Italy's international industry specialization. Industries of specialization in Italy

Italy is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. Predominantly industrial and highly developed north and poor, agrarian south. Gross national product per capita $28,300 per year. Leading industries: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and food industries. Italy is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers to the world market of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, washing machines and refrigerators, electronic products, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and chemical fibers, car tires, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes, macaroni, cheese, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato preserves. large production cement, natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits, glass and faience art products, jewelry. Mining of pyrites, mercury ores, natural gas, potassium salt, dolomites, asbestos. Due to the small territory and high population density, in modern Italy the issue of waste recycling is acute.

AT agriculture horticulture predominates. The main crops are wheat, corn, rice (1st place in collection in Europe; over 1 million tons per year), sugar beet. Italy is one of the world's largest and Europe's leading producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year; over 90% is processed in wine), olives. Floriculture. Developed poultry farming.

arable land - 31%
permanent crops - 10%
permanent pastures - 15%
forests and woodlands - 23%

The Italian economy is characterized by the active intervention of state capital in industry, a high level of development of state-monopoly capitalism. The most common form of state influence on the economy is the participation of the largest state-monopoly associations - the Institute of Industrial Reconstruction - IRI.

Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) - the largest state association of Italy - has a holding structure, is among the top ten industrial groups world, unites over 150 enterprises in various industries. 327,000 people work at Iranian enterprises and firms. Annual turnover- about 50 billion dollars.

The state almost completely owns energy, 50% - transport, 30% - mining, 45% - metallurgy, 22% - transport engineering, as well as many enterprises light industry, many large banks.

Industry is the leading sector of the Italian economy. Italy is very insufficiently and unevenly provided with raw energy resources. Among the country's minerals, natural gas, pyrites, polymetallic ores, potash salts, cinnabar (mercury ore), asbestos and some others stand out in their industrial or export value. The Italian manufacturing industry is based primarily on imported raw materials.

In the domestic transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, in second place - by rail. In terms of railway electrification, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways connects the cities of Northern Italy. The largest companies in Italy:

Statistical indicators of Italy
(as of 2012)

The Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) - the largest state association in Italy - has a holding structure, is one of the top ten industrial groups in the world, unites over 150 enterprises in various industries. 327,000 people work at Iranian enterprises and firms. The annual turnover is about 50 billion dollars. President - M. Tedeschi.

National Oil and Gas Association (ENI). Operates in the oil refining, gas, chemical industries. It produces oil and gas primarily in developing countries. Controls about 160 companies. ENI's enterprises employ 90,000 people. The annual turnover is about 30 billion dollars. President - L. Meanti.

"Confindustria". The largest association of private entrepreneurs in Italy. It includes 123 territorial and 118 branch industry associations, uniting about 100 thousand firms with a total number of employees of more than 4 million people. President - J. Fossa.

Italy's imports are dominated by fuel (oil, coal, coke) and industrial raw materials (scrap metal, cotton); it also imports cars and foodstuffs. In exports, the main role is played by finished products (machinery, equipment, fabrics) and fruits (oranges, lemons). The largest trade turnover is with the Common Market countries, Switzerland and the USA. The deficit of Italy's foreign trade balance is partially covered by remittances from Italians working abroad, and income from tourism, in the development of which the country has long been one of the first places in the world. More than 30 million foreign tourists visit Italy every year. Serving tourists has become one of the most important sectors of the economy.

Fishing in Italy is underdeveloped. The seas surrounding it are not very rich in fish, since the continental shelf is small in area, there are few shallows. Half of the total catch (sardines, mackerel, anchovies, tuna, as well as mollusks and crustaceans) is caught in Adriatic waters. Another important fishing area is the Tyrrhenian Sea, especially in the area of the Tuscan archipelago and off the coast of Sicily.

Italy's place in the global economy

Today, the entire course of the reproduction process in Italy is woven into a system of international division of labor and industrial cooperation. Entire groups of countries, on the basis of mutual agreements, unite into regional interstate complexes and pursue a joint regional policy in various spheres of socio-political and economic life.

Among the numerous integration groupings in Europe, the EU can be distinguished, which until November 1, 1993 was called the European Communities, since it appeared after the merger in 1967 of the bodies of three previously independent regional organizations:

European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC;
European Economic Community - EEC;
European Atomic Energy Community - Euratom.

After the entry into force of the Maastricht Accords, the official name of this grouping is the European Union. Italy is a member of the European Union.

The ratio of exports and imports to Italy's GDP is 26-28 and 27-29%, respectively. The share of imported goods for further processing exceeds 70% of the total volume of foreign deliveries. Italy also has significant export potential. From 40 to 80% of all products are exported abroad various industries engineering.

Leading position in foreign trade Italy is occupied by finished industrial products, their share in imports is steadily 67%, and in exports - 97%. At the same time, both industrial imports and industrial exports of Italy account for about 1/3 of goods with a high degree of processing. Therefore, the loss of Italian manufacturers of their positions in the global market for high-tech products is generally a negative fact. The share of such products in Italy's exports is only about 20%. Italy has a large deficit in trade in electronic equipment, machine tools, etc. Paying "oil bills" absorbs resources equal to 8% of GDP. All this gives an imbalance in foreign trade.

Italy's leading trading partners are the EU countries. They account for about 44% of imports and 48% of exports of Italy. The main counterparties of Italy's foreign trade are Germany (16% of imports and 18% of exports), France (14 and 15%), the USA (7 and 5%), Great Britain (4 and 7%).

Foreign economic relations are vital importance for the Italian economy. The great dependence on foreign trade is determined, on the one hand, by the fact that the main branches of Italian industry use mainly imported raw materials, fuel and semi-finished products, and on the other hand, by the relative narrowness domestic market, which necessitates the sale abroad of a significant part of the national product.

The strengthening of the economic potential of Italy is inextricably linked with the deepening of its participation in the international division of labor, with the growing specialization of individual industries, which makes it possible to increase production efficiency and create more favorable conditions for the accumulation of capital. This puts it before the need to more and more orient its economy to foreign sources of meeting its needs and to foreign markets.

Italy is one of the most mineral-poor countries. In addition, agricultural production has not kept up with the growth in food consumption and changes in its structure. According to available estimates, among the largest capitalist countries, Italy is the most dependent (more than Japan) on imported fuel, industrial and agricultural raw materials. Thus, despite the relatively low level of energy consumption per capita, Italy ranks first in the EU in terms of the role of imports in covering domestic fuel needs. External sources satisfy 83% of primary energy consumption in the country, including oil - 95%, solid fuel - 93%, natural gas - 69%, electricity - 42%.

Unlike other members of the Community, energy plays a very important role in Italy's energy balance. liquid fuel, the sharp rise in the price of which after 1973 put the country in a difficult position. In general, the consumption of primary fuel in Italy, the share of its individual types is: oil - 56%, natural gas - 25%, solid fuels - 8%, electricity - 11%. Imports cover 100% of the consumption of tin and nickel ores, almost 100% of copper and iron, 90% of lead ore and bauxite, 60% of zinc ore, and 80% of scrap metal. Italy is quite dependent on the import of agricultural raw materials, food and timber. In particular, through imports, it covers 100% of the demand for cotton, about 89% for wool, and almost 45% for wood.

The peculiarity of Italian agriculture is the predominance of its orientation towards the production of crop products, mainly the so-called “Mediterranean-type” products, and the relatively slow increase in the production of many types of livestock products. As a result, the country is forced to purchase many types of agricultural and food products, mainly livestock products and feed.

Italy's demand for imports of manufactured goods is growing. From 1981 to 1992 share of imports in total consumption manufacturing products at constant prices increased from 14 to 25%, including chemicals from 20 to 31%, general engineering products from 16 to 36%, electrical and electronic equipment from 22 to 36%, office machines and equipment for automatic data processing from 58 to 66%, automobiles and spare parts from 36 to 53%, leather and footwear industry products from 6 to 24%, food products from 12 to 17%, rubber and plastic products from 8 to 19%.

Italy is very dependent on imports of foreign technology (licenses, patents). The country's foreign trade in these items is characterized by a chronically negative balance. Italy's main partners in technology trade are the industrialized countries. They account for the bulk of payments and about half of receipts. Italy's largest technology trade partners are the US, France, Switzerland and Germany. Italy, however, has a surplus in know-how trade with developing and Eastern European countries.

The long-term nature of Italy's balance of payments deficit and Italy's accession to the European monetary system caused the constant use of foreign exchange reserves to maintain the exchange rate of the lira.

The value of direct foreign investments of the Italian monopolies is estimated at about 3 billion dollars. The share of Italy in the total volume of the corresponding investments of the capital exporting countries, members of the EU, was only 2.7%. According to this indicator, Italy is inferior, for example, to such a small country as Belgium. At the same time, the share of Italy tends to decrease. In the classification of the largest 422 TNCs prepared by the UN Commission, there are five Italian companies.

According to official figures, the share of direct investment is 31% of the total foreign investment of Italian capital exporters. Geographically, the main field of activity of Italian TNCs are developed capitalist countries (60% of direct investments), however, investments in developing countries (40% of direct investments) also retain their importance. Generally economic importance the export of capital for Italy is substantially less than for most of the main capitalist countries.

In turn, Italy is the object of expansion of the capital of the leading countries of the world. Foreign direct investment accounts for 76% of all imported capital in Italy, portfolio - 24%. About 40% of all direct investments currently come from Switzerland, the rest is distributed between the US (19%), the EU (33%) and other countries. Foreign capital occupies a very significant position in the Italian economy. Under his control is about 1/10 of the total share capital of Italy, the enterprises of foreign TNCs give up to ¼ of the turnover of the country's industry and provide employment for about 1/6 of the industry's workforce. The total volume of foreign direct investment in the Italian industry was twice that of Italian investments abroad.

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The industry of Italy is the leading branch of the state economy. This direction accounts for more than 28% of the total local GDP. Moreover, almost half of all working residents are involved here.

If we talk about the sectoral structure of Italian industry, then 76% of it is the manufacturing sector.

mechanical engineering

The Italian engineering industry is considered one of the most important and most dynamic sectors of the country's economy.

More recently, its main centers were Turin, Milan and Genoa. Currently, this sphere has spread to other regions of the state. Now significant machine-building capacities are located in Florence, Venice, Bologna and Trieste. The automotive industry has become a key direction in this industry. Every year, the state produces about two million cars, as well as a huge number of mopeds, motorcycles and bicycles.

The Fiat concern plays a leading role here. Its headquarters is located in the city of Turin, and production facilities are located in almost all regions of the country. In the Lombard cities, Naples and Turin, the production of air transport has been established, while the Italian shipbuilding industry is concentrated in Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia and Trieste.

Power generation

The state produces about 190 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually.

Almost 65% of this amount falls on thermal power plants, which are located in the largest cities. They function both on their own and on imported raw materials. A little less than one third of the electricity is generated by hydroelectric power stations built on the Alpine rivers. The entire remaining share falls on objects from the field of alternative energy. An interesting feature of the industry is that not a single nuclear power plant operates in the state, which was the result of a popular referendum held in 1987.

Oil industry

The country is rather poor in minerals, including black gold.

Here it is mined in small quantities (total about 1.5 million tons per year) in Lombardy, Sicily and on the shelf of the Adriatic Sea. The specialization of such an industry in Italy as oil refining on imported raw materials does not prevent it from being ahead of other Western European states in volumes. Most of the factories that operate in the sphere are concentrated in the port areas.

It is here that raw materials come from the Middle East, Russia and some North African countries. However, thanks to the developed network of oil pipelines, such enterprises operate successfully in other regions as well.

Metallurgy

The metallurgical industry of Italy does not have its own sources of raw materials either.

Similar to the industries mentioned above, the sphere is focused on imports, so its key enterprises are concentrated in the area of large ports.

Ferrous metallurgy processing plants operate mainly in large industrial cities, where scrap metal accumulates in significant volumes. The country annually smelts about 250 thousand tons of aluminum and about 25 million tons of steel. Combines are oriented towards them, which are located near sources of electricity - Alpine hydroelectric power stations.

Light industry

Far from the largest, but extremely important branch of the state's economy is the light industry of Italy.

It is represented, as a rule, by small companies scattered throughout the territory. The country has become one of the world leaders in the production of woolen fabrics, second only to China in this indicator. The textile industry is at a high level of development, the main production facilities of which are concentrated in the northern regions - Piedmont and Lombardy. The northwestern regions of the state, in particular Tuscany, Marche and Veneto, are the centers of the shoe, leather and clothing industries.

One of the few areas that is characterized by constant growth is the food industry, which operates both on imported and on its own raw materials. The volume of production here annually increases by an average of 3%. The specialization of Italian industry in this direction is largely associated with the production of olive oil.

The country accounts for about one-third of its production worldwide.

Chemical industry

Initially, the production of chemical products in Italy originated in Lombardy.

This can explain the fact that it is here that most of the factories and enterprises specializing in this area of activity are now located.

The industry operates mainly on imported oil, phosphorites, cellulose, sulfur and other raw materials. In the area of the city of Trieste, petrochemical enterprises are concentrated in the northeast, and companies engaged in the production of mineral fertilizers are concentrated in the south. The international specialization of Italian industry in the field of chemistry is mainly associated with the production of polymers and synthetic fibers. The production of traditional inorganic substances - pesticides, nitric and sulfuric acids, chlorine, and caustic soda is at a fairly high level of development.

Sales of the industry's products are primarily focused on meeting the needs of their own industry.

Along with this, part of it is exported to the United States and the countries of the so-called common market.

Conclusion

In this article about the industry of Italy, only its main branches are briefly described.

In many other areas of activity since the post-war years, the state has also made a significant breakthrough.

Italian industry and its specialization

Among them, the electrical and furniture industries, the production of luxury goods, weapons, and the bioindustry should be noted.

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industry

Italy is one of the world's largest producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year, more than 90% is processed into wine), olives. Floristics. The bird is developed.

– arable land – 31%

– permanent plantations – 10%

– permanent pastures – 15%

– forests and forests – 23%

Tourism. The wonderful climate and nature of Italy, magnificent historical monuments and monuments, developed tourist infrastructure, the highest level of services and services - all this attracts tourists from all over the world to relax in Italy.

Holidays in Italy offer tourists various ways have fun and pass the time. Whether you want to actively relax, play sports and explore, or you want to relax and sunbathe on the beach, Italian places have all the conditions for this.

The beautiful beaches of the city, water sports and seaside entertainment complexes, the most beautiful Italian cities, the masters of ancient history, the lifestyle and cultural traditions of the country - a holiday in Italy gives you an unlimited choice of leisure activities.

The geography of Italy is unique in its own way: tourism is a successful beach, and in winter athletes can go to the mountains and have a lot of time in one of the many ski resorts in Italy, which leave lasting impressions the same as on the beaches of Italy.

Industry. Italy has natural resources.

Most of the territory is not capable of agriculture, the state is a food importer.

A small amount of iron, coal and oil. In recent years, the proven reserves of natural gas, especially in the Po and the Adriatic Sea, have been increasing and represent the most important mineral resources in the country.

Most of the raw materials needed for production and over 80% of the country's imported energy.

Energy. The energy sector is highly dependent on imports from abroad: in 2006, the country imports over 86% of its total energy consumption (99.7% of solid fuel consumption, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 16% of power).

Due to the import of approximately 16% of the electricity consumed from France, Italy is the world's largest importer of electricity.

Due to dependence on expensive fossil fuels and imports, Italians pay about 45% more for electricity than the EU average.

There are currently no operating nuclear installations in Italy. In 1987, after the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Italians voted against the development of nuclear energy in the country in a national referendum, and in 1990

In Italy, the last nuclear reactor was closed.

The Berlusconi government (2008), called a "disaster", decided to close nuclear power plants in Italy, but on March 11, 2011, an accident occurred at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fakushima Opiate, which will force public opinion to abandon nuclear energy.

Italy is the first after the referendum after the accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fakushima 1".

Italy ranks sixth in the world for wind power (2010) with a total installed capacity of 57,870 MW, China (41,800 MW), USA (40,200 MW), Germany (27,214 MW), Spain (20,676 MW) and India (13 064 MW).

Transport. Road transport plays an important role in the domestic transport of goods and passengers, and on the other hand, by rail.

At the stage of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways connects the cities of northern Italy.

GDP - 2013 trillion US dollars (2012).

GDP – $1,135,937 million USA (service sector - 65.8%, industry - 31.6%, agriculture - 2.6%).

GDP per capita - 19710 dollars.

The growth of the national product is 1.3% per year.

Inflation is 1.7% per year.

The working population is 23,193,000 (61% in services, 32% in industry, 7% in agriculture).

The unemployment rate is about 11.5%.

State income - 530,000 million dollars.

Government Spending – $522 million USA.

Main activities: tourism, engineering, metallurgy and chemical industry, light industry and food industry.

The agro-complex is dominated by: grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products, fish.

Production growth is 1.9% per year.

Electricity production is 243.027 million tons.

kWh (fossil fuel 80.22%, hydroelectric 17.3%, others 2.48%, while there are no nuclear power plants in Italy).

Electricity consumption is 266,705 million kWh.

Export of electricity - 900 million kW.

Import of electricity - 41,590 million kW.

Export - $ 242.6 billion (engineering products and equipment, textiles and clothing, cars, chemicals, food, drinks, tobacco, minerals, non-ferrous metals).

Main Partners: EU 56% (Germany 16.50%, France 12.70%, UK 7.20%, Spain 5.80%, Netherlands %2.90), USA 8.50%

Import - 206,900,000.

(technical products, chemicals, transport equipment, electricity, minerals and non-ferrous metals, textiles and clothing, food, beverages and tobacco products).

Main partners: EU 61% (Germany 18.80%, France 13.12%, UK 6.47%, Netherlands 6.20%, Belgium-Luxembourg 4.70%), USA 5.10%.

The trade balance is $35,700 million.

The external debt is $45,000 million.

Only in some capitalist countries can there be such great differences in the levels economic development that exist between North and South of Italy.

To the north, the triangle is made up of the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa, the region with the most developed industry.

Milan is the second most populous city in Italy. In terms of the development of industrial, commercial and financial functions, this place ranks first, which is why it is often called the business capital of the country.

Milan is surrounded by satellite cities, many of which serve as their production. Milan is also famous for the La Scala opera house.

The face of Turin is determined by the automobile factories of the "decree" concern,

They are associated with companies from other companies specializing in the production of tires, ball bearings and electrical cables. Large industry in the north serves Genoa (900,000 inhabitants), the largest port in the country. There are many industrial companies in the city and its suburbs, which stretch along the sea.

The coast of Genoa is also very important.

In December 2012, the public debt of Italy amounted to 1,906 billion euros. As a percentage of GDP in 2010, the national debt is estimated at 126.5%.

In 2012, the number of Italian companies in bankruptcy increased.

The number of voluntarily liquidated companies increased in a healthy financial position.

VAT in the country is 21%.

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The dominant branch of Italian industry is the automotive industry.

Industry of Italy

In terms of scale and level of development, the automotive industry stands out in particular (in 1985, 193,741 people were employed in it). Italy is one of the leading car exporters in the world market. In terms of production scale (in 1986, 1.6 million cars and 179,000 trucks and buses were produced), Italy ranks fifth in the world.

Recently, the FIAT concern included other large automobile companies, Lancha and Alfa Romeo.

FIAT's activities are diverse: it owns several companies in the field of industrial construction, motor transport, shipping, it owns the Turin newspaper Stampa and Milan's Corriere della Sera, hotels, a chain of department stores, etc. The center of all this is Turin, where the oldest and most important automobile factories of the concern, numerous auxiliary and secondary production. FIAT specialists are involved in the creation of car factories in many countries of the world, including Russia.

Almost all automobile factories are located in the North. Only Alfa Romeo built a plant in Pomigliano d'Darco, near Naples. The automotive industry was the first to meet the blows of the crisis and in the 80s was already in need of state assistance. FIAT and Alfa Romeo suspended thousands of workers from work.

The leading place in the world is occupied by the country in the production of bicycles and mopeds.

In the past centuries, the origins of Italian shipbuilding begin. About 85% of the country's shipbuilding capacity belongs to the Fincantieri state group.

The largest Italian shipyards are located in Monfalcone (Adriatic), as well as in Trieste, Porto Marghera, Ancona on the Ligurian coast, in Naples, Taranto and some other cities.

The most powerful node of the electrical industry in the country is Milan with its surrounding provinces, in the south - the regions of the cities. Naples and Vari. Italy ranks third in the world in the production of refrigerators (3.3 ml.

in 1986) and washing machines (3.9 million units in 1986).

Italy produces more than 10% of all electronic equipment in the world. Milan is the leader in this sector.

The production of machine tools is constantly developing. Italy produces traditional turning, grinding, milling machines, as well as machines with numerical program management and industrial robots. Italian industrial robots operate in many countries, including the factories of ZIL, AZLK, etc.

Typewriters and calculating machines are sold all over the world from the small Piedmontese city of Ivrea, where the Olivetti company is located (in 1986 - 443,000 typewriters).

In the global world economy, Italy specializes in machines for the printing, textile, food, footwear, plastics and rubber industries.

The automotive industry is located mainly in the industrial North.

In the 1960s and 1970s, before the onset of the energy crisis, chemistry, and in particular petrochemistry, developed dynamically.

However, since the end of the 70s, not a single new plant has been built, many concerns have reduced their output capacities, several large plants have been closed. The country's specialization in the chemical industry is determined by the production of plastics and chemical fibers. Among other European countries, the paint and varnish and pharmaceutical industries of Italy stand out.

The chemical industry is concentrated mainly in the North, especially in Lombardy, but also in Emilia-Romagna, Venice, Tuscany, and Campania.

Metallurgy is very developed in Italy, but in this area dependence on the import of oil and raw materials is very significant. In 1986, a total of 11.6 ml were smelted in the country. tons of pig iron and 24 ml. tons of steel. Factories are located either near seaports (where it is cheaper and easier to import raw materials from other countries), or near sales markets - large centers of the automotive industry.

Italy's ferrous metallurgy enters the foreign market mainly with steel pipes and thin cold-rolled steel. Italy attaches great importance to the supply of steel pipes to Russia.

One of the oldest traditional industries in the country is textile, producing yarn and fabrics from wool, linen, cotton, hemp, silk and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear.

Italy is the second exporter of clothing after Hong Kong and the first exporter of shoes in the world.

The food industry consistently ranks third in terms of output and number of employees after mechanical engineering and the textile industry. It developed on the basis of numerous small semi-handicraft enterprises directly related to agriculture.

The food industry in Italy focuses on the traditional production of pasta, cheese, various kinds canned vegetables, olive oil (1/3 of world production), grape wines (leading places in the world) and sugar. The main centers of this industry are located in the northern part of the country, and Naples is in the lead in the south.

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Report on the topic:

"Light industry of Italy"

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Light industry was developed in Italy.

The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and earthenware, etc.

In terms of footwear production, Italy ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The Italian company "Benetton", specializing in the production of ready-made clothes and knitwear, is one of the largest in Europe, has its branches in 110 countries of the world.

The headquarters of the company is located in the city of Treviso.

Textile industry in Italy

In second place after mechanical engineering in terms of the number of employees is the textile industry, one of the oldest industries in Italy.

It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear.

Of the traditional branches of the Italian textile industry, wool and cotton stand out in terms of the number of employees and the value of their products.

Cotton enterprises are widely distributed throughout the country, there are especially many of them in the North - E Lombardy and Piedmont, which is facilitated by the abundance of water and cheap electricity from the Alpine hydroelectric power stations.

The main regions of the woolen industry are located in Tuscany (the city of Prato), Piedmont (the city of Biella), and Venice (the city of Skis and others).

Silk production originated in the country in the XII century. and is still characterized by high quality and variety of manufactured products. Silk industry enterprises are concentrated in the areas of the cities of Como and Treviso, i.e.

in the main breeding areas of the silkworm.

Every year less and less fabrics are produced from natural fibers and the production of artificial and synthetic fabrics and yarn grows more. The appearance of artificial and synthetic fibers caused an acute and prolonged crisis in the entire Italian textile industry, associated with the restructuring of its structure, raw material base, and technology.

Italy produces 28% of the footwear produced in the world (320 million tons).

couples per year). In terms of shoe production, Italy is in second place in the world after the United States, and in terms of its exports, it is in first place; it accounts for 379 exports of these products. Majority shoe factories located in Lombardy, in Veneto near Naples.

Food industry in Italy

The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy.

In terms of product value, it ranks third among the manufacturing industries after mechanical engineering and chemistry. This industry, which has developed from numerous small enterprises, has faced serious problems, as it is forced to adapt to the requirements of the world market.

As a result, many industries are in crisis. Although under the influence of the world market there is an intensified process of concentration of production, the vast majority of enterprises, except for pasta, sugar and canning, are still of a semi-handicraft character.

The flour-grinding industry, which is very important for the country, is located in all major industrial centers and port cities of Italy.

In the South, the area of Naples stands out especially, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, for the production of which Italy ranks first in the world. Pasta is produced in large quantities in Sicily, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.

About a hundred sugar factories are scattered across the expanses of the Padana Plain, processing local sugar beets.

The canning industry is highly developed in the country, mainly the canning of fruits and vegetables, and, above all, tomatoes.

About 400 factories located in the main growing areas of this crop - in Campania, Emilia-Romagna and on the island of Sicily, produce canned peeled tomatoes, tomato paste and juice.

Meat-canning production is concentrated in the North. In large and small port centers there are fish canning plants, mostly small in size.

Italy has long been famous for its cheese. Along with pasta, cheese is a traditional Italian food. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in the regions of Northern Italy, where the most developed dairy farming.

Only the main areas of sheep cheese production are located further south - in Lazio and Sardinia.

Italy occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of olive oil. It is supplied in the largest quantities by the areas of the most extensive olive plantations - Apulia, Calabria, Sicily, etc.

The tobacco industry in Italy is completely monopolized by the state.

Most of the tobacco factories are cut off from the raw material base - the tobacco-growing regions of the South - and are located in the largest cities - Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice.

In the post-war decades, the furniture industry began to develop rapidly in Italy. According to the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of "antique" furniture, which is in great demand in the world market, Switzerland, Libya.

The main centers of furniture production are Varedo, Seregno and other cities around Milan, Turin, as well as the city of Cascina in Tuscany.

Once upon a time, Italy was a major supplier of cork to the world market, but Spanish competition and a decline in domestic consumption of cork have brought the industry into crisis.

One of the oldest industries in Italy - the paper industry is concentrated in the Alpine foothill zone and along the upper and middle reaches of the Alpine tributaries of the river.

The rich deposits of limestone, dolomites, marble, granites, clays, gypsum, asbestos, marls, pozzolana, etc. available in Italy. contribute to the development of the building materials industry.

The manufacture of artistic faience products is widespread, the traditions of which date back to ancient times.

The very word "faience" comes from the name of the ancient center of this production - the city of Faenza in Emilia-Romagna.

From the Renaissance to the present day, Venice has produced renowned art glass. At present, 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce sheet glass, crystal, extra-strong glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, etc.

Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the development of the jewelry industry and the quality of jewelry.

This industry has developed from an ancient handicraft, enriched by the high traditions of the Renaissance. Jewelry factories and workshops are located mainly in large industrial cities and centers of foreign tourism. Florence, Rome, Venice have long been famous for their jewelry.

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Economic development in Italy

Brief history, area, population, national state of Italy.

Main economic indicators, industry, GDP volume, export and import volume, length of various roads. Improvement of economic relations with Russia and the CIS.

term paper, added 04/21/2011

General characteristics of the Italian economy

Economic and geographical position, characteristics of development and main economic indicators of Italy.

The problem of "North-South": the history of the issue and the direction of the solution. The place of Italy in the world and European economy, foreign economic relations and investments.

abstract, added 05/21/2009

State anti-crisis socio-economic policy in Italy

The development of the Italian economy in the 20th century: the growth of industrial investment, the creation of banks and the growth of cash investments.

Characteristics of the metalworking, fuel and energy, food, textile industries, automotive industry and tourism in Italy during the 2008 crisis

abstract, added 10/18/2012

The development of the Italian economy in the post-war period

Demand for capital equipment. Growth rates of the gross national product in the rebellious economy of Italy. US assistance to Italy. Consolidation of US hegemony in Europe and the implementation of the Marshall Plan. State social reforms.

presentation, added 04/03/2014

Current trends in the development of the Italian economy and forecasts for its development

Place of Italy in the international division of labor.

Commodity export structure. The level of development of small and medium-sized businesses. Problems in the field of employment and the banking sector. Economic differentiation between north and south. Forecasts for the development of the country's economy.

abstract, added 04/17/2015

Italy. Spain

Post-war situation in Italy. Party and political structure of the country. Politics of Italy in the 80s and the beginning of the XXI century. The economic development of Spain in the 40-50s in conditions of isolation from world markets on the principles of autarky.

Crisis of the Franco regime.

presentation, added 10/27/2013

International economic relations in Italy

Analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators of Italy, its place in the system of the international division of labor. Geographic location and resource potential. System of foreign economic regulation. Relations of the country with Russia in the context of EU sanctions.

term paper, added 11/05/2014

Industrial Economics of the World

Industry and its role in the development of the world economy.

The study of the forms of manifestation of the objective economic laws of socialism in industry. Analysis of the sectoral structure of industry in developed countries. Leading countries of world industrial production.

abstract, added 01/23/2014

Foreign economic activity of Italy

The economic potential of Italy - the leading industrialized state of the world, a member of the G8.

Aggregate trade turnover and dynamics of indicators of the country's foreign trade activity for 2008-2012. Sectoral structure of trade in goods.

term paper, added 11/10/2014

The current state of the oil and gas industry of the country. The role and importance of drilling

Historical information about the development of the oil industry.

World reserves, production and consumption of oil by country. A call for a "global energy revolution". Leading oil and gas companies in Russia and the world. Perspective directions in drilling.

presentation, added 01/13/2013

Italy is one of the post-industrial countries of the world, a member of the "Big Seven" Today, it produces 3% of world industrial production and about 4% of agricultural products. By total volume. GNP. Italy ranks eighth in the world.

In structure. GNP since the 1980s, there has been a rapid increase in the share of the service sector (67%), the share of industry was 30%, agriculture - only 3%.

Among countries. EU in the economy. Italy's high role of the public sector. The state almost completely owns the power industry, 50% - transport, 30% - mining, 45% - metallurgical industry, 22% - transport engineering. However, in creation. GNP is dominated by the private sector.

in the structure of industry. In Italy, the leading place is occupied by mechanical engineering, which gives more. 3% of industrial production and is the country's most important export industry.

Second place belongs to the chemical industry, very low specific gravity mining industry.

Industry

In recent years, there have been some developments in territorial structure industry, is the trend towards decentralization of industrial enterprises.

In the coastal small and medium-sized towns, enterprises have grown up wa, focusing on imported raw materials.

The industrial potential of the south has grown. Italy.

Fuel industry. Italy is almost completely focused on imported raw materials. Its own oil production is 4.5 million tons, and processing is about 200 million tons, which makes it one of the largest oil importers.

This is due to the location of oil refineries in port cities.

Natural gas is produced in Italy about 17 billion m3 per year, and consume about 100 billion m3. Significant amount of gas. Italy gets out. Russia,. Netherlands and. Algeria (via a gas pipeline that is laid along the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea). in energy balance. Italy is dominated by oil (more than 70%%).

Coal is transported mainly from.

Germany by rail all it is used as a fuel in metallurgy

The main share of electricity production (about 80%) falls on thermal power plants, the rest -.

HPS. Nuclear power plants after. Chernobyl catastrophe," according to the will of the national referendum, Art. Italy was closed. Thermal power plants are mainly located in port cities, near large oil refineries, or in large industrial centers, as well.

Hydroelectric power stations on rivers originating in. Alpaah.

Ferrous metallurgy focuses exclusively on imported iron and manganese ore, coking coal, and therefore its main centers are port cities. The centers of processing metallurgy are. Turin,. Milan,. Venice, and electrometallurgy -. Bolzano,.

Brescia (centers for the production of cheap hydroelectricity).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is developing on its own and partially on imported raw materials. It is represented by the smelting of aluminum, zinc, lead, and mercury. Enterprises are concentrated in areas where thermal and hydraulic power plants are located.

The engineering industry is dominated by the automotive industry. In the automotive industry, the monopoly is the FIAT concern, whose main enterprises are located in.

Engineering. Italy specializes in the production of motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, shipbuilding (Genoa, Trieste, Livorno, Toranto), aviation engineering (Turin, Naples). The world knows the power of the electrical industry. Italy and especially the production of refrigerators and washing machines - respectively 8% and 12.5% of the world production of these goods.

The electronics industry is concentrated in cities. South. In the area of. Lombardy, of which it is the administrative center. Milan, hosts the world-famous office equipment factories.

The chemical industry is also an export industry. Italy. It specializes primarily in the production of polymers and synthetic fibers.

The prices of the northeast are the main raw materials are products and oil refining. On South. Italian enterprises specialize in the chemistry of organic synthesis, the production of mineral fertilizers from their own and imported (phosphorites from Morocco) raw materials.

The woodworking industry, in particular furniture production, is developing on imported timber

In the structure of light industry, the leading role belongs to the textile, clothing and footwear industries.

In. Italy produces about 16% of the world output of woolen fabrics - the second place after. China. The industry in cities is concentrated on aybilsha. Northwest. There are also largest enterprises clothing and footwear industries, which work mainly on their own and partially imported raw materials.

For the production and export of shoes. Italy occupies one of the leading places in the world.

Winemaking and pasta industry. Italy is one of the leading places in the world

1) 1st place "IRI" unites more than 300 companies

2) 2nd place "ENI" - unites about 150 companies

3) 3rd "ENEL" and "EFIM"

4) FIAT occupies the third place among Italian monopolies, headquartered in Turin (Torino).

Piedmont, Milan, Lombardy - Bolzano, Modena)

5) "Montedison" 11th place after "IRI" in terms of capital turnover, its subsidiary "SNIA-Viskoza".

6) "Pirelpi"

7) Olivetti in Piedmont

8) "Itayacementi"

In metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, communications, credit and financial sector.

Supervises the oil and gas, petrochemical, nuclear power, including abroad.

In power engineering and mechanical engineering.

Automotive.

In 1990 2.26 million issued.

pieces, including 2 million - cars; 80 thousand - tractors (in Milan, Emilia-Romagna). In Naples, a large car factory of the Alfo Romeo company.

It produces >50% of chemical products: polymers, synthetic fibers, mineral fertilizers.

Electrical appliances, rubber and plastic products, motor vehicles.

Office and electronic equipment.

Construction Materials.

Energy in the country is based on imported oil, coke and coal, its natural gas and water resources. In terms of the capacity of oil refineries, Italy is ahead of other Western European countries. Although in the production of electricity for the first time, when a thermal power plant is occupied, a relatively large part of the hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers is relatively large.

Geothermal power plants operate in central Italy. The first nuclear power plants were built. Due to the development of electricity generation, electricity production has increased significantly.

Of great importance in the production and export of machinery is the production of automobiles, motor scooters (Italy is the place of the motor scooter), bicycles and ships. Electrical equipment for household and typewriters is very popular. 75% of engineering plants are located in northern Italy.

In connection with the growth of apparatus construction, the melting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased. Ferrous metallurgy is based on the import of residues and raw iron, coke, iron ore, and alloyed metals. The characteristics of raw materials are based on the structure and location of enterprises in this industry. Steel production significantly exceeds the production of pig iron. The largest mills are located in the ports of Taranto, Genoa, Naples.

Processing metallurgy enterprises are being built at large machine factories (in Milan, Turin).

Electrometallurgy - the smelting of steel and aluminum - was created by the Alpine hydroelectric power station. The chemical industry is based on imported oil and phosphorus, natural gas, sulfur and other local raw materials.

The petrochemical industry is developing rapidly, in particular, the production of plastics and synthetic fibers based on cracked naphtha. Most chemical plants are located in northern Italy, but new petrochemical plants have been built in the ports of southern Italy.

The textile industry in Italy produces mainly cotton fabrics and fabrics made from synthetic fibers. This industry is concentrated mainly in Milan and its suburbs. The economic crises and recession in the manufacturing industry in the mid-1970s and early 1980s were especially reflected in Italy in the shipbuilding and automotive industries, and the textile industry. Industry is the leading sector of the Italian economy. It provides about 40% of the national income and accounts for more than 40% of all employees.

Italy is very inadequate and unevenly equipped with raw materials and energy resources. Among the minerals, the country is distinguished by its industrial value or exports natural gas, pyrite ore, potassium salts, cinnabar (mercury), asbestos and others.

The Italian processing industry is mainly based on imported raw materials. The industry of Italy is dominated by heavy industry, the leading role of which belongs to mechanical engineering.

In recent years, the metallurgical, electrical, chemical and petrochemical industries have been strongly developed.

Basically, there are industries in the country that require skilled labor, relatively a large number of raw materials and fuels, and produce mostly bulk products. The oil industry in Italy is the strongest in Europe.

It provides not only domestic demand, but also the largest export of petroleum products among all European countries.

Oil is transported to Italy via the Mediterranean, mainly from the Middle East and North Africa. The largest oil refinery was built on the island of Sicily, in the city of Milazzo.

Since Italian refineries use mostly imported imported oil by sea, most of them are located near seaports, especially in the south. In the north, with an extensive pipeline system, oil refineries are close to the consumer - large industrial centers. For the entire Italian economy, the use of local and imported natural gas is of great importance.

Rich deposits of natural gas have been developed in the O Valley, in the south of the Apennine Peninsula, on the island of Sicily and on the continental shelf in the Ravenna-Rimini region. The demand for natural gas is growing every year, the country imports it from North Africa, the Netherlands and Russia.

A very important role in the Italian energy sector is played by a strong industry, one of the most technologically advanced industries.

Hydroelectric resources in Italy are almost completely exploited. In the past, hydropower has been the backbone of the Italian electrical industry and in recent years 70% of electricity production has come from thermal power plants. Most of the hydroelectric power plants are concentrated in the Alps, and the largest hydroelectric power plants have been built here: Grosio, Santa Massenza. As early as 1905, the first geothermal plants in the world appeared in Larderell (central Italy), but this type of energy is still underused.

The share of nuclear power plants in electricity generation is still small. The inadequacy of the fuel and raw material base explains the very important dependence of most Italian industries on foreign economic relations. In particular, it refers to the metallurgical industry: the coking industry is completely imported from abroad, mainly from the United States, imports more than 90% of iron ore, 75% of scrap metal and 2/3 of manganese ores.

Metallurgy is mainly inclined either to ports through which raw materials and fuel are imported for industry or for large engineering centers, that is, to markets. The largest and technically unified "Findser". The core of the industry consists of four large metallurgical plants - in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto. The main products in the global market are thin cold rolled steel sheets.

The aluminum industry, the smelting of lead, zinc and mercury are the most developed in the production of non-ferrous and light metals. those industries that are best equipped with local raw materials.

Leading and zinc industries process imported polymetallic ores and local deposits from deposits on the island of Sardinia and in the Alps. Smelting zinc when production, which is more energy intensive, tends to large thermal power plants or large hydroelectric power plants. Water-soluble plants are located near sardine polymer ores.

In recent years, due to environmental issues Italy barely uses its richest cinemas and loses the world's mercury production in Spain.

Among the first places in the world, Italy produced magnesium. magnesium production. Magnesium production is entirely concentrated in a single magnesium smelter in Bolzano.

The leading branch of the Italian industry - mechanical engineering - provides 1/4 of all products and ranks first in terms of the number of employees (about 2 million people).

human). It is able to provide almost all the basic needs of the state in cars. Among the branches of technology, the automotive industry is especially noticeable. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. The main products of the industry are cars. The industry leader is the FIAT Group, the strongest private company in Italy and one of the largest companies in the world. In factories scattered throughout the country, not only cars are produced, but also trucks, buses, engines various types electric locomotives, trams, trolleybuses, tractors, etc.

Most FIAT companies are located in and around Turin. There were also FIAT car dealerships in the south of Italy - not far from Naples and Palermo.

The plants of the remaining, less important automobile company - for Ferrari, Maserati, "dinner" are located in the north - in Milan, Turin, Bolzano, Modena, and also near Naples.

Italy is the birthplace of the scooter. Italian scooters and motorcycles are in great demand among the local population and are known in many countries around the world.

Geographical conditions and historical reasons explain the tradition of shipbuilding in Italy. Approximately 90% of the country's shipbuilding capacity is owned by Italcantieri. In the most important shipbuilding centers of the Adriatic - Monfalcone, Trieste, Venice and Ancona, on the Ligurian Sea - Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, in the south of the development of shipbuilding in Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo.

Italy has made significant progress in the electrical industry, especially in its new subsidiary, the production of electronic equipment.

The strongest electrical engineering unit is Milan. In recent years, the construction of electrical companies has moved south to the areas of Naples and Bari.

Agricultural machinery is being developed, and tractor construction is being developed to the greatest extent possible. Italy is also known on the world market as a manufacturer of machinery and equipment for plastics processing and for the rubber industry. Italian international specialization is also the production of equipment for the textile, footwear, food and printing industries.

In general, hardware companies are concentrated in the industrial north. The Italian chemical industry operates mainly from imported raw materials (mainly oil, natural gas, phosphorus, sulfur, cellulose), but also partly uses its own stocks of chemical raw materials, in particular natural gas, pyrite, potassium chloride and sulfur.

Industry personnel designated by companies organic chemistry: large petrochemical plants and individual plants running on petroleum products and natural gas. The most important petrochemical centers in the country are concentrated in the north: Milan, Mantua, Ravenna, Ferrari.

The central center of petrochemistry in central Italy is the city of Terni. In southern Italy, several large factories were built: in the cities of Priolo, Gela, Naples, Cagliari, Porto Torres.

Petrochemical products are very diverse. The production of plastics is growing especially rapidly, which has become one of the main areas of Italian specialization in the international division of labor and the production of chemical fibers. Italy stands out in Europe in terms of the level of development of the paint and varnish industry and the pharmaceutical industry.

Fertilizer production is developing at the intersection of inorganic and organic chemistry. Preserved in Italy and one of the oldest traditional cultures - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.

In close connection with the chemical industry, rubber production using imported natural and domestic synthetic rubber as raw materials. In second place in mechanical engineering, the number of employees is based on the textile industry, one of the oldest branches in Italy.

It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers and various knitwear. Cotton companies are mainly located in the north - in Lombardy and Piedmont, helped by a large amount of water and cheap electricity from Alpine hydroelectric plants. The main areas of the wool industry are located in Tuscany, Piedmont and Venice.

Silk industry companies are concentrated in the cities of Como and Treviso.

In terms of shoe production, Italy, on the other hand, ranks second in the world and after its exports come first.

The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy. The milling industry is very important for the country. In the south, there is a particularly prominent region of Naples, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, which Italy ranks first in the world.

About a hundred sugar factories that process local sugar beets are scattered across the Padana Lowland. Very developed in the preservation of the country. Mostly fruits and vegetables are preserved, as well as meat and fish.

Italy has long been considered cheese. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in northern Italy, where the dairy industry is most developed.

Italy produces 30% of the world's olive oil.

In Italy, the furniture industry is developing rapidly. In accordance with the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of "antique" furniture.

On the territory of Italy there are rich deposits of limestone, marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, etc.

Promote the development of the building materials industry.

Expansion of the production of ceramics, whose traditions date back to ancient times.

Italy is one of the leading cities in the world in the development of the jewelry industry, has always been famous for its jewelry, Florence, Rome, Venice.

Features of the Italian economy and industry

Italy began the path of capitalist development later than Britain and France - at the end of the 19th century after a political union that ended in 1870. However, the economic development of the country, hampered by the strong survival of feudalism, the poverty of farmers and the weakness of the fuel and commodity base, is slow.

On the eve of the First World War, Italy remained an agrarian state. Only Northern Italy was distinguished by a higher degree of economic development: a developed industry developed here, agriculture was more intensive.

Despite the economic weakness, the Italian bourgeoisie actively participated in the struggle for the reorganization of the world.

Arms policy stimulated the development of heavy industry. New industries have been developed - automotive, aerospace, electrical engineering, chemical (especially the production of rayon). Second World War caused enormous damage to the Italian economy. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, Italian industry developed at a fairly high pace.

The growth of industrial production is largely due to the influx of foreign capital.

Italy, in its economic position, occupies an intermediate position among the most economically developed capitalist countries ruled by the United States and Germany and countries with an average stage of development of the productive forces. Considering its share in the world's capitalist industrial production (5% in 1985), it ranks fifth in the United States, Japan, Germany and France.

However, in terms of national income per capita, Italy is not only worse for these countries, but also for many others that are only surpassed by Greece, Spain and Ireland in Western Europe.

As in other highly developed countries in Italy, industry is the leading sector of the economy, although it employs a smaller share of the economically active population than the intensive and disproportionately growing service sector.

The value of industrial production is four times higher than agricultural production, in which 5.5 times less capital is invested annually than in industry. Industrial production is dominated by Italian exports.

An important part of Italy's national treasure is in the hands of the monopolies, of which 11 are among the biggest problems in the world. The chemical and electrical industries (Montadison), the automotive industry (FIAT) and the rubber specialists (Pirelli) are dominant.

At the same time, there are many more medium, small and small enterprises in the country, especially in the field of lighting and Food Industry, as well as in the manufacture of household electrical equipment, equipment for the processing of synthetic materials and in some machine tool industries.

Since the seventies of the last century, there has been a noticeable trend towards a decrease in the large and growing role of small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises.

The Italian state actively and in various forms intervenes in the country's economy: specialized bodies participate in joint-stock companies as controlling shareholders, industrial enterprises are formed in accordance with various national programs.

The country has become the largest entrepreneur in the country. Its positions are especially strong in power engineering, metallurgy and shipbuilding.

It belongs to many easy industry. The largest banks were also nationalized. With the pace of development, the public sector is better than the development of the Italian economy as a whole. Nowadays, state intervention in the economy is not limited to helping individual monopolies develop the least profitable or most demanding major investments in capital investment. the main objective state intervention - to ensure the continuity of the process of reproduction, to preserve and strengthen the capitalist system in the country.

A new important feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy was the long-term programming of the economy throughout the country, reflecting the increased concentration and centralization of production and capital, increased monopolization and destabilization of the economy.

Some industries (transport, communications, public works, etc.) are financed mainly through economic programs. It is the largest and has been operating continuously since 1950. The Italian program is dedicated to the development of the economy in the south.

The Italian government facilitates the inflow of foreign capital, which plays an important role in the country's economy.

Most of the investment is concentrated in mechanical engineering, chemistry and energy, and a significant part of the investment is invested in the service sector. Capital is dominated by the US, France, Germany, UK, Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

Many aspects of Italy's economic life are determined by participation in the EEC. The result of the specialization of EEC production forced the Italian economy to adapt to new market conditions and accelerate structural transformation.

In the common market system, Italy acts as an importer of industrial products (mainly machinery and equipment) and small foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, wine), and at the same time as an import country for basic foodstuffs and basic minerals and agricultural raw materials for its industry.

As in other Italian countries, the economy develops spontaneously and unevenly. The "economic miracle" of the sixties, when Italy was only inferior in terms of industrial development to Japan, proved to be short-lived.

A recession followed, followed by a severe energy and general economic crisis from 1973-1975. In 1982, the country's economy again entered the crisis zone: the gross national product is declining (-1.2% in 1983), inflation is growing, the volume of foreign trade, the level of personal consumption of the population, unemployment and the cost of living are growing. Exploitation production capacity was the lowest in 1983 for the entire post-war period - 71%.

After the crisis of the 1970s, a new phenomenon appeared in Italy - the so-called hidden economy: in many industries that circumvented collective agreements, tax laws, etc.

There are no registered companies elsewhere. working for the unemployed, women interested in part-time work or working from home, students and retirees who need additional income.

The growing problem of disproportionate development of certain parts of the country, the contrast between the level of economic and social development northern and southern Italy, remains spicy.

Industry, its sectoral and territorial organization

The general condition, rhythm and nature of the development of the Italian economy is determined by its most important area - the industry, representing approximately 2/5 of the workers in the economy and the same share of the national income.

Italy stands out for its extremely low share of extractive and high share of manufacturing in the number of employees, especially in capital, and especially in the total value of industrial production. This is due to the lack of significant mineral resources in the country.

The Italian processing industry mainly works on imported raw materials.

Heavy industry is predominant, with the main role being hardware. Energy, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry are also developed.

As a result of the radical restructuring of the energy base that has taken place over the past decades, the leading role has shifted from hydroelectric power and imported coal into oil, which provides more than 60% of all energy consumed.

They are followed by natural gas (15.5%), hard coal and lignite (8.5%), hydropower (7.6%) and nuclear power (0.3%). At the same time, Italy is forced to import almost all of the oil it consumes, 80% of its solid fuels and 44% of its natural gas.

The strongest oil refining industry in Western Europe has increased to oil imported by sea.

Italy is one of the largest exporters of petroleum products in Western Europe. The energy crisis has forced us to look for ways to save energy in general and especially oil. In the 1980s, the total capacity of the Italian oil refining industry declined from 206 million tons.

Crude oil per year in 1980 to 150 million tons. In 1983, some factories were closed.

The power industry plays an important role in the country's economy. The installed capacity is 49.4 million kW, of which 64.4% is in CHP, 32% is hydro- and PSP, 2.6% is atoms and 1% is geothermal.

Annually produces 180-190 billion kWh of electricity. Most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants, which mostly run on fuel oil, the first time they received a hydroelectric plant, since the water sources are almost completely exhausted. In recent years, water reservoirs have been built in Italy. Italy was a pioneer in the construction of the PSPP (1908).

Almost simultaneously, the world's first geothermal plants appeared (1905). In the 1960s, Italy was among the first to build large nuclear power plants. There are 4 nuclear power plants in the country with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW.

Dependence on imported fuel and raw materials is very important in the iron and steel industry. In 1986, the country produced 10.3 million tons.

pig iron and about 22 million tons. Steel. Italy is the fifth largest steel producer. Steel mills are located either near the port, or gravitate towards markets, but to large engineering centers. It was in the port of four centers of the largest factory for the full cycle of the state owned legal entities public law Finsider (Genuya-Cornigliano, Piombino, Naples, Bagnoli and Taranto.

Most of the steel mills are concentrated in the old industrial cities in the northwest. Electrometallurgical companies are located at the foot of the Alps and the Alpine valleys. Italian metallurgical metallurgy in the world market is supplied mainly from thin cold-rolled steel and steel pipes.

Italy is the fourth largest pipe producer in the world. In recent years, the Italian iron and steel industry has experienced significant development problems, as the "common market", under pressure from the United States, decided to limit steel production to "tenths".

In the production of non-ferrous and light metals, those industries are chosen that are better equipped with local ore reserves: the smelting of aluminum, lead, zinc and mercury.

During the crisis years, aluminum smelting decreased from 274,000 tons in 1986 to 194,000 tons in 1988. Most of the aluminum smelters are located in the northeast, rich in electricity.

The leading and zinc industry imports imported polymetallic ores and local ones. Energy-intensive zinc smelting is located near large power plants (in the cities of Porto Marghera, Monteponi, Porto Vesme, Crotone).

Melting devices are classified mainly in Sardinia, near deposits of polymetallic ores.

In recent years, Italy has lost its world championship in mercury production to Spain. This ancient production has been restored in accordance with environmental requirements, and today it produces about 2 thousand tons. in year.

Thanks to its rich dolomite deposits, Italy was one of the first cities in the world to produce magnesium.

In 1986, 85,000 tons of magnesium mines were mined and 7.8 thousand tons were liquidated. magnesium.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of Italian industry.

It employs 2.2 million people, accounts for a quarter of all manufactured products and 2/5 of Italian exports. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. In terms of production, it is in 5th place. Mechanical construction is characterized by a high concentration of production and capital, and is in the hands of a few large associations that produce complex and varied products.

The most advanced machinery export (cars, locomotives, automobiles, shipbuilding). Most of the Fiat car groups have monopolized the most powerful private companies in Italy and one of the largest monopolies in the world. The plant group is scattered throughout the country and produces subcompacts and small cars, trucks, buses, various engines, aircraft, ships, locomotives, tractors, subway equipment, power plants, airports.

Another place in automotive manufacturing left other companies - Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia, the state company Alfa Romeo.

Almost all factories are located in the industrial centers of the North. Several factories produce motorcycles and scooters. In one of the first places in the world, Italy produces bicycles and mopeds.

The origins of Italian shipbuilding have been lost to the mists of time. The development of this traditional industry is the result of historical reasons and geographical conditions. In recent years, tanker orders have declined sharply, requiring several container ships, mixed carriers, specialized underwater drilling and underwater research vessels.

Approximately 85% of all shipbuilding facilities are owned by the Fincantieri State Group.

The largest shipyards in the country are Monfalcone on the Adriatic Sea and in Trieste, Venice, Ancona. The oldest region of Italian shipbuilding is the Ligurian coast (Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia).

In the south, the main shipyards are Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo, Castellammare di Stabia.

During the crisis, the Italian engineering industry successfully continued to develop the electrical industry (Italy occupies 30 meters in the world in the production of refrigerators and washing machines), the production of office equipment, tools, the production of bearings, typewriters and other non-metal products requiring high labor costs,

Italy produces more than 10% of all radio-electronic equipment in Western Europe. Milan dominates this production. The Italian engineering industry is developing and becoming more and more complex. It produces not only traditional machines, but also machine tools and software, industrial robots.

In recent years, there has been a large complex of companies producing all kinds of modern weapons, half of which are sold to different countries, and some of them are designed to strengthen NATO's military capabilities.

In agricultural machinery, Italy specializes in the production of caterpillar tractors. Despite production cuts in the 1980s, Italy remained the world's first tractor exporter. The main area of this production is Emilia-Romagna. The Italian international specialization also includes machines for the textile, footwear, food, printing, plastics and rubber industries. With all the widespread distribution of engineering companies throughout the country, the main direction of concentration of this industry as a whole is the industrial north.

The leading branch of Italian industry is the chemical industry, which reached a high level of development after the war, petrochemistry was especially developed.

However, it also affects economic crises. Since the 1970s, not a single factory has been built, many companies have reduced their production capacity.

The difficult state of the chemical industry has exacerbated the political and competitive struggle between public and private capital in this vital sector of the country. It is used as a local raw material (pyrite, sulfur, natural gas) and imported (oil, coal, phosphate rock).

Plants are located mainly in the north of the country. In chemical products, with the exception of acids and mineral fertilizers, synthetic materials (plastics, synthetic fibers) occupy a prominent place, although their production is gradually decreasing.

The oil refining and petrochemical industries are located in port cities (Naples, Livorno, Genoa, Bari, etc.) where oil is shipped from the Middle East. One of the biggest chemical problems in the world, Montadison, dominates Italian chemistry, accounting for 1/4 of the total chemical production in Italy and 1/3 of the industry's workers. The European background is the color and lacquer industry and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the traditional cultures is also preserved in Italy - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.

The main products of the rubber industry, closely related to the chemical industry, located mainly in Milan, Turin, Vigevan, Tivoli (near Rome), are automobile tires.

One of the oldest industries in Italy is textiles.

In terms of the number of employees (493 thousand in 1986), only equipment is available. The textile industry in Italy produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers and various knitwear. The industry is highly dependent on the import of raw materials and on the ability to export its products, which is 1/10 of the country's total exports. Cotton mills are scattered throughout the country, but they are large in the north, with large quantity water.

The wool industry has long been concentrated in Piedmont, Venice and Tuscany. The traditional production of silk for Italy is located in the nesting areas of silkworms - near Como, Treviso, Campania. Italy is the second clothing supplier in Hong Kong and the world's first footwear supplier.

Every third pair of leather boots sold on the world market is Italian. Italy accounts for 12% of global clothing exports. Italy, along with France, is considered a trend in clothing and footwear.

The food industry is the third industry, which is associated with the cost of production in mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as the number of employees in mechanical engineering and the textile industry.

It is mainly represented by small businesses and is scattered throughout the country. Under the pressure of the "common market", he changes his traditional structure, increasing the concentration of production. Nature and global industry specialization of the food industry Italian, to define the traditional production of pasta, tomatoes and various canned fruits, cheese, olive oil (1/3 of world production), wine (1-2 in the world), sugar (8- 13% production).

The food industry, which is widespread almost everywhere, respects the general Italian pattern: its main centers are located in the north.

To the south, Naples and its environs stand out. The customs industry is monopolized by the state. It is characterized by the distance of production (tobacco factories in Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice) from the raw material base (tobacco cultivation area in the south).

In the post-war decades in the cities of Milan, Turin, in

Kashin in Tuscany, using imported raw materials, developed the production of fashionable furniture (mostly "antiques"), mainly for export.

Italy has the richest resources for the production of building materials. Italy's strong cement industry provides over 20% of Western European products. The largest cement factories are located at the foot of the Alps, in Padua, around Naples in Taranto. The Italian glass industry is not a museum industry.

More than 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce especially durable glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, crystal, flat glass. The production of artistic and technical ceramics is widespread. Venice is still famous for its artistic glass that stretches over the island of Murano.

Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the volume of the jewelry industry and the quality of the jewelry. This industry has developed from the earliest crafts and maintains the high traditions of the Renaissance.

The main export is the products of the engineering industry: cars, mopeds, tractors, bicycles. Ferrari, Lamborghini, Lancia, Moserati, Ducati, Fiat, Alfa Romeo - this is not a complete list of Italian car concerns.

The second in terms of production is the textile industry. It exports knitwear, fabrics and yarn from silk, wool, cotton, flax, hemp and chemical fibers to the world market. Italy ranks second in footwear production (after the US) and first in the world in footwear exports.

The food industry plays a huge role in the state economy. The south of Italy is famous for its flour milling industry. The country occupies a leading world position in the production and export of flour and the famous Italian pasta. About a hundred sugar factories are scattered along Padanskaya. In addition, the canning industry is well developed. Italy exports canned fruits and vegetables, meat and fish. Dairy farming flourishes in the northern part of the country. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated here. A huge number of different varieties of Italian cheese are widely known around the world. Italy also provides a third of all olive oil produced in the world. A separate place in the country's exports is occupied by wines, which is more than 1,700 tons per year and a fifth of the world market.

Speaking of Italy's exports, one cannot fail to mention the furniture industry. Lovers of high-quality, expensive, exclusive interior items appreciate the furniture fittings produced under trademarks this country. The same is absolutely true in relation to mattresses, here Italian manufacturers have no equal.

The bowels of this country are rich in deposits of marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, limestone, etc., which contributes to the production and export of building materials. The manufacture of faience products is widespread, the roots of these traditions stretch back to ancient times. And, of course, it should be noted that another pride of Italy is the jewelry industry. Venice, Rome, Florence have long been famous throughout the world for their jewelry.

Geography of export

The main partners in Italy's foreign trade are, of course, the countries of the European Union. First of all, these are Germany (13.3%), France (11.8%), Spain (5.4%), Great Britain (4.7%). Close trade ties also link the country's economy with Switzerland (5.4%) and the US (5.9%).

Author Zheka Ronaldo asked a question in Other about cities and countries

What do I make in Italy? Meaning what kind of manufacture is it famous for? ANY FACTORIES OR CORPORATIONS? and got the best answer

Answer from Ivan/[guru]
Italy is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. Predominantly industrial and highly developed north and poor, agrarian south. Gross national product per capita $30,000 per year. Leading industries: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and food industries. Italy is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers to the world market of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, washing machines and refrigerators, typewriters and calculating machines, electronic products, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and chemical fibers, car tires, as well as ready-made clothing. and leather shoes, pasta, cheese, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato preserves. Large-scale production of cement, natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits, glass and earthenware art, jewelry. Mining of pyrites, mercury ores, natural gas, potassium salt, dolomites, asbestos.
Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crops are wheat, corn, rice (1st place in collection in Europe; over 1 million tons per year), sugar beet. Italy is one of the world's largest and Europe's leading producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year; over 90% is processed in wine), olives. Floriculture. Developed poultry farming.
Italy is the largest area of international tourism (over 50 million people a year).
= The largest Italian manufacturer of raw materials for the confectionery industry Unigra S. p. A.
= A major global manufacturer of air conditioners and heaters is the Italian company De’Longhi. On hearing...
=Large steelworks Acciaerie Venete
= Italy's largest steel service center Malavolta,
= Large steel plants of the Italian company ILVA
= Large Italian shipping company Pietro Barbaro S.A.
= Italian plant VM Motori, one of the world's leading manufacturers of diesel engines
=FIAT. Everyone knows this largest automaker in Italy for sure. . Alfa Romeo too...
=Merloni Elettrodomestici - the largest Italian manufacturer of household appliances
= Italy's largest oil and gas group Eni
=Pirelli is the largest Italian tire manufacturer. Probably heard it too. .
and so on .... and the LARGEST corporation in Italy is the mafia

Answer from Anyuta Yakovleva[expert]
Pizza

Answer from Innes Tere[guru]
I will only add to the previous comment that the mafia is not the largest. The largest is the Camorra. They now have all of Italy in their hands, unfortunately.

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What do I make in Italy ??? Meaning what kind of manufacture is it famous for? ANY FACTORIES OR CORPORATIONS?

How long ago did pasta appear in Russia? Who was the first to bring them here? And to whom do we owe the fact that we consider them an everyday dish?
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