State budgetary professional educational institution of the Voronezh region "Anninsky agro-industrial technical school" Anna 2016 Workbook for students of GBPOU VO "AAPT" in the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles." Developed by the teacher of GBPOU VO "AAPT" Koltovskaya A.A. © GBPOU VO "AAPT", 2016 FOREWORD The proposed workbook contains additional material for the program on the course "Materials Science" for students of institutions of secondary vocational education. Its purpose is to promote the study of the structure and properties of materials and alloys, which will further help students when working in production. The workbook reflects the main topics of the course "Materials Science", studied in the preparation of mid-level specialists in the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles." The presented tasks develop thinking, help to consolidate the material studied in the classroom, instill the ability to independently receive necessary knowledge with textbooks and reference books. Illustrations help students answer the questions and remember the educational material. For a deeper understanding of the material, multi-level tasks are provided so that each student can cope with the task and receive an appropriate assessment. First, the basic concepts are formulated, and then tasks for solution are proposed. The tasks presented in the workbook help to consolidate the material learned in the classroom, and then apply the knowledge gained in practice, instill the ability to use reference literature. The workbook is designed to organize independent work students and monitoring their knowledge by the teacher. REGULARITIES OF FORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS. 1. What materials gave names to entire eras? ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Complete the definition: chemically simple substances are called metals ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Give examples of metals known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. List the metals that are most often used in mechanical engineering and instrument making. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write the chemical designations of rare non-ferrous metals known to you. To complete the task, use the periodic table. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Complete the definitions: a) substances whose atoms are located randomly in space, call substances whose atoms are located in space in a certain __________________________________________________________________ b) form a crystal lattice, they call _____________________ 7. Complete the definition: Alloy __________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is called an alloy component ? ________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the difference between alloys and pure metals? ________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is a crystal? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. List the defects of crystals known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ 12. Draw a cubic face-centered and hexagonal close-packed crystal lattice similar to the cubic body-centered lattice shown in fig. 1. Give the characteristics, following the example provided. Rice. 1. Cubic body-centered lattice Example. The cubic body-centered lattice consists of nine atoms (eight are located at the vertices of the lattice and one is in the center). Chromium Cr, tungsten W, vanadium V and iron Fe have such a lattice at temperatures up to 900 °C and over 1400 °C. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ thirteen. In the given rectangles (Fig. 2), schematically depict the main stages of the crystallization process. Rice. 2. The main stages of the crystallization process 14. Fill in the gaps in the definitions by choosing the necessary term (anisotropy, allotropy): a) the ability of the same metal to form a crystal lattice different shapes called ________________________________________ b) the inhomogeneity of physical properties in various directions 15. Write down the following metals: a) undergoing allotropic transformations b) not undergoing allotropic transformations To complete the task, use the information bank: iron Fe, aluminum A1, nickel Ni, titanium Ti, zinc Zn, cobalt Co, tungsten W, copper Cu, tin Sn, silver Ag, lead Pb. 16. List the methods for studying the structures of metals and alloys: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 1.1, in which write down the research conditions and the distinguishing features of various methods for analyzing the structure of metals. Analyze these methods and write down your conclusions about the effectiveness of the studies. Table 1. Methods of structure analysis and their features Method Research conditions Distinctive features Macroanalysis Microanalysis Spectral analysis Magnetic flaw detection Ultrasonic flaw detection X-ray analysis Method of radioactive isotopes 18. What properties of metals do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 19. Draw the “shoes” to the “spider legs” (Fig. 3). Indicate in them the physical properties of metals. Rice. 3. Physical properties of metals ("spider" and "shoes") What technological properties of metals and alloys are shown in fig. 4? 20. Write them down. Rice. 4. Technological properties of metals: n workpiece rotation frequency; S feed 21. Write horizontally the names of the technological properties of metals and alloys, as well as their mechanical properties, determined using technological tests. Read vertically the term denoting these names. 23. What new methods for testing metal samples do you know? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 24. Determine the relative elongation  and the grade of structural steel (GOST 1050-88 **), if, when testing a standard sample of this steel (Fig. 5), its initial dimensions were: d0 = 10 mm and l0 = 100 mm. Sample length after rupture lk = 119 mm. Fig.5. Sample for testing: d0 and l0 initial diameter and initial length of the sample Assumed steel grades: 30 ( = 20%); 35 ( = 19%); 45(=17%). Solution:________________________________________________________________ Answer:____________________________________________________________ 25. Determine the tensile strength (v) and the grade of structural steel (GOST 1050-88 **), if during the tensile test of the sample (see Fig. 5) from this steel, the maximum load Pmax = 159 kN (d0 = 10 mm, l 0 = 100 mm). Estimated steel grades: 30 (v = 500 MPa); 35 (v = 540 MPa). Solution:________________________________________________________________ Answer:____________________________________________________________ 26. What chemical properties of metals and alloys do you know? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 27. In fig. 6 enter in free circles ("planets") types of chemical and electrochemical corrosion metals and alloys. Specify appropriate corrosion protection methods. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Rice. 6. Types of chemical and electrochemical corrosion of metals and alloys ("parade of planets") 28. What mechanical properties of metals do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 29. What is the purpose of determining the mechanical properties of metals? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 30. List the methods for testing metals and alloys for hardness. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 31. What method of testing metals and alloys for hardness is widely used in mechanical engineering? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 32. List new ways to increase the strength of metals and alloys. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE THEORY OF ALLOYS. 1. Are there absolutely pure metals? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the ways to obtain alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Indicate how many components alloys can consist of: one, two or more. Underline the correct answer. 4. What is called the structure of alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the alloy phase? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Draw the insertion and substitution alloys. 7. Fill out the table. 2., in which write down the alloys and note the features of their composition. Table 2. Alloys and features of their composition Name Composition of a two-component alloy of a multi-component alloy What is the difference between the crystallization of pure metals and alloys? 8. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 9. What types of alloys are ferrite, austenite, ledeburite, pearlite and cementite structures? Solid solutions: _________________________________________________ Chemical compounds: ____________________________________________ Mechanical mixtures: _______________________________________________ 10. Write on the links of the "chain" the names of the structure of steels during their slow heating. Steel grade 20 (GOST 1050-88**): Steel grade 65 (GOST 105088**): 11. What is the purpose of building state diagrams of alloys? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. Write down in the table. 3 characteristic differences between the state diagrams of the first and second kind of lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) and nickel-copper (Ni-Cu). Analyze them and write down your conclusions. Table 3. Characteristic differences between Pb-Sb and Ni-Cu state diagrams PbSb system Characteristic differences between NiCu state diagrams 13. What other state diagrams do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 14. In what coordinates is the phase diagram of iron-cementite (Fe-Fe3C) built? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ fifteen. Draw the main lines of the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system. Specify characteristic points of the diagram lying on these lines. 16. How do cementite, ferrite, pearlite and ledeburite affect the mechanical properties of alloys? Enter the data in Table 4. Table 4. Dependence of the mechanical properties of alloys on their structure Structure Mechanical properties Strength Hardness Ductility Ferrite Cementite Perlite Ledeburite 17. Using the textbook, insert the missing words in the text. Solid solution of carbon in iron (exists in steel only up to a temperature of 727 °C). The carbon content in this structure is negligible. This is the softest structure of steel, its hardness is 80 ... 100 HB. This structure is called __________________________________________________________________ A solid solution of carbon in iron, characterized by a high solubility of carbon, the content of which in steel is 2.14% at a temperature of 727 ° C. The hardness is low (170...220 HB), but the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance are quite high. The structure is non-magnetic. It is called ______________________________________________ Iron carbide is a chemical compound of Fe with C (Fe3C). The carbon content is 6.67%. This is the hardest steel structure (700 ... 800 HB). The structure is strong but very fragile; has magnetic properties. It is called _____________________________________________________________ Mechanical mixture of ferrite with cementite. The hardness of the structure is 200 ... 220 HB. Contains 0.8% carbon; has considerable strength and elasticity, but not very high ductility. May be granular or lamellar. This structure is called ________________________________ Answers: cementite, ferrite, austenite, perlite. 18. What initial data is needed to construct state diagrams of the first and second kind? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 19. Indicate at what carbon content, %, steels are hypoeutectoid: a) 2.14...4.3; b) 0...2.14; c) 4.3...6.67; d) 0...0.8. Underline the correct answer. 20. Remember at what carbon content,%, steels are hypereutectoid: a) 0.8 ... 2.14; b) 0...0.8; c) 2.14...4.3; d) 4.3...6.67. Underline the correct answer. 21. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe - Fe3C system corresponds to the beginning of alloy crystallization? ________________________________________ 22. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe - Fe3C system corresponds to the end of the crystallization of the alloy? b) hypereutectic. Underline the correct answer. 24. What is the carbon content in cast iron? ________________________________________________________________________ 25. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system is the line of upper critical points? ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system is the line of lower critical points? ________________________________________________________________________ 27. Why is there no eutectic alloy on the state diagram of the Cu-Ni system? ________________________________________________________________________ 28. Which line on the state diagram of the Pb-Sb system is called the liquidus? ________________________________________________________________________ 29. What line on the state diagram of the Pb-Sb system is called a solidus? ________________________________________________________________________ 30. What phases are located in the zone between the ASV and ADB lines on the state diagram of the Si-Ni system? __________________________________________________________________ 31. Write down in the table. 5 characteristic features of alloys, which are a solid solution, a chemical compound and a mechanical mixture. Specify the areas of their application. Table 5 Characteristics and applications various kinds alloys Characteristic features Applications Alloy Solid solution Chemical compound Mechanical mixture ALLOYS OF IRON WITH CARBON. 1. Write the definitions: a) cast iron is _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b) steel is ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the difference between steel and cast iron? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. What needs to be loaded into a blast furnace to get pig iron? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Underline the name of the ore with the highest iron content: a) b) c) magnetic iron ore (magnesite). brown iron ore (limonite); red iron ore (hematite); 5. Determine what period of the domain process describes the following chemical reactions: 3Fe2O3 + CO = 2Fe3O4 + CO2 + Q1, Fe3O4 + CO = 3FeO + CO2 + Q2 FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 Q3, where Q1-Q3 are the thermal effects of reactions. Answer options: a) b) c) Underline the correct answer. 6. iron oxidation; reduction of iron from oxides; reduction of iron with hydrogen. Fill in the gaps in the definitions: a) an accumulation of minerals that is technically and economically feasible to develop for the purpose of extracting iron ores is called ________________________________________________ c) furnaces, called _________________________________________________________ d) pollution, called _______________________________________________ Answers: deposit, flux, ore, coke. 7. a substance intended for cleaning the working space of the furnace from The given data on the chemical composition of cast iron contains errors: Element Si Mn Fe С S Р Ni Сr Composition, %... Up to 90 2.14...7.0 4.3 2.0 0.04 1.2 0.25 0 Select cast irons that you consider to be pig irons: synthetic; white; grey; malleable; high-strength; doped. Fix them using the tutorial. 8. a) b) c) d) e) f) Underline the correct answers. 9. ________________________________________________________________________ 10. Using the information bank, write down the grades of gray cast irons: low strength ________________________________________________ high strength ______________________________________________ highest hardness and strength ____________________________________ What other types of cast iron do you know? Information Bank: SC10, SC15, SC18, SC20, SC21, SC24, SC25, SC30, SC35. 11. Using the textbook, select the grades of cast iron for the manufacture of the following products: frame ___________________________________________________________ crankshaft ____________________________________________________________ gear ___________________________________________________________ pipes ______________________________________________________________ wheel hubs for cars ______________________________________________ , KCh3712, VCh120. 13. Using the textbook, fill in the table. 6. Table 6. Areas of application of cast irons of various grades ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Fill in the diagram shown in fig. 7. Fig.7. Classification of steels by composition, purpose and quality 16. What methods of obtaining steels do you know? Write your answer in the sectors on the outer part of the circle (Fig. 8). Fig.8. Classification of steels according to the method of production 17. What is the difference between carbon structural steels and carbon tool steels? ________________________________________________________________ 18. What is the difference between alloyed structural steels and alloyed tool steels? __________________________________________________________________ What is the purpose of alloying steels? 19. __________________________________________________________________ 20. What provides high hardness of tool alloy steels? ________________________________________________________________________ 21. Using the textbook, fill in the table. 7, in which indicate the tensile strength, relative elongation and narrowing of steel samples. Table 7. Carbon steel Mechanical properties of some grades of high quality Index Steel grades 20 35 45 60G carbon steels by their grades: 45__________________________________________________________________ VSt1ps _______________________________________________________________ A20 ________________________________________________________________ Bst3kp ____________________________________________________________ 05__________________________________________________________________ St0 ________________________________________________________________ 23. Determine the chemical composition of tool carbon steels by their grades: U7 ________________________________________________________________ U8G _________________________________________________________________ U9A _______________________________________________________________ U11A ______________________________________________________________ U8GA ________________________________________________________________ 24. Crossword "Alloying elements". 25. From the given letters and numbers, make up the steel grades: R, 7, U, 8, G, 1.4, F, 5, A, 1, 4, M, 6, R, 4, G, 5, A, 2 , X, 0, H, 7, T, 7, 3, Yu, 0, B. The same letter and number cannot be used twice. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 26. Write the main alloying elements for structural steels. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 27. Underline the alloying elements that give the steel heat resistance: a) b) c) d) e) f) chromium; zinc; aluminum; silver; tungsten; vanadium. 28. Underline the alloying elements that give steel hardness: a) b) c) d) e) f) gold; tungsten; copper; vanadium; nickel; titanium. 29. Emphasize the alloying elements that give steel corrosion resistance: a) b) c) d) e) f) nickel; chromium; titanium; molybdenum; magnesium; manganese. 30. Using information bank , составьте группы сталей и сплавов, обладающих следующими свойствами: жаростойкие _____________________________________________________ жаропрочные _____________________________________________________ теплостойкие _____________________________________________________ магнитные _______________________________________________________ с высоким омическим сопротивлением _______________________________ коррозионностойкие ______________________________________________ немагнитные _____________________________________________________ Информационный банк: 08Х14Н28В3Т3ЮР, ХН77ЮР, ОХ23ЮБ, 10X13, 80НХС, ЕХ9К15М, 0X27ЮБА, 45Г17Ю3, 79НМ, 12Х18Н9Т , N36K8, 13X12N2V2MF, 12X2MFSR, EX3, 55G9N9. 31. Определите химический состав конструкционных легированных сталей по их маркам: 12Х18Н9Т _______________________________________________________ ХН77ЮР ________________________________________________________ 15X28 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 80НХС __________________________________________________________ 12Х25Н16Г7АР ___________________________________________________ 08Х14Н28В3Т3ЮР ________________________________________________ 37Х12Н18МФ5 ___________________________________________________ 32. Определите химический состав инструментальных легированных сталей по их маркам: 7ХФ ____________________________________________________________ Р10К5Ф5_________________________________________________________ 11ХФ____________________________________________________________ XГC _____________________________________________________________ 33. Определите химический состав сталей and alloys with special physical and chemical chemical properties according to their grades: EX5K5 ________________________________________________ 79НМ _______________________________________________ E340 ________________________________________________ ХН70ВМТЮ ________________________________________________ 18ХМТФ _____________________________________________ 34. Indicate which units are used to measure the chromium content in ball bearing steels: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. tenths of a percent; hundredths of a percent; thousandths of a percent; interest. 35. Determine the chemical composition of steels by their grades. Fill in the table. 8, indicating also the names and areas of application of these steels. Table 8. Application Grades of some steels, their chemical composition and areas Grade Name Grade designation Symbols Content Fields of application . Determine the chemical composition of steels and alloys by their grades. Fill in the table. 9, indicating also the names of these materials. Table 9. Grades and chemical composition of some steels and alloys Grade designation Name Grade Steel A20 Steel ShKh15SG Steel 50NHS Steel 18KhTF Alloy KhN77TYu Steel OKH27TYu Steel R14F14 Symbols Content A 20 W X 15 C D 50 H X C 18 X T F X H 77 T Yu O X 27 T Yu R 14 F 14 37. How do soft magnetic alloys differ from hard magnetic alloys? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 38. What requirements must be met by alloys with high ohmic resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 39. What causes the wear of parts during operation? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 40. What determines the wear resistance of parts? __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 41. Underline the name of the alloying element that gives steel wear resistance: a) niobium; b) manganese; c) tantalum; d) lead. 42. Determine the grade of steel, parts of which are capable of operating under friction, high pressure and shock loading: a) EXZ; b) 12X18H9T; c) A40; d) 110G13L. Underline the correct answer. 43. What steels are called high-strength? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 44. Determine and underline the grade of high-strength steel: a) H18K10M5TYu; b) 30XMA; c) St1kp; d) 50. 45. What is called heat resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 46. What is called heat resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 47. Emphasize the temperature range, °C, in which heat-resistant steels and alloys based on molybdenum and other refractory metals can be used: a) b) c) d) 48. What affects the heat resistance of steels and alloys? 700...850; 1200... 1500; 1500...2000; 2000...3000. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 49. Underline the temperature range, °С, in which 700...950 can be used; 900...1000; 200...300; 850...900. heat-resistant steels and alloys based on iron, nickel and cobalt: a) b) c) d) 50. What alloys are called nimonics? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 51. For the manufacture of what products are nimonics used? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 52. What is the peculiarity of alloys with memory effect? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 53. Underline the metals on the basis of which alloys with the memory effect are made: a) b) c) d) e) nickel-niobium; chrome nickel; niobium-titanium; copper-aluminum; nickel-titanium. 54. Write the name of the most widely used memory alloys. 55. For the manufacture of which products are memory alloys used? 56. When were amorphous alloys first obtained? 57. Under what conditions is an amorphous structure formed? 58. List the methods for achieving high cooling rates when obtaining amorphous materials: a) b) c) 59. Write the properties of amorphous alloys: a) b) c) 60. The numbers in the marking of the Fe80B20 amorphous alloy mean: a) b) c) d) percentage of C; element content in atomic percent; alloy number; alloy properties. temperature. hardness; density; Underline the correct answer. 61. Mark the parameters that limit the use of amorphous alloys: a) b) c) heat resistance; d) 62. In what industries are amorphous alloys used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 63. What is made of amorphous alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 64. Using the information bank, fill in the sectors of the outer ring (Fig. 9), indicating the type of tool and processing mode. Rice. 9. Scope of tool steels and cutting conditions of tools Information bank: a) b) c) files, scrapers, needle files; countersinks, drills, reamers, turning tools; tools of all types; d) cutting speed v = 20 m/min, rotation frequency n = 350 min1; e) v = 40 m/min, n = 700 min1; f) v = 70 m/min, n = 1200 min1. 65. Draw a "family tree" (Fig. 10). Write down on its “leaves” the grades of the indicated steels Fig. 10 “Family tree” of steels HEAT TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 1. What is heat treatment of iron-carbon alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is called chemical-thermal treatment (CHT) of iron-carbon alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ What is the purpose of heat treatment of steels and alloys? 3. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the purpose of chemical-thermal treatment of steels and alloys? Write down the components of the heat treatment process: 6. Underline the name of the equipment (Fig. 11) that is effective for heat treatment. Fig.11. Types of thermal furnaces (c) and hardening devices (b) 7. What instruments are used to control the operating temperature in the furnace? List them: a) b) c) ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 8. What is called annealing? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 9. Draw the “shoes” to the “spider legs” (Fig. 12). Specify in them the types of annealing. Rice. 12. Types of annealing ("spider" and "shoes") 10. What is the purpose of annealing iron-carbon steels? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. List the defects in annealing of iron-carbon alloys: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 12. List the defects in the normalization of iron-carbon alloys: a) _________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) 13. What is called hardening? 14. What is the purpose of quenching iron-carbon alloys? 15. In the "rays of the sun" (Fig. 13), write down the types of vacation. Rice. 13. Types of tempering ("sun rays") 16. List the defects in the tempering of iron-carbon alloys: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 17. Mark steels for which normalization is preferable rather than annealing: a) alloyed; b) low carbon; c) medium carbon; d) high carbon; e) special steels and alloys. 18. Emphasize the characteristic differences between annealing and normalization: a) the possibility of obtaining a fine-grained structure in steel; b) cooling rate; c) heating temperature; d) appointment; e) equipment for the operation; e) cooling medium. 19. Emphasize the types of heat treatment defects that are not reversible: a) oxidation and decarburization; b) burnout; c) overheating; d) insufficient hardness; e) warping and cracks. 20. List the features of heat treatment: a) alloy steels -______________________________ b) gray cast iron - c) malleable cast iron - 21. For what purpose are products subjected to surface hardening? 22. Specify three methods of surface hardening of products: a) b) c) 23. What is the chemical-thermal treatment of steels and alloys? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 24. What physical process underlies the chemical-thermal treatment of steels and alloys? 25. Write down in the "rays of an asterisk" (Fig. 14.) Types of chemical-thermal treatment. Rice. 14. Types of chemical-thermal treatment ("asterisk") Fill in the table. 10. 26. Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of chemical-thermal treatment Type of chemical-thermal treatment Advantages Disadvantages 27. What is called cementation? 28. In what environment is cementation carried out? 29. from types of chemical-thermal treatment. Complete the crossword. Read on the selected horizontal the name of one. The transition of a metal from a liquid to a solid state. One of the technological properties of metals. The phenomenon that occurs on the workpiece during cutting. The physical process underlying chemothermal treatment. Chemical property of metals. Heat treatment defect. 1) The middle of the circle. 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) One of the mechanical properties of metals. 9) The transition of a metal from a solid to a liquid state. 10) One of the physical properties of metals. 11) A layer of metal removed by a cutting tool in one stroke. 12) Multi-blade cutting tool. 30. What carburizing materials are used in carburizing? 31. Products from which steels are carburized? Underline the correct answer: a) low carbon; b) medium carbon; c) high carbon. In what environment is nitriding carried out? What is called nitriding? 32. Why are steel parts cemented after machining? 33. 34. 35. What properties does cementation give to steel products? 36. At what temperatures does nitriding occur? 37. What types of nitriding do you know? 38. Specify for which steels nitriding is the most effective: a) b) c) for carbon; alloyed; any. 39. Why nitrided products do not require hardening? 40. What disadvantages of nitriding do you know? List them. 41. What is called cyanidation? 42. What properties do products acquire as a result of nitriding? 43. What is the difference between nitrocarburizing and cyanidation? 44. In what environment does nitrocarburization take place? 45. In what medium does cyanidation take place? 46. ​​List the advantages and disadvantages of nitrocarburizing and cyanidation: advantages - ________________________________________ disadvantages -________________________________________________ 47. What is called diffusion metallization of products? 48. Write down in the "asterisk rays" (Fig. 14) the types of diffusion metallization. Rice. 14. Types of diffusion metallization ("asterisk") Fill in the table. 11. Indicate the types of diffusion metallization of products, 49. properties attached to them and areas of application. Table 11. Types of diffusion metallization of products, their properties and fields of application What progressive methods of diffusion metallization are applicable in mechanical engineering? 52. What process is called surface hardening of steel products by plastic deformation? 53. What properties does plastic deformation give to steel products? 54. What are the advantages and disadvantages of plastic deformation? List them: a) b) c) d) __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 55. What new ways of hardening products by plastic deformation are used in mechanical engineering? ________________________________________________________________________ 56. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 57. Establish the technology for processing steel blanks. Fill in the rectangles (Fig. 15) in the appropriate order necessary information from the information bank. Fig.15. Scheme of the steel billet processing process Information bank: milling, hardening, surface hardening, diffusion metallization, turning, grinding. 58. What is the purpose of surface hardening of parts? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 59. What methods of surface hardening do you know? List them: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 60. What is the purpose of chrome plating of parts? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 61. What is the purpose of borating? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 62. What is the purpose of aluminizing parts? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 63. What is the purpose of siliconization? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 64. Do you know other methods of surface saturation of products? List them. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ MATERIALS USED IN ENGINEERING NON-FERROUS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS 1. List the most widely used non-ferrous metals. ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What industries use non-ferrous metals? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why are non-ferrous metal ores called polymetallic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the gaps in the text. To complete the task, use the information bank 4. . Pure copper is a pinkish red metal. Its density is ________, its melting point is . In the annealed state, its tensile strength ___________, relative elongation _____________, hardness __________. Information bank: 5= 45...60%; 60 HB; av = 250 MPa; Тsh = 1083 °С; p = 8.93 g/cm3. 5. From what ores is copper obtained? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Write down in free circles (Fig. 16) the metals with which copper forms alloys. Rice. 15. "Planet" Copper 7. What material is called brass? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Indicate at what ratio of copper and zinc content brass has 8. maximum strength: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 50% zinc, 50% copper; 45% zinc, 55% copper; 20% zinc, 80% copper; 90% zinc, 10% copper. 9. Determine the chemical composition of ordinary brass by their grades. Specify the purpose of these brasses. JI63 -________________ , serves for _____________________ JI85 -________________ , serves for _____________________ JI96 -________________ , serves for _____________________ J190 -________________ , serves for _____________________ 10. Why are JI85 and JI90 brasses called tompaks? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the difference between special brass and ordinary brass? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 12. Determine the chemical composition of special brasses according to their grades: LAZH6011L _______________________________________________ LA772 - ________________;____________________________ L0701 ______________________________________________ LMtsZh5241-_________________________________________ LA672.5-____________________________________________ 13. Table 12. Applications of some brasses Fill in the table. 12. Brand Areas of application LAZH6011L LA672.5 LA772 L0701 LK803L 14. ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15. Indicate what type of heat treatment is subjected to products made of special brass after cold working: a) What is the difference between cast brass and wrought brass? annealing; vacation; normalization; hardening. b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 16. Complete the definition: an alloy of copper with tin, aluminum, nickel and other elements is called ___________________________ 17. What are the two main types of bronze subdivided by chemical composition? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 18. What are the properties of casting bronzes? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19. What are the properties of deformable bronzes? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Determine the chemical composition of bronzes by their grades: 5.2. Applications Grade BrKN13 BrOS25 BrAZhN1044 BrOF6515 BrBN49 22. Fill in the sectors near the outer part of the circle (Fig. 17), in which write the grades of tin bronzes. 23. Fill in the sectors of the outer ring (Fig. 5.3), in which indicate the marks. 17. Tin-free bronze bronzes. Rice. 18. Tinless bronzes 24. Why are tinless bronzes cheaper than tin ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 25. Why is aluminum called the first "winged" metal? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Which structural material is the lightest? ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ In which industries is aluminum used most widely? 27. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 28. Using a textbook, write down the main physical and mechanical characteristics of aluminum: a) b) c) d) density _______________________________________________ melting point _____________________________ tensile strength ___________________________________ relative elongation _________________________________ 29. Enter in the free circles (Fig. 19) the metals with which aluminum forms alloys . Rice. 19. "Planet" Aluminum 30. What two main types are aluminum alloys divided into according to technological features? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the table. 13. 31. Table 13. Fields of application of some aluminum alloys Fields of application Grade AL2 AMg2 D16 V95 AK8 What equipment is needed to obtain magnesium? write down the main physical and mechanical properties. What metal used in industry is the lightest? density __________________________________________ melting point _____________________________ tensile strength __________________________________ relative elongation _________________________________ 32. ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 33. 35. Using a textbook, the characteristics of magnesium: a) b) c) d) 36. Why can't magnesium be melted in the presence of atmospheric oxygen? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 37. It is known that, according to technological features, magnesium alloys are divided into cast and wrought alloys. What is their difference? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 38. What methods can be used to process wrought alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 39. What are the properties of cast magnesium alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 40. Table 14. Fields of application of some magnesium alloys Fill in the table. 14. Fields of application Grade ML10 ML12 MA13 MA14 ML5 41. Enter in free circles (Fig. 20) the metals with which magnesium forms alloys. Rice. 20. "Planet" Magnesium 42. What is the purpose of heat treatment of magnesium wrought alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 43. At what temperatures can magnesium alloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 44. From what ores is titanium obtained? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 45. Using a textbook, write down the main physical characteristics of titanium: a) b) 46. Indicate the main advantage of titanium and its alloys. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 47. At what temperatures can titanium alloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 48. What industries use titanium alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ Density_______________________________________________ Melting point ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 49. Fill in the free circles (Fig. 21) with the metals with which titanium forms alloys. Rice. 21. "Planet" Titanium 50. What types of heat treatment and chemical-thermal treatment are titanium alloys subjected to? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 51. Using the information bank, write down the grades of cast and wrought titanium alloys: cast - __________________________________________________________ wrought -___________________________________________________ Information bank: BT5JI, BT14, BT14JI, BT21JI, BT6. 52. Indicate with arrows the correct purpose of certain alloys. Manufacture of instrument cases, rocket fairings, landing gear Manufacture of crankcases for engines, gearboxes and other heavily loaded parts Manufacture of ship plating, use in power engineering and cryogenic technology Manufacture of pipes and profiles by forging, stamping, pressing VT6, VT14; B95, B96; VT5L, VT24L; D1, D16, D18 MA1, MAZ, MA14 AL2, AL 18, AL 19 ML 5, ML 6 Which industries are most widely used 53. Indicate what type of heat treatment magnesium wrought alloys are subjected to: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 54. What is the difference between heat treatment of cast aluminum alloys and wrought ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 55. What aluminum alloys are called silumins? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 56. duralumin? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 57. List the products for which aviation is used: a) _________________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________________ c) _________________________________________________________________ 58. For the manufacture of which products is forged aluminum used? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 59. Are aluminum, magnesium and titanium alloys used in total? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 60. Why in the aviation industry for the production of products is more often annealing; hardening; vacation; normalization. 1 3 2 5 9 4 8 1 6 7 10 Fill in the horizontal lines of the crossword puzzle and read the key word. 1 2 1 1 3 1. The ability of a metal to resist surface deformation under the action of a harder body. 2. The ability of the same metal to form a crystal lattice of different shapes. 3. A physical phenomenon, in some metals associated with their ability to "remember" the original shape. 4. Saturation of the surface layer of steel with non-ferrous metal atoms. 5. One of the types of chemical-thermal treatment. 6. Alloy with high electrical resistance. 7. Finishing the part. 8. The ability of the metal to be processed by pressure in a heated state. 9. Non-ferrous metal with a melting point of 3400°C. 10. Processes associated with heating and cooling of iron-carbon alloys. 11. Alloy of Cu with Ni and Mn (Ni - 40%, Mn - 1.5%). 12. Structure of iron-carbon alloy. 13. Non-ferrous metal. STEEL AND ALLOYS WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES 1. What metals are called refractory? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. List the refractory metals known to you. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. In what industries are refractory metals used? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. At what temperatures can superalloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. At what temperatures can heat-resistant alloys be used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 6. Determine the chemical composition of heat-resistant and heat-resistant alloys according to their grades: KhN70MVTYuB _____________________________________ KhN77T ____________________________________________ KhN77TYUR ______________________________________________ KhN77TYu __________________________________________ 7. What products are made from nickel alloys (nichromes)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What products are made from heat-resistant alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 9. What alloys are called magnetic? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. All substances in nature are divided into three groups according to their magnetic properties: diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets. Give examples of these substances: diamagnets - _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ quenching followed by cooling in oil or water; cold treatment; normalization; annealing; vacation. paramagnets -_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ferromagnets -________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Emphasize the methods of heat treatment of hard magnetic alloys: a) b) c) d) e) 12. Using a textbook, underline the grades of non-magnetic steels: a) b) c) E340; d) e) 50N; f) 13. What is the difference between soft magnetic alloys and hard magnetic alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. Determine the chemical composition of magnetic alloys according to their grades: EX7B6 ____________________________________________________________ EX5K5 _______________________________________________________________ EX5K5; 80HXS; 55G5N20; 12X18H9. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ EX9K15M _______________________________________________________________ 50N _______________________________________________________________ 34NKMP ________________________________________________________________ 15. What is called corrosion resistance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16. In which industries is corrosion resistance particularly important? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 17. What metals give steel corrosion resistance? List them: a) b) c) d) 18. In what industries are corrosion-resistant steels and alloys used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19. Give the grades of corrosion-resistant steels and alloys known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 20. What types of corrosion do you know? List them. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 21. What types of corrosion are all the same subject to corrosion-resistant steels and alloys? Under what conditions? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 22. What types of heat treatment are used for corrosion-resistant steels and alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What is called wear of a part? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 24. What reasons can cause wear of the product? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 25. What types of wear do you know? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 26. List the factors that affect the wear of parts: a) b) c) 27. Using a textbook, write down the grades of wear-resistant steels. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 28. What steels are called high-strength? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 29. What alloying elements are used to obtain high-strength steels? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 30. Indicate the carbon content, %, in high-strength steels: a) b) c) d) 31. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 32. Give the grades of high-strength steels known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 0.20...0.40; 0.45...0.50; 0.25...0.30; 0.10...0.15. What industries use high strength steels? HARD SINTERED AND MINERAL CERAMIC ALLOYS 1. What alloys are called hard? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ hard alloys ? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. What types of hard alloys are divided according to the method of production? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. How are sintered hard alloys obtained? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. How are cast alloys obtained? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. For what purposes are hard sintered and mineral-ceramic alloys used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 7. Decipher the grades of sintered hard alloys: VK8 _______________________________________________________________ VK8V ________________________________________________________________ T30K4 ________________________________________________________________________ T15K6 ________________________________________________________________________ TT7K12 ________________________________________________________________ TT10K8V _________________________________________________________ VK25V ____________________________________________________________ V6M ______________________________________________________________ 8. Fill in the table. 15. Table 15 Application of sintered hard alloys in mechanical engineering Fields of application Alloy VK8 T15K6 TT7K12 VK20V T30K4 9. What tungsten-free hard alloys are used in metal cutting? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 10. What is the difference between sintered hard alloys and mineral ceramics? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ eleven. What types of mineral-ceramic alloys are used in metalworking? List them: a) __________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________ 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard sintered and mineral-ceramic alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Using the information bank, fill in the diagram shown in fig. 22. Write in the circles denoting "planets", the grades of tool steels and alloys in ascending order of their heat resistance. Information Bank: P9, P18, P6M5; T5K10, VK6, T15K6; elbor, cubonite, microlite, thermocorundum; 9XS, 11XS, 9X5WF; U10, U11A, U12A. Fig.22. Tool steels and alloys ("Parade of planets") NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 1. What materials are called non-metallic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What groups are non-metallic materials divided into depending on their purpose? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What groups are non-metallic materials divided into by chemical composition? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is rubber? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Write on the links of the "chain" the stages of rubber production technology. 6. What substances are included in the composition of rubber? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Specify the main types of special rubbers according to their purpose: a) __________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________________________ What products are made from rubber? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is polyurethane? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What products are made of polyurethane? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Draw the “sun rays” (Fig. 23) and write in them the names of abrasive materials. Rice. 23 Natural (а) and synthetic (b) abrasive materials (“sun rays”) 12. What indicators are the characteristics of abrasive materials? Underline the correct answers: a) hardness; b) granularity; c) plasticity; d) abrasive ability; e) mechanical strength. 13. Indicate the groups into which abrasive materials are divided by size: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) b) c) 14. Write the grades of abrasive materials belonging to these groups: ____________________________________________________________ a) b) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c) 15. What is the structure of glass? 16. List the main properties of glass. 17. What glasses are used in industry? 18. What materials are called sitalls? 19. Specify the properties of glass-ceramics. 20. For what purposes are glass-ceramics used in industry? 21. Fill in the horizontal lines of the crossword puzzle. Read the keyword. 2 5 6 1 3 4 7 1. A synonym for the concept of "allotropy". 2. Soft non-ferrous metal. 3. Non-metallic material. 4. Phenomenon arising in a liquid metal upon cooling. 5. Alloy of aluminum with silicon. 6. Refractory metal. 7. The process of heating and cooling of iron-carbon alloys, causing a change in their structure and properties. 22. What materials are called antifriction? List them. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 23. What are anti-friction materials used for? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 24. What properties should anti-friction materials have? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 25. What materials are called babbits? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 26. List the properties of babbits known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Which brands of babbits are of the highest quality? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Fill in the table. 16. Table 16. Grade and areas of application of antifriction bronzes Fields of application Grade BrOS525 BrOSN444 BrOF6,51,5 BrS3O COMPOSITE MATERIALS 1. What are composite materials (composites)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is called a matrix? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. What are the components of the matrix? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What groups are composites divided into according to the type of reinforcing material? List them: a) __________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the requirements for composite materials? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Fill in the table. 17, indicating for what purposes composites are used in industry. Table 17. Fields of application of composites in industry Fields of application Type of composite Aluminum based Beryllium based Magnesium based Nickel and cobalt based 7. What factors affect the properties of fiber composites? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What components are included in the composition of fibrous composites? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. What materials are reinforcing for composites? 10. In the rectangles of the diagram (Fig. 24), write the advantages and disadvantages of composites with a polymer matrix. Fig. 24 Advantages and disadvantages of polymer matrix composites 11. Fill in Table 18, in which indicate the advantages, disadvantages and areas of application of various composites. Table 18 Advantages, disadvantages and areas of application of composites ? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. What is involved in obtaining polymers? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Complete the definition: polymerization is ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. List the three stages of a polymerization reaction. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the essence of the polymerization reaction? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What polymers are called thermoplastic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 82 __________________________________________________________________ 8. What polymers are called thermosetting? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the difference between thermoset polymers and thermoplastic ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What are the names of the units that make up polymers? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What are plastics? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What groups are plastics divided into? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Indicate the ways in which plastic products are obtained: a) by forging; b) stamping; c) pressing; d) casting; e) broach; e) cutting. Underline the correct answers. 14. How relevant is the use of various types of plastics in machine and instrument making? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ fifteen. What plastics are most widely used in mechanical engineering? For what purpose? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 16. What parts are made from one-component plastics? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 17. What parts are made of multi-component plastics? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 84 LIST OF USED LITERATURE 1. Adaskin A. M. Materials science (metalworking) / A M. Adaskin, V. M. Zuev. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. 240 p. 2. Bartashevich A.A. ,Bahar L.M. Materials Science. R / D "Phoenix"; 2008. 168s 3. Bratukhin A. G. Materials of the future and their amazing properties / A. G. Bratukhin, O. S. Sirotkin. M.: Mashinostroenie, 1995. 126 p. 4. Dalsky A.M., Barsukova T.M., Bukharkin L.N. Technology of construction materials. M.: Mashinostroenie, 2006. 5. Kalitev V.A. Progressive materials in mechanical engineering / V. A. Kalinchev, I. M. Bulanov. M.: Higher. school, 1988. 70 p. 6. Kozlov Yu. S. Materials science / Yu. S. Kozlov. M. : Agar, 1999. 178 p. 7. Kolokoltsev V. M. Improvement of properties of steels / V. M. Kolokoltsev, A. F. Mileev. - M.: Higher. school, 1990. - 208 p. 8. Kuzmin B.A. Technology of metals and structural metals. M. Mashinostroenie, 2007. 9. Kucher A. M. Technology of mechanical engineering / A. M. Kucher. L.: Mashinostroenie, 1987. 215 p. 10. Lakhtin Yu.M. Material science and heat treatment of metals / Yu.M. Lakhtin. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1993. 464 p. 11. Lakhtin Yu.M., Leontieva V.P. Materialovedenie M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 2009. 12. Nikiforov V.M. Technology of metals and construction materials. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 2009. 13. Oskin V.A., Baikalova V.N. Workshop on materials science and technology of structural materials. M.: Colossus, 2008.160s. 14. Rogacheva L.V. Materialovedenie, Moscow: Kolos Press, 2002. 136 p.: ill. (Textbooks and textbooks for secondary vocational education). 15. Stukanov V.A. Materials Science: tutorial- M .: Publishing House "Forum": INFRA - M, 2008. - 368 p.: ill. - (Professional education) 16. Stukanov V.A. Materials science: textbook / V.A. Stukanov. M: ed. "Forum" INFRAM, 2014368s.il 17. Cherpakov B.I. Metal cutting machines/ B. I. Cherpakov, T. A. Alperovich. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. 368 p. 18. Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials Science. Textbook, 4th edition, revised Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2005. – 320 p. - (SPO). 19. SchmittThomas K.G. Materials science for mechanical engineering / KG SchmittTo mas. M.: Metallurgiya, 1995. 512 p. 20. Internet resource "Materials Science". Access form: en.wikipedia.org

The workbook reflects the main topics of the course "Materials Science", studied in the preparation of specialists in metalworking. The presented tasks develop thinking, contribute to the consolidation of the material studied in the classroom, instill the ability to independently obtain the necessary knowledge with the help of a textbook and reference literature. Illustrations help students answer questions and remember educational material.
The notebook allows you to independently work on a particular topic and make the right decision in the process of practical exercises.
For students of primary vocational education institutions.

Examples.
Specify which cast irons are most widely used in mechanical engineering:
a) hypoeutectic;
b) hypereutectic.
Underline the correct answer.

Underline the name of the ore with the highest iron content:
a) brown iron ore (limonite);
b) red iron ore (hematite);
c) magnetic iron ore (magnesite).

Select cast irons that you consider to be pig iron:
a) synthetic;
b) white;
c) gray;
d) malleable;
e) high-strength;
e) doped.
Underline the correct answers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Chapter 1. Basic information about the structure, properties and methods of testing metals and alloys
Chapter 2. Basic information on the theory of alloys
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10 Polymer materials
Appendix
Bibliography.

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transcript

1 State Autonomous Vocational Educational Institution of the Tyumen Region Tobolsk Multidisciplinary College

2 The workbook of the discipline "Fundamentals of Materials Science" was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for the technical profession "Welder" (electric and gas welding), approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation dated November 12, 2009 Organization-developer: GAPOU TO "Tobolsk multidisciplinary technical school" Developer: Tomilov A.V., teacher of GAPOU TO "Tobolsk multidisciplinary technical school" Considered at a meeting of the cyclic commission teaching staff technical direction Minutes 8 dated April 22, 2015 Conclusion of the Methodological Council 6 dated June 25, 2015 2

3 Content Guidelines for using the workbook General information about materials science. The concept of materials Metals, alloys and their properties Ferrous metals and alloys Non-ferrous metals and alloys Powder metallurgy Heat treatment of metals Polymeric materials Ceramic materials Inorganic glass List of recommended sources of information 36 Applications 37 3

4 Guidelines for the use of the workbook The workbook for the discipline "Fundamentals of Materials Science" was developed for the profession "Welder" (electric and gas welding) and the specialty Welding production. A workbook can be useful in teaching any professions and specialties with an emphasis on metalworking. The workbook can be used in lectures and practical classes, for organizing extracurricular independent work. When defining clear criteria for evaluating tasks, the notebook can serve as a control and evaluation material. The use of workbook resources allows the teacher to significantly reduce the time for searching and selecting practical material. A variety of tasks: from simple to complex, from standard to creative, allows students not only to consolidate their knowledge and master skills, but also to expand and deepen them. The non-standard setting of tasks will increase interest in the discipline and, accordingly, motivation for learning. Before using the workbook, for one purpose or another, students need to give clear explanations for each task, as well as formulate the purpose of the work, only at the first stages. Each teacher determines the evaluation criteria and presents them to students independently, depending on the level of study of the discipline. Each task is conditionally marked by the author with signs: o simple task; task of medium difficulty; difficult task; creative tasks. The workbook is disposable and is used for individual use. 4

5 Section 1. General information about materials science. The concept of materials o 1.1. Explain what the science of materials science studies 1.2. From the proposed list of domestic scientists, the founders of materials science, it is necessary to find portraits and sign them: P.P. Anosov, M.V. Lomonosov, S.S. Steinberg, D.K. Chernov, A.M. Butlerov, M.A. Pavlov, I.P. Bardin, S.V. Lebedev, N.A. Minkevich. 5

6 1.3. Define: Materials are Structural materials are 1.4. Fill in the scheme: o 1.5. List the characteristic features of the proposed materials: Metals Plastics Wood Rubber Ceramics Glass o 1.6. Give three examples of different types of materials: Raw materials - Semi-finished products - Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of materials science. 2. Interdisciplinary connections of materials science with other sciences. 3. The importance of materials science for the profession of a welder. 4. The subject of materials science. 5. Extraction and production of raw and semi-finished materials in the world and in our country. 6. Prospects for the development of materials science. 7. Ecological characteristics of the production and use of materials. 6

7 Section 2. Metals, alloys and their properties o 2.1. Define: Metals are 2.2. Give examples according to various features of the classification of metals: 1. Give examples: ferrous metals and alloys of non-ferrous metals and alloys, indicate the signs of classification 2. Give examples: low-melting metals refractory metals, indicate the signs of classification 3. Give examples: heavy metals light metals, indicate the signs of classification 4. Give examples: pure metals, alloys, indicate the signs of classification 2.3. Specify the Latin and Russian names of metals: For example: Fe Ferrum iron Cu Al Mg Ti Fe Zn Pb Sn Ni Cr o 2.4. Underline the correct statement: - all metals have an amorphous structure; - all metals have a crystalline structure; - all metals in the solid state have a crystalline structure; - only structural metals have a crystalline structure in the solid state, the rest are amorphous. o 2.5. Cross out the wrong statements, crystals are transparent bodies; - solid bodies having the correct shape; - solids, the atoms of which are located in a certain sequence Decipher the abbreviations of elementary cells: BCC FCC GPU 7

8 or 2.7. Give a definition: An elementary crystal cell is 2.8. Sign the elementary crystal cells: 2.9. Give a definition: Isotropy is Anisotropy is Match elementary crystal lattices and metals with lines: (γ-fe, Ni, Al, Cu, Au, Ag) (Mg, Zn, Cd) (α-fe, Cr, V, Mo, W) . o Sign what the elements of the cell stand for: 1 2 o Sign the type of point defect: o Sign the type of linear defect: o Give a definition: Alloys are 8

9 o Choose the correct answer, the structural elements of the alloy are: 1. ingredients; 2. components; 3. coefficients. 4. elements Describe the phases of the alloys: Mechanical mixture Solid solution Chemical element o List the alloys: iron-based copper-based aluminum-based o Underline the groups of properties synonyms: service; operational; physical; chemical; technological; mechanical. o Use arrows to match the metals and the corrosions that form on them: Copper rust Steel gray coating Aluminum oxide film Lead patina o Underline the most correct statement: corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with liquids; corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with gases; corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with the atmosphere; Corrosion occurs when metals interact with their environment Determine and sign the types of corrosion of metals: a b c d e f g h 9

10 2.22. Sign and characterize metal coatings as a way to protect metals from corrosion: Give a definition: Metal burnishing is o Describe the process of metal burnishing Cross out three non-mechanical properties: Hardness Wear resistance Fatigue Strength Impact strength Elasticity Density Plasticity Cold resistance dimensions under the action of loads Write down which mechanical property is determined by the methods of Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers Solve puzzles: Task "The MOST - the most". Write in suitable metals and their designations most metal most metal hard soft refractory fusible heavy light expensive cheap common rare 10

11 2.30. Shade on the diagram areas, the moment of crystallization of alloys. Rice. 1. Diagram "Fe-Fe 3C" Sign the name of the following lines of the diagram (Fig. 1): ACD-AECF Sign the designation of the phases of the diagram (Fig. 1): A-; F-; F-; P- ; L-; Fe3C (C) Indicate the eutectic and eftectoid points on the diagram. o Underline the correct one. To which group of properties does the weldability of metals belong? mechanical; physical; chemical; technological According to the diagram (Fig. 1), determine and record the melting point of pure iron. C Identify and label which process is shown in the figure? eleven

12 o It is called dendritic Write down the name of the Russian scientist in the white ovals of the gold medal. Studied and fully described the process of crystallization of alloys. Who is rightly called the father of metallurgy. This medal with an imprint of his portrait was awarded to him for his services in the field of science. Write the Greek word for tree, nerve cell and crystal. What is shown in the picture? And who does this thing belong to? Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Life and work of DK Chernov. 2. The most promising structural metals and alloys. 3. Casting alloys. 4. Anisotropy of metals. 5. Polymorphic transformations. 6. Protection of metals from corrosion. 7. History of the use of metals. 8. Precious metals. 9. Deformation of metals. Hardening. 10. Low-melting metals. 12

13 Section 3. Ferrous metals and alloys o 3.1. Write down what metals and alloys are classified as ferrous? 3.2. On the diagram, continue one of the lines 1, 2, 3 (top), which, in your opinion, separates steel from iron, and also indicate the value of carbon concentration along this demarcation line %C Cross out which of the following is not a raw material for iron smelting Indicate arrows, what is obtained from what: 13

14 3.5. What is the name of this oven? What is it used for melting? Write down the main structural parts of the furnace 3.6. Fill in the diagram: 3.7. Sign Steel Furnaces 14

15 3.8. Fill in diagram 3.9. Arrows match the microstructure and the name of cast iron. gray ductile iron cast iron cast iron Write down the notation of words related to metallurgy. lacquer ihta tein Lines match the metals introduced into the composition of alloyed steels and their values. cobalt (Co) increases hardness and strength niobium (Nb) chromium (Cr) nickel (Ni) provides corrosion resistance and increases hardenability increases heat resistance and increases impact resistance helps to improve acid resistance and reduces corrosion in welded structures. 15

16 3.12. Decipher the marking of structural steel. ST 45 15KhSND 38KhN3MA Decipher the marking of tool steel. У10А 9ХВГ Р6М5Ф Decipher the marking of stainless steels. 03ХН28МДТ 03Х16Н15М Arrows, compare the tables on the weldability of steels. Decipher the marking of cast irons. LR6 PL2 KCh ChN3HMDSH ChG6S3SH AChS-3 16

17 3.17. Name five products made of cast iron. o Choose the correct answer. Ligature is: - type of steel; - property of steels; - a component added to the composition of metals to change its properties; - a catalyst used in chemical reactions during the smelting of alloys. Can iron be found in nature in its pure form, if so, in what quality? Explain the reasons for the difficulty of welding cast iron. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Domain process. 2. Products of the blast furnace process and their application. 3. Views iron ore. 4. Deposits of iron ore in the Russian Federation. 5. Application of structural steels. 6. Application of tool steels. 7. Application of stainless steels. 8. Cast iron conversion. 9. Charge for steel smelting. 10. Intensification of the domain process. 17

18 Section 4. Non-ferrous metals and alloys o 4.1. What metals are classified as non-ferrous? o 4.2. Check the box which method of smelting non-ferrous metals does not exist? 4.3. Fill in the diagram, classification of non-ferrous metals, specific representatives Electrolysis, what metal is shown in the figure? 4.5. Lines match the ore and the metal obtained from it. eighteen

19 4.6. Solve puzzles Determine and sign what metals products and parts are made of. (copper, nickel, aluminum, titanium, lead, magnesium) 4.8. Fill in the pyramid of "gravity" of metals, from bottom to top, in descending order. (titanium, magnesium, copper, nickel, steel, zinc) 4.9. Sign the name of copper alloys. Copper + tin (up to 6%); Copper + zinc (up to 45%); Copper + nickel (40%) + manganese (1.5%); Copper + nickel (3%) + manganese (12%); Copper + nickel + iron and manganese (up to 1%); Copper + nickel (15%) + zinc (20%); Copper + nickel (6-13%) + aluminum (1.5-35). nineteen

20 4.10. Fill in the pyramid of the melting point of metals. (iron, titanium, aluminum, lead, magnesium, nickel) Sign the composition of aluminum alloys. Duralumin Aluminum + ; Magnalium Aluminum + ; Silumin Aluminum + ; Avial Aluminum Solve the crossword Horizontally: 1. Gas-fired furnace for steel smelting. 2. Cast iron is blown into it to steel. 4. Splavvek. 5.Welding is. property. 7. Copper-based alloy, almost "Konstantin". 8. She covers cast statues. 12. The process of electrical production of aluminum. 15. Soldiers from it. 16. The metal used to process the bodies of stainless cars. 17. Alloy characterizing the nerves. 18. Eats metal, worse than termites wood. Vertical: 3. Blast furnace waste. 6. "Beautiful" structure of metals. 9. Secondary crystallization. 10. Brinell property. 11. "Recarburized steel." 13. Dad of metallurgy. 14. Coal in the blast furnace. 20

21 4.13. Identify the metal from the description. - Metal, silver-white, light, ductile, protected from corrosion by a dense oxide film, fusible. - The metal is pinkish-red in color, heavy, ductile, fusible, has good conductivity, and is resistant to corrosion. - Silver-white metal, light, ductile, subject to corrosion, ignites at high temperatures. - Silver-colored metal, light, resistant to corrosion, refractory, has high specific strength. - Silver-gray metal, ductile, fusible, heavy, delays γ-radiation, poisonous. o Write down the definition. Babbit is Name a few items made of pure non-ferrous metals: Describe non-ferrous metallurgy in relation to ferrous. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. The use of non-ferrous metals. 2. Cast non-ferrous metals. 3. Copper metallurgy. 4. Aluminum metallurgy. 5. Titanium metallurgy. 6. Low-melting metals and their alloys. 7. Weldability of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. 8. Prospects for non-ferrous metallurgy. 9. History of non-ferrous metallurgy. 10. Precious metals. 21

22 Section 5. Powder metallurgy o 5.1. Arrange the numbering of train cars according to the sequence of stages of powder metallurgy. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of powder metallurgy. o 5.3. By analogy, complete the expression. Metallurgy metals and alloys. Powder metallurgy Fill in the table. type of powder purpose alloy raw materials For plain bearings Iron and graphite powders Copper, tin and graphite powders For brake discs Copper, tin, lead, graphite, asbestos powders, etc. Iron, lead, graphite and asbestos powders For filters Bronze shot For machine parts from steel and heat-resistant and scale-resistant alloys For wire. For lamps For contacts and permanent magnets For cutting tool. Drag, borax Powders of iron and various metals Powders of tungsten, molybdenum and other refractory metals Powders of copper, tungsten, etc. Powders of iron, aluminum, nickel and cobalt. Powders of tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cobalt 22

23 5.5. List the methods for obtaining powders in powder metallurgy, define the term by definition - artificial material, which is a heterogeneous composition of metals or alloys with non-metals (ceramics) List 10 products from ceramic-metal materials. Questions for additional study (topics for reports, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of powder metallurgy. 2. Prospects for powder metallurgy. 3. Methods for obtaining products from cermets. 4. Main components of powder materials. 5. Electrodes for arc welding from powder materials. 23

24 Section 6. Heat treatment of metals o 6.1. Give a definition. Thermal (thermal) treatment is 6.2. According to the diagram, determine and write down the types of steel annealing: 6.3. The figure shows structural transformations in eutectoid steel during full annealing, identify and write down the depicted steel phases. BUT- ; C-; F-; P Mark which of the graphs presented characterizes the heat treatment of metals. o 6.5. Write down what the heat treatment is for. 24

25 6.6. Fill in the diagram “Types of heat treatment: 6.7. Define the concept: processing is a hardening heat treatment of metal products at ultra-low temperatures (below minus 153 C). o 6.6. Fill in the diagram: 6.7. Solve the puzzle. (!hint: gives away carbon!) 6.8. Give an assessment of the weldability of hardened steel. Write down what substances the metal is saturated with during the types of diffusion heat treatment and why they are produced. Aluminizing Chrome plating Silicon plating Boriding Sulfiding Sulfocyanating. 25

26 6.10. Number the types of heat treatment according to the cooling rate. (1 largest, 4 smallest). o Insert missing properties. When steel is hardened, it increases and decreases Determine from the schedule and sign the type of heat treatment 1; 2; 3; 4. What do the points mean, which of the values: Ac1, Ac3, o Emphasize the correct answer: Aging in heat treatment is A) The process of metal destruction due to its fatigue. B) Damage to the metal by corrosion, threatening performance. B) Type of leave. D) Mechanical property. 26

27 6.14. Fill in the second column of the table, arrange the temperature value. Basic transformations in iron-carbon alloys during slow heating and cooling Diagram line Transformation temperature, C Description of transformation Designation of critical points PSK Transformation of pearlite into austenite. Austenite to pearlite transformation Ac1, Ar1 MO GS SE IE - ECF - Losses magnetic properties for steels with carbon content up to 0.5%. The emergence of magnetic properties for the same steels. The end of the dissolution of ferrite in austenite in hypoeutectoid steels. The beginning of the separation of ferrite from austenite in hypoeutectoid steels. End of dissolution of cementite in austenite in hypereutectoid steels. The beginning of the separation of cementite from austenite in hypereutectoid steels. Beginning of melting of steel upon heating. End of solidification of steel upon cooling Beginning of melting of cast iron upon heating. End of hardening of cast iron during cooling Ac2, Ar2 Ac3, Ar3 Acm, Arm Fill in the table Defects during annealing and normalization Type of defect Causes of occurrence Remedies Defects during hardening Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Heat treatment of alloyed steels. 2. Heat treatment of aluminum and alloys based on it. 3. Heat treatment of copper and alloys based on it. 4. Heat treatment of titanium and titanium alloys. 5. Heat treatment of magnesium and its alloys. 6. Heat treatment of cast iron. 7. Heat sources during heat treatment. 8. Heat treatment when welding metals. 27

28 Section 7. Polymeric materials 7.1. Fill in the scheme: o 7.2. Give a definition. Plastics (plastic masses) are 7.3. Arrange the type of polymer according to the numbering. 28

29 7.4. Fill in the table composition of complex plastics component purpose what is used as a component resin fillers plasticizers lubricants stabilizers dyes catalysts o 7.5. Describe the type of plastics: Thermosetting Thermoplastic 7.6. Fill the table. Thermoplastics Plastics Applications Polyethylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polycarbonate Polycarbonates Thermosetting Plastics Plastics Applications Phenolics Aminoplasts Fiberglass Polyesters epoxy resin o 7.7. Give a definition. Rubber is o 7.8. Specify the main properties of rubber: 29

30 or 7.9. Define the term: it is a highly vulcanized rubber with a high sulfur content, usually dark brown in color, chemically inert, and has high electrical insulating properties. List the main rubber ingredients. negative sides applications of plastics On the thermomechanical straight line, determine the state of the polymer in different temperature ranges: I- II- III- 30

31 7.13. Solve the puzzle. o Arrange the numbering of train cars according to the sequence of steps in the manufacture of rubber products. List the reinforcing substances for the manufacture of polymer composites: o List the methods of welding plastics. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. The history of the use of plastics. 2. History of the use of rubber. 3. History of the development of synthetic rubber Lebedev S.V. 4. Prospects for the development of polymeric materials. 5. Ecological component of polymer production. 6. Environmental assessment polymer materials. 7. Polymeric materials with special properties. 8. The use of plastics in welding. 9. Application of ebonite. 10. Processing of plastics in various conditions. 31

32 Section 8. Ceramic materials o 8.1. Give a definition. Ceramics is 8.2. Fill in the diagram: 8.3. Specify the difference between ceramics and glass-ceramics. How does ceramics save people and military equipment? 8.5. Choose the most promising way to weld technical ceramics. o 8.6. Arrange the numbering of train cars according to the sequence of stages of ceramics technique. Fill in the table “Types of technical ceramics”. Groups of technical ceramics 1 structural Type of ceramics (1-2 of the group) Composition Application 2 instrumental 3 electro-radio engineering 4 with special properties 32

33 8.7. Name the origin of the word "Pottery" 8.8. Solve the puzzle Name the benefits ceramic materials above others Select any classroom, workshop, and room in the house, and list all materials made from ceramics. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of ceramics. 2. Classification of ceramics. 3. Application of ceramics. 4. Prospects for the development of ceramic materials. 5. The use of ceramics in welding production. 6. Advantages of ceramics over other materials. 33

34 Section 9. Inorganic glass o 9.1. What is called glass? 9.2. Write down in the scheme "types of glasses" (by glass-forming substances) according to the formulas: o 9.3. Define the term: - this is crystalline glass. o 9.4. What kind of glass is the most common, and is used for the manufacture of windows in everyday life? 9.5. Indicate the main properties that determine the use of glass Fill in the table “Glass materials”: ​​type of material 1 sheet glass 2 triplex 3 thermopane what is the application 4 stalinite 5 glass fiber 6 glass wool 7 glass block 8 foam glass 34

35 9.7. Write down the main fields of application of glass materials, give examples. Lines match the types of glasses and their formulas. What are photochromic glasses and how they are used in welding production. o Describe what filters are for and where they are used. o Specify wine glass with the given composition Specify methods of glass welding: Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of glass. 2. The contribution of domestic scientists to the study of glass. 3. Light filters for welding. 4. Glass making. 5. Classification of glasses and glass materials. 6. Armored glass. 7. Prospects for the use of glass materials. 35

36 Sources of information References 1. Adaskin A.M. Materials science (metalworking): textbook. for the beginning prof. obrazov./ A.M. Adaskin, V.M. Zuev. 6th ed., ster. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", p. - (Professional education). 2. Vishnevetsky Yu.T. Materials Science for Technical Colleges: Textbook. M .: Dashkov and Co., Zaplatin V.N. Help Guide in materials science (metalworking): textbook. allowance for the beginning prof. education / V. N. Zaplatin, Yu. I. Sapozhnikov, A. V. Dubov; ed. V. N. Zaplatina. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", p. 4. Materials Science: Textbook for free software. / Adaskin A.M. and others. Ed. Solomentseva Yu.M. M.: Higher. shk., Materials Science: Textbook for SPO. / Ed. Batienko V.T. Moscow: Infra-M, Moryakov O.S. Materials Science: Textbook for open source software. M .: Academy, Fundamentals of Materials Science (metalworking): Proc. allowance for NGOs. / Zaplatin V.N. M.: Academy, Solntsev Yu.P. Materials Science: Textbook for open source software. M.: Academy, Handbook of structural materials. / Ed. Arzamasova B.N. Moscow: MSTU im. Bauman, Cherepakhin A.A. Materials Science: Textbook for open source software. M.: Academy, Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials science and plumbing: Proc. allowance. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials Science: Textbook for open source software. Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, List of periodicals 1. “All materials. Encyclopedic reference book. Ch. editor acad. RAS A.A. Berlin. Publishing house "Science and technologies". 2. Journal "Materials Science". Ch. editor acad. RAS K.A. Solntsev. Publishing house "Science and technologies". 3. Journal "Issues of Materials Science". Ch. editor d. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor A. S. Oryshchenko. Publishing house of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Research Institute of KM "Prometey". 4. Journal "Technology of metals". Ch. editor dr tech. sciences, prof. S.B. Maslenkov. Publishing house "Science and technologies". 5. Electronic scientific and technical journal "News of materials science science and technology" List of Internet resources 1. Materials science. Free educational resource. Access mode: 2. Materials science. Crib. Access mode: 3. Materials science. Lecture course. Access mode: 4. Materials science. Technology of construction materials. I. A. Khvorova. Tutorial in in electronic format. Access mode: 5. Materials science. A.V. Elantsev. Access mode: 6. Materials science. Cheat book. E.M. Buslaeva. Access mode: 36

37 Applications Table 1. Conventions alloying elements in metals and alloys Element Symbol Designation of elements in grades of metals and alloys Element Symbol Designation of elements in grades of metals and alloys B Np Beryllium Be L Tin Sn - O Bor V p - Osmium Os - Os Vanadium V f Vam Palladium Pd - Pd bismuth Bi V V Platinum Pt - Pl Tungsten W V - Praseodymium Pr - Pr Gadolinium Gd - Gn Rhenium Re - Re Gallium Ga Gi Gi Rhodium Rh - Rg Hafnium Hf - Gf Mercury Hg - P Germanium Ge - G Ruthenium Ru - Pv Holmium Ho - HOM Samarium Sm - Sam Dysprosium Dv - DIM Lead Pb - C Europium Eu - Eu Selenium Se K ST Iron Fe - G Silver Ag - Wed Gold Au - Zl Scandium Sc - C km In - Yn Antimony Sb - Cv Iridium Ir - T Tl - Tl Ytterbium Yb - ITN Tantalum Ta - TT Yttrium Y - IM Tellurium Te - T Cadmium Cd Cd Cd Terbium Tb - Volume Cobalt Co K K Titanium Ti T TPD Silicon Si C Kr(K) Tm - TUM Lanthanum La - La Carbon C Y - Lithium Li - Le Phosphorus P p F Lutetium Lu - Leung Chromium Cr x X (Xr) Magnesium Mg W Mg Cerium Ce - Ce Manganese Mn G Mc (Mr) Zinc Zn - C Copper Cu D M Zirconium Zr C CEV Molybdenum Mo M - Erbium Er - Erm 37

38 Table 2 Table 3. Approximate chemical compositions of industrial glasses Glass SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O B2O3 BaO F PbO Window Polished Container High-quality Chemical-laboratory Electrovacuum Optical Crystal 71.6 73.2 73.7 74.5 68.7 71.9 53.5 57.5 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.5 3.8 8.8 0.5 7.8 7.8 9.1 6.5 8.4 5.5 4.0 3, 8 1.75 2.0 0.8 3.5 15.1 13.9 15.2 14.0 9.7 16.l 2.0 6.1 1.0 16.2 15.5 2.5 16 ,2 1.0 2.0 ZnO 1.0 Depending on the types of glass, they are subject to various technical requirements, which are formulated in GOSTs ( state standards). 5,

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Vocational Education "Nurlat Agricultural College" WORKBOOK on the discipline "MATERIAL SCIENCE" for the specialty 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments Developer: teacher of special disciplines Zaitseva T.P. Nurlat 2013 Explanatory note The workbook is intended to assist students of the specialty SPO 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments (basic training) in mastering the discipline OP.03 Materials Science. The workbook contains the structure of materials science of clothing production, a terminological dictionary, assignments for consolidation and verification of educational materials. General information about materials for sewing production. The notebook also includes laboratory and practical and control work, with the help of which students can collect materials to confirm their professional competence. It is offered for students of NGO institutions studying in the professions "Operator sewing equipment ", as well as for the training and retraining of the unemployed population. BASICS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE OF SEWING PRODUCTION Structure Determine the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. Result 1. CODE: Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification A) The type of sewing material according to the production method is correctly determined. B) The classification of textile fibers is named correctly. B) The type of fiber according to the sample is determined correctly. Result 2. CODE: Determine the type of textile threads according to the classification. A) The types of textile threads according to the classification are named correctly. B) The types of yarn according to the sample are correctly identified in accordance with the classification. C) The type of basic fabric finishing according to the sample is correctly determined. Result 3. CODE: Determine the structure of tissues. A) The parameters of the tissue structure are named correctly. B) The front side in the tissue samples is determined correctly. C) The direction of the warp and weft threads in the fabric samples is determined correctly. D) Types of weaving weaves are identified correctly. E) The classification of fabrics according to the fibrous composition is named correctly. E) The composition of the fibers of the fabric according to the sample is determined correctly. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SEWING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Most recently, you have been busy looking for an outfit for prom. At the same time, many questions arose before you related to the properties of the materials from which the clothes are made: * What materials are suitable for the selected product; * products; What properties should be considered when choosing a material for * What properties of materials affect the design of clothing and should be taken into account when building a design drawing and making product patterns; * What properties of sewing materials determine the parameters and processing modes in the manufacture of products at a sewing enterprise; * How will the materials behave when the clothes are used, cleaned and washed? These questions are also faced by the creators of high-quality clothing. Making clothes is an art. It requires creativity, imagination, skill, understanding of the beautiful, the ability to feel the material. The latter is acquired by students in the study of the discipline "Materials Science". This workbook is part of the textbook General information about sewing materials is part of the course "Fundamentals of Materials Science of Sewing Production" and was developed on the basis of competence-based training, the main task of which is to activate students' independent work throughout the entire period of study. In the workbook, students record the results of their educational activities aimed at achieving a certain level of professional competence, expressed through the Result. The ways in which this Outcome (competence) is achieved are described in the Performance Criteria (CRA). Upon completion of the study of this manual, students will be able to determine the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. After studying Outcome 1. Students will be able to identify the type of sewing material by the method of production, classify textile fibers and determine their type from the sample. After studying Result 2. Students will be able to classify textile yarns, identify types of yarn and type of basic fabric finishing from the sample. By studying Outcome 3, students will be able to determine the structure of tissues. Namely, to determine the front side in the fabric samples, the direction of the warp and weft threads, the type of weaving, the composition of the fibers. The study of Outcome 4 will allow students to determine and characterize the main properties of tissues: mechanical, physical, technological, optical. The terminological dictionary offered in the manual will help students complete tasks. To confirm their professional competence, the student must collect and demonstrate evidence of their knowledge and skills for each Outcome, which is facilitated by laboratory exercises and tests. Laboratory work should be drawn up in accordance with the guidelines. At the end of the work, they are handed over to the teacher for verification. If the work is unsuccessful, the student can repeat the collection of evidence of competence. Requirements for the performance of examinations are set out at the end of each of them. In case of non-fulfillment of these requirements, the student must additionally work out the educational material of one or another Result and do the work again. The teacher helps students achieve a particular Result (competence level), monitors the progress of tasks, keeps records of the achievements of each student. The proposed textbook can be used in the training of skilled workers in the professions "Tailor", "Cutter", "Operator of sewing equipment", as well as in the specialty 262019 "Design, modeling and technology of garments" and will allow them to be competitive in the labor market. TERMINOLOGICAL GLOSSARY     Absolute density - the actual number of threads per 100 mm of fabric. Angora is the wool of the angora rabbit. Hardware yarn is a thick, loose, fluffy, low-strength thread. Finishing - applying a special composition to the fabric to give it density, stiffness, or softness, better whiteness, gloss and other properties that improve quality and wear resistance.  Reinforced yarn is a yarn having a core entwined along its entire length with cotton, wool, linen or chemical fibers.  Acetylation - processing of cotton waste with acetic anhydride in an environment of glacial acetic acid to produce acetate fiber.  Whitening - giving the fabric a stable whiteness.  Birdo - consists of flat metal plates (teeth), fixed vertically on two slats, serves to nail the newly laid weft thread to the previous one, ensuring the uniformity of the threads.  Shine - the ability of a fabric to reflect incident light.  Felted - fabrics that have been rolled during the finishing process and have a felt-like covering on the front side (cloth, coat fabrics).  Viscose is an artificial fiber made from cellulose.  Water resistance - the ability of fabrics to resist the penetration of water.  Air permeability - the ability of fabrics to pass air through themselves and ensure ventilation of clothing.  Fibrous composition of fabrics - the composition of the fibers from which the fabric is made.  Fiber is a flexible, thin, durable body, the length of which is many times greater than the cross-sectional dimensions. Racking Result 1. Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification Theme 1. INTRODUCTION Task 1 FIXING MATERIAL Using educational material 1, try to complete the tasks. TASK 1. What is the subject of study of sewing materials? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Select textile materials from the proposed list (mark with \/): - natural leather - sewing threads - fabric - knitwear - fluff - artificial fur - yarn - non-woven materials TASK 3. Determine the expressions of the right and left columns corresponding to each other : technology selection of materials for the product material science construction construction designing modes and processing parameters equipment product care TASK 4. What are the requirements for sewing materials. ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ TASK 5. Complete the table by writing in the free column your thoughts on the functions of clothing materials. Groups of sewing materials Functions (role in clothing) Top materials Lining materials Lining materials Insulating materials Finishing materials Clothing accessories Materials for joining parts Task 1.2 CHECKING THE DEGREE OF MATERIAL DIGESTING ASSIGNMENT. For the proposed samples of materials, indicate the method of production and purpose. Sample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Evaluation material for Result 1 Sample No. 3 CONTROL WORK No. 1 Option I Complete the tasks. TASK 1. For the proposed material sample, determine its type, origin, chemical composition and properties. Mark the answer with \/. 1.1. Presented fiber: - wool - silk - cotton - linen 1.2. Origin of this fiber: - vegetable - animal mineral natural artificial - synthetic 1.3. Elongation of the presented fiber: - plastic - elastic - elastic 1.4. Fiber heat resistance, 0C: 1.5 Fiber strength, cN/tex: 1.6 Chemical composition fibers: - 110 - 150 - 120 - 180 - 140 - 200 - 24 - 36 - 35 - 70 - 35 - 72 - 13 - 24 - 10 - 14 - 32 - 55 - sericin - keratin - fibroin 1.7 chemical resistance of the fiber: - cellulose - alkali-resistant - not alkali-resistant - acid-resistant - not acid-resistant thus: - strength - elongation - hygroscopicity - heat resistance - chemical resistance - special properties TASK 2. Find a correspondence between the expressions of the left and right columns: Fabric textile knitted material Knitwear non-textile material Natural leather textile woven material TASK 3. List artificial fibers. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ TASK 4. Describe the nature of the burning of lavsan. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ To confirm the competence, it is obligatory to complete tasks 1, 4 in full.