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Economy of Central Africa

In the countries of Central Africa, the contrasts in the levels of economic development and development of territories are no less great than in the distribution of the population. The inaccessibility and lack of development of some areas, the rapid development of others, where large foreign concession companies operate, have led to the extreme unevenness and fragmentation of economic development in many countries. Noticeable shifts in the recovery of the economies of the countries of the region began (with the exception of Zaire) only after the Second World War, especially after 1960, when national governments began to organize major works on the development of a network of means of communication and technical equipment transport, the introduction of intensive commercial agriculture, the exploration and development of mineral deposits.

Nevertheless, traditional occupations - agriculture and cattle breeding continue to be the main source of livelihood for 80% of the total population. The remoteness of the vast inland regions from the ocean and from the main transport routes makes it difficult to overcome their isolation and leaves little opportunity for their involvement in trade and in the system of territorial division of labor. This is one of the factors intensifying the migration of the rural population to the cities and other enclaves of the modern commodity economy. The depopulation of already sparsely populated areas where traditional consumer production dominates is one of the characteristic and very acute socio-economic problems in Central Africa, due to its pronounced division into zones of commodity and consumer production.

At the heart of consumer agriculture is the slash-and-burn system associated with the use of the natural fertility of the land. The main products of peasant labor in the northern savannas are millet and sorghum, in the forest areas - cassava, mealy bananas (plantin), taro, and in some places rice, in the southern savannas - corn, peanuts, yams, cassava, beans, millet, ground peas. Although this production provides for the needs of the rural population, it does little for the cities, which have to import the bulk of the food they need.

Commercial production in agriculture is concentrated on large plantations established back in the colonial era (for example, the huge oil palm plantations of the Unilever company in Zaire), and is also carried out by small African farms cultivating both consumer and cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton. Among the suppliers of marketable products there are also European farmers who use modern agricultural practices. In a number of countries, the plantations of foreign firms have been nationalized.

Forest areas provide the most diverse and profitable cash crop products - palm oil, rubber, bananas, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa. In savannah areas, the range of crops targeted for sale is much more limited. The main place among them is occupied by cotton; tobacco and peanuts are also cultivated, and sugar cane is cultivated on the irrigated lands of low-lying coastal Angola. In terms of exports of agricultural raw materials and products, Cameroon and Angola occupy the leading places in the region.

In addition to agricultural products, forest areas also provide valuable timber, which is one of the most important resources of Central Africa. Central Africa supplies slightly over % of all tropical timber harvested on the continent. Local wood species such as okume mahogani and iroko are in great demand on the world market. The main suppliers of timber are Gabon and Zaire. Logging is carried out mainly in areas adjacent to the sea coast; huge forest resources in the deep regions of the river basin. The Congo remain undeveloped due to export difficulties. The timber industry is dominated by European companies, but the share of African entrepreneurs has increased significantly since independence.

For climatic reasons, pastoralism has become widespread only in the northern and southern savannahs. It's underway traditional methods as part of the consumer economy in Chad, in the Adamawa highlands (Cameroon), where the fulbe is bred a large cattle, on the highlands and plateaus of the regions of Zaire - Kivu, Shaba, Western and Eastern Kasai, as well as in the southern regions of Angola (cattle, sheep and goats). However, there are also limited areas of intensive animal husbandry that have emerged around the main industrial centers in the south of Zaire and around the capitals - Kinshasa and Brazzaville. Nevertheless, almost all Central African states import significant amounts of meat (mainly from Chad).

The coastal sea waters of Central Africa south of the equator abound in fish that find a favorable environment here (the cold Benguela Current). Fishing is one of the important sectors of the Angolan economy (annual catch exceeds 300,000 tons on average).

With the densest and richest river network on the entire African continent, Central Africa has colossal reserves of hydraulic energy. According to very incomplete data (only some of the most promising river sections have been studied), the hydropower potential of the region is 850-900 billion kWh per year. i.e. more than half of the hydraulic energy reserves of all of Africa and 17-18% of the world's potential (with only 1% of the world's population). Only on one river Congo in its lower reaches, you can build a cascade of power plants with a capacity of 25-30 million kW. However, the implementation of such a project would be economically justified only with the simultaneous creation of an appropriate network of electricity consumers - primarily the largest energy-intensive enterprises of electrometallurgy and electrochemistry. There are not yet sufficient prerequisites for the deployment of such a grandiose construction. In the meantime, very modest, although important on a local scale, hydropower construction projects are being implemented.

Oil resources are available in the coastal strip of Angola (in Cabinda) and in Gabon - in the area of ​​Port Gentil and in the zone of coastal lagoons, where relatively large deposits were discovered in 1956 (oil production in each of these countries is 10-12 million tons per year ). Natural gas deposits are exploited in Gabon and Zaire, where they supply fuel to local power plants.

Central Africa has large reserves various kinds mineral raw materials. Most important deposits metal ores have been found in the southern regions of Zaire and in the plateau zones of the Central African Empire and Gabon. The main mining region of Central Africa is the southern part of Shaba (Zaire), where copper ore and ores of associated metals - cobalt, zinc, lead, etc. are mined. The diamond mining region in the south of the Western and Eastern Kasai (Zaire) regions is the world's largest supplier of industrial diamonds (70% of world exports). There are also significant diamond developments in neighboring Angola.

After the Second World War, new mineral deposits were discovered and developed - tin ore and gold in the eastern part of the Congo, manganese and uranium ores in Gabon. The latter took the third place in the world in the extraction of manganese ore. Angola ranked third in Africa in terms of iron ore mining. underway preparatory work and projects are being developed for the development of newly discovered large deposits of uranium in the Central African Empire, potash salts, oil and iron ore in the Congo, high-quality iron ore in Gabon, and bauxite in Cameroon.

The exploitation of mineral resources creates the basis for the development of the most important industrial centers of the region. Particularly stands out the southern region of Shaba, where non-ferrous metallurgy is concentrated. Plants for the smelting of copper and zinc process all the ore of these metals mined in the region. The presence of numerous work force near metallurgical centers gave impetus to the growth of a number of other industries (especially textiles). In Edea (Cameroon) there is a large aluminum plant that processes alumina, which is still imported from Guinea. Oil refineries have been built in Port Gentil (Gabon), Matadi (Zaire) and Luanda (Angola). Having relatively large centers of heavy industry, Central Africa, however, cannot yet use them as a basis for the comprehensive development of the manufacturing industry. The absence of the necessary intermediate links does not allow, with a few exceptions, to organize complete production cycles - from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products. The region's heavy industry is almost entirely export-oriented.

Among other branches of the manufacturing industry, the most important are the woodworking, textile and food industries, serving both external and internal markets (mainly cities); The processing of timber and agricultural raw materials has a predominantly export orientation. The textile industry is the most developed, where a full cycle is carried out - from the primary processing of cotton to the production of fabrics and ready-made dresses. The food industry is largely associated with the processing of products destined for export (primary processing of cocoa beans and raw coffee, oil mills, fruit juice factories and canning factories). To meet the needs of the urban population in the countries of the region, sugar factories have been built (in Zaire, Congo and Angola), tobacco factories, new breweries are being built and existing breweries are expanding.

As in other regions of Africa, due to the policy of import substitution own production there is a growing number of enterprises producing finished products from imported parts and semi-finished products (car and bicycle assembly plants, plants for assembling transistor radios, electrical and electronic equipment, enterprises for the production of plastics, household chemicals, etc.).

The expansion of the production of consumer goods is constrained by extremely narrow domestic markets, the distance of communications, the underdevelopment of transport and trading network which hinders the exchange of goods not only between the countries of the region, but also between separate parts of the same country.

With the exception of port cities, where the production of consumer goods predominates, industrial centers regions suffer primarily from the long distances that link them to the coast. Particularly unfavorable in economic and geographical terms is the position of the Shaba region in the south of Zaire: mineral raw materials have to be exported from here through the Angolan port of Lobito (about 2 thousand km by rail) or at least a long transit route through Zambia, Southern Rhodesia and Mozambique (the port of Beira) , or through the territory of Zaire, but with even greater difficulties - a mixed railway-water route going through Ilebo and Kinshasa to the port of Matadi. From the Central African Empire, goods are delivered to the sea in a mixed way, by road, water, and rail. In Gabon, the development of a large iron ore deposit could not begin until the completion of the railway linking it with the new ore port of Owendo near Libreville.

The bulk of all foreign trade traffic in Central Africa is carried out through 6 seaports: through the port of Douala, all cargoes related to the overseas trade of Cameroon, and a significant part of the foreign trade cargo of Chad and CAI, pass; oil and ore are exported through Port Gentil, which account for the predominant part of Gabon's maritime cargo turnover; Pointe-Noire is a port of the Congo and a transit port for the Central African Empire; Matadi serves the overseas trade of Zaire, Lobita - the trade relations of the central and southern parts of Angola. The port of Luanda provides an outlet to the overseas market for products from the northern and central parts of Angola. Due to the inaccessibility of the interior regions of Central Africa big role in the transportation of goods, air transport plays for them.

About 75% of all foreign trade of Central Africa falls on Western Europe, and the main trading partners of the countries included in the region remain their former mother countries - France, Belgium and Portugal. Mineral raw materials and fuel account for 50% of exports, agricultural products - 40%, timber - 10%. Imports, coming mainly from the EEC countries and the USA, are dominated by industrial and transport equipment, semi-finished products, spare parts for machinery, finished consumer goods and food products. Trade between countries in the region remains very limited. A prominent place in it is occupied by oil products and timber from Gabon. The Republic of Chad supplies its neighbors with cotton, live cattle (for slaughter) and meat. An important source of income for Angola comes from transit traffic for some neighboring countries.

Since 1964 there has been a Customs and economic union Central Africa, uniting the Central African Empire, Gabon, Congo and Cameroon (until 1968 also Chad). The member states of the Union are planning the gradual creation common market, within which their citizens, goods and capital will move freely. The tax policy of the member states of the Union is being coordinated, attempts are being made to coordinate individual projects of economic development.

In 1968, another organization was created with similar goals - the Union of Central African States, which included Zaire and Chad.

If there is a row common features The countries of Central Africa also have significant differences related to their geographical position, the degree of population and distribution of the population, and the nature of the exploited resources. As elsewhere in Africa, remoteness from the sea coast creates additional obstacles for the economic development of the deep territories of the region. True, two countries - the Central African Empire and Chad do not have access to the ocean here. However, some large areas of Cameroon, Congo and especially Zaire are also experiencing great inconvenience due to difficulties in communicating with overseas markets. But proximity to the ocean does not always provide sufficient incentive for the development of potentially rich subsoil resources, tropical forests and marine waters. Gabon, for example, until the completion of the trans-Gabonese railway can only make very little use of the natural resources of the hinterland. This factor is less pronounced in neighboring Congo: although the average population density is only slightly higher here, the majority of the country's inhabitants (more than 75%) are concentrated in the zone of the southern savannas between Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. The relative concentration of the population near the sea coast, along with other reasons (in particular the degree of urbanization), has allowed the Congo to advance significantly further in some important indicators of socio-economic development.

But perhaps the most important factor in the economic shifts in this region was the development of large deposits of valuable metal ores. It is the countries that occupy key positions in the extraction and processing of these ores that are leading in the field of urbanization and increasing the marketability of their Agriculture. These include Zaire, Cameroon and Congo. Of course, each of these countries is characterized by the strongest contrasts between individual regions, like the whole of Central Africa as a whole, but large industrial, transport and trade hubs have developed here, which in the future can become the nuclei of a broader process of socio-economic transformation. This applies primarily to the Shaba region in Zaire. The specificity of the mineral resources exploited here (their scarcity in the world) is such that even a great distance from the ports of export did not interfere with their development (which is very unusual for Africa). Moreover, paradoxical as it may seem at first glance, the difficulties of communication with overseas countries - consumers of raw materials and suppliers of finished products - contributed to the development in this mining region of a relatively diverse set of industrial facilities that process local raw materials for export and for domestic market: the significant costs of transporting long distances led to the creation of local large enterprises non-ferrous metallurgy (mainly for the production of blister and refined copper), oriented to overseas markets industrial countries; on the other hand, various enterprises designed to satisfy also local demand (metalworking, chemical, textile, shoe, food) experience less sensitive competition from imported goods than in coastal areas.

Thus, one of the main features of the originality of Central Africa in comparison with other regions of Tropical Africa is the presence on its periphery, in the depths of the mainland, of a relatively powerful commercial and industrial region, surpassing the coastal regions in its importance. This creates relatively favorable prospects for the economic development of the region as a whole.

Provision of African countries with mineral resources

African agriculture

Practical task: using the maps of the atlas, make a table in your notebook

"Zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa".

Monoculture countries in Africa

Africa provides 2/3 of world exports of cocoa beans, 1/2 of sisal and coconut kernels, 1/3 of coffee and palm oil, 1/10 of tea, a significant share of peanuts and peanut butter, dates and spices.

TOPIC: General characteristics of the economy of African countries

Target: To identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;

To form an idea of ​​some features of the development of subregions

Africa; consider the causes that influenced economic backwardness

Mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the exam, consolidating skills

Test work.

Equipment: lesson presentation,economic map of Africa, atlases, handouts.

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Repetition homework:

Which country in Africa has the largest population?

A country located on an island with an area of ​​600 sq. km.

Countries that lie on the territory of South Africa.

The country lying on the middle course of the riverNiger landlocked.

A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in the territory occupying 4% of its area.

List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the mainland.

“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the exam) "

Give an assessment of the population of subregions of the mainland, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One of the reasons is favorable natural conditions. Indicate at least two more reasons (from the USE options).

Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Foreign Asia?

Why is the population policy in Africa not carried out or not working?

Study of new topic:

Conversation: What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?

There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.

Relate to developing, poor countries; economically developed-South Africa

Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing

Minimum per capita income (examples)

The most backward structure of the economy

What are the reasons for backwardness? (long colonial past)

Working with the textbook, p.279: Name distinctive features colonial economic structure.

a) the predominance of a low-commodity, low-productive economy;

B) poor development of the manufacturing industry

B) a strong backlog of transport

D) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services

E) one-sided development of the economy, which manifests itself most often in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.

Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization- narrow specialization economy of the country in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product destined mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.

Work with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa

Measures to overcome backwardness in the economy:

Nationalization of natural resources;

agrarian reform;

Economic planning;

Personnel training.

the main task the peoples of Africa - the conquest of economic independence, the elimination of the one-sided agrarian - raw material structure of the economy and the creation of a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).

The solution of these problems is hampered by the economic policy of the Western powers and the activities of transnational corporations. The American states have a large external debt.

Production structure farms of the African region:

agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.

Atlas work.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).

It should be noted that the proportion industrial production increased due to:

A) strengthening the primary processing of mineral raw materials in the African countries themselves

B) the development of "dirty industries" removed from developed countries - metallurgy, the chemical industry.

C) creation of an export easy and Food Industry

Despite the agrarian nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.

INDUSTRY Atlas work.

Where are the main industrial regions of Africa located?

The industry is characterized imbalance between the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of minerals.

For which types of mineral raw materials does Africa occupy a leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?

In total, in Africa, one can distinguish7 main mining and industrial areas.

Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuel extracted in each mining area.Appendix to lesson number 1.

What branches of the manufacturing industry have received the most development in these countries?

Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in some countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)

Copper smelter - Zambia, Zaire

Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana

Light industry mainly cotton

Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); fishing and processing.

Economic development African countries also depend on the energy base (it is currently weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's generated energy, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan HPP - Nile River - 3.5 million kW; Quebrabassa - the Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the mining and industrial region of Shaba (part of the Copper Belt), the HPP capacity in the section can be increased to 30 million kW.

Agriculture.

Think, what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?

Agriculture is the basis of the African economy, characterized by great backwardness. In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes, pointed sticks. More advanced tools can be found only in large, high-commodity farms. The use of mineral fertilizers is also small. In tropical Africa, a shifting, slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, in which large tracts of land are excluded from agricultural production for many years.

Thus: unsustainable farming system

Low technical equipment

Unregulated grazing

Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental problems. Name them.

development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification(Sahel - a vast natural zone in Africa, located south of the Sahara; violation of the ecological balance in it for reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in plowing of land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as a fuel) Sahel problem - drought and famine,the population is turning into ecological refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural fodder resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.

The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa, the average yield of cereals and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the face of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.

What are the agro-climatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions affect the sectoral structure of agriculture, its location?

Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.

Working with the table (Appendix No. 2)Familiarize yourself with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.

Atlas work.Highlight the specialization and location of animal husbandry.

The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive pasture animal husbandry plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, skins) are exported very limitedly, livestock breeding is low-productive.

Africa's backward agriculture is in need of a radical overhaul.

Transport

By most indicators - the last place. The leaders in the structure of domestic cargo turnover are railways, transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa occupies the 1st place in terms of the overall level of transport development.

Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.

Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca (Morocco)

The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 (it allowed sea vessels with a draft of 8 m), it was deepened and widened more than once.

Marine: Liberia provides "cheap" (or convenient, false) flags.

"Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant maritime tonnage?" (from the exam)

Foreign economic relations

1. International trade

2. Capital import

3. Freight operations (Liberia)

4. Export of labor (to European), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.

Import - 1/3 of machinery and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and foodstuffs.

Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)

Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created: AfDB - African Development Bank

ECA - United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

YOU – East African Community

ECOSAG - Economic Community of West African States

UAE - Organization of African Unity

3. Fixing. Testing on the topic "Africa".

4. Homework pp. 278-281 textbook; questions on page 282.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa".

IN 1

A1 Desertification effect:

A) only human c) only natural factors

B) natural disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors

A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:

A) life expectancy c) natural growth

B) population d) sex and age structure

A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:

A) in the river basin all year round heavy rains fall

b) it originates in the highlands

C) its flow is not regulated by dams and dams

D) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs

A4 In what climatic zone of Africa are constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) in the subtropical c) equatorial

B) tropical d) subequatorial

Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?

A) Ethiopia B) Algeria E) Angola G) Nigeria

B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya

IN 2 Match each type of mineral with the country that specializes in

On their prey:

Minerals country

1) oil A) Morocco

2) copper ores B) Zambia

3) phosphorites B) South Africa

D) Algeria

Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?

A) The predominance of high-value agriculture

B) Weak development of the manufacturing industry

C) Lack of monocultural specialization

D) The predominance of trade and services in the non-manufacturing sector.

С1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in the neighboring country

Niger - negative?

C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, belonging to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains from the south and east. Its subsoil is rich in various minerals. In the extraction of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, this country occupies one of the first places in the world. Its population is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries of the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European origin.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa"

IN 2

A1 Precipitation is significantly higher in South East Africa than in South West Africa.

In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:

A) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers

B) with the existence of a warm current near the eastern shores and a cold one near the western

B) with all the above factors

A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in

A) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes

B) forest-steppes d) deserts

A3 In the eastern part of the mainland is:

A) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth

B) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth

A4 What feature of the historical development of Africa has had the greatest impact on its modern

Appearance a) Africa-mainland of ancient civilizations

B) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development

B) colonial history

D) rich in minerals

B1 Choose the correct statements:

A) industry North Africa tends to coastal areas

B) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,

Cotton

C) Subsistence, consumer agriculture is the main branch of tropical

Africa

D) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.

Write your answer in alphabetical order.

IN 2 Establish a correspondence between each of the indicators characterizing certain types transport, and the country

For which this indicator is typical.

Transport indicator country

1. Takes a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa

Maritime Merchant Fleet B. Maghreb

2. motorway passing along the route B. Liberia

Ancient caravan routes G. Algiers

3. Has 40% of the entire rail network in D. Nigeria

Africa

4. runs a transcontinental gas pipeline

Write in the table the letters corresponding to the selected answers.

Q3 Select the countries where Africa's largest urban agglomerations are located:

A) Egypt B) South Africa

B) Algeria D) Nigeria

C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest exporters of coal?

One of the factors is the presence of large coal reserves. List at least two other factors.

C2 Identify country by description:

“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. In industry, the electric power industry is developed (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. The sea coast, ancient historical, cultural, architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism.

Keys to the final testing on the topic "Economy of Africa".

Profitable EGP

Reducing coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)

Growing demand for coal in the developed world

С2- Egypt

Africa has 12% of the world's cultivated land,

African livestock

It plays an important role in countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria. Animal husbandry is the most backward part of agriculture, characterized by low productivity and marketability. So the average milk yield per cow is about 490 liters per year.

The spread of the tsetse fly has hampered the introduction of mixed farming and livestock farming in the main part of Africa. The traditions of the population, according to which there is an accumulation of livestock (as a measure of wealth), also have a negative effect.

Forest

Africa accounts for 16% of forested area and 15% of reserves hardwood peace. the area of ​​the continent is approximately 630 million hectares. 99% of the forest area is occupied by deciduous and mixed forests. Most of the harvested wood is used for fuel. Only in Côte d'Ivoire and South Africa does the share of industrial timber in harvesting reach 45-55%. Up to 60-70% of the value of timber exports falls on round

TOPIC:General characteristics of the economy of African countries

Target:To identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;

form an idea of ​​some features of the development of subregions

Africa; consider the causes that influenced economic backwardness

mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the exam, consolidating skills

work with tests.

Equipment:presentation for the lesson, economic map of Africa, atlases, handouts.

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Homework review:

Which country in Africa has the largest population?

A country located on an island with an area of ​​600 sq. km.

Countries that lie on the territory of South Africa.

A landlocked country lying on the middle reaches of the Niger River.

A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in the territory occupying 4% of its area.

List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the mainland.

“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the exam) "

Give an assessment of the population of subregions of the mainland, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One of the reasons is favorable natural conditions. Indicate at least two more reasons (from the USE options).

Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Foreign Asia?

Why is the population policy in Africa not carried out or not working?

Exploring a new topic:

Conversation:What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?

There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.

Relate to developing, poor countries; economically developed-South Africa

Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing

minimum per capita income (examples)

the most backward economic structure

What are the reasons for backwardness? (long colonial past)

Working with the textbook, p.279: Name the distinctive features of the colonial structure of the economy.

a) the predominance of a low-commodity, low-productive economy;

b) poor development of the manufacturing industry

c) a strong backlog of transport

d) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services

e) one-sided development of the economy, which manifests itself most often in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.

Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization- narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.

Work with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa

Measures to overcome backwardness in the economy:

Nationalization of natural resources;

agrarian reform;

Economic planning;

Personnel training.

The main task of the peoples of Africa is to gain economic independence, eliminate the one-sided agrarian-raw material structure of the economy and create a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).

The solution of these problems is hampered by the economic policy of the Western powers and the activities of transnational corporations. The American states have a large external debt.

The production structure of the economy of the African region:

agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.

Atlas work.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).

It should be noted that the share of industrial production increased due to:

a) strengthening the primary processing of mineral raw materials in the African countries themselves

b) the development of "dirty industries" removed from developed countries - metallurgy, the chemical industry.

c) creation of export light and food industries

Despite the agrarian nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.

INDUSTRYAtlas work.

Where are the main industrial regions of Africa located?

The industry is characterizedimbalancebetween the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of minerals.

For which types of mineral raw materials does Africa occupy a leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?

In total, in Africa, one can distinguish7 main mining and industrial areas.

Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuel extracted in each mining area. Appendix to lesson number 1.

What branches of the manufacturing industry have received the most development in these countries?

Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in some countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)

Copper Smelter - Zambia, Zaire

Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana

Light industry, mainly cotton

Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); fishing and processing.

The economic development of African countries also depends on the energy base (it is now weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's generated energy, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan hydroelectric power station - river Nile - 3.5 million kW; Quebrabassa - Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the mining and industrial region of Shaba (part of the Copper Belt), the power of the hydroelectric power station in the section can be increased to 30 million kW.

Agriculture.

Think, what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?

Agriculture is the basis of the African economy, characterized bybigbackwardness.In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes, pointed sticks. More advanced tools can be found only in large, high-commodity farms. The use of mineral fertilizers is also small. In tropical Africa, a shifting, slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, in which large tracts of land are excluded from agricultural production for many years.

Thus: unsustainable farming system

Low technical equipment

Unregulated grazing

Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental problems. Name them.

development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification( Sahel- a vast natural zone in Africa, located south of the Sahara; violation of the ecological balance in it for reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in plowing of land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as fuel) Sahel problem - drought and famine,the population is turning into ecological refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural fodder resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.

The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa, the average yield of cereals and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the face of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.

What are the agro-climatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions affect the sectoral structure of agriculture, its location?

Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.

Working with the table (Appendix No. 2)Familiarize yourself with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.

Atlas work.Highlight the specialization and location of animal husbandry.

The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive pasture animal husbandry plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, skins) are exported very limitedly, livestock breeding is low-productive.

Africa's backward agriculture is in need of a radical overhaul.

Transport

By most indicators - the last place. In the structure of domestic freight turnover, railroads are in the lead, transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa occupies the 1st place in terms of the overall level of transport development.

Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.

Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca (Morocco)

The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 (it allowed sea vessels with a draft of 8 m), it was deepened and widened more than once.

Marine: Liberia provides "cheap" (or convenient, false) flags.

"Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant maritime tonnage?" (from the exam)

Foreign economic relations

1. Foreign trade

2. Capital import

3. Freight operations (Liberia)

4. Export of labor (to European), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.

Import- 1\3 machines and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and foodstuffs.

Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)

Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created:AfDB- African Development Bank

ECA- United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

YOU- East African Community

ECOSAG- Economic Community of West African States

UAE- Organization of African Unity

3. Fixing. Testing on the topic "Africa".

4. Homeworkpp. 278-281 of the textbook; questions on page 282.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa".

IN 1

A1 Desertification effect:

a) only human c) only natural factors

b) natural disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors

A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:

a) life expectancy c) natural increase

b) population d) sex and age structure

A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:

a) in the basin of this river, heavy rains fall all year round

b) it originates in the highlands

c) its flow is not regulated by dams and dams

d) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs

A4 In what climatic zone of Africa are constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) in the subtropical c) equatorial

b) tropical d) subequatorial

Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?

A) Ethiopia B) Algeria E) Angola G) Nigeria

B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya

B2 Match each type of mineral with the country that specializes in

On their prey:

Minerals country

1) oil A) Morocco

2) copper ores B) Zambia

3) phosphorites B) South Africa

D) Algeria

Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?

a) The predominance of high-value agriculture

b) Weak development of the manufacturing industry

c) Lack of monocultural specialization

d) The predominance of trade and services in the non-manufacturing sector.

С1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in the neighboring country

Niger - negative?

C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, belonging to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains from the south and east. Its subsoil is rich in various minerals. In the extraction of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, this country occupies one of the first places in the world. Its population is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries of the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European origin.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa"

IN 2

A1 Precipitation is significantly higher in South East Africa than in South West Africa.

In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:

a) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers

b) with the existence of a warm current near the eastern shores and a cold one near the western

c) with all the above factors

A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in

a) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes

b) forest-steppes d) deserts

A3 In the eastern part of the mainland is:

a) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth

b) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth

A4 What feature of the historical development of Africa has had the greatest impact on its modern

appearance a) Africa - the mainland of ancient civilizations

b) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development

c) colonial past

d) wealth in minerals

B1 Choose the correct statements:

a) The industry of North Africa gravitates towards coastal areas

b) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,

cotton

c) Subsistence, consumer agriculture is the main branch of tropical

Africa

d) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.

Write your answer in alphabetical order.

B2 Correlate each of the indicators characterizing individual modes of transport and the country

For which this indicator is typical.

Transport indicator country

1. Takes a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa

Maritime Merchant Fleet B. Maghreb

2. motorway passing along the route B. Liberia

ancient caravan routes G. Algiers

3. Has 40% of the entire rail network in D. Nigeria

Africa

4. runs a transcontinental gas pipeline

Write in the table the letters corresponding to the selected answers.

Q3 Select the countries where Africa's largest urban agglomerations are located:

A) Egypt B) South Africa

B) Algeria D) Nigeria

C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest exporters of coal?

One of the factors is the presence of large coal reserves. List at least two other factors.

C2 Identify country by description:

“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. In industry, the electric power industry is developed (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. The sea coast, ancient historical, cultural, architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism.

Keys to the final testing on the topic "Economy of Africa".

Option 1

C1 - Nigeria is a member of OPEC and Africa's largest oil exporter. The oil and related industries create jobs that attract people from neighboring countries, including those from Niger

С2- South Africa

Option-2

С1- Low production cost

Profitable EGP

Reducing coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)

Growing demand for coal in the developed world

С2- Egypt

Africa covers almost a quarter of the earth's land surface, is the second largest continent, second only to Eurasia in area, and includes 55 states. African land is attractive in industrial plan, because it has many mineral deposits, and is interesting from the point of view of science, because it is supposedly the source of the origin of mankind.

Population

More than a billion people live on the African continent, which is 1/7 of the world's population. This is a multi-ethnic land: several hundred peoples coexist on it. Some of them number more than 5 million people (for example, Egyptians, Algerians, Moroccans), others are on the verge of extinction (such as the Mursi tribe from Ethiopia, the nomadic Masai people from Tanzania, etc.).

The division of state borders in Africa was not the same as on other continents: ethnic characteristics were not taken into account. Ultimately, this led to interethnic conflicts, which still happen today.

Many African countries use the official languages ​​of the former colonizers: French, English and Portuguese. Along with them, the Arabic language has state status (excluding South Africa).

The local population has a unique feature:

• almost everyone living in Africa knows several languages ​​​​and dialects (local for everyday communication, interethnic for contact with other tribes and European for communications with government agencies);
• the literacy rate is only 50% according to 2007 data (northern lands are not taken into account).

Africa has the largest percentage of population growth in the world. According to published statistics, the number of inhabitants of this continent will double by the middle of the 21st century.

The industrial economy of Africa has two key points on which the entire production of the continent is based.

The first is the Witwatersrand, a mountain range. According to ongoing developments, in the rocks of these mountains, there are about 10 g of gold per ton of "bare" land. Pass through the Witwatersrand transport routes communications between the cities of South Africa. The same zone includes the so-called copper belt, which links Angola, Mozambique and Tanzania by rail.

The second key branch unites Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire. Oil and other minerals are mined here.

Thus, the mining industry occupies a leading position on the African continent. In terms of this industry, the mainland is on a par with other states, and monopolizes some markets (for example, gold or diamonds). Despite the impressive success in mining, the manufacturing industry in Africa is in a difficult position: it is represented only by light and food industries.

The continent is also experiencing minor problems with the production of transport: the engineering industry is developing poorly.

African agriculture

Due to the hot climate, low supply of water resources and a large area of ​​desert lands, Africa in the share of world agriculture takes only 3-5%. Although the position of the continent in the production of some crops is very impressive:

• 67% cocoa beans;
• 46% sisal;
• 39% cassava;
• 33% coffee.

On the territory of African states, corn, wheat and rice are actively cultivated. Fiber crops are grown in Nigeria, Egypt and Sudan, and oil palm is grown in tropical Africa.

Fishing is completely undeveloped on the continent: it accounts for 1-2% of all agriculture. Animal husbandry is also in a difficult situation. This is partly due to the spread of the tsetse fly on the lands, which infects cattle and small livestock.

The agrarian system of African lands is curious. Communal landholdings successfully coexist with feudal, cooperative and plantation orders. And despite the small share of agriculture in the world, on its mainland, this industry occupies about 80% of the total GDP.