Elena Dmitrieva
Presentation "Dymkovo toy"

Dymkovo toy- one of the oldest crafts in Russia, has existed on the Vyatka land for more than four hundred years.

emergence toys associated with the spring holiday Svistunya, to which the female population of the settlement Dymkovo sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, ducks. Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the craft not only survived, but also received further development. Dymkovo toy- This is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. Craftswomen sculpt red clay toy, whiten it with chalk diluted in milk, and paint it with paints. Heroes Dymkovo toys: Ladies, nurses, gentlemen, peasants, townspeople, merchants, officers, buffoons, animals, birds. For painting use contrasting combinations of bright colors: red, magenta, yellow, orange, blue, green, blue and black,

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Slides captions:

Dymkovo toy

There is one amazing profession, to which people devote their whole lives, are toy craftsmen, or just toys.

Among the Russian clay toys, the most famous are perhaps those from Dymkovo. This is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts, which is over 400 years old.

Dymkovo toy - bright, cheerful, with character.

Where are Dymkovo toys made? From the high bank of the Vyatka River, you can see the Dymkovo settlement beyond the river, near the city of Vyatka (now the territory of the city of Kirov). In winter, when the stoves were heated, in the summer, when it was foggy, the whole settlement seemed to be in a haze. Therefore, the name is. Here, in ancient times, the craft of the Dymkovo toy was born.

City of Kirov Kirov (Khlynov, Vyatka) is a large city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kirov region. The city is located on the Vyatka River, 896 km from Moscow.

Monument to the Dymkovo toy on the Vyatka River, view from Malaya Mountain City view Dymkovo toy museum

Vyatka was famous in the old days for its bazaars, holidays-fairs, which were called "whistle dance". The entertainment of the holiday was clay whistle toys.

These whistles had various forms of animals - a deer, a bear, a ram, a goat, etc., which were simple in execution and were called upon to perform not a decorative, but a magical function.

After the holiday lost its magical meaning, clay whistles began to become whiter, pretentious and decorative. Along with totem animals, whistles have already appeared in the form of women dressed smartly, with birds, with babies in their arms, baskets of pies, with yokes ...

And a little later, the toy began to be made according to urban plots - these are citizens, fashionable ladies, officers, merchants, buffoons.

Although Dymkovo toys are diverse in form, they are always recognizable due to their simple ornament and unique elegant coloring. As a rule, the white background is painted with cheerful blue, blue, green, crimson colors. The number of flowers on one toy cannot be more than ten.

A simple ornament in the form of stripes, rhombuses, cells, circles carries some information in itself - a blue wavy stripe means water, a circle with an asterisk in the middle - the sun, crossed stripes - a log cabin of a well.

The technique of modeling a Dymkovo toy is very simple and there is no serial production for this craft, since this is a true handmade. Various figures are molded in parts, which are connected with liquid clay. The seams are smoothed with a wet cloth. The toy is dried and fired.

Previously, toys were fired in a real Russian oven, now they are fired in muffle furnaces.

The fired Dymkovo toy has a red-brown color, which is common for clay. For whitewashing, a mixture of chalk and milk is used, into which a Dymkovo toy is dipped. In this case, the surface is covered with a dense white layer. For coloring, dry paints ground on an egg were used. Now gouache, diluted on an egg, is used.

Dymkovo toys

Today, any adult and child, even those who do not have a special education, can try to make a Dymkovo toy. All you need is clay, a brush, paints and your imagination.

Master Class. Making a Dymkovo cockerel Elements from which everything is made: a ball, a sausage, a drop. What clay should not be: too dry, too liquid.

Modeling a cockerel Making a torso: the ball turns into a cake; a cup is formed from the cake, the edges of the cup are closed, and a “dumpling” is molded, hollow inside.

Modeling the legs A droplet is molded from the ball, the lower edge of the droplet (legs) is made concave for stability; the upper part of the leg is prepared as a lodgment under the body, the edges of the lodgment are sharpened.

Connecting the leg to the body Before connecting the parts, the junction is soaked with water with a brush and scratches are applied (to better get wet). The torso is connected to the leg and rubbed with rotational movements. The pointed part of the leg is attached to the body so that the place of their connection is not visible.

Neck and head The neck is molded in the same way as the leg, only a pointed lodgement is made both at the bottom and at the top. The lower part of the neck is attached to the body, and the upper part to the head. Making the head: the head is a ball, the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the diameter of the breast.

Making a tail A cake is molded from the ball, a notch is plucked in the lower part of the tail in shape coinciding with the back of the body. The junction of the tail and body is sharpened.

The tail is attached to the body. It is important that when viewed from the front, the tail and head are symmetrical.

Wings are molded from 2 identical drops. Droplets are flattened into leaves, sharpened and cling to the body.

Beak The beak is a pointed drop. Attached to the middle of the front of the head.

Decoration Head decoration can be just a ball or a flat cake resembling a beret. It may look like a cockscomb. In a word, everything that fantasy tells.

The breast and neck are decorated with a beard, which can be fashioned from droplets or ruffles. Wings and tail can also be decorated with droplets and ruffles.

Modeling ruffles A thin long sausage rolls out on a hard surface. It is covered with a damp cloth. With smoothing movements, the sausage should be turned into a ribbon about 2 mm thick. The ribbon is removed from the cloth. A ruffle is formed from it.

To acquaint children with the history of the Dymkovo toy; Show characteristics murals of the Dymkovo toy; Learn to highlight the elements of a geometric pattern Dymkovo painting(circles, straight and wavy lines, cage, dots-peas). Develop aesthetic perception, a sense of rhythm, color. Cultivate love for folk art Russia

People lived in the same village. When it was cold outside and winter frost fettered the earth, stoves were flooded in the houses, smoke enveloped the roofs, so much so that nothing could be seen. One smoke ... So they called that village Dymkovo. Adults worked in that village from morning until late in the evening: they dug the ground, cooked food, grazed cattle, and the children joked, played in the meadow, sang songs. They didn't have toys like you. And adults thought: how to please the kids. They collected clay from the river bank, fashioned various funny figures, burned them in an oven, covered them with chalk diluted in milk, and painted them with paints. For the “whistle” holiday, the masters of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, ducks. So Dymkovo toys appeared. Bright, cheerful, perky, these toys lead us to their own special, fabulously beautiful world.

Dymkovo toy handmade. Each creation of one master. From modeling to painting, the process is creative, never repeating. There are no and cannot be two identical products. Each toy is unique and unique. Clay for manufacturing was traditionally mined in the settlement of Dymkovo, which is on the low bank of the Vyatka River near the city of Kirov. The collected red clay in the settlement used to be chopped with a shovel, mixed with fine river sand - there is a huge river beach nearby. So, the clay, after mixing, was turned over many times, moistened with water. In the old days, they generally kneaded it with their feet. Now the craftswoman does not dig clay and does not knead it. The preparation of the material takes place by machine, in one of the ceramic industries. Clay comes to the workshops ready-made - polyethylene packages-briquettes of 10 kilograms.

Each toy, from a piece of clay to a finished sculpture, is made by one master. If earlier a craftswoman spent a lot of time preparing clay and whitewash, now more attention is paid to the process of modeling and painting toys. Pieces of clay are separated and rolled into balls. Separate parts of the toy are made from balls. The Dymkovo toy is different in that it is made not from one piece of clay, but from several. A ball of clay is rolled into a pancake, a cone is made from the pancake - the lady's skirt is ready. It is hollow inside with walls 4-6 mm thick. The walls of the cone are leveled by turning the workpiece in their hands. Then, moistening with water, attach sausage handles, a head ball. All from small pieces of clay. All the main elements of the toy are made first. All joints are smoothed with a damp cloth. It turns out like a single whole. Then they decorate the toy with details - a kokoshnik, a clutch, a handbag, a dog, pigtails, a hat, etc.

The molded workpiece is dried for 3-5 days, sometimes longer, in air. In the old days, the toy was fired in Russian ovens. They put it directly on the firewood, or on an iron baking sheet. The clay begins to warm up and soon becomes as if transparent - it glows with an even red color in the fire. This was the end of the firing process, and the toys slowly cooled in the extinct oven. Now toys are fired in muffle furnaces at a temperature of more than 1000 degrees. This high temperature gives the clay even more strength. The ovens are quite large and toys are loaded in batches. Again, the craftswomen do not take away precious time for uncreative processes.

After the oven, the workpiece turns brown-red. For whitewashing in the old days they used a solution of chalk in milk - they dipped the whole toy. Milk turns sour on the surface and forms a strong bright film of casein glue. Whitening is characteristic Dymkovo toys. Now whitening is done with the help of tempera white, which is applied with a brush. The final part of the process is painting. First, let's talk about the old traditional way of painting: Dry paints were rubbed with an egg, peroxide kvass or vinegar was added. The color scheme was not rich, only the main tones. Compositions from soot to magenta and chromium have been used. These paints seemed to give some of their color to the workpiece and sounded muffled. In the 20th century, they used gouache, also diluted on an egg. Now using bright acrylic paints- very resistant.

Brushes are used mostly soft, different size. Thin brushes allow the craftswoman to bring small details into the plot - this is not always good, as it leads to a glut of the plot. Pieces of gold leaf or gold leaf - a mixture of zinc and copper - are glued on top of the paint. They shine and give, together with bright colors, a dazzling charm to the Dymkovo toy.

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Slides captions:

Dymkovo toy History of development to the present day

Ancient Slavic symbols Female figurine - mother earth, bird - water or air element, horse - sun

Whistles The origin of the Dymkovo toy comes from a clay whistle

Vyatka 18-19 century

pandemonium festival

Cavaliers

Beliefs, customs, traditions Around the fashioned sun god Yarila and the goddess of childbirth, people depicted what they wanted to have with the advent of spring: pets, birds, babies.

Dymkovo mistress Gradually, the goddess of the house in labor in the hands of the Dymkovo masters turned into a mistress

Such a Dymkovskaya Sloboda - a place where clay toys were made, was at the beginning of the 20th century. From the high bank of the Vyatka River you can see the Dymkovo settlement beyond the river. In winter, when the stoves were heated, in the summer, when it was foggy, the whole settlement seemed to be in a haze. Therefore, the name is. Here, in ancient times, the craft of the Dymkovo toy was born. Where were Dymkovo toys made?

Images and painting in the Dymkovo toy remained traditional in the 19th century

Tea drinking Carousel With the development of the craft, many plot compositions appeared: everyday, fabulous, historical, with elements of landscape, architecture

Composition for the fairy tale "Turnip"

Clay mining

Manufacturing process

Clay ready to use

In the process of creativity

They sculpt a Dymkovo toy from clay, then dry it, first on a table, then fire it in an oven.

Hardened, strong, sonorous figurines come out of the oven. They are whitewashed with chalk diluted in milk, and begin to paint. Patterns come out from under the brush: dots, circles, straight and wavy stripes, cells, spots. The colors are crimson, red, green, yellow, orange, blue - colorful and fun, like in a round dance.

And the final touch - the craftswoman "plants" gold: she wets the brush in a raw egg, lightly touches the golden square or rhombus and "plants" it on Right place: young ladies and water carriers for hats and kokoshniks, roosters for combs ... Now our toys light up and become brighter.

Where are toys made now? The city of Kirov - Vyatka, where the factory for the manufacture of Dymkovo toys is located

For the preservation and development of the craft In 2011, a museum was opened in Kirov - "Dymkovo Toy

Kirov "family" Since 2010, in the center of Kirov, near the puppet theater, citizens and guests of the city have been greeted on a bench by a lady with a baby, a boy with a whistle and a brave fellow with an accordion - all this makes up the sculptural composition "Family"

Dymkovo mistress in Moscow The "Kirov family" has an older Moscow relative - a sculpture of a Dymkovo mistress, installed in 2007 on 26 Baku Commissars Street.

At the Olympics in Sochi In 2014, at the opening of the Olympics in Sochi, among other assets of Russian art, a Dymkovo toy was presented.

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slide 1

Dymkovo toy

slide 2

Dymkovo toy (Vyatka, Kirov toy), Russian folk art craft; has long existed in the settlement of Dymkovo (now in the city of Kirov). The Dymkovo toy is molded from clay, fired and painted on the ground with tempera, including gold leaf. Depicts animals, riders, ladies in crinolines, fabulous, everyday scenes. The artistic originality of the Dymkovo toy is determined by massive laconic plasticity, emphasized by harmonious decorative painting in the form of a large geometric ornament (circles of different colors, cells, etc.).
tea drinking

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Dymkovo toy is perhaps one of the oldest crafts in Russia. It arose out of love for the pottery tradition of the Vyatka lands in ancient times. The name of the toy comes from the Dymkovo settlement, today it is a district of the city of Vyatka. According to many researchers, the development of the Dymkovo clay toy is associated with the ritual spring festival “whistle dance”, which was dedicated to the sun. To take part in the celebration, one needed a clay whistle and a painted clay ball that could be tossed around.

slide 4

The Dymkovo Vyatka toy has long been a folk sculpture. The difference between this art craft and other folk crafts in Russia is that each toy is an author's creative work craftswomen of hand molding and painting, and exists in a single copy. Traditionally, the Dymkovo toy industry does not have mass production in-line.
Rooster

slide 5

The whistles had the forms of various totemic animals: bear, goat, ram, deer, but in essence they were very simple, since their main function was magical, not decorative. Despite the ritual significance of clay whistles, there is a certain irony with which the craftsmen sculpted them. A bear, for example, could play on some musical instrument, the goat could be dressed in funny pants. Such clay figurines-whistles were sculpted by women and girls long before the holiday. This work was considered exclusively female.
Goat

slide 6

Almost all toys are whistles, festively painted on white clay with multi-colored stripes and lines, rings and dots, circles that look like flowers.
horse

Slide 7

Ram
Horse
Deer

Slide 8

Lady
In ancient times, the most common types of figurines were animals and "women" - female symbols of fertility. Only in the 19th century, "women" dressed up in bright clothes, took in their hands dishes with pies, babies and birds, settled in boats and on benches. Multi-figure compositions appeared with names like "Sledging", "Tea Party", "Walking with Children", "In the Night".

Slide 9

In the 19th century, the holiday turned into a lively “whistle” fair, with an indispensable whistle. The magical meaning of the festival was lost. The whistles were preserved, but acquired more and more pretentious, decorative forms. If in ancient times animals were the main plot, then in the 19th century women appeared in elegant clothes, with babies, birds, with baskets of pies, with yokes, on benches and in boats. Later, the masters of the Dymkovo toy turn to urban subjects: ladies of fashion, townspeople, officers, merchants, buffoons.
Nurse

Slide 10

Whatever the Dymkovo toy depicts, it can always be distinguished by its unique elegant coloring. On a white background, blue, blue, green, yellow-orange, crimson colors look very fun. There may be up to ten. The ornament is always simple: cells, stripes, circles, dots, diamonds, zigzags in various combinations. But these simple geometric patterns carry some information. For example, a blue wavy stripe denotes water, crossed stripes denote a well frame, a circle with an asterisk in the middle denotes the sun and other luminaries.
Nurse