Purpose: - to introduce students to the traditional crafts of Russia - Gorodets, Khokhloma, Gzhel; - the formation of skills to distinguish between decorative and applied crafts: Khokhloma, Gzhel and Gorodets; - development of understanding characteristic features products of various folk crafts. - education of the need for creativity, the desire to bring beauty into one's life; - education of patriotism, pride and tolerance for folk art.

Today we are starting a big and very interesting topic: "Russian folk crafts". Old Russian art is the subject of our national pride. You will get acquainted with the traditional folk crafts of Russia: Khokhloma, Gzhel and Gorodets painting.

DICTIONARY Fishing - mining, an additional occupation with the main one. (The trade was formed on the basis of those natural materials that the region was rich in: soft woods, deposits of clay, metals, sources of natural natural dyes - often determined the type of craft). Utensils - came from the old Russian word utensils (dress up, clean, decorate). And now, utensils - jewelry, clothes, jewelry, everything movable in the house: furniture, jewelry, dishes. Creativity is the creation of new cultural and material values. Create - create creatively.

Literature used in preparation for the lesson: Vasilenko V.M. Folk art. – M., Shevchuk L.V. Children and folk art: book. for the teacher - M., 1985. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., Dal V.I. Dictionary Russian language. - M., 2008

Folk crafts

State budgetary educational institution Saratov region

“School for students on adapted educational programs No. 6 Saratov.

Vocational training teacher

Medvedeva E.A.

Khokhloma painting

One of the Russian folk crafts, Khokhloma painting on wood, arose in the second half of the 17th century on the lands of the Koverninsky district of the Gorky region of Russia. The name of the mural gave the name of the village - Khokhloma, located in the same region, which became the central point of sale for Khokhloma paintings in the 18th - early 20th centuries.

It's a cold winter

Snowflakes are twisted by a violent wind,

And sunny Khokhloma

Reminds us of summer.

There is no semi-darkness in the plates.

Not dusk in vases and salt shakers,

Reminds me of Khokhloma

Native, sweet side!

Russian matryoshka Girlfriends walked along the path, There were a few of them: Two Matryonas, three Matryoshkas And one Matryoshka. V. Berestov Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted doll, inside of which there are smaller dolls similar to it. For the manufacture of nesting dolls, they mainly choose linden, less often alder or birch. Matryoshka appeared about 100 years ago

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns - roses and peonies), made with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Bogorodsk toy

Bogorodsk toy - Russian folk craft carved toys and sculptures made of soft wood (linden, alder, aspen).

Exists in the village. Bogorodskoye, Sergiev-Posad district, Moscow region from the 16th-18th centuries.

The toy "Blacksmiths" is over 300 years old. "Blacksmiths" has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk industry. It is worth moving the slats and the brisk work immediately begins. Figures move in a clear rhythm, hammers beat on the anvil in time.

At a distance of 50-60 km to the south-east of Moscow, in the Ramenskoye district, along the Yegoryevsky highway, there are two dozen beautiful villages and villages that have merged with each other.

Gzhel is the name of one of the villages - the former volost center, which has become a collective for the whole district, a symbol of unique art and folk craftsmanship.

Gzhel is the name given to highly artistic porcelain products produced in these places, painted with cobalt on a white background.

Dymkovo toy Dymkovo toy is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts. It originated in the settlement Dymkovo near the river Vyatka.

Dymkovo clay toy is a symbol of Russian craft. Toy craftsmen create various images: riders on horseback, elegant young ladies, painted birds. A clay toy is considered a talisman against evil.

Filimonovskaya toy

• Russian art craft, formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. It got its name from the village of Filimonovo, where the last craftswomen lived in the 1960s, reviving the forgotten pottery craft.
• The bulk of the products of Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc.

birch bark

Palekh miniature is a folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.

Fedoskino lacquer miniature Production of papier-mâché items began in 1795. snuff boxes, decorated with engravings pasted on the lid, sometimes painted and varnished. In the second quarter of the 19th century, snuffboxes, beads, caskets and other items began to be decorated with pictorial miniatures made with oil paints in a classical pictorial manner.

The favorite motifs for painting by Fedoskino miniaturists are popular subjects: “troikas”, “tea parties”, scenes from Russian and Little Russian peasant life. Most prized were chests and caskets decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists.

Pavlovsky shawl Shawls and shawls "Pavlovsk" - a riot of lush bouquets of garden and wild flowers in the corners of the shawl and garlands along the border, as well as oriental ornaments imitating Indian shawls.

Orenburg downy shawls

Orenburg has long been famous for its unique production of high-quality downy shawls. Since 1857, this folk craft has become known throughout the world! Participating in various exhibitions from London to Shanghai, the production of Russian masters was rated at the highest level. Since 1939, Orenburg craftsmen organized the first mass production of downy shawls. On the basis of this production, in 1960, the Orenburg Downy Shawls factory was created in Orenburg.

Zhostovo trays

Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.

Rostov enamel

Finift - a special kind applied arts, which uses enamel (as the main material) in combination with metal.

Conclusion

Today you learned about Russian folk crafts,

saw samples of products of folk craftsmen. These samples

folk art amaze us with special beauty,

harmony and perfection. only good and kind people could create such beauty and glorify their land, their land to the whole world. We must protect labor and protect what is made by the hands of talented people. This will help us preserve our national traditions, our national dignity.

V.A. Baradulin "Fundamentals of artistic craft"

Journals: "Science and Life"; 1989 No. 12.

"Around the World" 1981 No. 12, 1983 No. 5.

http://www.posezonam.ru/

http://art-olonya.ru/olony68.html

http://www.remeslennik.ru

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://palekh-online.ipn.ru

• Silver- a chemical element of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev, having atomic number 47 - is denoted by the symbol Ag (lat. Argentum).
• Silver It is a noble metal that has antibacterial and healing properties. This is a rich metal interesting history, legends, myths and mysteries... In nature silver are found in native form, the facts of finding silver nuggets weighing up to 20 tons are known.
• Silver- a precious metal white color, widely used in jewelry, ductile, ductile and malleable. Silver products are highly artistic folk crafts . Silver – silverware , silver jewelry , religious silverware , jewelry silver , various silverware- these are examples of the unique folk art of masters Veliky Ustyug, which our tourists can purchase, having been on vacation on home of Santa Claus .

• AT Veliky Ustyug since 1682 talented blacksmiths silver in ways different from other art centers. In their works, plot engraving, very rich, much denser in color than Moscow and St. Petersburg, acquired special significance. Silver items created by our craftsmen have been repeatedly presented at all-Russian and international exhibitions and, as a rule, were awarded the highest awards.

• birch bark(t.s. Dalia) - the upper, light, remkovy layer of birch bark.
• Birch is a slender, white-trunked, light-colored tree that gives a translucent shade, decorating any rural landscape at any time of the year, and is especially loved in Russia. Since ancient times, birch has been the image of Russia. The simple and touching beauty of the birch gives it a high aesthetic value.

Products from birch bark.

Products from birch bark as folk crafts - caskets, tuesas, baskets, boxes, souvenir toys, jewelry, beads, combs, trays, paintings, panels - magnificent works of art from Veliky Ustyug, made in the style and traditions of folk art craft.

Bast shoes.

Bast shoes - low shoes, common in Russia in the old days, but, nevertheless, were widely used in the countryside of Russia until the 1930s, woven from wood bast (linden, elm and others) or birch bark. Bast shoes were tied to the leg with laces twisted from the same bast from which the bast shoes themselves were made. In Russian folklore and culture, stories, songs, and sayings are dedicated to bast shoes.

• The origins of woodcarving go into the distant past. Judging by the objects found by archaeologists, wood carving in Russia has several tens of thousands of years. Undoubtedly wood carving, which requires certain artistic abilities, some experience in translating the idea and professional use of the instrument, was the main and one of the first types of arts and crafts. In ancient Russia wood carving, although mostly cult, was widespread and highly skilled.

• Types of woodcarving- conditionally, three main types can be distinguished: through thread (this includes sawn and slotted thread), blind thread (all subspecies of embossed and flat notched threads), sculptural carving, house carving(it is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types).
• Relevance wood carving has grown a lot lately and is becoming more and more persistent and confident in our life and way of life. No artificial materials can replace the beauty and warmth of natural wood. Once in the hands of a true master, the tree takes on a second life. Possession of inexhaustible imagination, excellent knowledge of the material, a sense of beauty allows the master in every work wood carving create genuine works of art - cutting boards, chess, paintings, sculptures, wooden toys, dishes and many other things.

• The main typological principles of Kubachi patterns developed at the turn of the 17th - 18th centuries. Therefore, in the ornamental culture of the Kubachi jewelry art, as in a mirror, all stages of the history of the development of the artistic, material and spiritual culture of this people were reflected. The Kubachi ornament is rich and varied. It allows masters not only to create and preserve the bright individuality of their creative style, but also to embody a completely new, original artistic solution every time. The canonical set of images in the form of stylized leaves, buds, shoots and flexible branches intertwined in accordance with the laws of "Kubachi harmony" build original rhythmic groups that combine into a single compositional monolith - this is how the "music" of the Kubachi pattern gradually arises. Therefore, each work a dream embodied in silver about the eternal beauty of the world, frozen in a “meaningful” pattern of ornaments. The combination of mountain silver, solar gold and azure sky seems to be frozen in each product. Daggers in a gilded silver frame, sabers decorated with enamel, niello and filigree are an indicator of the highest craftsmanship and quality.

Knife " Stone Age"*. Fang of a bear, bas-relief carving.

Knife "Fang" *. Fang of a bear. Damascus steel. Cover: lantern, burning out.

Knife "Claw"*. Bear claw. Damascus steel. Cover: lantern, burning out.

Knife "Marine"* on a stand made of obsidian and Kamchatka gems. Sea tree, elk horn. Damascus steel Size: 23x7x11 cm.

Knife "Horn" *. Snow sheep horn. Damascus steel.

• What is the history of Gzhel and Gzhel rose? Gzhel pottery itself existed as early as the 14th century. Gzhel craftsmen have long been famous for their craftsmanship, their pottery, and the clay they used for their high quality. From the middle of the 17th century, Gzhel masters were engaged in the production of majolica dishes, and when the secret of hard porcelain was discovered by the Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov in the middle of the 17th century, the masters gradually began to prepare porcelain products. Gzhel craftsmen also began to paint dishes a long time ago. Initially, these were grassy patterns, bouquets, unusual birds, whole story scenes. At the same time, Gzhel was multi-colored. Today, only two primary colors are used in Gzhel painting - white and blue. Some say that such colors were chosen on purpose, according to the color of a clear sky in Russia, but it seems that there is only a grain of truth in this beautiful judgment. It is known that initially bright green, yellow, red colors were used for painting. Gzhel was not a luxury item and was intended for ordinary people. Ware painted with bright colors adorned the houses of peasants and was widely used in everyday life. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the bright intricate flowers on the dishes did not match the colors and geometry of the revolutionary stars and banners. So the multi-colored old floral ornaments and bouquets were replaced by the Gzhel rose of the color of the sky and field cornflowers.

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Slides captions:

FOLK CRAFTS Educator Kapyuchenko L.V.

KHOKHLOMA Khokhloma is an ancient folk craft that originated in the district Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red on a golden background. Khokhloma painting is characterized by a floral ornament: flowers, leaves and berries.

GZHEL Gzhel is an ancient folk craft. The first Gzhel masters fired ceramic dishes in furnaces and called them "zhgel" or "gzhel". The dishes were covered with white enamel and painted in blue tones. Later, they began to paint porcelain items using cobalt blue for this.

MATRYOSHKA Matryoshka is a Russian wooden toy consisting of several painted dolls nested one inside the other. Each doll, except the last one, is decomposed into two parts. There are several traditions of painting nesting dolls.

GORODETSK PAINTING Gorodets painting is a Russian folk craft that originated in the area of ​​the city of Gorodets. Gorodets painting often uses the image of a horse, which is a symbol of wealth, and the image of a bird, a symbol of happiness.

DYMKOVSKAYA TOY Dymkovo toy is a Russian folk craft that originated in the settlement of Dymkovo, near the city of Vyatka. Dymkovo toys are made from clay. Basically, these are ladies, buffoons, smart turkeys and roosters. For painting, the masters use bright colors, simple geometric shapes serve as patterns.

FILIMONOVSKAYA TOY The Filimonovo toy is a Russian folk clay toy that was made in the village of Filimonovo, Tula region. The main thing in it is a whistle.

BOGORODSKAYA TOY Bogorodskaya toy is a folk craft that originated in the village of Bogorodskoye near Sergiev Posad. Bogorodsk craftsmen carve toys from wood, which are set in motion with the help of ropes, planks, springs. The symbol of this craft is the toy "Man and Bear"

KARPOGOL TOY Karpogol toy is a Russian art craft, which was widespread in the area of ​​the city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region. In the painting of modern toys, traditional symbols have been preserved: the circle and the cross in various combinations as solar signs (symbols of the sun), signs of earth, fire, water, a sown field, harvest, fertility.

PALEKH Palekh is a Russian folk craft that originated in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. Palekh craftsmen cover boxes, brooches, pendants with black lacquer and paint them.

Zhostovo painting Zhostovo painting is a folk art craft that originated in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow Region. Zhostovo masters painted metal trays different shapes. They paint on a black background, using a bouquet of garden and wild flowers as the main motive.

Sources used: Internet resources

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Folk crafts of Russia