Alexander Uralov.

Malyshev Vyacheslav Alexandrovich People's Commissar of Heavy Machine Building (1939-1940), People's Commissar of Medium Machine Building (1940-1941), Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1940-1944), People's Commissar of Tank Industry (1941-1942, 1943-1945), Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Stalin Prizes, General Colonel of the tank engineering service.

“He was a very organized, disciplined person, a little tough, rather demanding. He knew how to work when it was necessary to have time to do an incredible amount. He had a colossal organizational talent, which helped him head several ministries at once. And plus everything, God, or something, it was given to him, he understood all the innovations of science and technology.

V.S. Sumin. Assistant to V.A. Malyshev, who worked with him for 17 years.

Legendary Commissar of War

Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev was a talented design engineer and a major head of industrial production. He began his career as a railroad engineer. He received his engineering education at the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU named after Bauman), from which he graduated in 1934. His thesis defense turned into a creative interview of a mature engineer V.A. Malyshev with the examiners. From his teacher A.N. Shelest, a member of the state examination committee, who also graduated from the Higher Imperial Technical School (as it was called before the revolution, MVTU), the graduate student heard the flattering: “Yes, this is a born director!” And he became one already in May 1938, at the age of thirty-six, when, at the request of the People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering A.D. Bruskin, he was appointed director of the plant. Kuibyshev. Vyacheslav Alexandrovich went into every detail, he was constantly in the production shops and, if necessary, strictly asked for omissions. But the people were not offended by Malyshev, because in the first place he did not spare himself.

As People's Commissar for Heavy Engineering, Malyshev devoted most of his energy to the production of tanks. He managed to evacuate to the Urals the main production base for the production of tanks from Leningrad (Kirov and Severny plants), as well as plants from Stalingrad, Kharkov and Moscow. Thanks to his vivacious energy and pressure, some factories from other industries were also switched to the production of tanks, including the Krasnoye Sormovo shipbuilding plant in the city of Gorky.

In 1943 V.A. Malyshev, by a decree of the State Defense Committee, was appointed People's Commissar of the tank industry.

A man of seething energy, he was constantly on the "battlefield" - in the shops, at the training grounds, at the front. And with his energy, like a torch, he kindled the hearts of workers and engineers, forcing - for the sake of the front, for the sake of Victory - to work at the limit of human capabilities. He spared himself least of all - and the tank factories fulfilled and overfulfilled the plan. After all, the front needed tanks.

V.A. Malyshev often visited the fronts, in the troops defending Stalingrad. At the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, which produces tanks, together with their deputy Goreglyad, they were literally at the forefront - in front of their eyes, German tanks, attacking, almost broke through our defenses. The situation has become critical. Then, straight from the assembly shop, clanking caterpillars, not yet painted, scary, factory tanks went into battle - everything that could move and shoot. Over 50 machines under the command of a plant process engineer. “We didn’t see anything like this,” Paulus’s adjutant, Colonel V. Adam, later recalled. - General Wittersheim offered the commander of the 6th Army to move away from the Volga. He did not believe that this gigantic city could be taken."

T-34 is a legend of the Second World War.

So fought at the head of the country's tank builders, the commander of the tank industry, Colonel-General of the Engineering and Technical Service V.A. Malyshev. It was under his leadership that a tank armada consisting of 86,000 tanks and 23,000 self-propelled artillery mounts went on a strategic offensive on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Steel warriors T-34, KV, IS, as well as SAU-76 and 85, SU-100, SAU-122 mm, SAU-152, called St. John's wort, became the heroes of many decisive battles. Member of the State Defense Committee A.I. Mikoyan, characterized the Stalinist People's Commissar as follows:

“I met him when he became People's Commissar and Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. I especially liked it during the war. It was a pleasure for me to look at him, with what a twinkle he worked, becoming the people's commissar of the tank industry. He was not only a knowledgeable engineer, but also a great organizer, and engineering and organizational activity is very important in our conditions. There are many good engineers, but there are few major organizers-engineers, even very few. This is not only because of his experience, but also his personal talent.

At the end of the war, we all became convinced of what a talented organizer Malyshev was, what a fiery leader who knew how to gather talented people around him and fulfill what was assigned to him. And it is no coincidence that when the question arose of creating a nuclear industry in the USSR, it was Malyshev who was sent as the head of the newly created industry.

Among all the people's commissars, Malyshev was most often called to the Kremlin and to the dacha in Kuntsevo to resolve the most important issues of the defense industry. From 1939 to 1950, he spoke with Stalin over 100 times, and most of these meetings took place during the war. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief highly valued him as an outstanding organizer of industry.

A brilliant leader with deep engineering knowledge, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich was one of the outstanding organizers of the development of the tank industry during the war years.

From left to right: D.F.Ustinov, B.L.Vannikov, A.I.Efremov, V.A.Malyshev, 1943

Industry in a short time was reorganized on a military basis, began to give the front good combat vehicles.

The famous commanders of the Great Patriotic War treated Malyshev with the greatest respect: G. K. Zhukov, A. M. Vasilevsky, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev, A. I. Eremenko, marshals and generals of the armored forces Ya. Fedorenko, P. A. Rotmistrov, P. S. Rybalko.

Army General twice Hero of the Soviet Union, candidate of military sciences D. D. Lelyushenko during World War II commanded combined arms and tank armies, was deputy head of the Main Armored Directorate of the Red Army. In his notes, he writes: “In those days, I often met with Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev, who led the tank industry. He was struck by his seething energy. remarks. He often visited the front-line training grounds where new vehicles were tested. He escorted the formed tank formations to the active army. You could call him late at night or early in the morning - Vyacheslav Alexandrovich was always "at home". He did not have the habit of postponing decisions. Work with such a person was pleasant and easy.

Lieutenant General of the technical troops, Hero of Socialist Labor F.F. Petrov in his memoirs emphasizes the exceptional organizational talent of Malyshev, who rallied everyone - from armor masters, engine creators to cannon designers.

Work in the uranium project.

Even during the Great Patriotic War, information appeared about work with uranium-235. Malyshev became interested in this problem.

The Americans did not think that we could make an atomic bomb so quickly. Immediately after the war, on July 17, 1945, at the Potsdam Conference of the victorious powers, American President G. Truman informed I.V. Stalin that the United States had powerful weapons, thereby, according to the observation of Marshal G.K. , leaving him astonished. John F. Hogerton and Ellsworth Raymond in the book "When will Russia have an atomic bomb?", published in 1948 in Moscow, predicted that the USSR would be able to create an atomic bomb only in 1954. As you know, they got into a mess with the forecast.

Even during the Great Patriotic War, Soviet scientists dealt with the uranium problem. In December 1946, I.V. Kurchatov and his collaborators built the first reactor in Europe and carried out a chain reaction, and in 1948 they launched the first industrial uranium-graphite reactor.

The start-up of these reactors and the production of negligible microgram amounts of plutonium at the first of them, and industrial quantities at the second, summed up the enormous efforts of geologists, miners, metallurgists and metallurgists, chemists and radiochemists, graphite scientists, designers and experimental physicists. As early as August 1949, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. With the creation of atomic weapons, the development of nuclear energy began.

Test of the first atomic bomb of the USSR. August 29, 1949

He was the head of the State Commission for testing the first thermonuclear bomb, conducted at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 12, 1953. A.D. Sakharov recalled: "Malyshev hugged me and immediately suggested that, together with other test leaders, we go to the field" to see what happened. overalls with dosimeters in breast pockets... The cars drove on and stopped a few tens of meters from the remains of the test tower... Malyshev got out of the car and went to the tower. I sat next to him and got out too. The rest remained in the car. Only the concrete foundations of the supports remained from the tower ... After half a minute we returned to the cars ... "As it later became known, everyone who visited the epicenter of the explosion at that time received very large, life-threatening doses of radiation.

On August 12, 1953, the world's first hydrogen bomb was tested in the USSR. The test took place at the Semipalatinsk test site. The blast wave destroyed everything within a radius of 4 kilometers.

The role of Malyshev, as the largest machine builder, in the uranium project is obvious. I.V. Kurchatov spoke about his merits more than once, noting that Malyshev managed to mobilize hundreds of factories, mines, design bureaus (including the former tank ones, from where N.L. Dukhov came to the nuclear industry - in Arzamas-16 he headed a special design bureau sector engaged in the development of the atomic bomb) to work on the Atomic Project. With the participation of Malyshev, the construction of a nuclear power plant in Obninsk, launched in June 1954, and the construction of the Lenin nuclear icebreaker (chief designer V.I. up to 500 factories of the Soviet Union. Its creation has turned into another gigantic experimental platform for new technology, has become a maturity test for metallurgists, machine builders, and assemblers. Heading the Ministry of Shipbuilding of the USSR, V.A. Malyshev was one of the initiators and organizer of the work on the creation of the nuclear submarine fleet of the USSR.

However, the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", the construction of which was initiated by Malyshev, he did not happen to see on the roadstead. Until that day, he did not live for several months. And he did not live to see the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. But there is also his share of labor in the rapid pace of development of Soviet rocket and space technology.
I.V. Stalin called V.A. Malyshev the chief engineer of the country. Malyshev was a demanding person, he liked to understand everything thoroughly, he loved everything new. He was present at all the tests of weapons, equipment, it was important for him to understand everything, to see, to study the ongoing processes. He was a very meticulous, scrupulous person. Despite the prohibitions, immediately after the test of the atomic bomb, I went to the epicenter of the explosion. He wanted to see everything for himself, almost to feel it. It was his fearlessness, dedication to the matter that led to the fact that he "grabbed" a dose of radiation and died early, at only 54 years old ...

The creation and organization of the nuclear industry is a matter for which he took up with enthusiasm. When scientists completed their developments, and they needed to be introduced into production, Malyshev attracted his tank designers, as well as machine-building, tank factories.

The working day of Vyacheslav Alexandrovich lasted a long time: from early morning and often until one in the morning. Almost every day he was in the government. And then - analytical work. We prepared reviews of foreign literature on technical issues for him. He got acquainted with what is happening in the world through reviews, translations. He was interested in all the information related to the issues of the defense complex. I remember how, before going to a scientific symposium in England, he filled his entire notebook with information about this country. Extracts were made from a variety of literature. The result was a kind of "encyclopedia" about England. Everything was there: history, economic development, the state of the defense industry, culture. I still have this notebook, scribbled by his hand. Now I keep it as a memory of this man.

He was a very dynamic person. One of the English newspapers, after his trip to the conference, wrote that this was a "dynamo man." While in England, he traveled to factories and enterprises. All this was close, familiar to him, like home. He liked to visit factories. This was more important to him than any paper report.

V.A. Malyshev visited all the facilities, nuclear submarines. He was praised in the government for building up the atomic fleet so quickly. Instead of rivets, he introduced automatic welding. He taught some specialists to be bolder, reproached that they were afraid of the new. Often communicated with academician Paton Evgeny Oskarovich.

In 1946, Malyshev, analyzing the results of the war, concluded that "during the years of the war, our tank industry has covered a path in the field of introducing equipment and technology that would have taken 10-15 years before the war." Despite the difficulties of the war, hundreds and thousands of enterprises were transferred to the East. The government was able to allocate a sufficient amount of new equipment to tank factories, which ensured the creation of a base for the mass production of tanks.

As an outstanding organizer of industry, I.V. highly appreciated him. Stalin. During the war, Malyshev was summoned 107 times to Stalin's office to resolve the most important issues of the defense industry. Only some members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and none of the people's commissars who were not members of the Politburo were called more often.

Creation of the transport industry.

In October 1945, the People's Commissariat of Tank Industry was abolished and the People's Commissariat of Transport Engineering headed by V. A. Malyshev was created on its basis.

The new case was incredibly difficult. After four years of war, transport engineering plants were in a difficult situation, many were switched to the production of military equipment. And the tasks are huge. During the five-year period (1946-1950), the People's Commissariat of Transport Engineering is to produce 6,165 mainline steam locomotives, 865 diesel locomotives, and 435,000 wagons. In addition, the enterprises of the Ministry should provide 74.5 thousand tractors, 79 thousand diesel engines, and revive the production of river vessels at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.

How to make this jump? Malyshev is looking for ways. Experience suggested: only through new maneuvers with the available capacities and, above all, decisive switching of tank, armored hull, diesel plants to new types of products.

Malyshev sought not only to restore the production of peaceful products and the organization of production, focusing on pre-war models, but to create a new mass production focused on modern types of machines.

Malyshev laid the foundation for post-war transport engineering on the principles of mass-flow technology. New aggregate plants are being built, the plants of the former tank industry with their powerful base are becoming subcontractors of transport engineering enterprises. New designs of steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, diesel engines, and tractors are being created.

Creation and application of new technology.

In December 1947, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was reorganized and the State Committee for the Supply of the National Economy of the USSR and the State Committee for the Introduction of New Equipment in the National Economy (Gostechnika of the USSR) were formed. Gostekhnika was entrusted with the task of speeding up the introduction of new technology into the national economy for the purpose of further rapid technical equipment and re-equipment of the national economy.

V. A. Malyshev was appointed Chairman of the State Engineering Committee. In the life of Malyshev, who these days is forty years old, a very special period begins. There was a transformation of him into one of the strategists of the national economy, into the true chief engineer of the country (as many industrial workers called Malyshev). In this position, his integrity, engineering talent and organizational thought received the most complete expression. He believed that the main thing is the struggle not for individual innovations, not for private improvements that make temporary success, but the struggle for historically progressive trends in science and technology.

Malyshev focuses on the problem of speedy mechanization of labor-intensive and heavy work in the main branches of industry and construction. This ensured the creation of a reserve of labor and gain time.

State Engineering most fully revealed the organizational role in the construction of the Volga-Don Canal (1950-1952).

Unlike the original canal construction project, which provided for the involvement of more than 500 thousand people, the proposal of Malyshev and Gostekhnika provided for only 200 thousand people, but with the creation and commissioning of powerful earth-moving equipment. Walking excavators, scrapers, powerful dump trucks, tractors are being created.

New construction - new equipment. This was a truly Malyshevian scale, a case that stirred up dozens of factories and ministries. Volgo-Don became a laboratory for new technology.

Everything was done in two and a half years instead of five. On May 31, 1952, the waters of two great rivers merged forever.

Ministry of the shipbuilding industry.

On January 10, 1950, by order of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Malyshev undertakes to accept the affairs of the Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry within seven days. A day later, the corresponding Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR appeared. This is the third ministry in five years.
Malyshev knew that the large fleet program was adopted even before the war, when the People's Commissariat of the Navy and the People's Commissariat of Shipbuilding were created. In 1938-1940, many large warships were laid down. But they remained on the slipways unfinished.
There is very little time to be a large fleet. Meanwhile, the construction of one ship stretched out for three or four years, with huge expenditures of manual labor. Malyshev travels to shipyards. He realized that it was necessary to break the outdated technology for assembling ships. Some innovations began to be introduced before him, but innovations had to be introduced more boldly. The Ministry is working on this. Shipyards in the 50s changed their traditional look. "Slipway time" was drastically reduced, most of the assembly work was transferred to the shop. The delivery program of 1950 was successfully completed. In January 1951, I. V. Stalin called Malyshev and congratulated him on the successful completion of the plan for the delivery of ships.

The world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "V.I. Lenin".

Old shipbuilders, designers noted that it was not only interesting to work with Malyshev. The lessons of working with Malyshev are the lessons of the most efficient, flexible mastering of the new, the elimination of inertia, the constant development of a sense of the new.

The disease - acute leukemia - crept imperceptibly and progressed rapidly. Intensive treatment, the extraordinary personal courage of Malyshev himself, the care of friends - everything turned out to be powerless. On February 20, 1957, death occurred. On February 22, a farewell took place in the Hall of Columns of the House of Soviets. The urn with the ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall. The Kharkov Machine-Building Plant, streets in Moscow, Kolomna and Syktyvkar (a monument was erected in the city) and in other cities were named after him.

Where have such people gone? They were replaced at government posts by demagogues who built their careers by participating in various kinds of political squabbles, technically illiterate, but, nevertheless, undertaking to solve something in matters completely unknown and incomprehensible to them - the results of their activities are already obvious even to people who are the most distant from technical topics.

So, for example, a physics teacher by education, owner of a car dealership, head of the election headquarters of Petro Poroshenko in the Kherson region, deputy of the regional council 42 -year-old Roman Romanov.

This teacher-physicist in 1995 graduated from the physics and mathematics department of the Kherson State Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya (a very prestigious university!) being an entrepreneur since 1992. When did he study?

“... He had a colossal organizational talent, which helped him head several ministries at once. And plus everything, God, or something, it was given to him, he understood all the innovations of science and technology. This is V.A. Malyshev.
How is it with I. Stalin: “Cadres decide everything!”

And what talent does a deputy of the regional council, an entrepreneur, the owner of a car dealership in Kherson, applicable to the management of such a colossus as the state concern Ukroboronprom?

Goodbye, Ukroboronprom Group of Companies!

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During the years of WW2, a brilliant constellation of outstanding industrial leaders and Jewish engineers emerged in the USSR. Thanks to their talent and selfless work, after the defeat of 1941, it was possible to quickly build factories in Siberia and the Urals and restore the production of weapons. Their efforts played a key role in the continuous supply of military equipment and weapons to the Red Army and became the key to the Victory.

The USSR "thanked" the Jewish engineers and industry leaders for their selfless work - after the war they became the object of a fierce anti-Semitic company, which resulted in discrimination, persecution, expulsion and complete oblivion in the USSR of their feat.

Alexander Shulman
Jews at the head of the military industry of the USSR during the 2nd World War

During the war years, Jews headed the key people's commissariats and departments of the military industry that forged the weapons of Victory. They were outstanding production organizers who spared neither themselves nor their subordinates for the main goal - the Red Army was to be continuously supplied with modern equipment and weapons superior to the weapons of Nazi Germany.

USSR after the defeat in 1941. lost the centers of the military industry that remained in the territory occupied by the Germans. For the sake of saving the country, it was required literally in a matter of days to evacuate production and build new factories in Siberia and the Urals in order to give the Red Army all the necessary weapons.

This feat was achieved mainly thanks to the efforts of the Jews who headed the key people's commissariats.
Among them:
Colonel General Vannikov Boris Lvovich - People's Commissar for Armaments from 1939-1941, then People's Commissar for Ammunition in 1942-1946. After the war, Minister B.L. Vannikov led the work on the creation of the atomic bomb, being the chairman of Committee No. 1 under the government.

Ginzburg Semyon Zakharovich - People's Commissar for Construction of the USSR in 1939-1946. During the war years, he supervised the construction of defense and industrial facilities, the commissioning of evacuated enterprises, and the restoration of the national economy in the liberated areas.

Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich - member of the State. Defense Committee, Chairman of the Transport Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, People's Commissar of Railways in 1938-1942. and 1943-1944.

Major General Zaltsman Isaak Moiseevich - People's Commissar of the Tank Industry of the USSR in 1941 - 1943. The creator and leader of Tankograd, created in Chelyabinsk on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, the evacuated Kirov Machine-Building and Kharkov Tank Plants.

In the defense people's commissariats, there were 26 Jews among the heads of the Main Directorates. 18 deputy people's commissars of a number of important people's commissariats were also Jews, among them:
Major General Sandler Solomon Mironovich - Deputy. People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry.
Major General Vishnevsky David Nikolaevich - Deputy. People's Commissar of Munitions. Under his leadership, new types of fuses for shells were developed.
Major General Zalessky Pavel Yakovlevich - Deputy. head of the main department of the people's commissariat of the aviation industry. .
Major General Zemlerub Viktor Abramovich - Head of the Main Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition.
Lieutenant General Levin Mikhail Aronovich - head of the department of engine building and fuel of the aviation industry.
Major General Nosovsky Naum Emmanuilovich - head of the main department of the People's Commissariat for Armaments.
Major General Frankfurt Samuil Grigoryevich - head of the main department of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition.
Way General Fradkin Semyon Vladimirovich - Head of the Central Directorate for the Reconstruction of Railway Plants
Rybak Boris Mikhailovich - Deputy. People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry;
Kaplun Grigory Danilovich - Deputy. People's Commissar of Shipbuilding;
Kogan Julius Solomonovich and Myaskovsky Semyon Abramovich - deputy. People's Commissar in the People's Commissariat of Medium Machine Building;
Grigory Rafailovich Frezerov was the head of the technical department of the People's Commissariat for Tank Industry.
Israel Halperin - deputy. People's Commissar of Heavy Industry:
Efim Brailovsky - Deputy. people's commissar of the electrical industry;
Semyon Reznikov - deputy. People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy, and, at the same time, the director of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, which during the war years supplied 30% of armor steel for the country's tank factories.

Among those who created the production base of the defense industry are:
Bernstein Lev Borisovich - head of construction of facilities for the Northern Fleet.
Grenadier David Semenovich - head of the construction of a plant in Siberia.
Dymshits Veniamin Emmanuilovich - builder of metallurgical plants: Kuznetsk, Azovstal, Krivoy Rog, Magnitogorsk. During the war years, he introduced new capacities. Manager of the trust "Magnitostroy".
Sheinkin Boris Lazarevich - head of the construction of an underwater gas pipeline across Lake Ladoga. Then he supervised the construction of an oil pipeline from Guryev to Kuibyshev,
Schildkrot Moisei Abramovich - head of the construction of a tank city on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant.
Major General Rapoport Yakov Davidovich - commander of the 3rd sapper army and defensive construction of a number of fronts. Since 1943, he built the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant.
Shapiro S.G. - Head of the Main Military Industrial Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
Livshits B.L. - Deputy Head of the Construction Department of the People's Commissariat of the Navy
Kharkovsky A.Z. - Chief Engineer of Glavuralstroy
Aronson E.G. - Chief engineer of Glavuralenergostroy
Levin I.A. - Head of Glavelektromontazh
Mizrukhin Ya.M. - Head of Glavpromelektromontazh
Offenheim G.G. - Head of Glavdalstroy
Vasilevitsky V.A. - And about. Head of Glavboepripastroy
Zolotnikov E.M. - Chief Engineer of the same Department
Spivak N.Ya. - Chief Engineer of Glavaviastroy
Rapoport Ya.D. - Head of Glavgidrostroy
Shlyuger I.S. - Head of Glavsvyazstroy
Frenkel N.A. - Head of Glavzheldorstroy
Kulchitsky B.S. - Chief Engineer of Glavpromstroy

Metallurgical plants were headed by:
Sokol Yakov Isaakovich - Director of the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant of Quality Steels
Shvartsburg Petr Ilyich - director of the Chelyabinsk forging and pressing plant.
Eskin Yuliy Borisovich - director of the marine plant.
Reznikov S.I. - Director of the Novo-Tagil Metallurgical Plant, the main
armor steel supplier.
Lokshin E.M. - Chief engineer of the same plant
Grinberg L.I. - Director of the Petrovsko-Zabaykalsky metallurgical plant
Kogan P.I. - Director of the plant "Azovstal"
Kramer M.F. - Director of the Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant.
Zlochevsky I.I. - Director of the Satkim Metallurgical Plant
Gutnik V.D. - Director of the Chelyabinsk plant of metal products
Tregubov A.I. - Director of the Lysva Metallurgical Plant
Kokhanov I.E. - Director of the Chermoz Metallurgical Plant
Pasternak I.B. - Chief Engineer of the Pervouralsk Starotrubny Plant
Yampolsky A.O. - Director of the Kamensk-Ural Pipe Plant
Weisberg L.E. - Chief engineer of the Kuznetsk metallurgical plant,
Yudovich S.Z. - Chief engineer of the plant "Spetsstal"
Pustylnik I.I. - Chief Engineer of the Ural Aluminum Plant
Itsikson B.I. - Chief metallurgist of the same plant
Falsky F.G. - Director of the Solikamsk magnesium plant
Sokol Ya.I. - Director of the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant
Levin L.I. - Director of the Nizhne-Serginsky Metallurgical Plant
Neimark N.Ya. - Director of the Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant
Nodelman A.A. - Director of the Beloretsk Metal Plant
Grishkan A.Z. - Director of the Baku Pipe Rolling Plant.

Artillery armament
The main directorate for the production of artillery weapons was headed by General Naum Emmanuilovich Nosovsky.

Gorlitsky Lev Izrailevich was a designer of self-propelled artillery mounts SAU-76, SAU-122.
Loktev Lev Abramovich - designer of anti-aircraft artillery guns.
Artillery guns ZIS-3 were developed in Grabin's design bureau - they were created by designers-developers: Lasman B., Norkin V., and others.

The chief engineer of the Volga (Gorky) plant was Mark Zinovievich Olevsky (winner of the Stalin Prize). During the war years, the plant produced 100 thousand artillery pieces.

Major-General Abram Isaevich Bykhovsky headed the Izhevsk and Perm artillery factories.
Izhevsk plant was the main manufacturer of aircraft guns and all types of small arms (machine guns, rifles, anti-tank guns).

The Ural Artillery Plant was led by Major General Lev Robertovich Gonor. This plant produced heavy field and anti-tank guns.

Director of the artillery factory. Voroshilov was Boris Abramovich Khazanov

Director of the plant Kalinin (former Obukhovsky) was Boris Abramovich Fradkin. The plant produced anti-aircraft artillery installations. After the war, the plant produced rocket launchers, their chief designer was the outstanding Jewish engineer Lev Veniaminovich Lyulyev.

Yakov Abramovich Shifrin in 1941 was the chief engineer of the Bolshevik plant, in 1942 he became the director of the artillery plant. Voroshilov. At this plant, the Special Design Bureau for mortar weapons was created. Ya.A. Shifrin was one of the leaders of the Central Artillery Design Bureau in 1942-1944.
All directors of artillery factories were given the rank of general. During the war years, artillery factories produced 482,000 guns.

Small arms and aviation weapons
The main supplier of all types of small arms was the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, whose chief engineer during the war years was Solomon Savelyevich Gindenson, Hero of Socialist Labor.
The chief technologist was Abram Yakovlevich Fisher, laureate of the Stalin Prize.
The chief designer of aviation weapons was the outstanding engineer Alexander Emmanuilovich Nudelman, laureate of the State Prize, laureate of the Lenin Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor. The plant also produced anti-tank rifles, machine guns, etc.
Gindenson S.S. - Chief engineer of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant
Fisher A.Ya. - Chief technologist of the same plant
Minkov A.Ya. - Chief engineer of the Izhevsk plant for the production of pistols
Kotlyar A.S. - Director of the optical factory No. 69 (Sights, rangefinders, stereo
tubes and binoculars)
Brusilovsky A.I. - Head of production of the same plant
Lazarevich Ya.A. - Chief engineer of the plant for the production of weapons No. 88
Morozensky A.I. - Chief engineer of the military plant No. 71
Podobryansky V.A. - Chief engineer of military plant No. 17
Zelikov A.I. - Chief engineer of military plant No. 70
Altgovzen - Director of the Ural Turbine Plant, which produced reactive
installations.
Kanevsky - Director of the military plant No. 625 of the same profile
Steinberg - Director of the military plant No. 209 of the same profile
Tsofin S.A. - Director of the military plant. loach
Boyarsky L.G. - Director of the plant. Engels
Fratkin B.A. - Director of the artillery plant. Kalinin (Anti-aircraft installation)
ovs.)
Avtsin G.V. - Chief engineer of the same plant
Olevsky M.Z. - Chief engineer of the cannon factory No. 92
Gonor L.R. - Director of the plant "Barricades" Stalingrad, then Ural
artillery factory
Bykhovsky A.I. - Director of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, then Perms-
whom the machine-building plant.
Shifrin Ya.A. - Director of the military plant. Voroshilov
Khazanov B.A. - Director of the same plant after Shifrin was transferred to Central
artillery design bureau.

tank production
According to the General Staff, the Red Army lost 20,500 tanks in the first 5 months of the war. Therefore, Stalin took emergency measures to create a new tank industry in the rear.
For this purpose, the Kirov Plant from Leningrad and Tank Plant No. 183 from Kharkov were evacuated to Chelyabinsk, where the tractor plant was located. Isaak Moiseevich Zaltsman was appointed director of the head enterprise - the Kirov Plant, who in 1941 was appointed deputy people's commissar of the tank industry, and in 1942-1943. became a drug addict.

A month and a half later, the Kharkov plant began to produce diesel engines for T-34 tanks, which had been created even earlier in Kharkov. 500 hp diesel engine (model B-2) was designed in Kharkov under the leadership of Yakov Efimovich Vikhman specifically for this tank. The designers of Soviet tanks were B.A. Chernyak, A.Ya. Mitnik, A.I. Shpaikhler, M.B.

The chief engineer of the Ural Tank Plant (former No. 183) was Lazar Isaakovich Korduner. In addition to these plants, Tankograd included a number of other plants: Moscow Machine Tool Plant, Krasny Proletarian, a grinding machine plant and a dozen other allied plants. The conglomerate was headed by I.M. Saltzman.

At the Uralmashzavod, which was part of Tankograd, the production of SAU-122 self-propelled artillery mounts equipped with 122-mm howitzers designed by Lazar Isaakovich Gorlitsky was organized. The thickness of the armor protection of the self-propelled guns was 45 mm. Soon the plant replaced it with a more advanced SAU-100 installation with two sights. During the war years, 22 thousand such installations were produced.

In Nizhny Novgorod, where the director of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant was Major General Efim Emmanuilovich Rubinchik (former director of the Kolomna Locomotive Plant), the production of T-34 tanks was also organized. The director's son, Alexander Rubinchik, worked at the same plant as a tank tester and went to the front with the rank of lieutenant.

In September 1942, the production of V-2 engines was also organized at the engine plant in Barnaul under the leadership of chief engineer Efraim Moiseevich Lev, who was transferred from the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. In 1943, the Kirov Plant began producing heavy tanks IS-1 and IS-2 with more powerful weapons, as well as KV tanks.

The chief designer of heavy tanks was Colonel General Kotin Joseph Yakovlevich - under his leadership, modifications of the heavy tank KB (KB-lc, KB-85, new tanks IS-1, IS-2.

During the war years, more than 100 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns were produced in Tankograd.

Livshits A.M. - Director of the Gorky Automobile Plant, which produced light tanks
Lev E.M. - Chief Engineer of the Altai Motor Plant
Dulkin B.Ya. - Director of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant
Dlugach M.A. - Director of Kirovsky, who remained in Leningrad after the evacuation
factory
Zelikson M.Ya. - Director of the military plant No. 36 named after. S. Ordzhonekidze
Goldstein B.Ya. - Director of the plant. Molotov
Moroz M.A. - Director of military plant No. 255
Katsnelson E.M. - Director of military plant No. 174

Aviation industry
Among the leaders of the industry were, as elsewhere, Jews. The aviation industry consisted of 120 factories. In 1941, the Air Force received 15 thousand aircraft, in 1942 - 25 thousand, in 1944 - 40 thousand. In addition, the Red Army received another 1,475 aircraft under Lend-Lease from the Allies.

Back in 1940, the director of one of the large aircraft factories in Voronezh, Matvey Borisovich Shenkman, with the support of designer S. Ilyushin, at his own peril and risk, without the permission of his superiors, began to master the production of IL-2 aircraft. On August 23, 1941, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and received a telegram from Stalin: "The Red Army needs IL-2 aircraft like air." May 23, 1942 Shenkman died in a plane crash.

Kharkov Aviation Plant was headed by Veniamin Solomonovich Berman,
Irkutsk Aircraft Plant - Isaak Borisovich Iosilovich,
Saratov plant - Israel Solomonovich Levin,
Voronezh - Matvey Borisovich Shenkman,
aircraft engine them. Frunze: Mikhail Sergeevich Zhezlov,
plant for the production of U-2 aircraft - Julius Borisovich Eskin,
aircraft propeller plant - Oscar Alexandrovich Kazansky.
Major-General Belyansky Alexander Abramovich - Director of Aviation Plant No. 18, which manufactured Il-2 attack aircraft.
Kazansky O.A. - Director of the aircraft propeller factory
Vishtynetsky I.S. - Director of non-ferrous metallurgy plant
Yusim Ya.S. - Director of the Ball Bearing Plant, Moscow

Major General Polikovsky Vladimir Isaakovich was the head of the Central Research Institute of Aviation Motors.

Among the chief engineers of aircraft factories were David Efimovich Aizenberg, Abram Lvovich Godenko, Lev Samoilovich Davydov, Naum Alexandrovich Shapiro, Simka Berkovich Sherman, Efim Markovich Yudin, Abram Filippovich Averbukh and others.

The director of Special Plant No. 69 was Alexander Savelyevich Kotlyar. In October 1941, this plant was relocated to Novosibirsk. It was the industry's leading supplier of scopes, rangefinders, stereo tubes, binoculars and other optical products.

Major General I.S. During the war years, Levin at the Saratov plant produced 15 thousand Yak-1 and Yak-3 fighters thanks to the flow-bench assembly of aircraft.

The director of the Irkutsk Aviation Plant, which produced the Pe-2, Pe-3 and IL-4 aircraft, was Isaak Borisovich Iosilovich, who was later appointed deputy A.N. Tupolev.

The largest aircraft engine enterprise named after Frunze in Samara (then Kuibyshev) produced engines for bombers and attack aircraft. The director of this plant, Major General M.S. Zhezlov was awarded four Orders of Lenin and the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

The most massive fighter was the Yak-9, equipped with an automatic 37-mm cannon, created by Nudelman Alexander Emmanuilovich, the chief designer for aircraft guns at the Izhevsk plant. Together with him, Richter Aron Abramovich designed air guns.

An important role in the Battle of Stalingrad was played by the La-5 fighters, created in the design bureau of Major General Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin, Hero of Socialist Labor. Specialists worked with him: Taits M.A., Zaks L.A., Pirlin B.A., Zak S.L., Kantor D.I., Sverdlov I.A., Kheifets N.A., Chernyakov N. S., Eskin Yu.B.
On the La-5 fighter, pilot Ivan Kozhedub shot down 45 enemy aircraft, and on the La-7 fighter - another 17.

Gurevich Mikhail Iosifovich created a series of high-altitude MIG fighters.
Kosberg Semyon Arievich was the chief designer of aircraft engines.
Galperin Anatoly Isaakovich - the designer of a super-heavy aerial bomb weighing 5.4 tons, which was used to destroy especially important and large enemy targets, and others.
Nizhny Vladimir Iosifovich - engine specialist. Died in an engine explosion during engine testing.
Mil Mikhail Leontievich - designer, who in the future became an outstanding creator of a number of helicopters.

Major General IAS Izakson Alexander Moiseevich together with Petlyakov V.M. On the eve of the war, he created the Pe-2 dive bomber. After the death of Petlyakov in 1942, he headed the design bureau that created the Pe-2, Pe-3, Pe-8 (TB-7) aircraft. Buyanover S.I. worked with him. - chief designer of sighting devices for dropping bombs from Pe-2, Vilgrube L.S., Erlikh I.A. and etc.

Prominent designers and engineers worked in the Tupolev Design Bureau: Eger S.M., Iosilovich Ts.B., Minkner K.V., Frenkel G.S., Sterlin A.E., Stoman E.K. They created the Tu-2 tactical dive bomber and other aircraft of the Tu family.

Among those who tested the new aircraft, one can name test pilots Gallay Mark Lazarevich - Hero of the Soviet Union, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR. Baranovsky Mikhail Lvovich Gimpel E.N., Izgeim A.N., Kantor David Isaakovich, Einis I.V. and others.

Ammunition production
At the beginning of the war, all 7 chemical plants for the production of gunpowder and explosives, located near the border, were captured by the Germans. The Red Army had nothing to shoot with. For the first time, the Americans supplied 370,000 tons of gunpowder.

Stalin released Boris Lvovich Vannikov, the former people's commissar of weapons, who had been imprisoned there, and appointed him people's commissar of ammunition. Under his leadership, research was launched on the use of new sources for the production of ammunition. Toluene was obtained from petrochemical production at the Ufa plant.

Through the efforts of the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Munitions of the Special Bureau at Plant No. 98, where David Grigoryevich Bidinsky was the director, and Professor Yu. Khariton (after the war - the creator of the atomic bomb, academician), the problem was solved. They began to produce ammunition, factories led by D.G. Bidinsky, S.G. Frankfurt, E.D. Berdichevsky, O.M. Belenkiy, B.Z. .Okunev, M.B. Levin, N.Sh. Abelev, D.R. Barsky and others.
Gorsky Boris Lvovich was the director of the gunpowder factory,
Neustroev Semyon Abramovich - director of the ammunition plant.

Even at the artillery factory. Voroshilov (director B.N. Khazanov) fired 8,000 mines and 240,000 bombs. The people's commissariat for mortar weapons and the people's commissariat for non-ferrous metallurgy were connected to the work. 42% of all lead for the manufacture of bullets and shrapnel was provided by the Leninogorsk polymetallic plant, the rest of the lead was supplied by the Chimkent lead plant.

General David Vishnevsky and his Central Design Bureau created new types of fuses. During the war years, non-ferrous metallurgy plants manufactured 13 million rockets for Katyushas, ​​installed on American Studebakers with a powerful engine (95 hp). The installations themselves were assembled by the Moscow Compressor plant.

Goldstein V.V. - Director of the Lyubertsy plant of agricultural machinery, which produced ammunition
Genkin A.K. - Director of the plant Uralselmash
Goncharov M.N. - Director of the plant. Molotov
Kopeliovich M.S. - Director of plant No. 73
Epshtein Ya.I. - Director of the plant "Avtopribor"
Barenblum I.K. - Director of military plant No. 58
Uflyand A.I. - Director of military plant No. 91
Barsky D.R. - Director of military plant No. 386
Brusilovsky Z.E. - Director of military plant No. 607
Wittenberg A.S. - Director of the plant. Stalin NKNP
Glazer A.I. - Director of the plant "Ideal" No. 37
Kustanovich V.K. - Director of military plant No. 658
Dvinov Kh.Ya. - Director of the military plant number 10.
Tumarkin F. Sh-B - Director of military plant No. 255
Andrachnikov E.I. - Director of military plant No. 578
Berdichevsky E.D. - Director of military plant No. 4
Gorelik B.M. - Director of military plant No. 5
Emelyanov A.A. - Director of military plant No. 367
Livshits A.L. - Director of military plant No. 67

shipbuilding industry
Lokshin E.Ya. - Director of the Sosnovsky shipbuilding plant, produced
military boats. Worked in the conditions of blockaded Leningrad
Sobolev S.L. - Director of the Sosnovsky Shipyard No. 5, after Lokshin
Simin A.F. - Chief engineer of the same plant
Slutsky I.M. - Director of the shipyard No. 215
Ugorsky S.S. - Director of shipbuilding plant No. 42
Minkin M.I. - Director of shipbuilding plant No. 236
Khalanay I.A. - Director of shipbuilding plant No. 198
Rubinchik E.E. - Director of the Krasnoe Sormovo plant, submarines

Automotive industry
Lifshitz - Ch. GAZ engineer, then director of GAZ
Schwarzburg P.I. - Director of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant
Lotterstein H.S. - Chief engineer of the same plant
Katsman A.L. - Chief engineer of UralZiSa

For participation in the development and production of new types of military equipment during the war years, 300 Jewish specialists were awarded the Stalin Prize, 12 - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, 200 - were awarded the Order of Lenin. In total, orders and medals were awarded to 180 thousand Jewish engineers, business leaders and workers.

Persecution of Jews after the war
After the end of the war, the department in the USSR began a flurry of activity to dismiss Jewish specialists under the slogan of "struggle against cosmopolitanism." One can imagine the state of a person who gave all his strength and energy to achieve victory and is now deprived of work, humiliated, insulted.

One of the first dismissed heads of the Main Directorates was Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service Naum Emmanuilovich Nosovsky, who headed the artillery industry during the war years.

In July 1947, the head of the Main Directorate for the Production of Ammunition, Viktor Abramovich Zemlub, was fired.
The well-known builder, head of the White Sea-Baltic Canal Construction Department, Yakov Davydovich Rapoport, who was awarded five Orders of Lenin, was removed from all his posts.

The head of the First Main Directorate S.Ya. was removed from the People's Commissariat of the Chemical Industry. Feinstein, despite his great merits. The deputies of the people's commissars were fired: the aviation industry - Solomon Mironovich Sandler and non-ferrous metallurgy - Solomon Alexandrovich Raginsky.

In the aviation industry, all directors of factories of Jewish nationality were removed. The last of them was fired the director of the Saratov aircraft plant, Israel Solomonovich Levin, who was awarded two Orders of Lenin and a commander's award - the Order of Kutuzov.

In the People's Commissariat for Mortar Weapons in 1958, there were three plant directors out of 40 directors and chief engineers who worked during the war years.

During the period from 1947 to 1953, more than 50 Jews, generals and admirals, were fired in the defense industry. This also affected the Hero of the Soviet Union, the head of the military engineering academy, Colonel-General Kotlyar, as well as a number of senior generals - Binovich (armored troops), S.D. Davidovich - head of the Research Institute of the tank industry and a number of others.

In 1947, the creators of the ammunition industry, Generals D.B. Bidinsky, S.G. Frankfurt, S.A. Nevstruev and others.

Among the dismissed were the first Heroes of the social. labor in the artillery industry, generals L.R. Gonor (who was arrested in 1953 and tortured during interrogations at the MGB) and A.I. Bykhovsky, directors of factories Fradkin, Khazanov, Shifrin, chief engineer of the Volga plant Olevsky.

The director of plant No. 69, one of the leaders in the aircraft industry, A.S. Kotlyar was put on trial on false charges of financial fraud.

At the beginning of 1951, the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry sent a report on the work with personnel to the mechanical engineering department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which reported the dismissal of 34 directors and 31 chief engineers of Jewish nationality.

Jews were also fired in other industries, for example, in the automotive industry (P.I. Schwarzburg, B.M. Fitterman, and others). The tragic fate of the creator of the tank industry - People's Commissar Isaac Moiseevich Zaltsman.

The persecution of Jews continued even after Stalin's death. Jews were not hired anywhere, and workers were fired. Venerable professors, associate professors, teachers were expelled from educational institutions. Jews were not admitted to graduate school.
The “fifth point” in the passport closed the road to work and creative life.

The contribution of Jews to the restoration and organization of a new defense industry during the war years is enormous, which is silent both in the USSR and in the Russian Federation. Without perfect weapons, victory in the war would have been impossible. The merit of the Jews in the creation of the defense industry of the USSR should go down in the history of the Second World War.

Literature:
I. Tsiperfin "To pass on to descendants the truth about the war". magazine "Aleph" #983
Mininberg L. Soviet Jews in science and industry of the USSR during the Second World War (1941-1945). Moscow. 1995.
Iosif Kremenetsky ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITY OF THE JEWS IN THE USSR.
http://www.usfamily.net/web/joseph/evr_v_prom_sssr.htm

Application.
State anti-Semitism in the USSR. The Case of the Jewish Engineers of the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant

R.A. Rudenko and I.A. Serov - in the Central Committee of the CPSU on the partial rehabilitation of workers of the Moscow Automobile Plant convicted of participating in the so-called Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group
01.08.1955

Central Committee of the CPSU
In November 1951, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced 41 people, former executives of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin and the Ministry of the Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR, to various penalties, including:

Eidinov A.F. - assistant director of the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant;

Fitterman B.M. - chief designer of the Moscow Automobile Plant;

Goldberg G.I. - chief designer for electrical equipment of the Moscow Automobile Plant;

Schmidt A.I. - Deputy head of production of the automobile plant;

Genkin B.S. - pom. Minister of the Automotive Industry of the USSR and others, of which 11 people were sentenced to death.

All the convicts were found guilty of being members of the Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group operating at the Moscow Automobile Plant, led by Eidinov, carried out subversive work.

Eidinov and a number of other persons convicted in these cases were also found guilty of being associated with American spies and sabotaging the workers' healthcare organization.

When considering cases in the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the majority of those arrested denied deliberate sabotage at the car factory.

In the filed in 1952-1955. In the complaints, convicts Fitterman, Kogan, Goldberg and others categorically deny their guilt and claim that as a result of illegal methods of investigation they gave false testimony in 1950.

An audit carried out by the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR showed that Eidinov, Schmidt, Fitterman and others were convicted on the basis of insufficiently verified materials.

The accusation of Eidinov, Schmidt and some others that they were connected with American spies and assisted them in collecting secret materials about the Moscow Automobile Plant was based on the fact that the Jewish writers Persov and Aizenshtadt (Zheleznova) visited the automobile plant several times, where they talked with some Jews about the work of the factory.

The audit established that Persov and Aizenshtadt, as correspondents of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, with the permission of Eidinov, actually visited the car factory several times and, having compiled several essays on the life and achievements of the Jews who worked at the factory, published them in the American press. But by their very nature, these essays did not contain, and are not, anti-Soviet.

The accusation of the convicts of anti-Soviet slander on the national policy of the CPSU and the Soviet government was based only on their personal testimony, which the convicts, while serving their sentences in the camp, refused.

The witnesses interrogated during the check, in whose presence, as the convicts had previously stated, they had anti-Soviet nationalist conversations, did not give any evidence about the anti-Soviet activities of the convicts.

The accusation of Eidinov and others that they were members of an anti-Soviet group was not confirmed during the check.

The investigation into cases against former employees of the Stalin Automobile Plant and the Ministry of the Automotive Industry of the USSR was conducted with a gross violation of socialist legality.

Interrogated during the verification process, the former assistant to the head of the Investigative Department for Particularly Important Cases of the USSR Ministry of State Security, Sokolov, testified that “... before the start of interrogations, the investigators assigned to conduct the case were summoned to Abakumov, who instructed to interrogate those arrested about espionage, wrecking and nationalist activities. Interrogations were conducted in this direction and charges were brought according to the same instruction.

At the same time, the audit showed that for a number of years at the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin there was a vicious practice in the field of production planning, insufficient use of the plant's production capacity, reservation of finished cars in work in progress, launching cars into serial production without appropriate tests and illegal expenditure of material assets. .

The audit also confirmed that Eidinov, during his work at the automobile plant, grouped around himself persons of predominantly Jewish nationality from among the management and engineering and technical workers, who, due to their selfish and careeristic motives, had a negative impact on work and allowed theft of public funds.

In connection with the foregoing, the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to submit protests to the Supreme Court of the USSR with a proposal to reclassify the corpus delicti to the following persons:

1. Help director of the automobile plant Eidinov, director of the catering plant of the automobile plant Persin, early. medical unit of the automobile plant Samorodnitsky, director of the dining room of the automobile plant Faiman, deputy. early press shop of the Weisberg automobile plant, deputy. early material and technical department of the automobile plant Dobrushin and the beginning. of the department of labor and wages of the automobile plant Lisovich on articles 109 and 111 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, i.e. malfeasance committed by these persons, and cases against them on the basis of the Decree "On Amnesty" to stop.

2. Cases in relation to the beginning. workshop of the gearbox of the Mainfeld automobile plant, the chief designer for automotive electrical equipment of the Goldberg automobile plant and assistant. to stop Genkin, Minister of the Automotive Industry of the USSR, due to the absence of corpus delicti in their actions,

3. On the rest of the convicts, the cases should be terminated due to lack of evidence against the charges brought against them.

Prosecutor General of the USSR

R. RUDENKO

Chairman of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR

Members of the Presidium] of the Central Committee, Secretaries] of the Central Committee. I agree.

N. Khrushchev.

Without [protocol decision].

Reported by Comrade Rudenko.

AP RF. F. 3. Op. 32. D. 18. L. 7-11. Script.

People's Commissariats - the central government bodies in Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1917-1946.

The first People's Commissariats were formed, mainly, instead of the former ministries of the Provisional Government. On the basis of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the So-ve-tov “On the ob-ra-zo-va-nii of the ra-bo-che-go and the cross-st- jan-sko-go-pra-vi-tel-st-va "dated 10/26 (11/08). ; term-min "People's Commissariat" windows-cha-tel-but for-cre-p-lyon in the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918) led by people's commissions-mis-sa-ra-mi: according to internal de lamas; earth-le-de-lia; labor yes; on de la commerce and industry (up-divided in June 1920); public enlightenment; fi-nan-owls; according to de la foreign countries; yus-ti-tion; according to de la pro-to-vol-st-via (since July 1918, Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at pro-to-vol-st-viya); mail and telegraph; according to the de la na-tsio-nal-no-stey; on de-lamas-lez-but-road-nym (since December 1917, the People's Commissariat of Ways of Communication), as well as the Committee for Military and Naval Affairs (in but-November 1917, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, at the beginning of 1918, de-lyon to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and the People's Commissariat for Naval Affairs) . Nar-ko-we were known and displaced by the All-Russian Congress of the Council of Soviets, and in the period between me-zh-du congresses-yes-mi - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The People's Commissar had the right to single-but-personal-but resolve any question, from-no-ss-shchi-sya to leading the head of the People's Commissariat . One-on-ko with each-house nar-ko-me (and under its pre-se-da-tel-st-vom) about-ra-zo-you-va-las-col-le-gia (in In 1934, up-divided-not-us in Bol-shin-st-ve of the People's Commissariats with the aim of strengthening the principle of qi-pa edi-no-na-cha-liya, in 1938 again resurrection new-le-ny), members of some-swarm ut-ver-well-da-lis SNK. In the case of non-accordance with this or that decision, nar-ko-ma college, without-os-ta-nav-li-vaya using it not-nia, could la-la-m-lo-vat this decision in the Council of People's Commissars or the Pre-zi-diu-me of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the course of re-re-building the system of public administration in accordance with the pro-proclamation of pain-she-vi-ka-mi prin -qi-pom so-qi-al-noy on-right-len-but-sti them in-li-ti-ki, pro-di-my on-cio-on-whether-for-qi-her, as well as with the solution of other tasks about-ra-zo-you-va-lis new People's Commissariats: state award (No-November 1917, from April 1918 - so-qi-al-no-go support, in December 1919 - April 1920 - labor and so-qi-al-no-go support-pe-che-niya); according to the local self-management (December 1917 - June 1918); state property (December 1917 - July 1918); state control (since May 1918, see the satya Go-su-dar-st-ven-ny control); health-in-protection-non-niya (since July 1918). On the rights of the People's Commissariat, ob-ra-zo-van, the Higher Council of the people-of-the-th economy of the RSFSR (VSNKh, December 1917; was mainly in charge of industry, since June- nya 1920 - and internal trade-gov-lei). In 1918, some people’s commissariats would have pre-dos-tav-le-na through you-tea half-no-mo-chiya (for example, Nar-ko-ma-tu pro-do -vol-st-via for os-sche-st-in-le-niya pro-volitional dik-ta-tu-ry). In June 1920, about-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade-whether. The people's commissariats, as organs of the central state administration, created the same in other Soviet republics.

With the ob-ra-zo-va-ni-em of the USSR, the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 6.7.1923 created the People's Commissariats of the USSR: from-ras-la-mi, from-not-sen-ny-mi to the exclusive leading of the Soyuz-for the SSR) and ob-e-di-nyon-nye (since 1936 - co- yuz-no-res-public-li-kan-sky; control-la-whether from-ras-la-mi, from-not-sen-ny-mi to co-together-st-no-mu-ve-de- Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic and the Union Republics of the Public). Status of general-so-yuz-nyh in-lu-chi-li People's Commissariats: Foreign Affairs (since 1944 so-yuz-no-re-pub-li-Kan-sky People's Commissariat), Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at on the military and naval affairs of the USSR (in 1934 re-re-name-no-van in Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at defense, in 1937 from no-go you-de-len Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at Vo-en-no-Sea Fleet of the USSR), external her trading-whether, ways of co-communication (in 1931 from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of water-no-go transport-port-ta, someone in 1939 divided into the People's Commissariat of the Marine Fleet and the People's Commissariat of the River Fleet), Post Office and Telegraphs (People's Commissariat of Communications since 1932). General Commissariats: fi-nan-owls, labor-yes (in 1933, up-div-nyon, its functions are re-re-da-ny in the ve-de-tion of prof-soy -call), pro-to-vol-st-via (in 1924, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Trade, in 1925 it was merged with the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade whether they were in one-but-ve-house-st-vo, in 1930, they were divided into the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade and the People’s Commissariat of Supply, someone in 1934 -ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat of Internal Trade-whether, in 1938 re-re-name-no-van to the People's Commissariat of Trade-gov-li), ra-bo-che-kre-st-yan- skoy in-spec-tion (since 1934, the Commission of the Soviet control-tro-la), the Supreme Council of National Economy. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Republican People's Commissariats remained: zem-le-de-lia (in 1929, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in co- yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky, in 1932 from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of grain-no-y and live-now-no-water-che-sov-ho-call) ; internal affairs (since 1934, so-uz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at of internal affairs); yus-ti-tion (since 1936 so-yuz-no-res-pub-li-kansky); National ko-mis-sa-ri-at enlightenment; health-in-protection-not-nia (since 1936, so-uz-no-res-pub-li-kansky); so-qi-al-no-go obes-pe-che-niya. One-named People's Commissariats of the USSR in such a case did not look like you-wa-lis. From the 2nd half of the 1930s, the People's Commissariats had the right to civil-give workers of their own enterprises -mi "From-person-nick so-cia-li-sti-che-so-roar-no-va-niya" (from-go-tav-li-va-lis from se-reb-ra with zo-lo-che-ni-em and ema-li-ditch), for-ka-zy-va-li them in the Leningrad mo-no-no-dvor.

Struk-tur-naya re-re-building the national economy in connection with the social-cya-listic in-du-st-ria-li-for-qi-she (late 1920s - the beginning of the 1940s) pri-ve-la to whether-to-vi-da-tion in 1932 of the Supreme Economic Council and about-ra-zo-va-nia on its basis-no-ve sis-te-we from- race-left industrial People's Commissariats: heavy industry, light industry, timber industry (all in 1932), food industry (1934).

In 1939, there was a raz-uk-rup-non-industrial People's Commissariat On the basis of the up-div-nyon-no-go People's Commissariat of heavy industry of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariats: black metal-lurgy; color metal-lurgy; electric-tro-stations and electric-tro-pro-mys-len-no-sti (in 1940, the division of the People's Commissariat of electric-tro-stations and the People's Commissariat of electric-tro-mys-len -no-sti); chemical industry (in March 1941, from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of the re-zi-new industry); building materials industry; fuel industry (in the same year, split-de-lyon on the People's Commissariat of the coal industry and the People's Commissariat of the oil industry). On the basis of the People's Commissariat of the defense industry of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariats: aviation industry; su-do-construction industry; vo-ru-zhe-niya; bo-e-pri-pa-owls (up-razd-nyon in 1946). From the People's Commissariat of the food industry, you are the People's Commissariat of the meat and dairy industry and the People's Commissariat of the fish industry, and from the People's Commissariat of Light Industry - the People's Commissariat of the tech-style industry. On the basis of the People's Commissariat of the machine-no-building of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariat of the heavy machine-no-building (in June 1941 from non- go you-de-len People's Commissariat of the mill-to-building), medium-machine-no-building (in 1946, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat of auto-to-mo-bil-noy industry), general machinery (in November 1941, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat mi-no-met-no-go voo-ru-zhe- niya). Also in 1939, about-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat for construction-tel-st-vo loy in-du-st-rii, People's Commissariat for the construction of enterprises of the fuel industry, People's Commissariat for the construction of military and naval enterprises). In 1940, from the People's Commissariat of the Forest Industry, you de-lene the People's Commissariat of the Cellulose and Paper Industry. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, about-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariat of the tank industry (1941; in 1945, pre-ob-ra-zo-van into the People's Commissariat of transport-port-no- go ma-shi-no-stroeniya), People's Commissariat of State Security (1941; you are de laine from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs). After the end of the war, the united-not-we-some People's Commissariats of the defense-no-th complex, a number of People's Commissariats were subjected to re-or- ha-no-for-tion.

In March 1946, in the USSR, there were 29 general-so-yuz-nyh and 19 so-yuz-no-re-public-kan-sky People's Commissariats. With the ad-nya-ti-em for-ko-on “On the pre-o-ra-zo-va-nii So-ve-ta Na-rod-nyh Kom-mis-sa-dov of the USSR in the Council of the Mi- Ni-stro-ditch of the USSR and So-ve-tov of Na-rod-nyh Ko-mis-sa-ditch of co-yuz-ny and auto-nominal res-publics in So-ve-you Mi- no-str-ditch of so-yuz-ny and auto-nome-ny res-public "dated 15.3.1946, all the People's Commissariats of the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ny in the same-nominal mi- no-ster-st-va. In addition to the nar-ko-ma-tov, until the mid-1940s, su-sche-st-vo-va-li other organs of the central state administration (All-Union Committee on de-lam of higher school, All-Union Committee on de-lam of arts, Main department of labor reserves, etc.), later also pre-ob-ra-zo-van-nye in mi-ni-ster-st-va.

Pe-re-chen nar-ko-ma-tov of the RSFSR and the USSR, see the appendix “Go-su-dar-st-ven-nye educational institutions of Russia, USSR and the Russian Federation" in volume "Russia".

Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR (1930 - 1932)
People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR (1932-1937)

Born in western Georgia, in an impoverished noble family. In 1898 he graduated from a two-year school in the village of Kharagauli, in 1905 he graduated from the medical assistant's school at the city's Mikhailovskaya hospital.

He worked as a paramedic in the oil fields. He took part in the October Revolution of 1917. During the Civil War, he was in leadership work in the army, one of the organizers of the defeat of Denikin.

Since 1922, the 1st secretary of the Transcaucasian, since 1926, the North Caucasian regional committees of the RCP (b).

In 1926-1930. Chairman of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, People's Commissar of the RCT and Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

G.K. Ordzhonikidze played a key role in the industrialization of the USSR. The creation of the first giants of the industry - Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk, Balkhash and Uralmash, the Gorky Automobile Plant and the Volgograd Tractor Plant - is associated with his name.

The People's Commissar oversaw the construction of the country's largest machine-building plant "Sibkombain" (later "Sibselmash"), a mining equipment plant (Aircraft Plant named after Chkalov), a mining and chemical plant "Apatit", the Voskresensky Chemical Plant, the Rostselmash plant, the Moscow Machine Tool Plant, which later received the name of Ordzhonikidze and many other enterprises.

According to the results of 1931, the overall growth of the national economy amounted to 21% compared to the level of 1930. A number of sectors have fulfilled the task of the first five-year plan, a number have exceeded it. The production of wagons was doubled against the planned indicators, the production of tractors was increased by 1.3 times, there was growth in the electrical industry, and the planned target for oil production was exceeded.

However, in the second five-year plan, the average annual growth rate of industrial output declined. Ordzhonikidze sought to take into account the miscalculations, he intended to expand the output of consumer goods. But the People's Commissariat of Heavy Engineering, which he headed, had defense orders, and the factories of "civilian" engineering had to be loaded with orders from the military department.

Often, the people's commissar had to solve purely production problems in the conditions of general suspicion, growing political tension, personnel purges, which concerned, first of all, the economic people's commissariats. A large number of employees of his department were under attack.

In 1936, the older brother Ordzhonikidze was arrested. At the February-March (1937) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a report by G.K. Ordzhonikizhze. Five days before the plenum on February 18, 1937, he died of a heart attack (according to the official version).

He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labour, the Red Banner, the Red Banner of the Georgian SSR.

People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Narkomtyazhprom. 1934-1936. Part 2

Competition project of Ivan Leonidov

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I think that this project is the most successful of all presented during 2 competitions. Why? For several reasons:

• This is the most expressive project in my opinion. The composition is made up of a large podium platform, which can be used as stands for demonstrations, and a high-rise dominant of three towers. From different angles, the towers always form a good compositional subordination to the general idea.
• This is the only one of the projects that considers the connection of the new building with the historical development of Moscow. On this occasion I.G. Lezhava calls Ivan Leonidov an architect who included himself in two eras: modernism and postmodernism. In fact Leonidov becomes the first representative of postmodernism, noticeably ahead of the historical course of events and views. El Lissitzky, analyzing the results of the competition, called Leonidov "the only one who seeks to find unity" Kremlin - St. Basil's Cathedral - new building".
• The project is of incredible value in terms of proportions. At the same time, Leonidov did not use any constructions of proportions, he apparently felt them.
• The project is also clean from a stylistic point of view. This is the only project in the competitions where ALL the rules of constructivism were observed, which positively distinguishes the project from the background of others.

That's how myself Leonidov described his project: (from the explanatory note)

"I believe that the architecture of the Kremlin and St. Basil's should be subordinated to the architecture of the House of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry, and the NKTP building itself should take a central place in the city.
Historical motifs should be compositionally subordinated to the principle of artistic contrast to this leading object ...

In the project, the center of the composition is high-rise towers, the choice of which is determined by functional and architectural considerations (the requirement of harmony, composition, movement, spatiality, size). The low parts of the building (hall, stands, exhibitions, back building) correspond in their height to the surrounding architecture and are compositionally built in a limited contrast of the lower plan.
Three towers. The first one is rectangular in plan, with a light spatial top, facing the Red Square with its facade. The top of the tower is made of glass, with hanging terraces of a metal structure (stainless steel).

The round tower is conceived as contrasting with the first, picturesque in form and processing. The tower is finished with tribune terraces. The material is glass brick, which makes it possible to preserve the integrity of the form using the textured effects of an extraordinary material ... At night, the tower will stand out with its light silhouette with a barely noticeable structure grid and dark spots of terraces-tribunes.
The third tower is conceived as spatial in plan, simple and austere in facades.
Red Square is divided into two terraces located at different levels, which makes it possible to achieve new effects during military parades (for example, launch tanks in one plane, cavalry in another ...)
The terrace-like principle of solving the area will also provide good visibility of the Mausoleum.

Three different in height and silhouette towers, interconnected at different heights by passages, were supposed to be visible from all over Moscow and its outskirts. In the evenings, one of the towers, with an all-glass façade, would create a cosmic spectacle.

House of Narkomtyazhprom Leonidov created at a time when they were already fighting with it. They fought not just with Leonidov, but with "Leonidism", which became a terrible curse in the 30s. It meant, as the magazine "Art to the Masses" wrote, "a blind imitation of Western models, a fetishism of architectural forms that develop independently of the class struggle, and ignoring the issues of cost-effectiveness of buildings."

I think no words can compare with the expressiveness of the project itself.