Folk crafts and crafts of Russia.

Folk art crafts of Russia are an integral part of the national culture. They embody the centuries-old experience of the aesthetic perception of the world, turned to the future, preserving deep artistic traditions that reflect the identity of the cultures of the multinational Russian Federation.

Artistic crafts are both a branch of industry and an area of ​​folk art.

The combination of traditions and innovation, style features and creative improvisation, collective principles and views of an individual, handmade products and high professionalism are the characteristic features of the creative work of craftsmen and craftsmen.

The unique handicrafts of Russia are loved and widely known not only in our country, they are known and highly valued abroad, they have become symbols of Russian culture, Russia's contribution to the world cultural heritage.

In the age of technological progress, machines and automation, standard and unification, handicrafts, made mainly by hand, mostly from natural materials, have acquired special significance.

Types of folk crafts in Russia. Their characteristic

Folk arts and crafts is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But all of them are united by a combination of the practical expediency of products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature.

In Ancient Russia, the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. House, hearth, furniture, tools, clothes, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and an innate sense of beauty. And then ordinary household items became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen used in their work what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, linen, wool. Nature has constantly served as the main source of inspiration for folk craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable.

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportion that have inspired and continue to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink all its depth and spiritual potential.

As the well-known researcher of folk art M.A. Nekrasova notes, in modern conditions “the need of the people for folk art, for its authenticity, spirituality is growing. But finding ways to preserve folk art, to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, its place in modern culture.

The leading creative idea of ​​traditional folk art, based on the assertion of the unity of the natural and human world, tested by the experience of many generations, retains all its significance in the art of modern folk art crafts.

Artistic processing of wood.

The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty since ancient times, awakened creative energy in our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed.

Wood carving is Bogorodsk sculptural and Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya flat-relief carving in the Moscow region; production of products with trihedral serrated threads in the Kirov, Vologda, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Arkhangelsk regions; birch bark carving in the Vologda and Kirov regions.

The traditional art crafts of painting on wood include: Khokhloma, Gorodetsky and Polkhov-Maidansky crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod region; Sergiev Posad painting with burning, painting with burning in the Kirov, Gorky, Kalinin, Irkutsk and a number of other regions; production of products with free brush painting in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. Each of these crafts has its own history and unique features.

Bogorodskaya carving.

Not far from the city of Sergiev Posad near Moscow, there is an old Russian village of Bogorodskoye.

The production of the famous Bogorodsk carved wooden sculpture and toys is concentrated here. Their traditions date back to the 17th century, when carved wooden toys were sold near the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Bogorodsk products are made of soft wood - linden, alder, aspen. The main tools of folk craftsmen were an ax, a special Bogorodsk knife and a set of round chisels of various sizes. The blade of the Bogorodsk knife ends in a triangular bevel and is honed to a razor sharpness.

Over the centuries, the so-called flywheel carving techniques have developed. Any product is cut with a knife "on the fly", immediately clean, quickly, accurately, without any preliminary sketches prepared in drawing or clay.

Bogorodsk toys are interesting not only for carving, but also for their original design. Most often these are toys with movement. Their traditional hero is the Bogorodsk bear - a smart and active bear cub, performing in company with a person.

The Bogorodsk horses are very beautiful, plastic, expressive, quite realistic and at the same time fabulous. The human figures in Bogorodsk compositions are also very expressive. The most traditional among them is the figure of a Russian peasant, representing the classic image of a kind, cunning, skilled Russian peasant.

Artistic products from birch bark.

The traditional type of Russian folk arts and crafts is the manufacture of artistically designed products from birch bark, birch bark. Even in ancient times, birch bark attracted masters of folk art with its dazzling whiteness. When processed, birch bark retained its natural properties: softness, velvety, flexibility and amazing strength, due to which it was used to make vessels for liquids, milk and honey.

It is known that in the wooded territory of Russia - Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Vyatka, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod provinces, as well as in the Urals and Siberia - in Perm, Tobolsk provinces, crafts have developed since ancient times, famous for birch bark products.

A variety of birch bark products of the peoples of Russia can be divided into several groups depending on the method of their manufacture, the nature and size of the birch bark used. First of all, you need to highlight things made from a whole piece of birch bark. They are the simplest in form, they are the easiest to make. These include low wide open vessels - checkmans, boxers, and nabirushkas.

A significant part is represented by wickerwork. These include salt shakers, wicker shoes - brods, covers, bags - shoulder straps. The most complex and time-consuming items of utensils are beetroots, boxes, tueski. The ways of decorating birch bark products are also diverse: scraping, engraving, embossing, carving and painting.

Decoration of birch bark products.

Birch bark embossing is one of the oldest types of birch bark decorations. The technique of drawing a pattern on birch bark with the help of stamps or chasers was widespread. For all its simplicity, embossing makes it possible to achieve a high artistic quality of the product, enriching the original surface of the birch bark with a relief pattern. It represents the simplest geometric shapes - circles, stripes, scallops, stars, evenly spaced on the surface to be decorated.

Depending on the size and type of product, birch bark is cut into strips, plates. The coarsened outer layer is removed from it. Before drawing the pattern, the birch bark is marked with an awl into stripes or cells. The prepared birch bark is placed on the board with the inner layer up. Taking a stamp in the left hand, tightly apply it with a patterned side to the birch bark and, hitting it hard with a hammer, apply a drawing. The depth of the pattern depends on the strength of the impact.

Russian craftsmen used carving on birch bark quite widely. But, perhaps, the most virtuoso was slotted or cut birch bark in the Russian North. By right, the city of Veliky Ustyug in the Vologda region occupies the first place among the traditional folk art crafts of birch bark carving. The craft originated here in the second half of the 18th century and was named after the Shemoksy River, on the banks of which it developed. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. at the city fair, one could buy elegant birch bark snuffboxes, boxes for needlework and storage of games, cigarette cases with embossed landscapes and story scenes. Gradually, the carved images became less relief, more ornamental, openwork, which was influenced by the influence of northern bone carving. At the end of the XIX century. the main stylistic features of Shemogoda carving are formed: openwork-ornamental motifs, spiral curls with a rosette inside. To make the birch bark lace better read, foil or colored paper was placed under the birch bark.

No less famous were the North Russian crafts for painting birch bark products. Among them, tuesas are distinguished, painted with Permogorsk painting, which received its name from the village of Permogorye on the Northern Dvina. The painting of the Permogorsk tuesas is distinguished by a characteristic combination of a white, golden-cream background with a small floral ornament of leaves, curls, flowers, among which various scenes of life are depicted - tea drinking, gatherings, hunting, etc.

Khokhloma painting on wood.

The world-famous Khokhloma products are made mainly in the Nizhny Novgorod region. One enterprise Khokhloma painting located in the city of Semenov, another in the village of Semino (100 km from Nizhny Novgorod). The art of Khokhloma painting originated at the end of the 17th century. It got its name from the village of Khokhloma, where large fairs were held in the past. They sold wooden utensils, mostly painted or otherwise painted.

Khokhloma products - ladles, brothers, spoons, supplies - are made of linden or birch. The so-called "linen" - unpainted wooden blanks, are covered with primer, puttied and smeared with drying oil three to four times, drying each layer. Aluminum powder is applied to the dried surface of the last layer of drying oil. It turns out a shiny "silver" surface. Further, the surface of the Khokhloma product is painted with oil paints with a free brush technique without a preliminary drawing.

The beginning of the production of trays in Zhostovo dates back to 1807. Each tray usually passed through the hands of three people: a farrier who made a mold, a puttyer and a painter, a primer who varnished the product after drying

The Zhostovo letter begins with a "painting" - drawing the silhouettes of flowers and leaves with bleached paint, then shadows are applied to the dried painting with glazing (transparent) paints. This technique of "shadow" immerses the bouquet in the depth of the background. This is followed by "dense body writing", the most important stage of painting. "Glare" - the imposition of highlights - reveals the volume and light, completes the modeling of forms. Next, the "drawing" places the details, outlines the petals, veins and seeds. Completes the letter "binding" - thin grass and antennae.

Expanding the means of expression, Zhostov's painters are developing new ways of ornamental painting. Thus, a new technique of “smoking” appeared, with the help of which a pattern was applied to the surface of the tray, reminiscent of the pattern of a tortoise shell.

In addition to black and white backgrounds, trays are painted on both colored and gold backgrounds. Bronze or aluminum powder is applied to the surface of the tray. Translucent through a layer of varnish, it creates the effect of gold. Against a golden background, the colors acquire a special brightness, and the tray is given the appearance of an expensive item.

Over the course of its history, Zhostovo trays from a household item have become decorative panels, and the craft, which once served as an aid to agriculture, has acquired the status of a unique type of Russian folk art.

Folk ceramics.

Ceramics - various items from baked clay. They are made by potters. Wherever there were natural reserves of clay suitable for processing, master potters made bowls, jugs, dishes, flasks and other items widely used in everyday life by people of various shapes and decor.

Ceramics include majolica, terracotta, porcelain, earthenware, which differ from each other in the composition of clays.

Majolica is called products made of pottery clay, covered with colored opaque glazes - enamels.

Terracotta is fired clay products not covered with glazes.

Porcelain is distinguished by the composition of the mass, which includes white clay - kaolin of high melting point, or feldspar, which gives porcelain products whiteness, thin walls, and transparency.

Faience is close to porcelain, but does not have its whiteness and transparency, it has a thicker shard.

Gzhel ceramics. In Gzhel, Rechitsy, Turygin and other villages of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region, there has long been a production of ceramic products, which was carried out by almost the entire population of local villages.

Already in the XVII century. Gzhel craftsmen were famous for their pottery, and the clay they used was of high quality.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel masters began to produce products using the majolica technique, painted on raw enamel. Dishes, kvass, jugs they decorated with elegant painting of green, yellow, purple tones. They depicted flowers, trees, architecture, entire plot scenes.

Vessels were also decorated with sculpture: conditionally transferred human figures, birds, animals. Sculpture was performed separately.

In the second half of the 18th century, cobalt was a favorite material in the painting of Gzhel masters. The combination of a white background with blue underglaze painting has become typical for modern masters working in the Gzhel production association.

The ornament that adorns Gzhel products is vegetable. Flowers, herbs, curved stems with leaves, ears of corn have been reworked into decorative ones. Hand painting is characterized by the freshness and immediacy of the drawing, freely and easily located on the surface of the thing. Painting a brushstroke depends on the movement of the hand. The craftswomen of the Gzhel handicraft, painting by hand, gradually created their own creative style. Repeating, it would seem, the same types of painting when replicating products, they always bring something new.

Skopinsky ceramics. The city of Skopin, Ryazan region, is a well-known center of folk pottery. In the middle of the 19th century there were more than 50 workshops in Skopin. But Skopin's fame was created by vessels of complex bizarre shapes made by local potters, candlesticks in the form of figures of fantastic animals and birds. Vessels were richly decorated with sculptural images of fantastic animals, lions, dragons. These images were often borrowed from popular prints - drawings with themes and plots close to the common people, which were usually sold at fairs.

Complicated, richly designed forms were made by craftsmen by hand, on a potter's wheel. This was reflected in the virtuoso mastery of material and technique. The variety of forms of things and sculptural fabulous images testifies to the inexhaustible imagination of the masters. Skopinsky products are usually covered with green and yellow-brown glazes. Intense color, an abundance of sculptural decorations and whimsical forms impart expressiveness and vivid originality to Skopin's art.

The craftsmanship and imagination of Skopino craftsmen are manifested in the creation of vessels, jugs, casks for pickles, fruit vases, etc. Today, this craft is developing based on established traditions, but the shapes of the vessels have become less complex and bizarre.

Dymkovo toy. A toy from the Dymkovo settlement, located near the city of Vyatka, gained great fame. The origin of this craft is associated with the ancient folk festival "Whistle", for which throughout the winter the craftswomen prepared various whistles in the form of horses, riders, cows, birds. The spring festival was accompanied by a brisk trade in whistles. Their bright colorful painting corresponded to the general joyful spring mood.

Toys were molded from local red clay, fired, then covered with chalk soil diluted with milk. On a white background, the toy was painted with aniline paints diluted on an egg. The colors of these colors amaze with their strength, festivity. Bright crimson, yellow, blue painting on a white background is enriched with ornaments in the form of dots, circles, tassels. The combination of several colors in one product requires special skills from the craftswoman. Sometimes the pattern was covered with pieces of gold leaf, which made the products even more elegant.

The images of Dymkovo toys reflect urban life. Ladies and gentlemen, wet nurses, nannies, fashionistas, daring riders are distinguished by their bright colors, special expressiveness, bright festivity and humor. The form of products, as well as painting, is conditional.

Over time, the Dymkovo toy is widely used in everyday life as a decorative ornament. In this regard, the size of the products of Dymkovo craftswomen is also significantly enlarged. Often there are multi-figured compositions depicting folk festivals and holidays.

The Dymkovo toy is close to the people for its accurate depiction of characters, wit, and a sense of the joy of life. This is an enduring value and uniqueness.

Kargopol toy. The city of Kargopol in the Arkhangelsk region is the center of the traditional Russian folk art craft of clay toys. Its origin in Kargopol is associated with rich local deposits of clay, which determined its widespread development already in the 19th century. Here they made dishes, and along with it toys: horses, deer, rams, etc. In 1930, the hereditary potter I. V. Druzhinin revived the tradition of clay toys here. His painted toys are marked by unity of style; peasant women, hunters are presented with amazing sharpness of character; animals - horses, cows, etc. - endowed with individual characteristics. They are squat, restrained in color.

Kargopol toys were molded in parts: a skirt was put on the torso, legs were attached. The toys were fired and covered with white paint.

The cheerful Polkan the hero with the sign of the sun on the chest of the craftswoman and storyteller M Babkina is endowed with great power. His image is associated with ancient Slavic mythology.

The craftswoman retained the traditional techniques of modeling and painting. Kargopol ornament consists of geometric patterns, a cross in a circle - the sun, circles, diamonds, zigzags, which had a symbolic meaning.

Kargopol masters use soft colors: red, yellow, brown, marsh, crimson.

Filimonov toy. The village of Filimonovo in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region is the center of traditional Russian clay toys. The origin of the craft is associated with the long-standing production of pottery. Since the 19th century Filimonov's toy becomes widely known. These are toys, mainly whistles, in the form of animal figures, decorated with geometric patterns. In 1967, a workshop was created in Filimonovo. The traditional Filimonovo toy is based on the plastic qualities of oily clay "siniki". After the clay dries, the toys crack; the cracks on them are smoothed out, giving the figures a more elongated shape. When fired, the natural blue-black color changes to white. Therefore, the background of the toy is painted with aniline paints diluted on the egg: red, yellow, green, blue, purple. The geometric ornament consists of stripes, solar signs. Often, female figures are painted not only with stripes, but also with flowers, rosettes, and triangles. Modern masters have preserved traditional forms of color combinations and ornaments in their work.

Lace weaving.

Russian hand-woven lace has been known in the history of our folk art crafts since the end of the 18th century. Hand lace-making arose and took shape immediately as a folk craft, without going through the stage of home craft. Western European lace began to penetrate Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries; it served as a decoration for the clothes of nobles and landowners. With the spread of fashion for lace and lace trimmings, many noblemen set up serf lace-making workshops. Early lace, dating back to the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, was often made of gold and silver threads with the addition of pearls.

Hand-woven lace is made using bobbins carved from wood. In front of the lace maker is a tightly stuffed cushion - a pillow. A pattern of future lace, applied to thick paper, is fixed on the pillow. In the figure-skolka, dots indicate the places where the threads intersect and intertwine. In the hands of the lace maker from 6 to 12 pairs of bobbins with linen, cotton or silk thread.

Vologda lace. With their density, whiteness and patterning, they are very reminiscent of frosty patterns on glass and hoarfrost in the forest on trees in the dead of winter, on a quiet frosty day.

The basis of Vologda lace is a dense “linen ribbon”, which, because it twists so whimsically, outlining various forms of lace ornament, is also called “vilyushka”. For Vologda lace, a floral ornament is typical. The motif of a symmetrically deployed lush bush with wide palmate leaves and frontal six, eight - and more petal flowers-rosettes forms a wide patterned border of a lace product. The gratings have a harmonious, rhythmically perfect character, they give the impression of strength and reliability. The assortment of Vologda lace is very diverse, it includes round napkins, runners, tablecloths, decorated wall panels, window curtains, curtains.

Mikhailovsky lace. Of great interest is the lace produced in the city of Mikhailov, Ryazan province. Here they performed dense lace, made of thick threads, not only white, but also multi-colored, bright. It went well with the colorful outfits of Russian peasants. It was worn on their shirts not only by women, but also by men. They were sheathed with women's aprons, towels, sheets. It had a simple appearance of pointed teeth - "capes", fan-shaped figures, the so-called bells. Only three colors of thread were used in lace: white, red and blue, but they were so skillfully combined that each piece of lace seemed colorful in a new way. In the 1950s, noticeable changes took place in the appearance of Mikhailovsky lace. Patterns are strengthened, new colors are introduced. These changes are largely associated with the name of a talented artist - a lace maker. D.A. Smirnova. For the first time, images of human figures appear in her works. D.A. Smirnova with craftswomen seeks to preserve the beauty of color patterns as a unique phenomenon of Russian folk art.

Embroidery is one of the most widespread types of folk art.

The ornamentation of folk embroidery has its roots in ancient times. It preserved traces of the time when people spiritualized the surrounding nature. And placing on their clothes and household items images of the sun, the tree of life, birds, a female figure, as symbols of vitality, happiness, fertility, they believed that they would bring prosperity to the house.

In the process of historical development, each nation developed a certain character of the embroidered pattern, peculiar techniques of technical implementation, unique color solutions.

Embroidery is not required complex equipment- a needle, thread, canvas - that's all you need to embroider and sew clothes, make elegant items to decorate your home. Embroidery was widely used in everyday life of both rural and urban population. Many types of embroidery were actively used to decorate clothes and household items of the wealthy part of the population.

Of particular value is peasant embroidery, where it was associated with the creativity of the inhabitants of the countryside. It was in this embroidery that artistic and stylistic features were formed, which have not lost their value even today.

The embroidery of the peoples of our country is extremely diverse in terms of artistic and technical methods, the nature of use in everyday life. In any federal and autonomous republic, territory, region, district, there are unique works of talented embroiderers.

The process of formation of modern stitch-embroidery crafts is ambiguous. In each locality, it is associated with the way of life, the development of a common cultural tradition, the degree of mutual influence of the cultures of neighboring peoples. At present, embroidery has received a particularly wide development at the enterprises of art crafts in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Gold embroidery was previously used to make religious items, as well as to decorate headdresses. Such embroidery was typical for the Nizhny Novgorod, Tver, Vologda and many other regions. However, this embroidery is most developed in Torzhok, where the craftswomen managed to bring their art of gold embroidery to our days. Here, labor-intensive techniques of this sewing are used: forged seam, cast seam, in attachment, etc. To achieve a great effect of the relief of the pattern, when it was made, pieces of cardboard, birch bark or leather were placed under the flooring.

The modern Torzhok gold-embroidery industry of the Tver region is unique, where, preserving traditional techniques, elegant items are made - belts, handbags, hats, vests, folders for special occasions.

A wide variety of patterns were used in gold embroidery - from simple stripes, eyelets, stars to complex compositions of floral ornaments. As before, gold embroidery is supplemented with sequin patches and the inclusion of a wide variety of sparse seams, which are especially often used when making additions to a costume - scarves, shawls, breast decorations.

A kind of embroidery was developed in the Vladimir region. This is a thin white smooth surface with all kinds of banners and openwork additions and bright decorative embroidery - the so-called Vladimir seams.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.
Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Every work of the master praises - it’s hard to disagree with this, looking at the “branded” things of Russian masters, which fell in love not only at home, but also fell in love far beyond its borders ...

Dymkovo toy

Bright and elegant Dymkovo toy has become a symbol of the Vyatka land. This is one of the oldest Russian crafts, which Vyatka craftsmen have been doing for 400 years. The appearance of the toy is associated with the spring holiday Whistle, when clay whistles in the form of lambs, horses, goats or ducks came out of the hands of the women of the Dymkovo settlement.
In the 1930s, not only a large number of variations of a spring toy on the theme of everyday and fairy tales, but many new ornaments and color combinations. Each toy is unique and unique, because it is molded and painted by the master every time anew. At the same time, there are no analogues of this clay miracle in the world.

Orenburg shawl

This unsurpassed thing is knitted from goat down and cotton, silk or other threads that form its basis. Knitting from down in Orenburg began in the 18th century. Abroad for the first time Orenburg down scarf was presented in 1857 at the Paris international exhibition. Beauty and grace conquered the European public. These scarves are the same integral part of the original Russian wardrobe as earflaps. Hats with earflaps have been worn in Russia for centuries, and today this headdress does not lose its relevance.

The French in the 18th-19th centuries imported tens of thousands of pounds of Orenburg down, which was placed higher than Kashmir. Shawl, gossamer and stole - the three main varieties Orenburg shawl. The main quality criteria - the handkerchief must pass through the ring and fit in the goose egg. The best "webs" are knitted today in the villages of Shishma and Zheltoye of the Saraktash region.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Gusevskoy crystal

Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, fine jewelry, caskets, figurines handmade reflect the beauty of native nature, its customs and native Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.

Ural malachite

Despite the fact that malachite is mined not only in the Urals, this green mineral with a unique pattern is considered a "Russian" stone, because it is Ural malachite that surpasses the rest in its splendor: "on the surface, like velvet, but in a break, like satin." From the Urals, the generally accepted all over the world stone processing technique, called "Russian mosaic", also went. Russian tsars also liked to present malachite products. So, Alexander I gave Napoleon a table, a vase and a candelabra made of malachite. Unfortunately, today in the Urals there are almost no true craftsmen left who can create masterpieces like the vases of Halberg and Stackenschneider, the tabletops of Montferrand or the malachite columns of Bryullov.

Matryoshka

A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.
Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collectible that can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Tula samovar

In the 60s of the XVIII century, the gunsmith Fyodor Lisitsyn decided to organize an enterprise in Tula for the production of pots and "devices for heating water." Soon, not a single fair passes without the participation of this product of Tula masters. Along the Oka, “pot-bellied handsome men” traveled all over Russia. Interestingly, the price of the product was determined by its weight. Despite the variety of shapes and designs, any samovar had the same device - the walls of the pallet, jug, faucet, handles. Often, the whole family participated in the manufacture of the samovar - in this way, the older craftsmen passed on their experience and skills to the younger ones.
In 1829, at the St. Petersburg exhibition, Tula was awarded a small silver medal. Today, Tula samovars are not only an indispensable attribute of Russian tea drinking, but also genuine works of art that glorified Tula not only in home country but also far beyond.

Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark

Products made of birch bark by masters of the Vologda region are filled with unusual warmth. The popularity of birch bark among our ancestors is not accidental - it is a very light, durable and strong material. Dishes, baskets, tuesas, boxes, jewelry, clothes and shoes were made from birch bark. The most popular was the Shemogoda slotted birch bark, which got its name from the Shemoksy River, which flows below the Veliky Ustyug of the Vologda province. Openwork of floral ornament, intricately intertwined stems, flowers, leaves and berries - this makes the traditional pattern of Veliky Ustyug birch bark lace inimitable.

Khokhloma painting

Probably, Khokhloma painting appeared in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma, on the left bank of the Volga. However, there large quantities and other versions of the appearance of this ancient folk craft. Traditional juicy rowan berries in gilded leaves on a black background can hardly leave you indifferent. Later, images of birds, fish and animals were added with floral ornaments. This type of decorative painting was used to decorate dishes and furniture. Cups, bowls, bowls, and, of course, wooden spoons - that's just small part assortment with Khokhloma painting.
Khokhloma products are valued not only for their beauty, but also for their amazing practicality. In such dishes, you can serve okroshka and bring tea, and not worry that the colors will fade or the varnish will crack. Today, the Nizhny Novgorod village of Kovernino is considered the birthplace of Khokhloma. Khokhloma painting is a unique phenomenon not only for Russia, but for the entire world of art

Tula gingerbread

Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Russia - neither cheerful nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional form is given to the gingerbread with the help of a board with a carved ornament.

gzhel

Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still objects painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a handkerchief manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.
Now original drawings are complemented by various elements such as fringe, created in different colors and remain a great accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid. They clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have rapidly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This kind applied arts originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.
Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Palekh caskets

A small town in the Ivanovo region of Palekh has long been famous for icon painting. Since the time of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, small Easter egg icons have been in great demand, which could be easily hidden. In the middle of the 17th century, Palekh works reached Moscow, and the masters began to be invited to work - the Faceted Chamber in the Kremlin, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the Novodevichy Convent were decorated with Palekh icons. In the 20th century, Palekh masters were forced to change the plot focus of their works - Pushkin's fairy tales, scenes from village life, revolutionary motives. At this time, an artel was created, which transferred lacquer painting to papier-mâché. Exquisite works of Palekh masters - cigarette cases and brooches, boxes and notebooks, caskets and famous caskets - are becoming known all over the world.

The emergence of the craft falls on the beginning of human production activities. Since ancient times, the beginnings of

The concept of crafts

Craft is production activity, based on the manufacture of industrial items with the help of small manual labor, prevailing before the development of machine production and preserved with it.

A person who is engaged in the professional manufacture of items is called an artisan.

What is folk craft

Folk crafts are called items that are made using ordinary materials at hand and simple designs. Folk crafts are diverse in their creative activity, products are made by hand and most often from natural materials or close to them (wood, fabrics, metal, etc.). This type of activity was formed from home crafts, when the necessary household items were made. Like art, folk crafts have evolved depending on culture, religion, and sometimes political views.

History of the craft

The craft has a long history of origin. Primitive communities were most often engaged in domestic crafts, making objects from stone, bone, clay, wood, etc. Home craft is the production of products necessary for housekeeping. In some places, even today, this activity is of great importance.

Later, people began to lead artisans appeared. Many artisans worked on the farmlands of kings, temples, monasteries and slave owners ( Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece and countries of Mesopotamia). Initially, the craftsman worked alone, but since this gave small income, the masters began to unite in groups. These groups were called artels and took orders from the population. Some of the masters went to towns and villages, while others lived and worked in one place. Crafts and handicrafts to order gave rise to the emergence and development of cities as centers of handicrafts and trade. To this day in many settlements the names of streets indicating the place of work of this or that master have been preserved. For example, Pottery - it was organized the production of Tannery - leather processing, production of leather products, shoe repair, Brick - production of bricks.

A form of professional craft appeared. A new social stratum appeared in the cities - these are urban artisans. The main branches of urban craft were: the manufacture of metal objects, cloth-making, the production of glassware, etc. Urban craftsmen had such privileges as city law, craft workshops, and their own freedom.

With the advent, many types of crafts have lost their primacy in production, factories and factories began to use machines. Today, artisans have survived in industries that serve the personal needs of customers, and in the manufacture of expensive artistic products (shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, artists, etc.).

The history of the development of crafts in Russia

The population of Russian cities mainly consisted of artisans. Most of them were engaged in blacksmithing. Later, metalwork was formed from blacksmithing. His products were in great demand in Europe. The production of weapons has singled out craftsmen for the manufacture of bows, guns, quivers, etc. The armor of Russian artisans was considered an order of magnitude higher than Turkish, Syrian and Italian.

According to information from the annals, in 1382 there were already cannons in Russia. In the 14th century, foundry business (casting of bells) was formed. With the invasion of the Mongols, production fell into decay.

Jewelry craftsmanship served the needs of the aristocracy. The surviving items (icons, golden belts, crockery, book bindings) testify to the high professionalism of jewelers in engraving, artistic casting, forging, niello and embossing. In the 14th century, it began in several Russian principalities, which formed a money craft. Leather, shoemaking and pottery were designed for the market and a wide range of customers. Clay was used to make various utensils, toys and Construction Materials. In addition, stone churches were built in Moscow and other cities (mainly of white stone) and chiming tower clocks were installed.

The works of the craftsmen made a great contribution to the restoration of the destruction after the Tatar-Mongol conquests. Russian crafts influenced the preparation of economic prerequisites for the creation of a Russian centralized state.

Since 1917, the number of artisans in Russia has declined sharply, they have united in trade cooperation. However, even now Russian crafts include several world-famous folk art crafts.

Various types and kinds of crafts

Types of crafts are formed from the material from which the object is made. For a long time people know such crafts as:

blacksmith craft

This is one of the first occupations that appeared in Russia. People have always marveled at the work of a blacksmith. They could not understand how the master made such amazing objects from gray metal. For many peoples, blacksmiths were considered almost wizards.

Previously, blacksmithing required special knowledge and a specially equipped workshop with many tools. Metal was smelted from which were mined in spring and autumn. Old Russian blacksmiths made sickles, coulters, scythes for farmers, and spears, swords, axes, arrows for warriors. In addition, the household always needed knives, keys and locks, needles, etc.

Nowadays, technical progress has somewhat changed and improved blacksmithing, but it is still in demand. Offices, apartments, country houses, parks, squares are decorated with artistic forging, it is especially in demand in landscape design.

jewelry craft

Jewelry craft is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. Products made of gold, silver and precious stones have long been considered a sign of power and wealth of the aristocratic class. Back in the 10th - 11th centuries, jewelry masters were famous for their talent throughout Europe. Since ancient times, people have been passionate admirers of jewelry. Beads were made from precious metals or colored glass, pendants with various patterns (usually of animals), silver temporal rings that were hung from a headdress or woven into a hairstyle, rings, kolts, etc.

In the 18th century, jewelry art flourished in Russia. Just at this time, the profession of "gold and silversmith" began to be called "jeweler". In the 19th century, Russian masters had their own style, thanks to which Russians are now jewelry remain unique. The famous firms of the Grachev brothers, Ovchinnikov and Faberge began their work.

Nowadays, due to the growth of prosperity, the population is more and more in need of highly artistic jewelry.

pottery

It is known that from the 10th century, earthenware was produced in Russia. This was done by hand, and mostly by female hands. To increase the strength and durability of the product, small shells, sand, quartz, granite, and sometimes plants and fragments of ceramics were mixed with clay.

A little later, they appeared, which made the work of the potters easier. The circle was set in motion by the hand, and then by the feet. At the same time, men began to engage in pottery.

Pottery reached industrial scale in the 18th century. In St. Petersburg, and a little later in Moscow, ceramic factories appeared.

Items made by modern potters are still amazing. Today, pottery is a popular occupation in many regions of Russia, and the demand for ceramic products handmade is constantly increasing.

This presentation consists of two parts and allows you to make a virtual journey through the expanses of Russia.

• to acquaint students with folk crafts as a form of folk art;
• to acquaint with the production of art products dating back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts;
• develop curiosity;
• to cultivate love for the Motherland, respect for work.

The 1st part tells about various folk crafts and artistic crafts. In the 2nd part, students will "visit" the glorious Russian city of Gorodets and find out which city was called the "Russian toy capital" or "the capital of the toy kingdom."

The material can be used in the lessons of the world around, visual arts and in extracurricular activities.

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Folk crafts of Russia

Folk crafts are one of the forms of folk art, the production of artistic products that date back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts. Later handicrafts worked for the market, as well as private workshops.

Crafts of Russian masters, technologies that have been passed down from generation to generation. These are unique, high-quality products that affect different groups of folk crafts: Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Pavlovo-Posad shawls, Orenburg downy shawl, caskets, samovars, nesting dolls. "Folk crafts of Russia"

Folk arts and crafts. Clay products. Painting on wood. Metal products. Papier-mâché product. Lace. Bone carving.

Clay product. Dymkovo toy. The height of the toy is 20-25 cm. Roosters, ladies, and nannies are considered traditional Dymkovo toys. Dymkovo toy.

Russian art craft, formed in the Tula region. The bulk of the products of craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters. Filimonov toy

Gzhel. Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian centers ceramic production.

Painting on wood. Khokhloma painting originated in the 17th century (Nizhny Novgorod region). It is performed in black and red (and also, occasionally, green, yellow) on a golden background.

Stages of Khokhloma painting. Product preparation. Semi-finished primer. Painting. Varnish coating. Furnace hardening.

Birch bark Birch bark is an integral part of our cultural heritage, it's part of our history. Birch bark is the outer layer of golden birch bark. This is a surprisingly plastic and environmentally friendly natural material from which you can make a variety of items.

In the villages of Polokhov-Maidan in the Nizhny Novgorod Region, they make brightly painted tarerushka toys - these are nesting dolls, three-piece horses, caskets, mushrooms, vases, salt shakers. Polokhov-Maidan painting.

Spoon fishing. This craft (an additional source of income) was engaged in by peasants who lived on marginal lands (Arkhangelsk, Novgorod, Vladimir).

Russian nesting dolls A toy in the form of a painted doll, inside of which there are smaller dolls similar to it. The invention of the Russian matryoshka is attributed to the turner V.P. Zvezdochkin in the 1890s, and the professional artist S.V. Malyutin was the author of the first painting.

art craft of wood carving, formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow. Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

Bogorodskaya toy - Russian folk craft of carved toys and sculptures from soft woods (linden, alder, aspen). settlement Bogorodskoe, Moscow region from the 16th-18th centuries. Bogorodsk carving

Gorodets is one of the small historical cities of Russia, the oldest city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It stands on the high left bank of the Volga, 60 km upriver from Nizhny Novgorod. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, Gorodets was a major center for the sale of handicrafts. In the surrounding villages, pottery, horse arcs, sledges, and children's toys were made. Here, in the 1870s, a plot painting on spinning wheels appeared - the famous "Gorodets painting" Gorodets

Work samples

Gorodets pattern.

Painting on metal. - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays. Since the 19th century, trays have been made in the village of the Moscow province - Zhostovo. Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo trays The village of Zhostovo is famous for the fact that no one can paint flowers on iron trays better than local craftsmen. The classic Zhostovo tray is large and juicy garden and wild flowers surrounded by fresh foliage.

A special kind of applied art that uses enamel in combination with metal. Enamels are stained with metal salts: gold additives give the glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green one. The birthplace of enamel is Rostov. Enamel

Papier-mâché product. In Fedoskino, Palekh, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for a traditional lacquer miniature. They make dummies, masks from papier-mâché, study guides, toys, theatrical props, boxes.

Folk craft, developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. Lacquer miniature on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle beds are usually painted. Palekh miniature

The production of papier-mâché products arose in 1795, when the merchant P.I. The favorite motifs for painting by the Fedoskino miniaturists were subjects popular at that time: “troikas”, “tea parties”, scenes from Russian and Little Russian peasant life. Fedoskino painting

If we talk about lace, then we cannot ignore the city of Vologda - the oldest center of lace craft. Vologda lace resembles a precious web. The art of lace will never be forgotten, this fragile charm never ceases to touch the hearts of people, captivating with its beauty. Vologda lace

Russian doll The Russian doll is considered one of the most mysterious symbols of Russia. This is not just a children's toy, it is an essential attribute of ancient rituals. Our ancestors believed that dolls were able to drive away evil spirits and bring happiness to the house.

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Folk crafts of Central Russia

- this is one of the forms of folk art, the production of artistic products that date back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts. Later handicrafts worked for the market, as well as private workshops. Folk crafts

Wooden crafts. Clay products. Folk art crafts Folk crafts of Russia

Wooden products Khokhloma painting Semyonov toy. Zagorsk matryoshka. Polokhov-Maidan painting Gorodets painting Bogorodsk toy

Folk arts and crafts are based on collective creativity and trade relations that develop the local cultural tradition. Crafts have existed in Russia since the time of Kievan Rus. The basis for them was home production, handmade products. The cultural tradition passed by succession from father to son, from master to master.

Gorodets Gorodets is one of the small historical cities of Russia, the oldest city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It stands on the high left bank of the Volga, 60 km upriver from Nizhny Novgorod.

Gorodets In ancient times, Gorodets on the Volga was called small Kitezh. He was famous for the craftsmen - "Domoviks", whose main business was the construction of houses. The houses were covered with carvings from the very ridge to the mound. Gingerbread boards were also created here for printing gingerbread - wedding, funeral, birthday.

Gorodets The image of a horse is ancient, associated with the cult of the sun. An ancient man thought and believed that if you draw the sun in the form of an animal, or a red circle, or a flower, or make it in the form of a horse and always have it around, then they will protect it from troubles and misfortunes. They will bring prosperity and joy to the house. It is no coincidence that in everyday life they began to depict horses on towels, on baby cradles, and made the horse the main toy.

The motif "horse" "horse" is a symbol of the sun, wishes of happiness.

In the XVIII century. there is a center for the production of spinning donets and toys. Peasants took their products to sell at the fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting made on these products was called Gorodetskaya.

With the help of simple tools - a knife and an ax, "harnesses" were cut out - horses with a wagon and with a proud bend of the neck, wheelchairs, dolls from a log split in half, flat on the front side and voluminous on the back. The toys were brightly painted in the style of Gorodets painting. In the 19th century, in the villages around Gorodets, spinning wheel craftsmen also made wooden painted toys.

Here, in the 1870s, a plot painting on spinning wheels appeared - the famous "Gorodets painting" Gorodetsky pattern.

The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in the villages located on the banks of the clear and bright river Uzora. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye.

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, Gorodets was a major center for the sale of handicrafts. In the surrounding villages, pottery, horse arcs, sledges, and children's toys were made.

Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns - roses and peonies), made with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

COMPOSITION flower painting; motif "horse" or "bird"; plot painting.

Gorodetsky master of painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets. Where the plot allows, the master willingly uses the motif of a magnificent curtain, picked up by a cord with tassels. The decorativeness of motifs is emphasized by the decorativeness of color and techniques.

Flower painting "Rhombus" "GARLAND" "STRIP" "WREATH"

"Bird" motif Images of "rooster" and "hen" symbolize family well-being, wishing the family many children.

Story painting. Favorite backgrounds are bright green or intense red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which the multi-colored Gorodetsky color splashes especially juicy.

In the characterization of the plot, whitened tones give rich shades of color transitions. The painting is done with a brush, without a preliminary drawing, with a free and juicy stroke. Elements of Gorodets painting

Sergiev Posad and its environs have long been considered historical center toy business in Russia. Sometimes it was called the "Russian toy capital" or "the capital of the toy kingdom." Toys were made in many surrounding villages. Bogorodsk toy

Not far from Sergiev Posad lies the village of Bogorodskoe. Since ancient times, carving of toys has been carried out here. IN skillful hands carvers, aspen, linden or birch chocks turn into wonderful figures. Auguste Rodin - an outstanding sculptor of France - at a meeting with Russian artists in 1910, taking the toy "Blacksmiths", he said: "The people who created this toy are a great people." Bogorodsk products are unpainted, preserving the natural color of the tree, and less often - painted.

Indeed, crafts have common roots: the traditions of ancient pillar-like plastics and the school of volumetric, relief carving on wood at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, known since the 15th century. The toy crafts of Sergiev Posad and the village of Bogorodsky are called by experts as two branches on one trunk.

The legend of how the craft of the Bogorodsk toy was born tells that St. Sergius himself made the first wooden toy. As if in his free time from prayers and labors, he carved birds, skates from linden and gave them "for blessing" to children.

According to folk legend, a long time ago a family lived in the village. The mother decided to amuse the little children. She cut out an “auka” figurine from a block of logs. The children rejoiced, played and threw the "auka" on the stove. Once the husband began to gather for the bazaar and said: “I’ll take the “auka” and show it to the traders in the bazaar.” "Auka" bought and ordered more. Since then, carving of toys has been carried out in Bogorodskoye. And she began to be called garden.

Olga Yazykova
Folk crafts of Russia

TOPIC: FOLK CRAFTS OF RUSSIA

Target: Formation of ideas about diversity folk crafts of Russia.

Tasks:

1. Introduce the history of origin and features of some handicrafts(Gzhel, Khokhloma, Dymkovo toy, Gorodets painting, Zhostovo painting)

2. Develop figurative thinking.

3. Cultivate aesthetic taste.

Equipment: Slide show « Folk crafts» , pictures depicting different crafts, name cards crafts.

Lesson progress:

I. Introductory talk

Guys, look at the items that I have prepared for you. (table in Khokhloma painting, wooden spoons, etc.)

-Russia from time immemorial it has been famous for its craftsmen, people who are able to create and create real beauty with their own hands. Through art handicrafts linking the past with the present.

Folk crafts of Russia represented by a variety directions: production of porcelain, decorative painting, making clay toys, knitting downy shawls. IN Russian works of art crafts lives the soul of the people.

In many families you can find dishes, furniture, scarves, nesting dolls made folk artists. Russian products handicrafts can be seen in the largest museums in the world. Skillful craftsmen - blacksmiths, potters, artists, weavers, carvers - glorified the whole world with their work small towns and villages, where their unique trades. Works Russian masters have long gained worldwide fame. Guests who come to our country must take with them products as a keepsake folk craftsmen.

Today our lesson will be devoted to getting to know folk crafts of Russia.

On the board you see pictures with the image handicrafts. Many of them are familiar to you, you may even know the names of some of them. Notice how they differ (material, color, ornament).

Let's try to figure it out.

II.Main part

Viewing a presentation « Folk crafts of Russia»

1) Dymkovo toy

Dymkovo toy - Russian folk craft, which originated in the settlement of Dymkovo, near the city of Vyatka. Dymkovo toys are made from clay. Basically, these are ladies, buffoons, smart turkeys and roosters. For painting, the masters use bright colors, simple geometric shapes serve as patterns.

2) Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting - Russian folk craft, originated in the area of ​​​​the city of Gorodets. Gorodets painting often uses the image of a horse, which is a symbol of wealth, and the image of a bird, a symbol of happiness.

3) Gzhel painting

Gzhel - old folk craft. The first Gzhel masters fired ceramic dishes in kilns and called them "zhgel" or "Gzhel". The dishes were covered with white enamel and painted in blue tones. Later, they began to paint porcelain items using cobalt blue for this.

4) Khokhloma

Khokhloma - old folk craft, originated in the district of Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red on a golden background. Khokhloma painting is characterized by vegetative ornament: flowers, leaves and berries.

5) Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting - folk art craft, which originated in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow Region. Zhostovo masters painted metal trays different shapes. They paint on a black background, using a bouquet of garden and wild flowers as the main motive.

III. Now let's look at the pictures on the board again. What kind folk crafts are presented on them? (Children call folk craft, the teacher hangs out cards with the name). What is characteristic of each type of painting? (A poem is read about each type of painting).

There is a settlement on Vyatka

It is called Dymkovo.

There at the fair in the spring

Toys are waiting for you and me.

ladies and men,

Piglets, turkeys.

All brightly dressed

Colorfully decorated.

Love them both young and old.

Gorodets painting - how can we not know it.

Here and hot horses, valiant to become.

There are bouquets here that cannot be described.

Here such plots, what can not be said in a fairy tale.

It's hard to believe: really

Just two colors? Miracles.

That's how artists from Gzhel

Heaven is applied to the snow!

Khokhloma, Khokhloma!

Whole people are crazy!

Bright, radiant, golden patterns!

Carved spoons and ladles

Take a look, don't rush.

There the grass curls and flowers

Grow unearthly beauty.

They shine like gold

Or maybe sun-drenched.

Red-scarlet buds

Leaves drown in emeralds.

Forget-me-nots and peonies

Roses frame the whirlpool.

Is on the Zhostovo tray

And a bouquet burning in the night

The bird is the heat that brings the news.

There is a tray that gives fruit.

Fizminutka "We are funny matryoshkas"

IV. creative work

And now I invite you to play the role craftsmen. I will give each of you a coloring picture with a certain type of painting, and you will do the work.

But before starting work, in order to once again consolidate the knowledge gained, I suggest that you watch a video about folk crafts of Russia.

View video.

Let's sit down, let's sit down.

The backs are straight,

We are remote guys.

And I will work with you.

Turn on the music folk,

She helps at work.

And the mood lifts.

V. Summary:

What did we talk about in class today? With which got acquainted with folk crafts?

And I want to end our conversation proverb:

“NOT THE GOLD THAT IS EXPENSIVE AND SHINES,

AND THAT IS EXPENSIVE THAT IS CREATED BY THE HANDS OF THE MASTER.

How do you understand the meaning of the proverb? Today you have also been in the role of masters. Is it easy or hard?

Look what amazing work you have done!

Exhibition of children's works.