the entrepreneur to choose the path of development that is more suitable in a particular case - given the available investments.
• With well-established distribution channels, even impressive investments pay off quickly enough.

But, as in the case with any other direction, there are also disadvantages that you should definitely take into account when drawing up a business plan for the production of drinking water:

Difficulties do not scare? Then you can open a plant for the production and bottling of drinking water.

It is better for a novice entrepreneur who starts a small workshop to buy a water bottling line, which is equipped with the following items of equipment:

• Incoming water purification system (aeration system and dosing of reagents).
• Filling machine.

Water bottling line

In addition to the main machines, it is possible to equip the line with a machine for the production of plastic bottles from special blanks. Over time, you can even buy a whole line that will process plastic waste into bottles. So you can save a lot on the purchase of the necessary raw materials.

The price of equipment for bottled drinking water, excluding additional machines, is at least 1,000,000 rubles. And most of the funds will go to the cleaning system. A supported line can be bought for 600,000 rubles.

Options for marketing finished products and the profitability of the planned business

The high price of the drinking water bottling line will begin to pay off when the channels for supplying finished products to customers are established. And there are 2 options:

• Organization of own water delivery service (this implies the production of water for coolers).
• Sales of finished products to retail outlets.

In the business plan being drawn up, the issue of further marketing of finished products must be resolved, since it affects both the purchase of additional equipment and the construction of a marketing policy.

Delivery of drinking water will require the presence of its own fleet of vehicles. Otherwise, even the profit will not cover the transportation costs. There is a real scope for activity here, since coolers are installed in every second office today. And to offer potential clients favorable terms of cooperation for them, you can provide coolers for free use. But this is also an additional cost.

sell finished products outlets can be more profitable than the production and transportation of drinking water to offices. But here it is important to establish a wholesale distribution.

As for the profit that an entrepreneur should count on, everything is strictly individual here - the main influence is exerted by the investments that the production and sale of drinking water will require. The minimum investment required for organizing a workshop (purchase of equipment and its commissioning + obtaining all permits and licenses + preparing the premises for work + purchasing containers) is 2,000,000 rubles. This amount will increase significantly if we start talking about drilling our own well or organizing a delivery service. You can calculate the amount of expected profit based on what the cost of drinking water will be and how much it will be sold to customers every month. The price of bottled water fluctuates in the range of 100-180 rubles / 5 liters.