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The People's Commissariat for the Defense Industry is one of the central governing bodies in the USSR, operating from December 1936 to January 1939, which controlled the production of the defense industry. Contents 1 History 2 Management 3 Structure ... Wikipedia

One of the central governing bodies in the USSR, operating from December 1936 to January 1939, which controlled the production of the defense industry. Contents 1 History 2 Management 3 Structure ... Wikipedia

People's Commissariat, in the Soviet state in 1917 46 the central body of the state sectoral administration. The first people's commissariats were formed by the resolution "On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets ... ...

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The coat of arms of the USSR was depicted on the seals of the People's Commissariats of the USSR See also: Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ... Wikipedia

Alexander Uralov.

Malyshev Vyacheslav Alexandrovich People's Commissar of Heavy Machine Building (1939-1940), People's Commissar of Medium Machine Building (1940-1941), Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1940-1944), People's Commissar of Tank Industry (1941-1942, 1943-1945), Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Stalin Prizes, General Colonel of the tank engineering service.

“He was a very organized, disciplined person, a little tough, rather demanding. He knew how to work when it was necessary to have time to do an incredible amount. He had a colossal organizational talent, which helped him head several ministries at once. And plus everything, God, or something, it was given to him, he understood all the innovations of science and technology.

V.S. Sumin. Assistant to V.A. Malyshev, who worked with him for 17 years.

Legendary Commissar of War

Vyacheslav Alexandrovich Malyshev was a talented design engineer and a major head of industrial production. He began his career as a railroad engineer. He received his engineering education at the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU named after Bauman), from which he graduated in 1934. His thesis defense turned into a creative interview of a mature engineer V.A. Malyshev with the examiners. From his teacher A.N. Shelest, a member of the state examination committee, who also graduated from the Higher Imperial Technical School (as it was called before the revolution, MVTU), the graduate student heard the flattering: “Yes, this is a born director!” And he became one already in May 1938, at the age of thirty-six, when, at the request of the People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering A.D. Bruskin, he was appointed director of the plant. Kuibyshev. Vyacheslav Alexandrovich went into every detail, he was constantly in the production shops and, if necessary, strictly asked for omissions. But the people were not offended by Malyshev, because in the first place he did not spare himself.

As People's Commissar for Heavy Engineering, Malyshev devoted most of his energy to the production of tanks. He managed to evacuate to the Urals the main production base for the production of tanks from Leningrad (Kirov and Severny plants), as well as plants from Stalingrad, Kharkov and Moscow. Thanks to his vivacious energy and pressure, some factories from other industries were also switched to the production of tanks, including the Krasnoye Sormovo shipbuilding plant in the city of Gorky.

In 1943 V.A. Malyshev, by a decree of the State Defense Committee, was appointed People's Commissar of the tank industry.

A man of seething energy, he was constantly on the "battlefield" - in the shops, at the training grounds, at the front. And with his energy, like a torch, he kindled the hearts of workers and engineers, forcing - for the sake of the front, for the sake of Victory - to work at the limit of human capabilities. He spared himself least of all - and the tank factories fulfilled and overfulfilled the plan. After all, the front needed tanks.

V.A. Malyshev often visited the fronts, in the troops defending Stalingrad. At the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, which produces tanks, together with their deputy Goreglyad, they were literally at the forefront - in front of their eyes, German tanks, attacking, almost broke through our defenses. The situation has become critical. Then, straight from the assembly shop, clanking caterpillars, not yet painted, scary, factory tanks went into battle - everything that could move and shoot. Over 50 machines under the command of a plant process engineer. “We didn’t see anything like this,” Paulus’s adjutant, Colonel V. Adam, later recalled. - General Wittersheim offered the commander of the 6th Army to move away from the Volga. He did not believe that this gigantic city could be taken."

T-34 is a legend of the Second World War.

So fought at the head of the country's tank builders, the commander of the tank industry, Colonel-General of the Engineering and Technical Service V.A. Malyshev. It was under his leadership that a tank armada consisting of 86,000 tanks and 23,000 self-propelled artillery mounts went on a strategic offensive on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Steel warriors T-34, KV, IS, as well as SAU-76 and 85, SU-100, SAU-122 mm, SAU-152, called St. John's wort, became the heroes of many decisive battles. Member of the State Defense Committee A.I. Mikoyan, characterized the Stalinist People's Commissar as follows:

“I met him when he became People's Commissar and Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. I especially liked it during the war. It was a pleasure for me to look at him, with what a twinkle he worked, becoming the people's commissar of the tank industry. He was not only a knowledgeable engineer, but also a great organizer, and engineering and organizational activity is very important in our conditions. There are many good engineers, but there are few major organizers-engineers, even very few. This is not only because of his experience, but also his personal talent.

At the end of the war, we all became convinced of what a talented organizer Malyshev was, what a fiery leader who knew how to gather talented people around him and fulfill what was assigned to him. And it is no coincidence that when the question arose of creating a nuclear industry in the USSR, it was Malyshev who was sent as the head of the newly created industry.

Among all the people's commissars, Malyshev was most often called to the Kremlin and to the dacha in Kuntsevo to resolve the most important issues of the defense industry. From 1939 to 1950, he spoke with Stalin over 100 times, and most of these meetings took place during the war. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief highly valued him as an outstanding organizer of industry.

A brilliant leader with deep engineering knowledge, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich was one of the outstanding organizers of the development of the tank industry during the war years.

From left to right: D.F.Ustinov, B.L.Vannikov, A.I.Efremov, V.A.Malyshev, 1943

Industry in a short time was reorganized on a military basis, began to give the front good combat vehicles.

The famous commanders of the Great Patriotic War treated Malyshev with the greatest respect: G. K. Zhukov, A. M. Vasilevsky, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev, A. I. Eremenko, marshals and generals of the armored forces Ya. Fedorenko, P. A. Rotmistrov, P. S. Rybalko.

Army General twice Hero of the Soviet Union, candidate of military sciences D. D. Lelyushenko during World War II commanded combined arms and tank armies, was deputy head of the Main Armored Directorate of the Red Army. In his notes, he writes: “In those days, I often met with Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev, who led the tank industry. He was struck by his seething energy. remarks. He often visited the front-line training grounds where new vehicles were tested. He escorted the formed tank formations to the active army. You could call him late at night or early in the morning - Vyacheslav Alexandrovich was always "at home". He did not have the habit of postponing decisions. Work with such a person was pleasant and easy.

Lieutenant General of the technical troops, Hero of Socialist Labor F.F. Petrov in his memoirs emphasizes the exceptional organizational talent of Malyshev, who rallied everyone - from armor masters, engine creators to cannon designers.

Work in the uranium project.

Even during the Great Patriotic War, information appeared about work with uranium-235. Malyshev became interested in this problem.

The Americans did not think that we could make an atomic bomb so quickly. Immediately after the war, on July 17, 1945, at the Potsdam Conference of the victorious powers, American President G. Truman informed I.V. Stalin that the United States had powerful weapons, thereby, according to the observation of Marshal G.K. , leaving him astonished. John F. Hogerton and Ellsworth Raymond in the book "When will Russia have an atomic bomb?", published in 1948 in Moscow, predicted that the USSR would be able to create an atomic bomb only in 1954. As you know, they got into a mess with the forecast.

Even during the Great Patriotic War, Soviet scientists dealt with the uranium problem. In December 1946, I.V. Kurchatov and his colleagues built the first reactor in Europe and carried out a chain reaction, and in 1948 they launched the first industrial uranium-graphite reactor.

The start-up of these reactors and the production of negligible microgram amounts of plutonium at the first of them, and industrial quantities at the second, summed up the enormous efforts of geologists, miners, metallurgists and metallurgists, chemists and radiochemists, graphite scientists, designers and experimental physicists. As early as August 1949, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. With the creation of atomic weapons, the development of nuclear energy began.

Test of the first atomic bomb of the USSR. August 29, 1949

He was the head of the State Commission for testing the first thermonuclear bomb, conducted at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 12, 1953. A.D. Sakharov recalled: "Malyshev hugged me and immediately suggested that, together with other test leaders, we go to the field" to see what happened. overalls with dosimeters in breast pockets... The cars drove on and stopped a few tens of meters from the remains of the test tower... Malyshev got out of the car and went to the tower. I sat next to him and got out too. The rest remained in the car. Only the concrete foundations of the supports remained from the tower ... After half a minute we returned to the cars ... "As it later became known, everyone who visited the epicenter of the explosion at that time received very large, life-threatening doses of radiation.

On August 12, 1953, the world's first hydrogen bomb was tested in the USSR. The test took place at the Semipalatinsk test site. The blast wave destroyed everything within a radius of 4 kilometers.

The role of Malyshev, as the largest machine builder, in the uranium project is obvious. I.V. Kurchatov spoke about his merits more than once, noting that Malyshev managed to mobilize hundreds of factories, mines, design bureaus (including the former tank ones, from where N.L. Dukhov came to the nuclear industry - in Arzamas-16 he headed a special design bureau sector engaged in the development of the atomic bomb) to work on the Atomic Project. With the participation of Malyshev, the construction of a nuclear power plant in Obninsk, launched in June 1954, and the construction of the Lenin nuclear icebreaker (chief designer V.I. up to 500 factories of the Soviet Union. Its creation has turned into another gigantic experimental platform for new technology, has become a maturity test for metallurgists, machine builders, and assemblers. Heading the Ministry of Shipbuilding of the USSR, V.A. Malyshev was one of the initiators and organizer of the work on the creation of the nuclear submarine fleet of the USSR.

However, the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", the construction of which was initiated by Malyshev, he did not happen to see on the roadstead. Until that day, he did not live for several months. And he did not live to see the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. But there is also his share of labor in the rapid pace of development of Soviet rocket and space technology.
I.V. Stalin called V.A. Malyshev the chief engineer of the country. Malyshev was a demanding person, he liked to understand everything thoroughly, he loved everything new. He was present at all the tests of weapons and equipment, it was important for him to understand everything himself, to see, to study the ongoing processes. He was a very meticulous, scrupulous person. Despite the prohibitions, immediately after the test of the atomic bomb, I went to the epicenter of the explosion. He wanted to see everything for himself, almost to feel it. It was his fearlessness, dedication to the matter that led to the fact that he "grabbed" a dose of radiation and died early, at only 54 years old ...

The creation and organization of the nuclear industry is a matter for which he took up with enthusiasm. When scientists completed their developments, and they needed to be introduced into production, Malyshev attracted his tank designers, as well as machine-building, tank factories.

The working day of Vyacheslav Alexandrovich lasted a long time: from early morning and often until one in the morning. Almost every day he was in the government. And then - analytical work. We prepared reviews of foreign literature on technical issues for him. He got acquainted with what is happening in the world through reviews, translations. He was interested in all the information related to the issues of the defense complex. I remember how, before going to a scientific symposium in England, he filled his entire notebook with information about this country. Extracts were made from a variety of literature. The result was a kind of "encyclopedia" about England. Everything was there: history, economic development, the state of the defense industry, culture. I still have this notebook, scribbled by his hand. Now I keep it as a memory of this man.

He was a very dynamic person. One of the English newspapers, after his trip to the conference, wrote that this was a "dynamo man." While in England, he traveled to factories and enterprises. All this was close, familiar to him, like home. He liked to visit factories. This was more important to him than any paper report.

V.A. Malyshev visited all the facilities, nuclear submarines. He was praised in the government for building up the atomic fleet so quickly. Instead of rivets, he introduced automatic welding. He taught some specialists to be bolder, reproached that they were afraid of the new. Often communicated with academician Paton Evgeny Oskarovich.

In 1946, Malyshev, analyzing the results of the war, concluded that "during the years of the war, our tank industry has covered a path in the field of introducing equipment and technology that would have taken 10-15 years before the war." Despite the difficulties of the war, hundreds and thousands of enterprises were transferred to the East. The government was able to allocate a sufficient amount of new equipment to tank factories, which ensured the creation of a base for the mass production of tanks.

As an outstanding organizer of industry, I.V. highly appreciated him. Stalin. During the war, Malyshev was summoned 107 times to Stalin's office to resolve the most important issues of the defense industry. Only some members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and none of the people's commissars who were not members of the Politburo were called more often.

Creation of the transport industry.

In October 1945, the People's Commissariat of Tank Industry was abolished and on its basis the People's Commissariat of Transport Engineering headed by V. A. Malyshev was created.

The new case was incredibly difficult. After four years of war, transport engineering plants were in a difficult situation, many were switched to the production of military equipment. And the tasks are huge. During the five-year period (1946-1950) the People's Commissariat of Transport Engineering is to produce 6,165 mainline steam locomotives, 865 diesel locomotives, and 435,000 wagons. In addition, the enterprises of the Ministry should provide 74.5 thousand tractors, 79 thousand diesel engines, and revive the production of river vessels at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.

How to make this jump? Malyshev is looking for ways. Experience suggested: only through new maneuvers with the available capacities and, above all, decisive switching of tank, armored hull, diesel plants to new types of products.

Malyshev sought not only to restore the production of peaceful products and the organization of production, focusing on pre-war models, but to create a new mass production focused on modern types of machines.

Malyshev laid the foundation for post-war transport engineering on the principles of mass-flow technology. New aggregate plants are being built, the plants of the former tank industry with their powerful base are becoming subcontractors of transport engineering enterprises. New designs of steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, diesel engines, and tractors are being created.

Creation and application of new technology.

In December 1947, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was reorganized and the State Committee for the Supply of the National Economy of the USSR and the State Committee for the Introduction of New Equipment in the National Economy (Gostechnika of the USSR) were formed. The Gostekhnika was entrusted with the task of speeding up the introduction of new technology into the national economy for the purpose of further rapid technical equipment and re-equipment of the national economy.

V. A. Malyshev was appointed Chairman of the State Engineering Committee. In the life of Malyshev, who these days is forty years old, a very special period begins. There was a transformation of him into one of the strategists of the national economy, into the true chief engineer of the country (as many industrial workers called Malyshev). In this position, his integrity, engineering talent and organizational thought received the most complete expression. He believed that the main thing is the struggle not for individual innovations, not for private improvements that make temporary success, but the struggle for historically progressive trends in science and technology.

Malyshev focuses on the problem of speedy mechanization of labor-intensive and heavy work in the main branches of industry and construction. This ensured the creation of a reserve of labor and gain time.

State Engineering most fully revealed the organizational role in the construction of the Volga-Don Canal (1950-1952).

Unlike the original canal construction project, which provided for the involvement of more than 500 thousand people, the proposal of Malyshev and Gostekhnika provided for only 200 thousand people, but with the creation and commissioning of powerful earth-moving equipment. Walking excavators, scrapers, powerful dump trucks, tractors are being created.

New construction - new equipment. This was a truly Malyshevian scale, a case that stirred up dozens of factories and ministries. Volgo-Don became a laboratory for new technology.

Everything was done in two and a half years instead of five. On May 31, 1952, the waters of two great rivers merged forever.

Ministry of the shipbuilding industry.

On January 10, 1950, by order of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Malyshev undertakes to accept the affairs of the Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry within seven days. A day later, the corresponding Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR appeared. This is the third ministry in five years.
Malyshev knew that the large fleet program was adopted even before the war, when the People's Commissariat of the Navy and the People's Commissariat of Shipbuilding were created. In 1938-1940, many large warships were laid down. But they remained on the slipways unfinished.
There is very little time to be a large fleet. Meanwhile, the construction of one ship stretched out for three or four years, with huge expenditures of manual labor. Malyshev travels to shipyards. He realized that it was necessary to break the outdated technology for assembling ships. Some innovations began to be introduced before him, but innovations had to be introduced more boldly. The Ministry is working on this. Shipyards in the 50s changed their traditional look. "Slipway time" was drastically reduced, most of the assembly work was transferred to the shop. The delivery program of 1950 was successfully completed. In January 1951, I. V. Stalin called Malyshev and congratulated him on the successful completion of the plan for the delivery of ships.

The world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "V.I. Lenin".

Old shipbuilders, designers noted that it was not only interesting to work with Malyshev. The lessons of working with Malyshev are the lessons of the most efficient, flexible mastering of the new, the elimination of inertia, the constant development of a sense of the new.

The disease - acute leukemia - crept imperceptibly and progressed rapidly. Intensive treatment, the extraordinary personal courage of Malyshev himself, the care of friends - everything turned out to be powerless. On February 20, 1957, death occurred. On February 22, a farewell took place in the Hall of Columns of the House of Soviets. The urn with the ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall. The Kharkov Machine-Building Plant, streets in Moscow, Kolomna and Syktyvkar (a monument was erected in the city) and in other cities were named after him.

Where have such people gone? They were replaced at government posts by demagogues who built their careers by participating in various kinds of political squabbles, technically illiterate, but, nevertheless, undertaking to solve something in matters completely unknown and incomprehensible to them - the results of their activities are already obvious even to people who are the most distant from technical topics.

So, for example, a physics teacher by education, owner of a car dealership, head of the election headquarters of Petro Poroshenko in the Kherson region, deputy of the regional council 42 -year-old Roman Romanov.

This teacher-physicist in 1995 graduated from the physics and mathematics department of the Kherson State Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya (a very prestigious university!) being an entrepreneur since 1992. When did he study?

“... He had a colossal organizational talent, which helped him head several ministries at once. And plus everything, God, or something, it was given to him, he understood all the innovations of science and technology. This is V.A. Malyshev.
How is it with I. Stalin: “Cadres decide everything!”

And what kind of talent does a deputy of the regional council, an entrepreneur, an owner of a car dealership in Kherson, applicable to the management of such a colossus as the state concern Ukroboronprom?

Goodbye, Ukroboronprom Group of Companies!

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People's Commissariats - the central government bodies in Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1917-1946.

The first People's Commissariats were formed, mainly, instead of the former ministries of the Provisional Government. On the basis of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the So-ve-tov “On the ob-ra-zo-va-nii of the ra-bo-che-go and the cross-st- jan-sko-go-pra-vi-tel-st-va "dated 10/26 (11/08). ; term-min "People's Commissariat" windows-cha-tel-but for-cre-p-lyon in the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918) led by people's commissions-mis-sa-ra-mi: according to internal de lamas; earth-le-de-lia; labor yes; on de la commerce and industry (up-divided in June 1920); public enlightenment; fi-nan-owls; according to de la foreign countries; yus-ti-tion; according to de la pro-to-vol-st-via (since July-la 1918, Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at pro-to-vol-st-viya); mail and telegraph; according to the de la na-tsio-nal-no-stey; on de-lamas-lez-but-road-nym (since December 1917, the People's Commissariat of Ways of Communication), as well as the Committee for Military and Naval Affairs (in but-November 1917, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, at the beginning of 1918, de-lyon to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and the People's Commissariat for Naval Affairs) . Nar-ko-we were known and displaced by the All-Russian Congress of the Council of Soviets, and in the period between me-zh-du congresses-yes-mi - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The People's Commissar had the right to single-but-personal-but resolve any question, from-no-ss-shchi-sya to leading the head of the People's Commissariat . One-on-ko with each-house nar-ko-me (and under its pre-se-da-tel-st-vom) about-ra-zo-you-va-las-col-le-gia (in In 1934, up-div-not-us in Bol-shin-st-ve of the People's Commissariats with the aim of strengthening the principle of tsi-pa edi-no-na-cha-liya, in 1938 again resurrection new-le-ny), members of some-swarm ut-ver-well-da-lis SNK. In the case of non-accordance with this or that decision, nar-ko-ma college, without-os-ta-nav-li-vaya using it not-nia, could la-la-m-lo-vat this decision in the Council of People's Commissars or the Pre-zi-diu-me of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the course of re-re-building the system of public administration in accordance with the pro-proclamation of pain-she-vi-ka-mi prin -qi-pom so-qi-al-noy on-right-len-but-sti them in-li-ti-ki, pro-di-my on-tsio-on-whether-for-qi-her, as well as with the solution of other tasks about-ra-zo-you-va-lied new People's Commissariats: state award (November 1917, from April 1918 - so-tsi-al-no-go obes-pe-che-niya, in December 1919 - April 1920 - labor and so-tsi-al-no-go obes-pe-che-niya); according to the local self-management (December 1917 - June 1918); state property (December 1917 - July 1918); state control (since May 1918, see satya Go-su-dar-st-ven-ny control); health-in-protection-non-niya (since July 1918). On the rights of the People's Commissariat, ob-ra-zo-van, the Supreme Council of the people of the no-th economy of the RSFSR (VSNKh, December 1917; was mainly in charge of industry, since June- nya 1920 - and internal trade-gov-lei). In 1918, some people’s commissariats would have pre-dos-tav-le-na through you-tea half-no-mo-chiya (for example, Nar-ko-ma-tu pro-do -vol-st-via for os-sche-st-in-le-niya pro-volitional dik-ta-tu-ry). In June 1920, about-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade-whether. The people's commissariats, as organs of the central state administration, created the same in other Soviet republics.

With the ob-ra-zo-va-ni-em of the USSR, the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 6.7.1923 created the People's Commissariats of the USSR: from-ras-la-mi, from-not-sen-ny-mi to the exclusive leading of the Soyuz-for the SSR) and ob-e-di-nyon-nye (since 1936 - co- yuz-no-res-public-li-kan-sky; control-la-whether from-ras-la-mi, from-not-sen-ny-mi to co-together-st-no-mu-ve-de- Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic and the Union Republics of the Public). Status of general-so-yuz-nyh in-lu-chi-li People's Commissariats: Foreign Affairs (since 1944 so-yuz-no-re-pub-li-Kan-sky People's Commissariat), Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at on the military and naval affairs of the USSR (in 1934 re-re-name-no-van in Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at defense, in 1937 from no-go you-de-len Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at Vo-en-no-Sea Fleet of the USSR), external her trading-whether, ways of co-communication (in 1931 from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of water-no-go transport-port-ta, someone in 1939 divided into the People's Commissariat of the Marine Fleet and the People's Commissariat of the River Fleet), Post Office and Telegraphs (People's Commissariat of Communications since 1932). General Commissariats: fi-nan-owls, labor-yes (in 1933, up-div-nyon, its functions are re-re-da-ny in the ve-de-tion of prof-soy -call), pro-to-vol-st-via (in 1924, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Trade, in 1925 it was merged with the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade whether they were in one-but-ve-house-st-vo, in 1930, they were divided into the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade and the People’s Commissariat of Supply, someone in 1934 -ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat of Internal Trade-whether, in 1938 re-re-name-no-van to the People's Commissariat of Trade-gov-li), ra-bo-che-kre-st-yan- skoy in-spec-tion (since 1934, the Commission of the Soviet control-tro-la), the Supreme Council of National Economy. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Republican People's Commissariats remained: zem-le-de-lia (in 1929, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in co- yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky, in 1932 from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of grain-no-y and live-now-no-water-che-sov-ho-call) ; internal affairs (since 1934, so-uz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky Na-rod-ny ko-mis-sa-ri-at of internal affairs); yus-ti-tion (since 1936, so-yuz-no-res-pub-li-kansky); National ko-mis-sa-ri-at enlightenment; health-in-protection-not-nia (since 1936, so-uz-no-res-pub-li-kansky); so-qi-al-no-go obes-pe-che-niya. One-named People's Commissariats of the USSR in such a case did not look like you-wa-lis. From the 2nd half of the 1930s, the People's Commissariats had the right to civil-give workers of their own enterprises -mi "From-person-nick so-cia-li-sti-che-so-roar-no-va-niya" (from-go-tav-li-va-lis from se-reb-ra with zo-lo-che-ni-em and ema-li-ditch), for-ka-zy-va-li them in the Leningrad mo-no-no-dvor.

Struk-tur-naya re-re-building the national economy in connection with the social-cya-listic in-du-st-ria-li-for-qi-she (late 1920s - the beginning of the 1940s) pri-ve-la to whether-to-vi-da-tion in 1932 of the Supreme Economic Council and about-ra-zo-va-nia on its basis-no-ve sis-te-we from- race-left industrial People's Commissariats: heavy industry, light industry, timber industry (all in 1932), food industry (1934).

In 1939, there was a raz-uk-rup-non-industrial Commissariat of Commissariats On the basis of the united-division-nyon-no-go People's Commissariat of heavy industry of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariats: black metal-lurgy; color metal-lurgy; electric-tro-stations and electric-tro-pro-mys-len-no-sti (in 1940, the division of the People's Commissariat of electric-tro-stations and the People's Commissariat of electric-tro-mys-len -no-sti); chemical industry (in March 1941, from no-go you-de-len People's Commissariat of the re-zi-new industry); industry of building materials; fuel industry (in the same year, split-de-lyon on the People's Commissariat of the coal industry and the People's Commissariat of the oil industry). On the basis of the People's Commissariat of the defense industry of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariats: aviation industry; su-do-construction industry; vo-ru-zhe-niya; bo-e-pri-pa-owls (up-razd-nyon in 1946). From the People's Commissariat of the food industry, you are the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry and the People's Commissariat of the Fishing Industry, and from the People's Commissariat of Light Industry - the People's Commissariat of the tech-style industry. On the basis of the People's Commissariat of the machine-no-building of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariat of the heavy machine-no-building (in June 1941 from non- go you-de-len People's Commissariat of the mill-to-building), medium-machine-no-building (in 1946, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat of auto-to-mo-bil-noy industry), general machinery (in November 1941, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat mi-no-met-no-go voo-ru-zhe- niya). Also in 1939, about-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat for construction-tel-st-vo loy in-du-st-rii, People's Commissariat for the construction of enterprises of the fuel industry, People's Commissariat for the construction of military and naval enterprises). In 1940, from the People's Commissariat of the Forest Industry, you de-lene the People's Commissariat of the Cellulose and Paper Industry. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, about-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariat of the tank industry (1941; in 1945, pre-ob-ra-zo-van into the People's Commissariat of transport-port-no- go ma-shi-no-stroeniya), People's Commissariat of State Security (1941; you are de laine from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs). After the end of the war, the united-not-we-some People's Commissariats of the defense-no-th complex, a number of People's Commissariats were subjected to re-or- ha-no-for-tion.

In March 1946, in the USSR, there were 29 general-so-yuz-nyh and 19 so-yuz-no-re-public-kan-sky People's Commissariats. With the ad-nya-ti-em for-ko-on “On the pre-o-ra-zo-va-nii So-ve-ta Na-rod-nyh Kom-mis-sa-dov of the USSR in the Council of the Mi- Ni-stro-ditch of the USSR and So-ve-tov of Na-rod-nyh Ko-mis-sa-ditch of co-yuz-ny and auto-nominal res-publics in So-ve-you Mi- no-str-ditch of so-yuz-ny and auto-nome-ny res-public "dated 15.3.1946, all the People's Commissariats of the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ny in the same-nominal mi- no-ster-st-va. In addition to nar-ko-ma-tov, until the mid-1940s, su-sche-st-vo-va-li other bodies of the central state administration (All-Union Union Committee on de-lam of higher school, All-Union Committee on de-lam of arts, Main department of labor reserves, etc.), later also pre-ob-ra-zo-van-nye in mi-ni-ster-st-va.

Pe-re-chen nar-ko-ma-tov of the RSFSR and the USSR, see the appendix “Go-su-dar-st-ven-nye educational institutions of Russia, USSR and the Russian Federation" in volume "Russia".

People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Narkomtyazhprom. 1934-1936. Part 2

Competition project of Ivan Leonidov

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I think that this project is the most successful of all presented during 2 competitions. Why? For several reasons:

• This is the most expressive project in my opinion. The composition is made up of a large podium platform, which can be used as stands for demonstrations, and a high-rise dominant of three towers. From different angles, the towers always form a good compositional subordination to the general idea.
• This is the only one of the projects that considers the connection of the new building with the historical development of Moscow. On this occasion I.G. Lezhava calls Ivan Leonidov an architect who included himself in two eras: modernism and postmodernism. In fact Leonidov becomes the first representative of postmodernism, noticeably ahead of the historical course of events and views. El Lissitzky, analyzing the results of the competition, called Leonidov "the only one who seeks to find unity" Kremlin - St. Basil's Cathedral - new building".
• The project is of incredible value in terms of proportions. At the same time, Leonidov did not use any constructions of proportions, he apparently felt them.
• The project is also clean from a stylistic point of view. This is the only project in the competitions where ALL the rules of constructivism were observed, which positively distinguishes the project from the background of others.

That's how myself Leonidov described his project: (from the explanatory note)

"I believe that the architecture of the Kremlin and St. Basil's should be subordinated to the architecture of the House of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry, and the NKTP building itself should take a central place in the city.
Historical motifs should be compositionally subordinated to the principle of artistic contrast to this leading object ...

In the project, the center of the composition is high-rise towers, the choice of which is determined by functional and architectural considerations (the requirement of harmony, composition, movement, spatiality, size). The low parts of the building (hall, stands, exhibitions, back building) correspond in their height to the surrounding architecture and are compositionally built in a limited contrast of the lower plan.
Three towers. The first one is rectangular in plan, with a light spatial top, facing the Red Square with its facade. The top of the tower is made of glass, with hanging terraces of a metal structure (stainless steel).

The round tower is conceived as contrasting with the first, picturesque in form and processing. The tower is finished with tribune terraces. The material is glass brick, which makes it possible to preserve the integrity of the form using the textured effects of an extraordinary material ... At night, the tower will stand out with its light silhouette with a barely noticeable structure grid and dark spots of terraces-tribunes.
The third tower is conceived as spatial in plan, simple and austere in facades.
Red Square is divided into two terraces located at different levels, which makes it possible to achieve new effects during military parades (for example, launch tanks in one plane, cavalry in another ...)
The terrace-like principle of solving the area will also provide good visibility of the Mausoleum.

Three different in height and silhouette towers, interconnected at different heights by passages, were supposed to be visible from all over Moscow and its outskirts. In the evenings, one of the towers, with an all-glass façade, would create a cosmic spectacle.

House of Narkomtyazhprom Leonidov created at a time when they were already fighting with it. They fought not just with Leonidov, but with "Leonidism", which became a terrible curse in the 30s. It meant, as the magazine "Art to the masses" wrote, "a blind imitation of Western models, a fetishism of architectural forms that develop independently of the class struggle, and ignoring the issues of cost-effectiveness of buildings."

I think no words can compare with the expressiveness of the project itself.

Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR (1930 - 1932)
People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR (1932-1937)

Born in western Georgia, in an impoverished noble family. In 1898 he graduated from a two-year school in the village of Kharagauli, in 1905 he graduated from the medical assistant's school at the city's Mikhailovskaya hospital.

He worked as a paramedic in the oil fields. He took part in the October Revolution of 1917. During the Civil War, he was in leadership work in the army, one of the organizers of the defeat of Denikin.

Since 1922, the 1st secretary of the Transcaucasian, since 1926, the North Caucasian regional committees of the RCP (b).

In 1926-1930. Chairman of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, People's Commissar of the RCT and Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

G.K. Ordzhonikidze played a key role in the industrialization of the USSR. The creation of the first giants of the industry - Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk, Balkhash and Uralmash, the Gorky Automobile Plant and the Volgograd Tractor Plant - is associated with his name.

The People's Commissar oversaw the construction of the country's largest machine-building plant "Sibkombain" (later "Sibselmash"), a mining equipment plant (Aircraft Plant named after Chkalov), a mining and chemical plant "Apatit", the Voskresensky Chemical Plant, the Rostselmash plant, the Moscow Machine Tool Plant, which later received the name of Ordzhonikidze and many other enterprises.

According to the results of 1931, the overall growth of the national economy amounted to 21% compared to the level of 1930. A number of sectors have fulfilled the task of the first five-year plan, a number have exceeded it. The production of wagons was doubled against the planned indicators, the production of tractors was increased by 1.3 times, there was growth in the electrical industry, and the planned target for oil production was exceeded.

However, in the second five-year plan, the average annual growth rate of industrial output declined. Ordzhonikidze sought to take into account the miscalculations, he intended to expand the output of consumer goods. But the People's Commissariat of Heavy Engineering, which he headed, had defense orders, and the factories of "civilian" engineering had to be loaded with orders from the military department.

Often, the people's commissar had to solve purely production problems in the conditions of general suspicion, growing political tension, personnel purges, which concerned, first of all, the economic people's commissariats. A large number of employees of his department were under attack.

In 1936, the older brother Ordzhonikidze was arrested. At the February-March (1937) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a report by G.K. Ordzhonikizhze. Five days before the plenum on February 18, 1937, he died of a heart attack (according to the official version).

He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labour, the Red Banner, the Red Banner of the Georgian SSR.