Igor Nikolaev

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The modern pig industry is a highly developed complex of enterprises with a colossal production potential.

Achievements of scientific and technological progress in this area have allowed many countries of the world to improve existing and breed new breeds of pigs, characterized by high productive performance. Effective systems have been developed and are being successfully implemented production technologies flow production of pork in the conditions of large pig farms. There have been many small farms. Significant progress has been made in breeding and keeping, as well as feeding these domestic animals, which made it possible to significantly increase their productivity.

In the meat balance of many countries of the world and our country in particular, at the moment pork occupies an impressive share of 35-50 percent.

One sow can bring from 18-20 to 25-30 piglets per year, from which, with an intensive fattening method, from 1.8 to 3 tons of meat is obtained with the most economical use of feed and labor resources.

Pig production in Europe

On the territory of modern Europe in this industry there is a different picture in each individual country.

For example, in a previously developed pig-producing country like Denmark, in recent times the number of farms has greatly decreased to 4500, of which 40 percent are full-cycle farms with a reproductive herd of 255 females, 13 percent are special breeding farms with an average of 950 sows, the remaining 47 percent are fattening farms with an annual production of 6800 pigs. It should be said that Danish pig production is highly dependent on the volume of cereals produced. So, in 2008, each pig farm in this country had an average area of ​​land for spreading manure of about 140 hectares, which made it possible to produce up to half of all feed on the farms themselves. Subsequently, Denmark introduced serious restrictions related to the protection external environment from harmful effects, including pig manure. This was the reason for the decrease in the number of pig farms.

Despite this, in 2012 alone, the export of fattening piglets from this country to Germany amounted to more than 9 million pieces.

A large decrease in the number of farms in this livestock sector was also noted in the Netherlands. And the number has dropped from 25,000 in 1980 to 2,412 in 2012.

Structurally, 75 percent of Dutch pig farms were either breeding or finishing. The average reproductive herd size of these farms was 445 sows.

At the same time, following the example of Denmark, about seven million heads of young animals were exported outside the country (most of them to Germany). In this regard, a new Danish-Dutch-German model of pig breeding is traced, in which the first two countries are focused on getting piglets, and in Germany they are fattening them.

The change of direction in Denmark and the Netherlands is due to a number of factors: the impossibility of increasing the number of pigs for environmental reasons, the lack of free land, the dissatisfaction of the population of these countries with the construction of large fattening enterprises, which resulted in open protests - on the one hand, and the excellent skills of Danish and Dutch pig breeders in breeding pigs - on the other. In Germany, on the contrary, there is a favorable situation for the construction of fattening and slaughter enterprises: large available land areas, accessibility work force and its low cost (mainly due to migrants). These factors have played a key role in the significant increase in the number of German feedlots.

French pig breeding is represented for the most part by full-cycle pig farms. The average number of reproductive herd in these farms is 196 queens. Most of these enterprises are located in the west of France (in Brittany).

On the territory of this European state, there are also quite strict laws on environmental protection, which explains the impossibility of many enterprises to increase the scale of their production. Studies conducted with the participation of 20 percent of the best French farmers have shown that the level of their technical skills allows you to get significantly better results than those that exist at the moment. Another advantage of French pig breeders is the high level of qualification of farm workers. however, this advantage still cannot be realized in practice due to the relatively small size of pig farms.

Legislative restrictions have significantly reduced the growth rate of this French livestock sector over the past 10 years. For example, let's say that the size and number of pig farms in France in 2010 remained at the level of 2000.

In the United States, pig farming was tied to regions with good crop yields, so it began to develop in the states of the so-called "corn belt".

The basis of the pig-breeding enterprises of this country in those days were small full-cycle farms. In 1992, the share of full-cycle farms in American pig production reached 65 percent.

The replacement of full-cycle enterprises by specialized ones in the United States began in the nineties of the last century. This process was especially accelerated by the emergence of contracts for the production of pig products. Large business holdings specializing in the production of feed mixtures or the processing of raw materials began to directly conclude such contracts with private farmers.

There was a need to increase productivity, as a result of which the share of full-cycle farms in the total number of pig enterprises fell from 65 percent in 1992 to 18 percent in 2004.

Historically, in the US pig industry, the following picture has developed: selection and breeding work with pig breeds in this country was guided by the phenotype and strong physical constitution. Animals sought to breed in such a way that they easily withstand the winter cold. As a result, the thickness of the fat layer increased significantly in such animals. With the advent of large pig-breeding integration complexes, the breeders' requirements for genetics have also changed. The emergence of highly specialized reproductive and fattening enterprises brought to the fore the improvement, first of all, of early maturation and growth rates of pigs.

To this end, production farms operating on contract terms, the rotation of animals has increased significantly, which is possible only with high growth rates. If we talk about the feed base, then according to tradition, American pig farmers tried to grow feed themselves (cereals, soybeans, and so on). Own production fodder significantly reduced their cost, which reduced the cost of production. Since the US pig industry was practically independent of changes in world feed prices, the growth conversion was not set as the main task for this industry.

With the emergence and development in the industry large companies selection tasks have changed. The main goal was to increase the efficiency of feed use while maintaining and increasing the growth rate

For reasons that are not entirely clear, Canada's pig industry has been declining in recent decades. Special programs developed at the state level aimed to stop the decline of this important livestock industry.

For example, the redemption of fattened pigs at the expense of the state treasury was used to reduce the market risks of pig breeders. Currently, Canadian farmers are hoping for a revival of the former power of pig production in this country. And there are all the prerequisites for this, since this type of animal husbandry in Canada has always been famous for its long traditions and unique technologies.

Genetic research of pigs in this state has been carried out for more than a hundred years. And the export of both pork and breeding animals to more than forty countries of the world is a significant indicator.

The "Pig Miracle" of the People's Republic of China is known throughout the world. Since 1978, there has been a steady increase in agricultural production throughout Food Industry generally.

Chinese agricultural enterprises not only began to play a key role in the international market, but also successfully dispelled the myth about the shortage of their land resources and fully provided food domestic market. Recently, an effective food system has been created in China, focused on increasing the share of “highly nutritious boar meat” in the country's meat balance. Chinese Development Model Agriculture focused on increasing the production and consumption of pork in particular and meat in general.

Compared to 1980, the average per capita meat consumption has quadrupled and in 2009 reached 58 kilograms per person per year.

The fastest growing industries are the processing of fresh meat and its packaging, as well as the production of finished meat products with a long shelf life, which makes it possible to supply them for sale in various hypermarkets and supermarkets.

China's leading role in Asian pig production is due to the rapid growth in production volumes and the popularization of pork in the country itself with its huge population.

Despite the fact that livestock has always been one of the leading sectors of the Brazilian economy, until recently, pig production occupied a small share in it (cattle breeding prevailed). For example, in the 1950s, Brazil produced only 329,000 tons of pork, which accounted for 2 percent of the total world production of this meat at that time.

For comparison, China supplied 2,200,000 tons (14 percent of the world volume) to domestic and foreign markets, while the United States was in first place with 4,600,000 tons and 30 percent of the world market.

Serious investment and purposeful public policy led to a real breakthrough in the production of this type of meat over the past decade. For example, here are some figures: in just two years (from 2000 to 2002), the volume of pork exports from Brazil showed an impressive increase - by 270 percent (600 thousand tons in digital terms). This brought Brazil to the fourth place in the world among all the leading pig producing countries, which it successfully holds to this day. The share of Brazilian pork in world exports is 11 percent, and in total production, this share is 3 percent.

It is worth noting that the development of this livestock industry in Brazil cannot be called uniform and permanent. Serious declines in the pig-breeding complex of the country were explained either by the global overproduction of this meat in 2003 or by outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease epidemics. Despite this, according to the Brazilian Association of Pork Exporters and Producers (ABIPECS), over the past five years, despite such constraining factors as the establishment of sanitary barriers, increased state subsidies for EU pig production and increased competition in the world market for this industry, Brazil has managed to increase its export performance. for this type of agricultural products by a greater amount than the average managed to achieve the country-competitors.

More than 70 countries are on the list of regular foreign buyers of Brazilian pork.

Hong Kong, Ukraine and Russia have traditionally been among the main consumers of these products, although Brazilian pig farmers have recently been actively developing new sales markets, such as the countries of the Middle East and Africa.

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The global pig industry is developing steadily and is the most important livestock sector. The number of pigs is increasing, which gives a stable increase in world pork output - over the past eight years it has increased by 18%.

In 2015, global pork production was 118 Mt, an increase of 2.6 Mt (or 2.3%) over the last year.

Pork production in the world by country

1. China (57.6 Mt)
2. USA (10.5 Mt)
3. Germany (5.5 Mt)
4. Spain (3.5 Mt)
5. Vietnam (3.4 Mt)
6. Brazil (3.1 Mt)
7. Russia (3 million tons)

AT different regions pig breeding is developing unevenly. The largest pork producer in the world is China (57.6 million tons in 2015), which accounted for 49% of the global pork output. In 2015, pork production in China increased by 4%.

China's pig breeding is undergoing both quantitative (an increase in the number of pigs) and qualitative changes (in recent years, an increase in slaughter weight has been characteristic). This was achieved by intensifying fattening and improving the productive and breeding qualities of pigs, namely by crossing domestic and imported individuals. Domestic Chinese breeds are characterized by milkiness and multiple pregnancies, while those imported from the USA (Duroc, Hampshire, Yorkshire breeds) and other countries (Chester White and Landrace breeds) have a large carcass weight and more intensive growth.

The second place among the largest producers of pork was occupied by the USA (10.5 million tons) with a share of 9% in the world output. In the USA, mainly local and hybrid breeds are grown. The most popular local breeds are Duroc, Landrace and Hampshire.

The other largest producers were Germany (5.5 Mt), Spain (3.5 Mt), Vietnam (3.4 Mt), Brazil (3.1 Mt) and Russia (3 Mt). These five countries combined accounted for 16% of global pork output. In Europe, pork production remains stable with a reduction in the number of pigs. This was achieved due to the growth of slaughter weight as a result of improved crossing, hybridization and feeding technologies.

Top 10 pork suppliers in the world

1. WH Group (China)
2. JBS Foods International (Brazil)
3. Smithfield Foods (USA)
4. JBS USA
5. Danish Crown (Denmark)
6. Tyson Foods Inc. (USA)
7. Tonnies (Germany)
8. Yurun Group (China)
9. Vion Food Group Ltd. (Netherlands)
10. Shuanghui Development (China)

The top ten suppliers of pork (by slaughtered livestock) in the world market are represented by the following companies: WH Group - 48.3 million heads (China), JBS Foods International - 28 million heads (Brazil), Smithfield Foods - 27.9 million heads and JBS USA - 22.3 million heads (USA), Danish Crown - 22 million heads (Denmark), Tyson Foods Inc. - 19.9 million heads (USA), Tonnies - 17.5 million heads (Germany), Yurun Group - 16.6 million heads (China), Vion Food Group Ltd. - 15.7 million heads (Netherlands) and Shuanghui Development - 15 million heads (China).

World pork exports amounted to 11.0 million tons in 2015 - 3.6% more than a year earlier. Thus, about 9% of world output was exported. The largest volume of pork was supplied from Germany (1.78 million tons), USA (1.53 million tons), Spain (1.25 million tons), Denmark (1.13 million tons), the Netherlands (0.94 million tons) , Canada (0.87 million tons) and Belgium (0.72 million tons). These countries accounted for 75% of the world's total pork exports. The most noticeable increase in exports in 2015 was in Spain (+17%).

Even though China is the world's largest pork producer, the country's exports are negligible, accounting for only 0.7% of global exports in 2015. Almost the entire output is directed to domestic consumption. Unlike China, large European producers - Germany and Spain - exported more than a third of their own production, and in Denmark, exports accounted for 74% of production.

In Denmark, pig breeding is characterized by a high level of development. The most common breed in the country is the landrace. A feature of the industry in the country is centralized system breeding management through the National Pig Breeding Committee. In addition to small farms, there are also large-scale production based on private capital in the country.

Despite the development of pig production in various regions, some countries are experiencing the need to import pork to meet growing demand. The volume of world pork imports was estimated at 10.4 million tons, which was 2% more than in 2014. The top five countries in terms of import volumes included Italy (1.02 million tons), Germany (925 thousand tons), Japan (791 thousand tons), China (778 thousand tons) and Mexico (723 thousand tons), ranking in total 41% of world imports. Shipments to Italy have been relatively stable over the past year, with Germany and Japan declining by 7.0% and 4.7%, respectively.

In terms of trade restrictions, countries impose import tariffs on imported pork to maintain national production and limit the flow of imported meat to the market. Between European countries, a regime of duty-free trade in pork has been introduced.

According to the latest data, Italy, the largest importer of pork, has different tariff rates:

• for carcasses and half carcasses - 300.23 USD/t for Peru, 256.54 USD/t for Central American countries; 600.46 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 435.78 USD/t for Peru, 373.05 USD/t for Central American countries; 871.56 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for other parts - $336.08/t for Peru, $287.91/t for Central American countries; 673.27 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China.

The US has the following restrictive duties: for carcasses and half carcasses - $55/t for Cuba and Korea, for other countries - zero tariffs; for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 72 USD/t for Cuba and Korea, 14 USD/t for other countries except Mexico, Canada, Australia, Chile, Colombia, Peru and a number of other countries.

The number of cows is strictly taken into account in our country and abroad, as these animals are of particular value in agricultural activities. In many states, the cultivation of cattle occupies a leading position in agriculture. From the main products obtained - meat and milk - you can get secondary ones - such as sour cream, cheese, butter, kefir, sausages. This list is far from complete. The demand for such products is quite large and continues to grow along with the number of livestock in the world.

World cow population statistics

Almost all countries of the world are engaged in animal husbandry - someone is more active, and someone is not very active. Animals such as yak, Indian buffalo and other lesser-known species can also be attributed to the livestock of cattle. They have similar physiology and different countries domesticated species of bulls are called cattle.

Animal tour spawned modern look KRS. It is very difficult to answer the question of how many cows there are in the world according to the latest data, since this figure is changing rapidly. At the beginning of 2017, there were approximately 1.3 billion heads.

The domestication of animals began in Asian countries, and specifically in Northern India. Domestication of cows in Europe occurred much later. It wasn't easy. Compared to goats and sheep, aurochs were difficult to succumb to man. KRS was a "supplier" of milk and meat.

Country ranking

The leader in the number of cattle is India, but beef production is not developed there, since religion prohibits the use of cows for food. Despite everything, it is noticeably the leader in the world ranking - over 50 million heads. The cow in this country is a sacred animal, but some residents eat beef. In addition, dairy breeds are bred.

In the European Union, the livestock is 23.5 million, and it is in second place. But here the population is much smaller. Brazil came in third. This is approximately 20.7 million heads of livestock. Every year there is a noticeable increase. In this country, many farmers breed cows, and special farms are opened to raise calves.

Fourth place

The United States can be put in fourth place in terms of the number of cattle - 9.3 million. The main number of farms is located in the western part. They pay attention to the production of meat and skins. Huge herds find their food on pastures and only in the cold season receive additional food in the form of feed. China claims the fifth place. There are approximately 8.7 million heads here. The reason for the low position in the ranking is that the country prefers small cattle, and cattle are mainly used as draft animals.

And although the first place is given to India, there cows mostly just live near people. And the huge livestock is due only to the ban on killing cows. Obtaining milk and related products is the predominant activity in the country associated with cattle. While, for example, in America, cows are kept specifically for the production of beef and skins. Animals occupy large tracts of land and gather in huge herds. But in some Asian countries, cattle are used as pack and draft animals.

Russian statistics

Russian animal husbandry is strengthening its position thanks to the commercial sector. Compared to previous years, the volume of agricultural products in 2017 increased markedly. The livestock of cattle in Russia is made up of dairy and milk-meat breeds. However, in recent years there has been a serious reduction in this category, while there has been an active increase in the number of beef cattle.

In the Russian Federation, the following leaders in terms of livestock in the field of cattle breeding are noted:

• Bashkortostan (last year 2016 showed the largest livestock, as a percentage of the whole country it is 5.8%);
• Tatarstan (the number of heads has increased markedly and in 2016 amounted to 5.3% of the total cattle in the country);
• Dagestan (slightly behind the second place and gaining 5.2%);
• Altai Territory breaks away a little, but gains 2.7% for 2016;
• The Rostov region accounted for 3.1% of the total livestock in Russia.

Other regions

All other regions of the country are also actively engaged in animal husbandry, but the top five have been the largest leaders for several years. However, the lag in other regions is not too large. The smallest percentage for 2016 is the Irkutsk region - 1.6%.

The density of distribution of cows in Russia, given its vast territory, is not the same. These animals are not at all adapted to living in the regions of the Far North. The main herds live in the south of the country, as well as in its central and Far Eastern parts. It is there that the most juicy grasses and water meadows are located. Accordingly, the livestock in these areas is the largest.

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Specialists of the Expert-Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center" www.site prepared another. Below are some excerpts from the study.

Pig breeding in Russia in 2016 showed a positive trend in the growth of livestock and meat production.

Pigs

The number of pigs in Russia in farms of all categories as of January 1, 2017 totaled 22,033.3 thousand heads. In relation to January 1, 2016, the livestock increased by 2.4% or by 526.8 thousand heads, by January 1, 2015 - by 2.9% or by 614.1 thousand heads, by January 1, 2014 - by 12.7% or 2,487.2 thousand heads.

In the structure of the pig population, 83.4% accounted for agricultural organizations, 14.6% - for households, 2.0% - for peasant farms.

An analysis of long-term trends shows an increase in the number of pigs over 5 years by 27.7%, over 10 years - by 36.1%.

In 2016, the number of pigs in Russia reached the level of 1995, while in relation to 1990, there is a decrease in the number of livestock - by 42.5%. At the same time, due to improved quality indicators (such as herd turnover), pork production over this period (when comparing data for 1990 and 2016) decreased slightly.

The number of pigs by region. Rating 2016

The Belgorod region is the leader in the number of pigs as of January 01, 2017 - 4,137.4 thousand heads. A year earlier, this figure was 3,954.4 thousand heads. The share of the Belgorod region in the total number of pigs in the Russian Federation is 18.8%.

AT Kursk region On January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 1,480.9 thousand heads (6.7%), which is 8.1% or 111.1 thousand heads more than on January 01, 2016.

The third place is occupied by the Tambov region - 990.8 thousand heads, which is 9.1% or 82.9 thousand heads higher than the same date in 2016. The share of the region in the total Russian livestock was 4.5%.

In the Chelyabinsk region, as of January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 751.1 thousand heads. For comparison, on January 01, 2016 - 676.1 thousand heads. The share of the region in the total population of the Russian Federation was at the level of 3.4%.

6. Voronezh region - 713.7 thousand heads, share in the all-Russian livestock - 3.2%.

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory - 618.7 thousand heads, 2.8%.

8. Lipetsk region - 567.3 thousand heads, 2.6%.

9. Altai Territory - 561.4 thousand heads, 2.5%.

10. Tver region - 525.7 thousand heads, 2.4%.

11. Omsk region- 506.0 thousand heads, 2.3%.

12. Republic of Tatarstan - 465.1 thousand heads, 2.1%.

13. Republic of Bashkortostan - 450.5 thousand heads, 2.0%.

14. Rostov region - 411.2 thousand heads, 1.9%.

15. Kemerovo region - 410.1 thousand heads, 1.9%.

16. Stavropol Territory - 395.5 thousand heads, 1.8%.

17. Novosibirsk region - 379.3 thousand heads, 1.7%.

18. Orel region - 374.8 thousand heads, 1.7%.

19. Krasnodar Territory - 365.2 thousand heads, 1.7%.

20. Tyumen region - 342.4 thousand heads, 1.6%.

The number of pigs as of January 1, 2017 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 totaled 6,748.0 thousand heads (30.6% of the total number of pigs in Russia).

Pork production in Russia in 2016

In 2016, Russia produced 3,388.4 thousand tons of pork in terms of slaughter weight (4,346.1 thousand tons in live weight). Over the year, the volume of production in slaughter weight increased by 9.3% or by 289.7 thousand tons, over 5 years - by 39.6% or by 960.8 thousand tons, over 10 years - by 99.4% or by 1,689.2 thousand tons. The volumes of 2016 exceeded the volumes of 1991 and almost equaled those of 1990.

The structure of pork production in 2016 was distributed as follows: 80.5% fell on agricultural organizations, 18.2% - on households, 1.3% - on peasant farms.

Pork production by region. Rating 2016

The main pork producer in 2016 is the Belgorod region. The volume of production in the region in 2016 amounted to 613.9 thousand tons in slaughter weight (787.4 thousand tons in live weight). The share in the all-Russian pork production is 18.1%. In relation to 2015, production increased by 5.1% or 29.6 thousand tons.

The Kursk region in 2016 is in second place with a share of 6.6% of the total pork production in Russia (225.0 thousand tons in carcass weight). During the year, production increased by 11.1% or 22.4 thousand tons.

In 2016, the Tambov region produced 156.8 thousand tons of pork in slaughter weight (201.1 thousand tons in live). The share of the region in the total volume of production is 4.6%. For comparison, in 2015, the region produced 147.4 thousand tons of pork.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions in 2016 was occupied by the Pskov region, where they produced 119.3 thousand tons in slaughter weight (153.0 thousand tons in live), which is 45.9% or 37.5 thousand tons more than than in 2015. The share of the Pskov region in the total Russian pork production was at the level of 3.5%.

The share of the Voronezh region in the total volume of pork production in 2016 amounted to 3.4% or 114.2 thousand tons in carcass weight (146.5 thousand tons in live). During the year, production increased by 31.2% or 27.2 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions, the TOP-20 largest regions of pork producers in farms of all categories in 2016 included:

6. Chelyabinsk region (production volume - 108.0 thousand tons in slaughter weight, share in total pork production - 3.2%).

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory (92.2 thousand tons, 2.7%).

8. Lipetsk region (88.9 thousand tons, 2.6%).

9. Altai Territory (81.4 thousand tons, 2.4%).

10. Tver region (80.8 thousand tons, 2.4%).

11. Omsk region (76.4 thousand tons, 2.3%).

12. Republic of Tatarstan (75.8 thousand tons, 2.2%).

13. Republic of Bashkortostan (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

14. Krasnodar Territory (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

15. Tyumen region (61.2 thousand tons, 1.8%).

16. Udmurt Republic (55.8 thousand tons, 1.6%).

17. Rostov region (54.9 thousand tons, 1.6%).

18. Novosibirsk region (54.6 thousand tons, 1.6%).

19. Sverdlovsk region (53.7 thousand tons, 1.6%).

20. Stavropol Territory (53.0 thousand tons, 1.6%).

The total pork production in 2016 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 amounted to 1,089.0 thousand tons in carcass weight (32.1% of the total pork production).

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that specializes in breeding domestic animals. The main purpose of the industry is the production of food products: meat, milk, eggs, animal fats, etc. Animal husbandry provides raw materials (wool, skins) for individual industries. It satisfies the needs of society in horse-drawn transport, in working cattle and sports animal husbandry. As part of the world animal husbandry, the main branches are distinguished: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding and poultry farming, as well as horse breeding, camel breeding, reindeer breeding, sericulture and beekeeping.

In developed countries, animal husbandry is the most important high-commodity branch of agriculture, closely related to crop production. More than 80% of the grain is fed to livestock, and in developing countries - less than 40%. Livestock production per capita is one of the most significant indicators of the country's economy. In developed countries, more than 115 kg of milk and more than 85 kg of meat are produced per capita. In developing countries, these figures do not exceed 55 and 36 kg. Most of the livestock is kept on pastures. Pasture animal husbandry has both consumer and commercial character.

The largest countries in terms of the number of cattle are shown in Table. 5.14. Over the past decades, the number of livestock has increased in Brazil, China, Sudan, Argentina and Mexico and slightly decreased in India, the USA, Australia, and Russia.

Table 5.14

Countries by number of cattle, pigs, sheep (million heads)

There are areas of dairy, meat and meat and dairy (or milk and meat) cattle breeding, which is associated with a forage base. Dairy cattle are bred in areas where there is a juicy fodder base (pastures and hayfields of the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones). Beef cattle are bred on the roughage of deserts and dry steppes.

Asia leads in terms of livestock, with a third of the world's livestock. More than 20% of the livestock is concentrated in Latin America. Cattle provide more than 30% of the world's meat production and the bulk of milk. Commercial beef cattle breeding is developed in Latin America (Brazil, Argentina), in certain regions of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and China. Dairy cattle breeding is confined to the forest zone of the temperate zone of Western and Eastern Europe and North America.

The largest countries in terms of the number of pigs are shown in Table. 5.14. Of the world's nearly billion livestock, more than 50% are in China, and more than 6% in the United States. Over the past decades, China and Brazil have significantly increased the number of pigs. Pig breeding is characterized by high productivity with short terms obtaining products and undemanding to feed and natural conditions. This industry is characterized by high concentration in densely populated areas, around large cities and in countries with intensive potato and beet growing.

The largest livestock sheep in China (see Table 5.14). In developing countries, low-productive sheep breeding is represented. The world is dominated by extensive transhumance, or nomadic or semi-nomadic sheep breeding, developed in the natural zones of steppes, deserts and semi-deserts, as well as in mountainous regions. The main product of sheep breeding is wool. There are fine-wool, semi-fine-fleece, semi-coarse-wool and coarse-wool sheep breeding. Fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep produce high-quality wool for the production of fabrics and furs. Fine-fleeced sheep are bred mainly in temperate latitudes, steppes or deserts. The livestock of semi-fine-fleeced sheep is confined to areas with a milder and more humid climate and developed intensive agriculture. Semi-coarse-wool and coarse-wool sheep breeding has been developed in the tropical deserts of African and Asian countries. Goats are bred mainly in Asia and Africa. China and India have the largest number of goats.

Poultry farming is ubiquitous. In economically developed countries, poultry farming is the most industrialized livestock sector with a stage-by-stage specialization (egg production, incubators, chicken rearing, poultry meat processing). There is a meat direction (mainly the USA and the EU) and egg production (everywhere). China has the largest poultry population.

Developed countries lead in meat production, but developing countries are rapidly increasing their share. In world meat production, pork accounts for about 40%, poultry meat is in second place - 29.3%, followed by beef - 25.0%, lamb - 5%. In recent decades, meat production in China has grown especially rapidly, in addition to which the United States and Brazil occupy the second and third places. Brazil and the US are the world's largest meat exporters. The United States leads in meat consumption per capita (120.2 kg per person per year). Kuwait and Australia follow. New Zealand and Denmark have lost ground in recent decades.

Cow's milk accounts for 83%, buffalo - 13% of 100% of world output, where India is in the lead, producing more than 146 million tons of this product in 2014, including buffalo milk. This is followed by the USA, China, Brazil Germany, Russia, France, New Zealand, Great Britain and Pakistan. In recent years, milk production has grown particularly rapidly in India, China and Brazil. New Zealand produced 4,420 kg of milk per capita in 2014, 11 times more than Australia, the world's second-largest producer.

The maximum average milk yield per cow is typical for Israel and is about 12000 l/year. This is significantly higher than in the Netherlands and the USA. Many countries of Western Europe are distinguished by high milk yields. In Russia in recent years they amounted to slightly less than 7000 l/year. Developing countries have rather low average milk yields. New Zealand, Australia, USA, Argentina and Belarus export milk powder.

Butter production in developed countries has been declining in recent years. There is a rapid growth in the production of this product in India, which ranks first in the world. New Zealand leads in butter production per capita, over 114 kg/year. Cheese production in the world is growing. 70% of cheeses are produced in Europe (France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy) and the USA. The main increase in the volume of cheese comes from these regions.

The largest wool producers - Australia (253 thousand tons), China (158 thousand tons), New Zealand (134 thousand tons) - occupied in 2011

over 50% of the world's wool production. large production wool is available in South Africa, Great Britain, Argentina and Uruguay. Nearly 70% of the world's wool exports come from Australia.