) cartel;

) syndicate;

) concern;

) financial and industrial group.

Cartel

This is an association of a number of enterprises in the industry, providing for an agreement on the establishment of monopolistically high prices, the delimitation of sales markets, the establishment of a certain volume of production for the entire cartel as a whole and for its members in particular. The cartel refers to the early forms of monopoly. However, the cartel agreement did not concern the production and, moreover, the supply and marketing activities of the enterprise. They were given complete freedom to trade in those products that were not included in the cartel agreement, and therefore some enterprises received additional profits due to this. The production and commercial independence of the enterprises belonging to the concern is preserved.

Syndicate

is an association of enterprises, providing for the loss of its members of commercial independence. Sales of products are carried out by a single sales center of the syndicate. Uniform sales prices and the same conditions for the sale of goods, the procurement and receipt of raw materials, etc. are established. When, as a result of further mergers, enterprises lose their production independence and are managed from a single center, they form a trust.

Trust

Consolidation of enterprises with a complete loss of independence of the enterprises included in it.

Usually, a single-industry and combined, multi-industry trust is distinguished, when the association captures enterprises of another industry. A combined trust that unites enterprises from different industries gets the opportunity to derive additional profit, firstly, by using by-products and waste from another industry, and secondly, by organizing vertical combination, when one enterprise processes raw materials, another manufactures parts from it, the third turns them into commodities, and so on. A combined trust is a form of intermediate transition from a trust to the highest form of a monopoly association - a concern.

Concern

Consolidation of enterprises by establishing financial control over them through the purchase of a controlling stake. The enterprises included in the concern formally retain their legal independence. The concern is headed by a holding company ("parent company"), which owns a controlling stake in " subsidiaries". In turn, subsidiaries may also have controlling stakes in other companies that are already “grandchildren” in relation to the parent company. Such a peculiar genealogy allows the holding, having a relatively small own capital control vast arrays of financial resources.

This association is being undertaken in order to reduce intersectoral competition through a single, centralized management of production, supply, sales of goods, planning their actions to introduce new technology and a forward-looking strategy for common action in the future. The concern does not deprive its enterprises of industrial, and often commercial independence for the current time, its goal, rather, is to specialize and at the same time integrate its enterprises into a single economic complex.

Finally, a special type of concern is a conglomerate. It unites various enterprises and companies of the national economy that are not connected with each other, gives them almost complete independence and controls them only comparatively. small list financial indicators.

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Introduction

1. The main types of business associations

1 Cartel

1.2 Syndicate

1.3 Concern

1.4 Holding

2. Associations of participants of the Russian tourist market

Conclusion

List of used literature and sources

INTRODUCTION

Course project on the topic "Types of associations of firms: cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, holding." contains 22 pages, content, introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion and list of references and sources.

This course project provides definitions of such concepts as: "cartel", "syndicate", "trust", "holding" and others.

The purpose of writing a course project is to study the types of unions tourist enterprises on the global Russian market.

The goal defined a number of tasks:

)consider the types of business combinations;

)to analyze the state of tourism associations in Russia today.

Practical significance of this project is quite large, since associations in tourism are relevant at the moment. Russia has already been affected by integration processes, in particular, in the area of ​​unification of hotel and tourism organizations. In the Russian tourist industry there is a concentration of capital, there are corporate structures into which financial capital seeking income flows.

1. MAIN TYPES OF ENTERPRISE ASSOCIATIONS

Today, the word "globalization" is constantly heard from TV speakers, does not leave the pages of printed publications.

In accordance with world forecasts in the first half of the XXI century. 300-600 transnational corporations (TNCs) will remain in the world economy, which will account for up to 75% of the gross world product. More than 1/3 of international companies will concentrate control over the service sector, including tourism.

Improving the efficiency of the Russian economy is impossible without Russia's integration into world economy. Foreign investments, which are needed today by many sectors of the Russian economy, including tourism, are largely associated with TNCs. And in this regard, the creation of a Russian TNC in the field of tourism would be quite justified.

World tourism today is controlled by such global corporations as Carison Companies and American Express (USA), Japan Travel Burea (Japan), Preussag, C&N Touristik and Rewe (Germany), Airtours and First Choice (UK), Accor (France) and Groupe Kuoni (Switzerland). They own large sectors of the tourist market. For example, the top five tour operators control 90% of the tourist market in the UK, 88% in the Scandinavian countries, 83% in Austria, 80% in Belgium, 76% in Germany, 70% in the Netherlands, and 58% in France.

Although the Russian tourism business has not yet matured to the formation large corporations, it has already been affected by integration processes, in particular, in the field of unification of hotel and tourism organizations.

Business behavior in market conditions management is changing, and this applies to many areas.

Small businesses, typical of commercial entrepreneurship, are very unstable and exist on average for three to five years. This does not mean that they go bankrupt, but most often they modify their activities or try to enter the market in the form of associations.

IN modern conditions When there are rapid changes in the market environment, enterprises face the problem of surviving when market conditions change. To increase the stability of the organization in the unfavorable development of market conditions, business associations are created.

The main advantages of associations are:

) cost reduction;

) higher qualification and specialization of enterprise management;

) more favorable conditions for the purchase of resources, etc.

Associations of legal entities are created in order to coordinate their entrepreneurial activity, as well as to protect common property interests.

Associations of enterprises provide for the existence of different ownership, but the types of associations, depending on the goals and organizational forms, may be different.

According to the legislation, two types of associations of enterprises and organizations can be created and function, these are: voluntary and institutional.

Enterprises have the right to voluntarily combine their scientific, technical, production, commercial and other activities, if this does not go against the antimonopoly legislation.

Along with voluntary associations, institutional associations are created and function, the activities of which begin in a directive order from ministries (departments) or directly by the Cabinet of Ministers.

In practice, types of associations have developed that differ depending on the goals of the association, the nature of economic relations between their participants, and the degree of independence of the enterprises included in the association. These are cartels, syndicates, pools, trusts, concerns, industrial holdings, financial groups.

1 CARTEL

A cartel is an association, as a rule, of enterprises in the same industry, involving joint commercial activities, i.e. regulation of sales with the help of established quotas, commodity prices, terms of sale.

The cartel is characterized by the presence of the following features:

) the contractual nature of the association;

) preservation of the ownership right of cartel participants to their enterprises and the economic, financial and legal independence ensured by this;

) cooperative activity for the sale of products that can be distributed, albeit to a limited extent, to their production.

cartels ― contractual association of enterprises (firms) of the same industry for the implementation of a joint commercial activities(regulation of the sale of manufactured products).

A cartel is a union of several enterprises of the same industry, in which its members retain their ownership of the means and products of production, and the created products themselves are sold on the market, agreeing on a quota - the share of each in the total output, on sales prices, distribution of markets, etc. A kind of cartel association is a syndicate.

2 SYNDICATE

A syndicate is a kind of cartel agreement that involves the sale of the products of its participants through a single marketing body created in the form of a joint-stock company or a limited liability company. The members of the syndicate, like the cartel, retain their legal and commercial independence, and sometimes their own sales network, which is closely connected with the syndicate sales office or company. The form of a syndicate is most common in industries with mass homogeneous products: mining, metallurgical, chemical.

Syndicates ― the organizational form of the existence of a kind of cartel agreement, which provides for the sale of participants' products through the creation of a joint marketing body or through the marketing network of one of the participants in the association (or for the purchase of raw materials). This form of association of enterprises is typical for industries with mass production of homogeneous products.

3 GROUP

A concern is an association of independent enterprises connected through a system of participation, personal unions, patent and license agreements, financing, and close industrial cooperation.

A concern is usually an association of a production nature, which includes enterprises from different industries, depending on which concerns are in the nature of "vertical" or "horizontal" associations. Vertical association covers enterprises of various industries, manufacturing process which are interconnected (for example, mining, metallurgical and machine-building). Horizontal associations cover enterprises of different industries that are not related to each other.

The enterprises united in the concern remain legal entities in the form of joint-stock companies or other economic associations, but have a common management carried out by the parent company (holding).

Concerns ― it's diversified Joint-Stock Company characterized by the unity of power and control. Concerns unite enterprises various industries which, as a result of the merger, lose their independence.

A concern is one of the most complex forms of association, since it includes enterprises from various industries, banks, transport, trade and carries out joint activities on the basis of voluntary centralization of functions (financial, scientific and technical, production, investment, foreign economic).

Concern - an association of enterprises in which they retain their legal independence, but financial control and certain functions for the supply, production, marketing of enterprises are taken under a single management.

Formally, the enterprises of the concern remain independent, in fact they are financially dependent and controlled by the parent company (the management board of the concern, chairmen).

Members of a group may not simultaneously belong to other groups. Typical modern concerns combine vertical integration of production with diversification, that is, they have a full technological cycle in several industries and sectors of the economy simultaneously.

In Russia, concerns are created on the basis of large state enterprises and associations. Such enterprises, when entering the concern, lose their departmental affiliation.

Concerns are organizational and economic structures. Due to the large-scale concentration of capital, production capacities and the possibility of diversification, they have a certain resistance to market fluctuations, are able to profitably redistribute investments, concentrate them on the most profitable areas.

One of the main functions of industrial concerns was the function of sales. Concerns that have established a well-established sales apparatus have a strong competitive advantage.

In Russia, concerns exist in different forms:

) in the form of state joint-stock industry complexes (Gazprom, Neftekhim);

) in the military-industrial complex as state-cooperative concerns (ANT);

) in the form of "folk", i.e. without participation of state structures (BUTEK).

With the development of STP (scientific and technological progress), concerns are turning into scientific and technical centers with research laboratories. In such centers scientific, experimental and production work are carried out simultaneously.

In Russian, the word concern is most often used in relation to multinational financial and industrial groups in Europe, such as Siemens, ThyssenKrupp, Volkswagen, Drager. Whereas in relation to American entities, the term "group of corporations", "financial group" or FIG is usually used.

The activities of the group may cover one sub-sector or sector of the economy. It may include enterprises of one or more industries. Only a few of the largest concerns cover the entire industry (for example, in Germany, the Siemens concern - the electrical industry). Concerns operate in those sectors of the economy where large-scale and mass production is developed, high tech. Most often it is ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the steel industry, mechanical engineering and automotive industry, chemical and electrical industries.

From the point of view of the system of participation in capital, two types of concerns can be distinguished:

) a coordination group consisting of sister companies, i.e. created in such a way that the individual companies included in it make a mutual exchange of shares. Thus, all members of the concern have a mutual influence on the policy pursued by the concern, and at the same time it remains under a single leadership.

A subordination concern is created, as a rule, to combine production along the technological chain, and a coordination concern is created in order to integrate financial activities or scientific and technical policy, agreed industrial development companies, personnel policy etc. The concern of coordination, including sometimes loosely connected technological enterprises, in its essence becomes close to such a form of integration of companies as a conglomerate.

Concerns with foreign subsidiaries are international concerns. Moreover, the investments of international concerns can be both transnational and transcontinental.

Large concerns unite from 10 to 100 or more companies, including manufacturing, research, financial, marketing and other firms.

For example, General Motors unites 126 factories in the USA, 13 in Canada, production and sales divisions in 36 countries of the world. The concern's products are sold through its own distribution networks and networks of dealers, comprising more than 15 thousand firms.

Concerns can be diversified with a clear main production sector of the economy. But they can also be diversified (change, diversity, expansion of the range) with industry groupings (in the sphere of circulation, transport, banks). It is more correct to call such a concern a conglomerate.

There are the following types of corporations:

) vertical;

) horizontal;

) mixed (conglomerates);

Vertical associations are understood as associations of firms covering the entire cycle from the purchase of materials through production to the sale of one particular type of product, for example, the Musterman concern, which deals with all aspects of publishing and the sale of books and other products.

Horizontal concerns usually combine similar firms with different clienteles, such as the association of breweries with different types of beer. Big role the dynamics of the financial markets of the 60s, with typically intermittent ups and downs, played in the formation of modern concerns. This allowed conglomerates to buy companies at discounted bank loan prices, show good returns on investments, get even more loans and use financial leverage, thus creating a knock-on effect. This is how the American General Electric, the German Siemens, and the Japanese Mitsubishi arose or were strongly developed.

In recent years, transnational concerns have been formed in developed countries. Their goal is to make high profits in countries with low tax rates, and in those countries where taxes are high - to accumulate smaller profits.

Transnational concerns are owned or controlled by entrepreneurs in one country, and multinational concerns have an international distribution of capital (General Motors).

The enterprises united in the concern remain legal entities in the form of joint-stock companies or other economic associations, but have a common management carried out by the parent company (holding).

4 HOLDING

The holding is a "holding" (parent, head) company, which, having a controlling stake in enterprises united in a single structure, ensures their management and control over their activities.

Holding structures are multifactorial complex formations that ensure the consistent combination of production and capital resources, the creation of large-scale differentiated industries focused on the development and implementation of the latest technical solutions, implementation of various investment programs.

holdings ― use their funds to acquire controlling stakes in other enterprises. The companies united into holdings have legal and economic independence, but the most significant issues are resolved in the holding company. The holding company is engaged only in management and does not conduct economic activity.

Holding - an association of any organizational and legal form that owns a controlling stake in other legally independent companies in order to establish dominance and control over them.

Holding - joint-stock company, which owns a controlling stake in legally independent enterprises to exercise control over them.

The companies included in the holding enter into commercial transactions on their own behalf. However, the right to decide the main issues related to their activities belongs to the holding company.

The advantages of holdings are that they fight competitors by uniting their efforts.

Parent company in the holding:

) develops a general concept for the development of the holding;

) forms a unified strategy for investment and financial activities;

) manages subsidiaries;

) performs sales functions finished products and procurement of material resources;

) carries out foreign economic activity;

) conducts internal lending and financing within the framework of the association.

But when creating holdings, there is a real possibility of a revival administrative methods management.

Therefore, the management of holdings consists mainly in the change of inefficient management during the meeting of shareholders and financial management (dividend policy, issuance of securities, etc.).

The control of the parent company over its subsidiaries is exercised both through dominant participation in their authorized capital, and by determining their economic activity (for example, performing the functions of their sole executive body), and in another way provided by law.

Characteristic features of the holding

) the concentration of shares of firms in various industries and sectors of the economy or firms located in different regions.

) multistage, that is, the presence of subsidiaries, grandchildren and other related companies. Often a holding is a pyramid headed by one or two firms, often of different nationalities.

) centralization of management within the group by developing a global policy by the parent company and coordinating the joint actions of enterprises in the following areas:

) development of a unified tactic and strategy on a global scale;

) reorganization of companies and determination of the internal structure of the holding;

) implementation of intercompany relations;

) financing of capital investments in the development new products;

) provision of consulting and technical services.

In the form of a holding, which may include manufacturing, transport, purchasing, marketing, service firms, large commercial structures are created - trading houses (abroad they are most often transnational corporations).

Holding companies (systems) include the parent (parent) firm, subsidiaries, grandchildren firms.

Subsidiaries cannot own shares in the holding company itself. And the parent company, having 5% of the shares of subsidiaries, effectively controls their activities.

As a result, the parent company actually manages property that is many times greater than actually owned by it. This leads to the concentration of capital, facilitates the solution of large financial and economic tasks, and ensures the coherence of the actions of many companies.

A holding company can be registered in any form of incorporation (usually an open joint-stock company, but it can also be a CJSC and LLC).

As well as financial leverage Other influences are also used, for example, technical policy, i.e. concentration of scientific research and technical developments in a single center of the parent company and presentation of the results by subsidiaries.

Such tools may be the distribution of the range of products and sales markets between subsidiaries (Siemens, Singer, etc.).

There are two types of holdings in Russia: financial and mixed (non-financial).

A financial holding is a holding where more than 50% of the capital is made up of securities of other enterprises. The main role in the activities of such a holding is played by financial transactions; it does not have the right to perform other types of activities, since it combines capital, not enterprises.

Mixed - characterized by the fact that its material company has the right to conduct its own economic activities. They are most suitable for knowledge-intensive and technology-related enterprises with complex activities.

Examples of Russian holdings: RosBusinessConsulting, Agroholding, RAO UES of Russia, RAO Gazprom, oil companies Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz.

In addition to simple holding companies, which are one parent company and one or more subsidiaries controlled by it, there are more complex holding structures in which subsidiaries themselves act as parent companies in relation to other companies. At the same time, the parent company, which is at the head of the entire structure of the holding, is called the holding company.

Depending on the method of establishing control of the parent company over subsidiaries, there are:

) a property holding in which the parent company owns a controlling stake in the subsidiary;

) contractual holding, in which the parent company does not have a controlling stake in the subsidiary, and control is exercised on the basis of an agreement concluded between them.

Depending on the types of work and functions performed by the parent company, there are:

) a pure holding company in which the parent company owns controlling stakes in subsidiaries, but does not itself conduct any production activities, but only performs control managerial functions;

) a mixed holding in which the parent company conducts business activities, manufactures products, provides services, but at the same time performs managerial functions in relation to subsidiaries.

From the point of view of the production relationship of companies, there are:

) an integrated holding, in which enterprises are connected by a technological chain. This type of holdings has become widespread in the oil and gas complex, where, under the leadership of the parent company, enterprises for production, transportation, processing and marketing of products are combined;

) a conglomerate holding that brings together heterogeneous enterprises that are not related technological process. Each of the subsidiaries conducts its own business, in no way dependent on other subsidiaries.

Depending on the degree of mutual influence of companies, there are:

) a classic holding in which the parent company controls subsidiaries by virtue of its predominant participation in their authorized capital. Subsidiaries, as a rule, do not own shares of the parent company, although this possibility cannot be completely ruled out. In some cases, they have small stakes in the parent company;

) cross holding, in which enterprises own controlling stakes in each other. This form of holdings is typical for Japan, where the bank owns a controlling stake in the enterprise, and it owns a controlling stake in the bank. Thus, there is a fusion of financial and industrial capital, which, on the one hand, makes it easier for the enterprise to access financial resources available to the bank, and on the other hand, gives banks the opportunity to fully control the activities of subsidiaries by providing them with loans.

association firm integration syndicate

1.5 TRUST

The trust is an association in which various enterprises previously owned by different entrepreneurs merge into a single production complex, losing their legal and economic independence. In a trust, all aspects of the economic activity of enterprises are united, and not just one side, as in a cartel or syndicate. The trust form is convenient for organizing combined production, i.e. association in one company of enterprises of different industries, either representing successive stages of processing raw materials, or playing an auxiliary role one in relation to the other.

A trust is a monopoly in which a given group of entrepreneurs will jointly own the means of production and finished products.

2. ASSOCIATIONS OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE RUSSIAN TOURIST MARKET

By international standards, Russian tour operator organizations are medium and small business. The largest domestic operators serve up to 550 thousand tourists a year. But they are not very noticeable on the world market. However, it can be said with full confidence that in the Russian tourist business there is a concentration of capital, corporate structures appear, into which financial capital seeking income flows. Among the leaders of this process are the TEZ NOUR group of companies, Inna Tour, Pegas Touristik, Natalie Type, Intourist, Neva, Sputnik, Turalyans-Holding, the Primorsky Agency of Aviation Companies, the OT1 group of companies , Capital Tour, etc. Until 2003, the Inna Tour company launched a large-scale corporate construction program. Its main shareholder, Gosinkor-Holding, which includes a group of various companies, considered its participation in Inna Tour as a profitable, dynamically developing project based on the highest technologies in tourism. For two years, about 500 million rubles were invested in the development of Inna Tour. The company's management set the task of moving to a higher level of business, creating an enterprise with an efficient, transparent and predictable business, and taking a significant market share. According to the new CEO"Inna Tour" V.Rubtsov, the company is gradually moving to a leading position.

According to the rules of civilized business, VAO Intourist, whose investor is AFK Sistema, also strives to work. The company has a clearly defined structure, modern technologies, qualified personnel. There is a five-year development plan. The task was set - to occupy more than 30% of the tourist reception market.

Financial structures can independently create travel companies on their own investment projects. In 2001, the financial group "Tant'ema" created a network of travel agencies in Russia, using modern western technologies. Holder trademark is Turalliance. Network organizations have a single information system, corporate trainings, a marketing service engaged in market research and verification of the reliability of tour operators.

Natalie Toure is engaged in business restructuring and construction of the holding. It controls the firm "Solmar", a network of agencies "Grinex" and the air carrier AJT. By mid-2006, the company had reached such a level that its expansion came into conflict with the existing organizational structure. Therefore, the company intends to restructure the structure, transfer financial management in the hands of professionals specializing in this business, to engage in strategic planning.

The construction of a powerful international holding was announced by the diversified operator Capital Tour, which appeared on the market, which is positioned as a diversified, high-tech tour operator, the founders of which are well-known professionals in the market Igor and Inna Beltyukov and the American company Sunrise Hotels & Resorts. Start-up capital the companies made up the funds of foreign partners and a loan from the Moscow Image Bank. New project intends to cover many sectors of the tourism industry, use the unique Russian market business model, as well as competently select and arrange personnel.

In Russia, there are several types of travel agency networks: own retail networks of tour operators (Neva, Tez-Tour), an association of travel agencies (Global Travel, B-Travel) and networks organized on the principle of franchising (a network of stores last minute trips , Kuda.ru network, Well beach network). Franchising networks are the most civilized form of work of travel agencies. Since 2001, the share of such chains in the Russian retail travel market has been on the rise. This model of development of the tourism business has proven its worth.

The integration process also captured the air transportation market. The companies of large air carriers - Siberia and Vnukovo Airlines - merged. Aeroflot is preparing to join one of the international aviation alliances. The group of international airlines Sky Team is ready to accept him into their alliance. According to experts, the main trend in this industry will be mergers, acquisitions and bankruptcy of small companies. The situation when there are more than 200 airlines in the country cannot last long.

However, the emergence of large and strong players, building their activities in accordance with the rules of civilized business, for the Russian tourism industry rather the exception than the rule. Therefore, efforts should be aimed at creating conditions for the development of powerful transnational tourism corporations, which will become the basis for the implementation of a strategic project within the CIS countries - the construction of the territorial infrastructure of the Russian tourism economy. The development of TNCs in the field of tourism is also associated with the social aspect, namely the creation of new jobs. A proactive strategic approach and the development of a common public policy tourism development.

CONCLUSION

In this course project, the goal was to study the types of associations of tourist enterprises in the global Russian market.

The goal has been reached.

The following tasks were also solved in the work:

) varieties of associations of firms are considered;

) analyzes the state of tourism associations in Russia today.

Currently, the Russian tourist industry is beginning to enter the global tourism market. Many large associations have already been created, but, compared with the world, Russian enterprises tourism are still small and medium enterprises. The process of unification of tourism enterprises is still not as active as in foreign countries. tourist markets. In Russia, this is most noticeable in hotel business. There is a union travel companies with financial and credit organizations, which makes it possible to strengthen the financial potential of the company, expand the client base, sales network. The process of consolidation of travel companies is developing by increasing headcount, extensions office space, opening branches and developing new directions in the service sector. Since 2000, the process of establishing network trading has been actively developing tourism services. Network trade in travel services is represented by associations of legally independent operator companies and travel agencies operating under a single brand.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE AND SOURCES

1. Vikhanovsky O.S., Naumov A.I. Management. Moscow-Economist, 2008.

Meskon M.Kh., Albert M., Hedouri F. Fundamentals of management. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv - Williams, 2008

Smitienko B.M., Pospelova V.K. Foreign economic activity. Moscow-Publishing Center Academy.

Smirnov V.N. Sporting - management of victories! Theory and practice of modern management: from Taylorism to sporting. St. Petersburg - Erida-Business, 2011.

Mintzberg G. Act effectively! best practice management.
St. Petersburg - Peter, 2011.
. Ghazaryan A. Manager and organization. Moscow-Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2011.

Templer R. Rules of Management. Moscow - Alpina Publisher, 2011.

Buckingham M., Kofmann K. Break all the rules first. What the best managers in the world do differently. Moscow - Alpina Publisher, 2011.

http://www.aup.ru/books/m2/

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Jobs similar to - Types of business combinations: cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, holding

Concern - (English, concern - participation, interest) a voluntary association of enterprises, carrying out joint activities based on the centralization of the functions of scientific, technical and industrial development, as well as investment, financial and foreign economic activity, organization of self-supporting services for enterprises. Often such a group of enterprises is united around a strong parent company (holding company, parent company), which holds the shares of these enterprises in its hands. The enterprises nominally included in the concern, producing individual goods, located in different regions, retain their economic independence, remain legal entities, being subsidiaries, branches of the parent company. The concern has common financial resources for development, a single scientific and technical potential and stable cooperative ties between its member organizations.

Concerns can be sectoral and intersectoral; they unite enterprises of different specializations that are in stable cooperative relations.

In fact, within the framework of the concern, a high degree of centralization of management and economic subordination is observed, especially in the field of financial and investment management. International concerns are known as transnational ones. Concerns that include participants from many countries are called multinational.

The members of the concern retain economic independence, but the members of the concern cannot be part of other concerns.

A consortium is an organizational form of a temporary association of independent enterprises and organizations in order to coordinate their business activities.

A consortium may be formed to carry out a large capital-intensive project or to co-invest in a loan. IN international trade consortiums are created to jointly fight for orders.

Within the consortium, the roles are distributed in such a way that each participant works in the field of activity where he has reached the highest technical level at the lowest production costs.

The actions of the participants are coordinated by the leader, who receives deductions for this. Each participant prepares an offer for his share of supplies, from which the general offer of the consortium is formed. The consortium is jointly and severally liable to the customer.

Initially, international consortiums arose in the banking sector, and in the postwar years they began to be used in other areas of economic life. By uniting in a consortium, companies pursue the goal of increasing the technical and commercial competitiveness of their products. The specifics of the organization of the consortium is the conclusion by the customer of contracts with each of the participating firms. The parties are legally independent partners. A consortium has a typical centralized management scheme, with the participation of the state - a two-tier one. Headed by management committees, boards of directors, etc., which include representatives government organizations participating countries. At this level questions of financing, distribution of tasks between participants are solved. At the level of firms, coordinating committees are created, which are in charge of organizational and technical issues. The consortium is financed at the expense of its participants. The main method of financing is the acquisition by participants of titles for share contributions in the capital. A special role in the creation of a consortium is played by motives that are clearly manifested in projects that are important from the point of view of national security, prestige or technical superiority (space, aviation, communications, computers, biotechnology, defense, etc.).

A cartel is the simplest form of monopoly association. Unlike other, more stable, forms of monopoly structures (syndicates, trusts, concerns), each enterprise included in the cartel retains financial and production independence. The objects of the agreement can be: pricing, spheres of influence, terms of sale, use of patents, regulation of production volumes, agreement on the terms of sales of products, hiring workers. Operates, as a rule, within the same industry. Difficulty functioning market mechanisms. Subject to antitrust laws. Cartel agreements are usually viewed as a soft form of monopoly. In some countries of the world, they are prohibited by law, in others, on the contrary, their formation is encouraged in order to restructure the industry, standardize materials and components, and limit competition between small firms.

As a rule, a cartel is created in the form of a joint-stock company or a limited liability company.

The purpose of the formation of such associations is carefully hidden and, in general, most cartels are secret.

An agreement on the formation of a cartel is formalized by an agreement; often a cartel is formed behind the scenes, without documentation. Signs of a cartel:

• contractual nature of education;
• legal independence of member-participants;
• joint activity in the market.

In accordance with the content of the cartel agreement, cartels are divided into:

• conditional, determining the conditions for the sale of goods;
• production shares that establish production volumes (production quotas) for each cartel member;
• territorial equity, defining areas of sales;
• price contractual, establishing selling prices for goods for participants;
• profit-sharing cartels;
• patent, rationalization, determining directions for the joint use of technical inventions or, conversely, agreeing to delay their use.

According to the nature of operations, cartels are domestic and international, export and import.

In addition to the announced, open cartels, there are also unspoken cartels in the form of "gentlemen's agreements", pools. A common form of tacit cartel agreement is "price leadership".

Usually a cartel is created for a long period (5-10 years).

An import cartel is a cartel created for the material supply of production. Such cartels contribute to the rationalization of the import and export of products.

Share cartel -

Or a quota cartel that allocates to each of its members quotas for the sale of products in accordance with production capacity and demand;

Or a territorial cartel that allocates sales territories to each enterprise.

Calculation cartel - a cartel whose members agree on the same structure and content of price calculations for homogeneous products.

A contract cartel is a conditional cartel whose members recognize uniform sales discounts.

Conditioning cartel - a cartel that uses a unified system of terms of trade, supplies and payments.

Crisis cartel - a cartel created to limit competition:

With a persistent protracted decline in demand (crisis cartel structures); or

With a temporary reduction in sales (crisis cartel conjuncture).

International cartel - an international union of monopolistic production structures, focused on the division of sales markets and sources of raw materials.

A syndicate is an association of enterprises that undertakes the implementation of all commercial activities (pricing, sales of products, etc.) while maintaining the production and legal independence of its constituent enterprises.

For the marketing of the products of the members of the syndicate, as well as for the purchase of raw materials, the syndicate creates special organizations in the form of trade partnerships.

The participants in a syndicate agreement undertake to sell all or part of their products through a single trading company, adhere to certain quotas for production, sales, prices, markets. A syndicate sales company may also purchase raw materials for its members.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the European Aluminum Syndicate (almost 100% of European and 50% of world production), the International Copper Syndicate (about 90% of world production) were widely known. Cartels and syndicates have now been replaced by various national and international economic organizations to regulate world trade. For example, OPEC, International Coffee Organization, International Grains Council, International Sugar Organization, etc.

A trust is an association of entrepreneurs, characterized by the fact that the enterprises included in it completely lose their industrial, commercial and legal independence and are subject to a single management.

In domestic practice - an organizational and production unit, common in construction (construction trusts, assembly, etc.).

The term "trust" began to apply to any monopolistic associations (cartels), although from a legal point of view it should be based on trust property.

Trusts differ from other associations in the comparative homogeneity of their products, or they include enterprises with successive stages in the processing of raw materials.

Trusts are formed by a direct merger of the assets of companies with the assets of the parent company and by the acquisition by the parent company of shares in the share capital of other independent enterprises. In the latter case, the trust has the form of a holding company, which actually manages the activities of enterprises.

Different types of associations can use different management components. Minimum Volume management (components of management) is carried out in the cartel: marketing and business planning, common to all enterprises included in the association; a higher level of management in financial and industrial groups, where, in addition to marketing and business planning, financial management is also carried out; in the syndicate, in comparison with the previous structure, instead of financial management, there are such components as logistics and a single management system for all enterprises included in the association; in industrial and commercial groups financial management combined with logistics and a single management structure. The highest level of organization is carried out in the concern, where all the components of management are present: economics, business plan, marketing, accounting, finance, logistics and structures. Moreover, it must be said that the holding in the course of its existence can change the scope of management elements - from a cartel to a concern or vice versa.

Business associations concept

Business associations: holdings... For practicing lawyers, scientists, entrepreneurs, heads of organizations, members of collegiate ... Foreword. Chapter I. Business associations: concept and types. kadis.ru

Associations of enterprises. Concepts, goals, types | Business vision The concept and essence of the Association of enterprises. ... A pool is an association of entrepreneurs that provides for a special procedure for distributing the profits of its participants. businessvision.rf

Associative forms of business organization

Associative forms of business organization are the association of enterprises or firms into aggregate structures.

Associative forms include the following types of associative structures:

1) corporations;

2) business associations;

3) concerns;

4) consortia;

5) holding companies;

6) cartels;

7) syndicates;

8) trusts.

1. A corporation is a joint-stock company that combines several firms with common goals entrepreneurial activity.

Corporation is legal entity, which is responsible for all enterprises included in its composition. Among corporations, there are both large-scale and small-scale public corporations.

2. Economic associations are an association of organizations and enterprises, which is created on the basis of an agreement in order to coordinate common activities and perform similar functions. Members of business associations have the right to be members of other associations.

3. Concerns are an organizational form of association of enterprises, which is in the nature of monopolies and allows you to use the possibilities of large-scale production.

4. A consortium is an association of organizations, enterprises, which is created on a voluntary basis and is temporary. The consortium is organized to carry out major projects in ecology, science, technology, social sphere. The consortium uses financial and material resources, personnel and capacities of the organizations that are its members. The consortium may include organizations of various sizes, which conclude an agreement with each other. Consortium participants have the right to be members of other consortiums at the same time.

5. Holding companies have their own difference from other associative forms, which lies in the fact that they control other companies by appointing their directors, as well as by owning them. in cash and shares. Despite the fact that the enterprises included in the holding associations are independent, the holding is able to exert a great influence on their economic and commercial decisions. If necessary, the holding has the right to redistribute funds belonging to the company's participants, as well as perform certain functions related to the company's activities.

6. A cartel is an association of legally independent enterprises on a contractual basis, which is engaged in the marketing of products produced by these enterprises.

7. A syndicate is a form of association of enterprises to organize the purchase and supply of raw materials to these enterprises, and the marketing of their products. The syndicate may include trusts, concerns, enterprises that are legally independent organizations. From the moment of joining the syndicate, the commercial independence of its participants is lost, while the production independence is partially preserved.

8. Trusts are a form of association of enterprises in which the participants in this association completely lose their commercial, industrial and legal independence, while being subject to a single management. In Russian entrepreneurship, this form is used in the construction business.

There are structural specific forms of business organization that have not yet become widespread in the Russian economy, but are actively used in the practice of developed capitalist countries. These include: offshore companies, trust companies, franchisors.

IN Russian practice the creation of branches and subsidiaries of large firms and enterprises has become widespread. These enterprises are legally independent, but are in close financial, industrial and technological connection with the main enterprise.

International business companies are engaged in business transactions such as imports, exports and placement of capital abroad. Companies that have foreign branches, registration in several countries and are engaged in the distribution of their shares on the stock exchanges of the world are called transnational.

According to the legislation, two types of associations of enterprises and organizations can be created and function, these are: voluntary and institutional. Enterprises have the right to voluntarily combine their scientific, technical, production, commercial and other activities, if this does not go against the antimonopoly legislation. Along with voluntary associations, institutional associations are created and function, the activities of which begin in a directive order from ministries (departments) or directly by the Cabinet of Ministers. An association is the simplest form of voluntary association of enterprises for the purpose of constant coordination of economic activity. The Association has no right to interfere in the production and commercial activities of any of its members. A corporation is a contractual association created on the basis of combining industrial, scientific and commercial interests, with the transfer of individual powers of centralized regulation of the activities of each of the participants. A consortium is a temporary statutory association of industrial and banking capital for the purpose of jointly conducting a major financial transaction (investing in a major industrial project). Concerns are a diversified joint-stock company characterized by unity of power and control. Concerns combine enterprises of various industries, which, as a result of the merger, lose their independence. Cartels are a contractual association of enterprises (firms) of the same industry for the implementation of joint commercial activities (regulation of the sale of manufactured products). Syndicates - an organizational form of the existence of a kind of cartel agreement, which provides for the sale of products of participants through the creation of a joint marketing body or through the marketing network of one of the participants in the association (or for the purchase of raw materials). This form of association of enterprises is typical for industries with mass production of homogeneous products. Trusts are a monopolistic association of enterprises that previously belonged to different owners into one production complex. With such a merger, enterprises completely lose their legal, financial and economic independence. Holdings - use their funds to acquire controlling stakes in other enterprises. The companies united into holdings have legal and economic independence, but the most significant issues are resolved in the holding company. The holding company is engaged only in management and does not conduct economic activities. Financial groups are an association of enterprises headed by one or more banks that manage the capital of these enterprises and control various areas of their activities. At the same time, the enterprises that are part of the financial group do not lose their economic and legal independence.

Cartel. Cartels are from Germany. A cartel is an association in which the members of this association do not lose either industrial or commercial independence. The association occurs for (the purpose of the cartel):

ü Establishing a single price for products.

ü Uniform conditions for hiring workers are negotiated.

ü Establish production quotas

ü Agree on the division of sales markets.

Syndicate. Syndicate members lose their commercial independence. The production remains. All products manufactured by syndicate members are sold through syndicate offices. Often, syndicate offices buy raw materials for syndicate members if they can be bought at discounted prices. The birthplace of syndicates is France, and until 1917 - Russia.

A trust is a joint stock company. Participants lose both commercial and industrial independence. It is formed on the basis of the merger of several capitals (different owners) through the issuance of securities (shares and bonds), and these securities are distributed not only between the founders, but can also be freely sold on the stock market or other institutions. This also attracts the capital of the general population.

AO benefits:

All the affairs of the joint-stock company are solved with the help of founding meetings. All issues are resolved by voting. The decisive word belongs to the holder of a controlling stake (either 51% of the shares, or 50% + 1 share). In practice, it is enough to have from 15% of the shares.

The action is security which gives its owner the opportunity, or the right, to receive certain income on it, or on it. The income that the owner of the shares receives is called dividends or dividends.

A bond is a security that gives you the opportunity to earn interest in the form of a percentage. The owner of the bond is the creditor.

Bond interest is paid first. Shares pay dividends last.

The birthplace of the trust is the USA.

Concern. Homeland - Japan.

It brings together enterprises from various industries, trade, transport, services, and financial institutions.

The reason for the emergence of the concern is inter-industry competition.

The employees of the concern centrally perform the functions of management, supply, sale of goods, forward planning, scientific and technological policy and much more. As a rule, industrial enterprises have independence.

A concern is formed on the basis of the so-called. system of participation, and is a pyramid, the links of which represent different enterprises.

All enterprises are interconnected, the so-called. a single technological chain.

In the 60s of the twentieth century, such associations began to appear in the United States that began to be called conglomerates. It was thought to be the fifth form of amalgamation, but most economists consider it to be a type of concern.

Arise on the basis of capital diversification. The conglomerate is less stable than the concern, because the conglomerate includes enterprises that do not have a single technological chain. Quickly arise, but also quickly disintegrate.