The mechanization of the production process is understood as the replacement of manual labor in it by the work of machines and mechanisms, as well as the replacement of less advanced machines and mechanisms with more advanced ones.

Mechanization assessment production processes MOT and TR is carried out according to the production methodology according to two indicators: the level of mechanization and the degree of mechanization. The basis for determining these indicators is a joint analysis of operations technological processes and equipment used in these operations.

The level of mechanization (Y,%) is determined by the percentage of mechanized labor in total labor costs:

where T m - the complexity of the mechanized operations of the process from the applied technological documentation, pers. min; T 0 - the total complexity of all operations, people. min.

The degree of mechanization (C, %) is determined by the percentage of replacement of human work functions by the equipment used in comparison with a fully automated technological process:

where M is the number of mechanized operations;

4 - maximum link for ATP;

H is the total number of operations;

Z 1 , Z 4 - links of the equipment used, equal to 1, 4, respectively;

M 1 , M 4 - the number of mechanized operations using equipment with links Z 1 , ..., Z4.

According to the methodology, all means of mechanization, depending on the functions to be replaced, are divided into:

1) for hand tools (wrenches, screwdrivers) - Z = 0;

2) manual machines (drill) - Z = 1;

3) mechanized manual machines (electric drill) - Z = 2;

4) mechanized machines (presses) - Z = 3;

5) semi-automatic machines - Z = 3.5;

6) automatic machines (automatic car washes) - Z = 4.

The calculation of mechanization indicators is carried out:

1) for maintenance processes - for one impact;

2) TR processes - per one TR;

3) warehouse and auxiliary work - in relation to the conditional quantity of stored goods or the volume of each type of auxiliary work.

Indicators of mechanization of maintenance and repair, freight ATP are calculated according to the most numerous model of a truck, and for road trains

2 Classification technological equipment and requirements for it

For modern motor transport enterprises (ATP) and car service stations (STOA), the industry produces a large range of technological equipment that differs both in design and in principle of operation. In accordance with the “Table of technological equipment ...” in force in the motor transport system of Russia, 241 models of technological equipment are recommended for use in LTP and motor transport associations. At the same time, the aforementioned normative and technical document does not contain many names of equipment samples that are widely used at auto enterprises and at other objects of the national economy of a different profile (machine tools, woodworking, welding, forging, etc.).

The total number of models of technological equipment for various purposes used at each of the country's auto enterprises ranges from several dozen to several hundred items.

However, upon careful consideration of the entire range of technological equipment that a modern auto enterprise is equipped with, two large groups can be distinguished.

The first includes specialized technological equipment that is used directly in the technological processes used in auto enterprises in order to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition.

Technological equipment included in this group can be divided into 6 subgroups:

1. Equipment for cleaning and washing.

2. Lifting-inspection and handling equipment.

3. Equipment for lubricating, washing and filling vehicles with air, oils and working fluids (lubricating and filling equipment).

4.Equipment, instruments, fixtures and tools for assembly, dismantling and assembly and repair work.

5. Control and diagnostic equipment.

6. Tire fitting and tire repair equipment.

The second group includes general-purpose equipment, which is widely used not only in auto enterprises, but also in other national economy facilities and is universal in nature of its use.

This equipment can be divided into two subgroups:

1. Technological equipment for performing blacksmithing, welding, coppersmithing, battery, electrical repair, radio engineering, woodworking and other works.

2. Equipment used for the operation of engineering networks and structures of a car company: heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage, power supply, etc.

In Russia there is a whole network of design organizations and factories for the design and manufacture of such equipment, but a significant amount of it is purchased abroad.

At the same time, general-purpose technological equipment is mainly manufactured and supplied to auto enterprises from other industries.

3. Cleaning and washing equipment: purpose and design features

According to the functional purpose, equipment for washing rolling stock is divided into: installations for washing cars, trucks, buses.

According to the degree of specialization, this equipment is divided into: highly specialized (washing only the bottom of the car, only wheel rims, etc.), specialized, universal

According to the degree of mobility, they distinguish: stationary and mobile equipment. Stationary washing installations have a large throughput. In such installations, the car is moved using a conveyor

Mobile washing units are used for a small washing program. At the same time, washing installations on a self-propelled chassis, which move around the car during operation, have the highest degree of mobility.

The following methods are most commonly used for car washing:

1. hydrodynamic (jet);

2. hydroabrasive; 3 wet wiping; 4 combinations of the first 3 methods.

Jet (hydrodynamic) method. The essence of the method is the transformation of the static pressure of the liquid into a dynamic one. The condition for cleaning the surface is the excess of the dynamic pressures of the washing liquid over the strength properties of the contaminants. In this case, the cleaning factors for contaminated surfaces are:

Liquid jet speed

Washing liquid temperature

Chemical activity of the cleaning solution;

Nozzle profile;

Spreading angle of the jet.

The advantages of this washing method are as follows:

1.easy to use;

2. the ability to easily adjust the technological modes of washing;

3. absence of intensive destruction of the paintwork and glazed surfaces during its use;

4.Use versatility for various kinds automobile rolling stock. The hydroabrasive method differs from the hydrodynamic method by the presence of special abrasives in the washing liquid. This mixture, under the action of compressed air, is ejected at high speed onto the surface to be cleaned. This increases the efficiency and quality of cleaning contaminated surfaces, but increases the possibility of damage to the surfaces being cleaned and the power consumption for supplying the hydroabrasive mixture.

Wet wipe. The essence of the method is that the wetted surface is wiped with a soft material; rotating brushes, wet cloths, etc. can be used as a working body.

Advantages: low consumption of washing liquid, unlike other methods, the removal of the thinnest mud layer from paintwork and glazed surfaces is ensured.

Disadvantages; the complexity of the design of brush washing installations, lower reliability compared to jet installations, high cost.

4. Alternative ways to clean automotive rolling stock

In the context of the impending water "hunger", some companies in Western countries are creating waterless washing installations and installations with partial use of water.

Thus, the firm "OBAG" (Germany) has developed the design of the unit model 1/4/70/6 for washing cars without using water. The principle of its operation is as follows. Three electrode emitters are mounted in a conventional washing compartment, moving on rollers along rails. Powered by 220V, they send out electrode microwaves. Under the influence of such irradiation, dust and dirt (usually of mineral origin) on the surface of the car causes a molecular vibration and they lag behind. In this case, the use of water is completely excluded. The power consumption is only 2000W. The washing process takes about 5 seconds (during this time, the washing compartment passes once over the car along its entire length). The only drawback of the installation is a slight heating of the treated surface (up to approximately 40 "C). However, tests carried out by the company showed that such heating does not cause harmful effects.

The washing plant without brushes was created by the Italian company IALA. The car body is first bombarded with negatively charged small droplets of the detergent composition. Droplets strike dust and dirt particles, tearing them off the surface of the body. Then a positively charged shower is given. In this case, the dirt is completely removed. At the end of the wash, the car is rinsed and dried with hot air. The entire procedure takes less than 4 minutes.

Washing method patented in Germany various items from electrically conductive materials, in particular, an automobile body. The new method is characterized by the fact that a jet of cleaning solution is used as a conductor. Electric current, passing through the jet, significantly speeds up and improves surface cleaning. The object to be cleaned and the nozzle with which the cleaning solution is sprayed; connected to two poles of a direct current source, which is a voltage generator of the "leander" type with a small pulse frequency. To increase the electrical conductivity of the jet, additives are introduced into the washing solution. Provides smooth change electric current jet using a rheostat included in the electric circuit "nozzle - jet - object to be cleaned". The washing effect is also increased by periodically changing the polarity and, consequently, the direction of the current in the jet. Polarity reversal takes place with the help of a switching device.

Patented are also methods for cleaning the surface of the car with “washing sheets”. In one case, the washing installation contains a frame with an opening into which the car passes, moving relative to it along a certain longitudinal trajectory, and at least two cleaning

devices installed on the frame in the opening one near the other across the trajectory of the vehicle. Each cleaning device contains a rigid support element mounted on a frame and having the ability to swing, several panels suspended from the support element, and several plates (at least one for each panel), which provide rigid fastening of the panels to the support element. The panels are suspended in parallel so that each of them runs across the trajectory of the vehicle. The side of each panel extends beyond the side of the vehicle. The panel consists of several hanging flexible tapes side by side. They move freely when the panels are not in contact with the vehicle, and continuously touch the surfaces of the vehicle due to the rocking of the support element when the panels interact with the moving vehicle. At the same time, the strips of the panels act on the upper, side, front, rear and recessed surfaces of the body, on the lower parts of the bumper, cleaning them.

In another case, the frame of the device consists of transversely spaced arcuate parts. Each part of the frame is located in a plane parallel to the trajectory of the vehicle. The panels pass across between the arcuate parts of the frame and place the gay at a certain distance from one another along the trajectory of the car.

In the third case, the car washing device consists of a frame and a drive mechanism with a primary motor mounted on the frame. Round holders are installed on the frame, in which groups of washing cloths are fixed. The individual tape elements of these canvases are located one against the other when they are not in working condition, and are connected after they are moved by a car when entering a car wash. The drive mechanism rotates the web in the opposite direction along with the belt elements. Elements of different webs interlock randomly with each other when moving in the opposite direction, thereby improving the quality of washing.

5. Ways to improve the design of washing installations

Cost-effectiveness and efficiency of washing equipment is achieved mainly due to the following design solutions:

Creation of installations with changing angles of attack directly in the process of washing;

Increasing the pressure of the washing liquid up to 3-4 MPa;

Creation of suspended jet washing installations (similar to some foreign designs);

The use of various detergents and heating of the cleaning solution with devices included in the installation kit;

Multiple use of working water (regeneration, recycling water supply system);

Reducing the consumption of electricity and especially water by improving the process and the use of water-air pulsating jets for washing;

Creation of jet-brush installations, as they are more versatile and help save water;

Creation of washing installations according to the principle of subject specialization;

Creation of cleaning and washing complexes according to the modular principle of construction;

Application of alternative cleaning methods (electromagnetic waves, jet pulsation, etc.);

Ensuring the optimal distance from the nozzle to the surface using either measuring sensors, proximity detectors, photo relay devices, etc., or power devices and pneumatic cylinders, which helps to reduce the specific consumption of water and electricity and increase the washing efficiency;

The use of nozzles with variable diameter, with alternating pitch depending on the type of nozzle, the angle of attack of the jet and the configuration of the car (degree of pollution according to the height of the car);

Software control of the speed of movement of the car, depending on its brand and degree of pollution;

6. Lifting-inspection and handling equipment

One of effective means, allowing to increase the productivity of the TP, is the use of lifting-inspection and lifting-transnorg equipment, since it is known that when performing the full scope of work on the maintenance of a medium-duty vehicle, the following distribution by type of work is obtained: from below - 40-45, from above - 40 -45 and 10-20% - work performed from the side. Therefore, when performing work on the maintenance and repair of a car, it is necessary to have equipment that provides its service from all sides and at the same time contributes to an increase in the productivity and quality of work of repair workers.

According to NIIAT, the use of modern lifting equipment makes it possible to increase the productivity of repair workers during maintenance and repair by about 25%.

The group of technological equipment under consideration is divided (Fig. 1.1) according to its functional purpose into two subgroups: lifting and inspection and lifting and transport.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of hoisting-inspection and hoisting-and-transport equipment

Lifting and inspection equipment includes equipment that provides convenient access to units, mechanisms and parts located below and on the side of the car. At the same time, work performed using this

equipment from below, can be made with full or partial hanging of the car. Lifting and inspection equipment includes inspection ditches, overpasses, lifts, tippers, jacks.

Lifting and transport equipment includes equipment for lifting and moving a car or its units and assemblies in the zones and sections of the ATP, which is used in the case when the movement of the car on its own is impossible or not rational.

Handling equipment includes: cargo trolleys, crane beams, hoists, hand hoists, mobile cranes, jib cranes, conveyors, loaders.

Inspection ditches. At the country's motor transport enterprises, it is widely used as a means of providing maintenance and current repair received inspection ditches. At the very beginning of the motorization of our country, due to the lack of lifts, there was no alternative to them. However, in subsequent years, when lifts were widely used both abroad and in our country, our motor transport enterprises still preferred to use inspection ditches and are currently widely used.

This is explained, on the one hand, by subjective reasons: established traditions and habits, low technical culture of the performing personnel and the management of fleets, and on the other hand, by objective reasons: an insufficient number of lifts manufactured by the domestic industry, the presence of design flaws in them, the lack of necessary equipment for posts, equipped with floor-type lifts, as well as certain advantages of inspection ditches in comparison with floor lifts:

Inspection ditches are universal, they can serve almost any brand of car;

Inspection ditches provide a wider scope of work for servicing one vehicle, since operations can be performed simultaneously from above, from the side and from below, which cannot be done on conventional lifts without balconies;

Ditches do not require additional costs for electricity (except for lighting and compressed air supply for power plants);

Inspection ditches practically do not require maintenance and repair, while elevators need constant maintenance and repair with the corresponding costs of time, materials and funds;

Ditches do not require high ceilings of buildings, unlike floor lifts that hang the car up to a height of 1800 mm;

Inspection ditches are not limited by carrying capacity; if necessary, vehicles with a load can be serviced on them;

Convenient location of containers for centralized supply of oils and lubricants, as well as tools and spare parts in specialized niches.

According to the way the car enters the ditch, there are dead-end and rectangular (travel) ditches (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2. Classification of inspection ditches

The width of the ditches are narrow and wide.

According to the device, the ditches are divided into inter-track and lateral, with gauge bridges, with an additional overpass, trench and isolated.

The length of the ditch should not be less than the length of the car, but not exceed it by more than 0.5-0.8 m. The depth should take into account the ground clearance of the car and be for cars -], 4 m. And for trucks and buses - 1.2-1.3 m. The width of the inter-track ditches is usually not more than 0.9-1.1 m.

To remove exhaust gases, the ditches must have special exhaust devices.

Depending on the purpose, the ditches are equipped with lifting devices (ditch lifts), mobile funnels for draining used oil and devices for filling vehicles with oil, lubricants, water and air.

Nevertheless, the massive use of inspection ditches cannot be considered justified, since it does not correspond to modern requirements to the working conditions of maintenance personnel and hinders the introduction of modern technologies for maintenance and current repairs at the ATP.

The main disadvantages of inspection ditches are as follows:

Inspection ditches do not fully provide free access to all components and assemblies of the vehicle, as they limit the freedom of action of workers;

Workers are forced to go down into and out of the ditch many times per shift for tools, parts and material, which takes a lot of time, negatively affects the working capacity of workers and, ultimately, reduces labor productivity;

The fixed depth of the ditch and its limited width, insufficient lighting and ventilation, accumulation of dust, dirt, oils, cleaning materials - all this worsens the working conditions of workers and also reduces labor productivity, does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, is one of the causes of injuries; in addition, if there are no cars on the ditch, a person may also fall into it;

Inspection ditches can only be used on the first floors of buildings that do not have basements;

On ditches, it becomes more difficult, if necessary, to change the technological route of TO and TP;

Keeping ditches constantly clean is difficult and requires additional personnel; ladders, trench fencing and ditch ventilation are also required to be maintained.

Flyovers. The overpasses are a track bridge located 0.7-1.4 m above the floor level, with ramps for entering and exiting the car, having a slope of 20-25 °. Overpasses can be dead-end and direct-flow, stationary and mobile (collapsible), reinforced concrete and metal. Because of large- square occupied by overpasses, they are used mainly in the field, in the arrangement of highways. at recreation sites, roadside gas stations or in the courtyard of the ATP. Lifts. Lifts are used to hang vehicles above the floor at a height convenient for maintenance or repair of units and assemblies from below and from the side.

7. Classification of car lifts

Rice. 1.3. Classification of car lifts

On fig. 1.3. classification should note the aspects characterizing the type of lift, and in some cases, the full name of the lift. For example, the method of its position during operation is indicated - stationary or mobile (rolling), in addition to indicating the type of drive and the number of working plungers or racks, it is advisable to indicate the type of lifting frame or grips indicating the type of the main lifting mechanism - block-rope, with a working pair of "screw -nut", etc. For example, “Stationary, two-column lift mod. P-145, with offset posts, with a working pair - a screw-nut, with lifting side carriages with cantilever beams and mobile pickups", or "Mobile, electromechanical lift mod. 11238 for trucks, with a set of mobile racks with fork lifts under the wheels.

Exist a large number of There are various designs of lifts, which can be classified according to five characteristic features:

1. according to the principle of operation: with lifting the car on racks, with lifting the car on a platform (or ladders) of a parallelogram type;

2. by technological location: floor, trench (on the ditch flanges), ditch (on the ditch wall or at the bottom of the ditch);

3. according to the type of drive of the working bodies: electro-hydraulic, electro-mechanical, electro-pneumatic, pneumo-hydraulic and manual, i.e. driven by the muscular strength of the worker (hydraulic and mechanical);

4. according to the degree of mobility: stationary, mobile;

5. by the number of racks (plungers): single-column, two-column, three-column, four-column and multi-column.

The most commonly used are electro-hydraulic and electro-mechanical lifts. The vast majority of manufactured lifts are stationary. They are intended for permanent maintenance and TP posts on ATPs of various types and fashions. Compared to mobile lifts, stationary lifts have the advantage that they provide greater stability to the lifted vehicle and thus increase the safety and convenience of work. However, mobile lifts also find use. They do not require assembly and installation work and foundation, which allows them to be used on any flat area, including outdoors. After the work is completed, the lifts can be removed from their place, which can be used for other work or equipment. The maneuverability of mobile lifts allows, if necessary, to change the technological route of TO and TP vehicles, which is often used in small ATP and service stations or in the case of cramped industrial premises zones and plots

8.Mechanization of technological processes TO and TP at ATP and STOA

The mechanization of technological processes of maintenance (TO) and repair (R) of cars at auto enterprises is understood as the complete or partial replacement of manual labor with machine labor in the part where the technical condition of cars changes, while maintaining human participation in driving the machine.

The mechanization of technological processes is divided into partial and complete.

Partial mechanization is associated with the mechanization of individual movements and operations, due to which labor is facilitated and the execution of the corresponding technological processes is accelerated.

Full (or complex) mechanization covers all the main, auxiliary and transport operations of the technological process and represents the almost complete elimination of manual labor and its replacement by machine labor. The activity of the worker is reduced to the control of the machine, the regulation of its work and the control over the quality of the operations. Integrated mechanization is a prerequisite for the automation and robotization of technological processes, which is the highest degree of mechanization.

Automation of the technological process eliminates manual labor. Here, the functions of the worker include monitoring the progress of the technological process, monitoring the quality of its implementation and adjustment and adjustment work.

Automation of technological processes involves the automation of some operations of the management of machines and mechanisms with full (complex) mechanization of all labor-intensive operations.

9.Techno-economic and social significance of mechanization technological processes

According to statistics, approximately 60% of the total increase in pond productivity in all sectors of the economy is provided by the introduction new technology, more advanced technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, about 20% - as a result of improved organization of production, and the remaining 20% ​​- due to advanced training of workers.

The mechanization of technological processes of maintenance and TP of automobile rolling stock is of great technical, economic and social importance, which is expressed in reducing the number of repair workers by reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and TP of cars, improving the quality of maintenance and TP, improving working conditions of repair workers. decline

the labor intensity of maintenance and TP is achieved by reducing the time required to perform the corresponding operations as a result of the introduction of mechanization.

Thus, the use of the M-118 automatic line for washing cars makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of these works by 7.5 times, the 468M electromechanical lift - 2 times, the IZOZM electric wrench for wheel nuts - 1.5 times, the Sh509 stand for dismantling truck tires cars - 2 times, etc.

The mechanization of technological processes has a great influence on the quality of maintenance and repair. This is especially true for control and diagnostic, washing and refueling, cleaning and washing, assembly and dismantling.

In turn, improving the quality helps to increase the reliability of the car on the line, reduce the flow of failures and, consequently, reduce the amount of work performed, reduce the required number of repair workers, vehicle downtime in MOT and repair and waiting for MOT and repair, increase the time of the car on line.

Improving the working conditions of repair workers is one of the main tasks to be solved by mechanizing the technological processes of maintenance and repair of rolling stock. There is still a large proportion of technological operations performed using unskilled manual labor, mainly heavy, monotonous, tiring and unhealthy maintenance workers. Such operations include, first of all, dismantling, installation and intra-garage transportation of components and assemblies of trucks and buses (front and rear axles, engine, gearbox, gearbox, springs, etc.), cleaning and washing of bus interiors and truck bodies, washing of all types of cars and buses, vulcanization of tires, etc.

The mechanization of these works, on the one hand, contributes to an increase in the labor productivity of repair workers and an increase in the quality of their maintenance and repair of vehicles (due to less fatigue and increased efficiency), which entails a reduction in the required number of repair workers, a reduction in the downtime of vehicles in maintenance and repair and in anticipation of maintenance and repair, increasing the time of the car on the line.

On the other hand, the mechanization of heavy and hazardous work allows to reduce the number of cases of industrial injuries and occupational diseases among repair workers and the associated loss of working time.

The social significance of the mechanization of maintenance and repair is expressed in improving the working conditions of workers, reducing the turnover of personnel, in a comprehensive and general increase in the cultural and technical level of repair workers.

Improving working conditions during mechanization is achieved through the organization of jobs (selection and rational arrangement of technological equipment in accordance with the requirements of the scientific organization of labor). At the same time, the operational manufacturability of the equipment used is of great importance, i.e. ease of use in maintenance and repair of vehicles.

The decrease in staff turnover during mechanization occurs due to the satisfaction of workers with the nature and working conditions. The consequence of this is an increase in the productivity of repair workers, an improvement in the quality of the work they perform due to the growth of their professional qualifications.

10. Influence of the provision of ATP with mechanization means on the efficiency of their activities.

Before starting work on the mechanization of technological processes of maintenance and repair of cars, it is of particular importance to evaluate the final results of mechanization, i.e. its impact on the performance of the auto enterprise.

Integrated mechanization and automation allow:

Reduce the labor intensity and cost of maintenance and repair of rolling stock;

Improve the quality of their implementation;

Reduce the required number of maintenance workers;

Reduce vehicle downtime in maintenance and TP;

Increase the time of cars on the line;

To improve the performance indicators of the automobile enterprise (technical readiness coefficient, output coefficient, etc.).

NIIAT conducted studies to determine the impact of the level of provision of ATP with technological equipment on such indicators of their activities as the number of repair workers per 100 vehicles, the technical readiness factor (KTG) of the car fleet, the fleet output ratio, the consumption of spare parts and fuel and lubricants. At the same time, the level of provision of ATP with equipment was determined by the present value of technological equipment per 100 vehicles.

For a comparative assessment, 40 freight transport vehicles and 40 bus fleets were taken, and the listed rolling stock ranged from 65 to 716 units. All ATPs were subjected to a detailed examination in order to collect the necessary data.

The results of the analysis indicate a significant impact of the level of provision of ATP with technological equipment on the indicators characterizing the results of their activities. With the increase in the equipment of the ATP with technological equipment, the required number of repair workers per 100 vehicles is significantly reduced, K11 and the fleet output ratio increase sharply (by reducing the days of downtime in repairs and waiting for repairs), which ultimately leads to a decrease in the wage fund and increase the income of ATP.

The task is currently integrated mechanization production is still far from being resolved. Therefore, it is relevant to study the actual levels of mechanization of technological processes of maintenance and repair at auto enterprises.

11. Factors taken into account when mechanizing the processes of TO and TP at the ATP and STOA

When implementing complex mechanization of maintenance and TP processes, the following should be taken into account:

1. For each ATP there is an optimal level of mechanization, in the presence of which it receives the maximum profit from mechanization work.

2. When carrying out the retrofitting (resupplying) of the ATP, a reasonable continuity of the decisions taken must be observed. It is necessary to "start from the results achieved", gradually bringing mechanization at workplaces, sections and zones of the ATP to a technically optimal level.

3. The largest increase in profit (more than 50%) is achieved primarily in the zones TP, TO-1, TO-2, EO (with 20% in the TP zone). The second group of divisions (carpentry, electrical, engine repair, metalwork, welding, assembly, painting, blacksmithing, tire fitting) brings about 40% of the profit. The third group of divisions (copper, wallpaper, fuel, battery) brings about 10% of the profit.

4. It is necessary to take into account the influence of the size of units on the increase in labor productivity of repair workers, profit growth. In small subdivisions (less than 4 workers), the increase in the level of mechanization has little effect on labor productivity. Each worker has narrow specialization, for example, there is one coppersmith. Therefore, with a constant number of cars in the ATP after the mechanization of the technological process, the same amount of work is performed by the same number of workers, i.e. the release of the worker does not occur, but the degree of its loading is simply reduced. The way out is the enlargement of the ATP, cooperation between the ATP, since mechanization has a tangible effect in large subdivisions. there is a decrease in the rate of profit growth with an increase in the level of mechanization by the same amount. An increase in the level of mechanization by 1% for an initial level of 10% leads to an increase in profit by 3.6%, and for an initial level of 45% - only 0.4%.

5. The greatest impact on reducing the need for spare parts is provided by the mechanization of operations in those technological areas where repairs and restoration of parts are carried out.

6. The greatest impact on the technical readiness coefficient of the fleet is exerted by the mechanization of work in units that perform maintenance and TP operations directly on the vehicle (maintenance zones and TPV posts

7. The implementation of complex mechanization of maintenance and TP processes must begin with the widespread introduction of small-scale mechanization and, above all, a mechanized tool, the use of which can significantly (from 20 to 60%) reduce the complexity of dismantling and assembly work.

12. Economic fundamentals of machine design

The economic factor plays a primary role in the design. Design details should not overshadow the main design goal - to increase the economic effect of machines.

Many designers believe that designing economically means reducing the cost of manufacturing a machine, avoiding complex and expensive solutions, using the cheapest materials and most simple ways processing. This is only a small part of the task. Of main importance is the fact that the economic effect is determined by the value of the useful return of the machine and the amount of operating costs for the entire period of its operation. The cost of the car is only one, not always the main, and sometimes a very insignificant component of this amount.

Economically oriented design must take into account the whole complex of factors that determine the efficiency of the machine and correctly assess their relative importance. This rule is often ignored. In an effort to reduce the cost of production, the designer often achieves savings in one direction and does not notice other, much more effective ways to increase efficiency. Moreover, private savings, carried out without taking into account the totality of all factors, often leads to a decrease in the total efficiency of machines.

The main factors that determine the economy of machines are the amount of useful output of the machine, durability, reliability, labor costs for operators, energy consumption and the cost of repairs.

13. Unification of parts, components and assemblies

As noted earlier, the economic factor plays a paramount role in the design. A great economic effect is provided by the unification and normalization of parts, assemblies and assemblies.

Unification consists in the repeated use of the same elements in the design, which helps to reduce the range of parts and reduce the cost of manufacturing, simplify the operation and repair of machines.

The unification of structural elements makes it possible to reduce the range of processing, measuring and assembly tools. Unifications are subjected to landing mates (by bore diameters, fits and accuracy classes), threaded connections (by diameters, fits and accuracy classes, turnkey sizes), keyed and splined connections (by diameters, shapes of keys and slots, fits and accuracy classes), gears (by modules, tooth types and accuracy classes), chamfers and fillets (by size and type), etc.

The unification of original parts and assemblies can be internal (within a given product) and external (borrowing parts from other machines of a given or adjacent plant).

The greatest economic effect is obtained by borrowing the parts of mass-produced machines, since the parts can be obtained in finished form.

Borrowing machine parts of a single production, machines that have been removed or are to be removed from production, as well as those that are in production at enterprises of other departments, when it is difficult to obtain parts, has only one positive side: the verification of parts by operating experience. In many cases, this justifies unification.

Unification of brands and assortment of materials, electrodes, standard sizes of fasteners and other normalized parts, rolling bearings, etc., facilitates the supply of the manufacturer and repair enterprises with materials, standards and purchased products.

14. Formation of derivative machines on the basis of unification.

Unification is an efficient and economical way to create, on the basis of the original model, a number of derived machines of the same purpose, but with different indicators of power, productivity, etc., or machines for various purposes that perform qualitatively different operations, as well as designed to produce other products.

Currently, there are several ways to solve this problem. Not all of them are universal. In most cases, each method is applicable only to certain categories of machines, and their economic effect is different.

One method is partitioning. The sectioning method consists in dividing the machine into identical sections and forming derivative machines with a set of unified sections.

Many types of transport-lifting devices (belt, scraper, chain conveyors) lend themselves well to sectioning. Sectioning in this case comes down to building a frame of machines from sections and composing machines of various lengths with a new, non-drying canvas. Machines with a link bearing web (bucket elevators, plate conveyors with a web based on bush-roller chains) are especially easily sectioned, in which the length of the web can be changed by removing or adding links.

The economics of forming machines in this way depends little on the introduction of separate non-standard sections, which may be needed to adapt the length of the machine to local conditions.

Method for changing linear dimensions. With this method, in order to obtain different performance of machines and units, their length is changed, while maintaining the shape of the cross section. The method is applicable to a limited class of machines, the performance of which is proportional to the length of the rotor (gear and vane pumps, Root compressors, agitators, roller machines, etc.).

The degree of unification with this method is low. Only end caps of cases and auxiliary parts are unified. The main economic effect is the preservation of the main technological equipment for processing the rotors and internal cavities of the housings. A special case of application this method is to increase the load capacity of gears by increasing the length of the teeth of the wheels while maintaining their module.

Basic aggregate method. This method is based on the use of a basic unit, which is turned into machines for various purposes by attaching special equipment to it. The method finds the greatest application in the construction of road machines, mobile cranes, loaders, stackers, as well as agricultural machines.

The basic unit in this case is a tractor or automobile chassis, which is mass-produced. By mounting additional equipment on the chassis, a series of machines for various purposes is obtained.

The attachment of special equipment requires the development of additional mechanisms and units (power take-offs, lifting and turning mechanisms, winches, reversers, friction clutches, brakes, control mechanisms, cabins) which, in turn, can be largely unified.

Converting. With the conversion method, the base machine or its main elements are used to create units for various purposes, sometimes close, and sometimes different in workflow. An example of conversion is the transfer of reciprocating internal combustion engines from one type of fuel to another, from one type of thermal process to another (from a spark ignition cycle to a compression ignition cycle).

Gasoline carburetor engines are easily converted to gas. To do this, it is enough to replace the carburetor with a mixer, change the compression ratio (achieved by changing the height of the pistons) and some minor structural alterations. In general, the engine remains the same.

Converting a gasoline or gas engine to a diesel engine is more difficult, mainly due to the higher operating forces inherent in diesel engines due to the high compression ratio and high flash pressure. Therefore, a convertible engine must have large margins of safety. The conversion in this case consists in replacing the carburetor with a fuel pump and injectors, changing the compression ratio (changing cylinder heads, increasing the height of the pistons and changing the configuration of their bottoms).

15.Normalization of parts, components and assemblies

Normalization is the regulation of the design and standard sizes of widely used machine-building parts, assemblies and assemblies. Almost every specialized design organization normalize typical parts and assemblies for a given branch of mechanical engineering. Normalization speeds up the design, facilitates the manufacture, operation and repair of machines, and, with the appropriate design of normalized parts, helps to increase the reliability of machines.

Normalization has the greatest effect when reducing the number of normal sizes used, i.e. in their unification.

The advantages of normalization are fully realized with the centralized production of normals at specialized factories. This unloads machine-building plants from labor-intensive work on the production of normals and simplifies the supply of repair enterprises with spare parts. Standardization is an essential factor in reducing the cost of machines and speeding up design. However, a prerequisite is the high quality of the standards and their continuous improvement. In addition, the use of normals should not hamper the designer's creative initiative and hinder the search for new, more rational design solutions. When designing machines, one should not stop at the difficulties of applying new solutions in areas covered by the standards, if these solutions have clear advantages.

16. General design rules

The principles of rational design, as a set of general rules for mechanical engineering, look like this:

Do not copy existing samples, but design meaningfully, choosing from the entire arsenal of design solutions developed by modern mechanical engineering, the most appropriate in given conditions;

Be able to combine different solutions and find new, improved, i.e. to design with creative initiative, with an inventive spark;

To take into account the dynamics of industrial development and create durable, flexible machines rich in reserves capable of satisfying the growing demands of the national economy.

When creating machines, you must also adhere to the following:

Subordinate design to the task of increasing the economic effect, determined primarily by the useful return of the machine, its durability and the cost of operating costs for the entire period of use of the machine;

To achieve the maximum increase in useful returns by increasing the productivity of machines and the volume of operations performed by them;

To achieve an all-round reduction in the cost of operating machines by reducing energy consumption, the cost of maintenance and repair;

Maximize the degree of automation of machines in order to increase productivity, improve product quality and reduce labor costs;

To increase the durability of machines in every possible way, increasing the actual number of machine park and increasing their total useful return;

Prevent technical obsolescence of machines, ensuring their long-term applicability, laying in them high initial parameters and providing for reserves for development and subsequent improvement;

To lay in machines the prerequisites for intensifying their use in operation by increasing their versatility and reliability;

Provide for the possibility of creating derivative machines with the maximum use of the structural elements of the base machine;

Strive to reduce the number of standard sizes of machines, seeking to meet the needs of the national economy with a minimum number of models by rationally choosing their parameters and increasing operational flexibility;

To strive to meet the needs of the national economy with a minimum output of machines by increasing the useful output and durability of machines;

Design machines with the expectation of non-repair operation, with the complete elimination of major repairs and with the replacement of restorative repairs with a complete set of machines with replaceable units;

Avoid making rubbing surfaces directly on the parts bodies; to facilitate the repair of the friction surface, perform on separate, easily replaceable parts;

Consistently adhere to the principle of aggregation; design nodes in the form of independent units installed on the machine in assembled form;

Exclude the selection and fitting of parts during assembly; ensure complete interchangeability of parts;

Exclude operations of reconciliation, adjustment of parts and assemblies in place; include fixing elements in the design that provide correct installation parts and assemblies during assembly;

To ensure high strength of parts and the machine as a whole in ways that do not require an increase in mass (giving parts rational shapes with the best use of material, the use of high-strength materials, the introduction of hardening treatment);

Pay special attention to increasing the cyclic strength of parts; to give parts rational in terms of fatigue strength forms; reduce stress concentration; introduce fatigue-hardening treatment;

In machines, components and mechanisms operating under cyclic and dynamic loads, introduce elastic elements that soften shocks and load fluctuations;

To give structures high rigidity by expedient methods that do not require an increase in mass (the use of hollow and shell structures, blocking deformations with transverse and diagonal braces, rational arrangement of supports and stiffeners);

Make cars unpretentious in care; reduce the volume of maintenance operations, eliminate periodic adjustments, implement mechanisms in the form of self-service units;

Prevent the possibility of overvoltage of the machine during operation (introduce automatic regulators, safety and limit devices that exclude the possibility of operating the machine in dangerous modes);

Eliminate the possibility of breakdowns and accidents as a result of inept or careless handling of the machine (introduce locks that prevent the possibility of improper manipulation of the controls; automate machine control as much as possible);

Eliminate the possibility of incorrect assembly of parts and assemblies that need precise coordination relative to each other; introduce locks that allow assembly only in the desired position;

Eliminate periodic lubrication; ensure continuous automatic supply of lubricant to friction joints;

enclose mechanisms in closed cases that prevent the penetration of dirt, dust and moisture on the rubbing surfaces and allow for continuous lubrication:

Reduce the mass of machines by increasing the compactness of structures, using rational kinematic and power schemes, eliminating unfavorable types of loading, replacing bending by tension-compression, and also by using light alloys and non-metallic materials;

To ensure the maximum manufacturability of parts, assemblies and the machine as a whole, laying in the design the prerequisites for the most productive manufacturing and assembly; reduce the amount of machining, providing for the manufacture of parts from blanks with a shape close to the final shape of the product; replace mechanical processing with more productive methods of processing without chip removal;

To carry out the maximum unification of structural elements in order to reduce the cost of the machine, reduce the time of its manufacture, fine-tuning, as well as to facilitate operation and repair;

To expand in every possible way the use of normalized parts; comply with the current state and industry Standards, industry standards, limits on the applicability of normalized elements;

Do not use original parts and assemblies where you can get by with standard, normal, unified, borrowed and purchased parts and assemblies;

Save expensive and scarce materials by using their full-fledged substitutes; if the use of scarce materials is inevitable, reduce their consumption to a minimum;

striving for cheap manufacturing, not limiting the cost of producing parts on which the durability and reliability of the machine depend to the maximum; make such parts from high-quality materials, apply technological processes for their manufacture that provide the greatest increase in reliability and service life;

Ensure the safety of operating personnel; prevent the possibility of accidents by maximizing the automation of work operations, the introduction of interlocks, the use of closed mechanisms and the installation of protective fences;

In machines-tools and automatic machines, provide the possibility of regulation and adjustment by mechanisms of manual scrolling, slow turning from the drive motor (with reverse, if required by the conditions of adjustment);

In machines driven by an electric motor, take into account the possibility of incorrect starting of the engine, and in machines driven by an internal combustion engine - backfires; provide the possibility of reverse operation of the machine or introduce safety devices (overrunning clutches);

To study the development trends of the sectors of the national economy that use the designed machines; conduct advanced design, designed to meet the needs of machine users in the future.

17. Manufacturability of designed products

When creating a product, one should strive not only to achieve a high technical level, but also to reduce as much as possible the costs of labor, materials and energy for its design, production, operation and disposal. All this characterizes the product as an object of production.

The design of the product is primarily determined by its service purpose. However, the design of the product may be different, while the cost of resources will also be different. This difference is the result of a different level of manufacturability of the product.

Manufacturability is a set of product properties that determine the adaptability of its design to achieve optimal resource costs in its production, repair and disposal.

It should be emphasized that the manufacturability of the product design reflects not the functional properties of the product, but its properties as an object of production and operation.

A product can be considered technological if it corresponds to the state of the art, economically and conveniently in operation, it takes into account the possibility of using the most economical, productive manufacturing, repair and disposal processes. It follows from this that manufacturability is a complex concept.

On the other hand, manufacturability is a relative concept, since with a different product release program, manufacturing and repair technologies differ significantly.

The processes of manufacturing, repair and disposal impose their own requirements on the design of the product, which may contradict each other.

Let's take a detail as an example. The life cycle of a part is associated with processes such as obtaining a workpiece, processing a workpiece, operating the part, repairing it, and recycling it. Depending on the physical nature of the listed processes, each of them imposes its own requirements on the material of the part. If, for example, the workpiece is obtained by cold stamping, its material must have the properties of plasticity. For the machining of a workpiece, it is necessary that the material has machinability properties. The process of operation of a part requires from the material, for example, high strength and wear resistance, and repair requires the ability to restore its properties.

If these requirements turn out to be in conflict, the designer should first of all seek to meet the operational requirements, then determine those methods for obtaining the workpiece, its processing and repair of the part that allow minimizing these contradictions. If these measures fail to eliminate the contradictions, then the designer, where it is permissible, should revise the requirements for the material from the point of view of the operation of the part. The point is that the effectiveness

is evaluated not only by the efficiency of the operation process, but also significantly depends on the manufacturing and repair processes. Given this, the total economic effect should be taken into account. Therefore, when the designed product turns out to be so low-tech that it either cannot be manufactured, or its manufacture turns out to be very expensive, which negates the economic effect of the operation of the product, it is necessary to go to a decrease in performance. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of using the product during operation, but the total economic effect will be higher.

Manufacturability of the product is evaluated using indicators of rationality, continuity, resource intensity.

The rationality of the design of the product is characterized by complexity, ease of removal of structural elements, accessibility, distribution of tolerances between manufacturing and assembly, etc.

Product design continuity includes structural and technological continuity, variability and repeatability of element materials, design layouts and manufacturing, repair processes, etc.

All these indicators characterize the manufacturability of the product in its production, operation, repair and disposal.

Characteristic of the manufacturability of the product is that it is not evaluated by absolute indicators, but is known in comparison.

Improving the design in the direction of reducing the cost of resources is called testing the design for manufacturability.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word mechanization

mechanization in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

mechanization

mechanization, pl. no, w. (book).

Action on verb. mechanize and mechanize.... The mechanization of labor processes is that new and decisive force for us, without which it is impossible to maintain either our pace or the new scale of production. Stalin. Mechanization of labor in the coal industry. Mechanization in military affairs.

Glae condition. to mechanize in 2 meanings.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

mechanization

Full or partial replacement of manual means of labor by machines and mechanisms.

Equipment for the production of machines and mechanisms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

mechanization

MECHANIZATION (from the Greek. mechane - tool, machine) replacement of manual means of labor by machines and mechanisms; one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress. Distinguish partial and complex mechanization.

Mechanization

Mechanization- one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress, which is the widespread use of mechanization of production. The term refers to a process or work performed by machinery. Initially, the concept of a mechanism also had two other components: the driving force and the object itself, on which actions are directed, which can be called work. A mechanism or machine is, in fact, an intermediary between energy and work done, in order to adapt one to the other.

In some areas, the concept mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern conditions, mechanization in the field of technology or economics involves the use of more complex mechanisms than hand tools or primitive devices based on the use of animal energy, capable of changing speed or converting reciprocating movements into rotational ones, using means such as gears, pulleys or pulleys and belts, shafts, eccentrics and so on. After the electrification of manufacturing, most of the small hand-operated mechanisms were replaced by electric motors, which have become synonymous with machines.

There are concepts:

• partial mechanization- individual operations in manual production are performed by machines or mechanisms;
• complex mechanization- covers the entire range of work in the performance of a complete technological process or the creation of a specific product, while the employee controls the complex of machines;
• automation- the highest degree of mechanization of production, in which machines control the mechanisms, and a highly skilled worker only establishes and controls the production process.

Thus, the main modern direction technological progress, the basis for increasing productivity and labor productivity, as well as improving the quality of products is the comprehensive mechanization and automation of production. The socio-economic effect of mechanization is due to the mode of production.

Examples of the use of the word mechanization in the literature.

This is an option when two engines are working and hydraulic systems provide work mechanization.

How could Kotov then admit that those floodplains, from which he smoked the Nazis, in ten years would become the field of a peaceful battle - the battle for fertility, and that he would again be a participant in it, Kotov, reserve lieutenant, full cavalier of the Order of Glory, a school graduate mechanization, and that apple trees, pears, quinces, grapes planted by his hands will bloom in the Dniester valley, in the former mosquito swamps!

There were two factories in the city: a fruit cannery and an oil mill, a machine and tractor station, three secondary schools, a seven-year school, a veterinary school, two schools mechanization Agriculture, Pedagogical College, Fruit and Vegetable College, Two Libraries, Cinema, Pioneer's House, Teacher's House, Museum.

Now, by government decree, this harvester is manufactured only with a piler, and when it is sent to the places, then at the same time ploughshares and plows with skimmers are sent to these places, so that the farms receive everything necessary for mechanization work that needs to be done according to Williams's teachings on autumn tillage.

Even before the war, when Fedor Ivanovich studied here, he made a friend - this same Boris Nikolaevich Poray, a teacher from the faculty mechanization.

The main role here is to be played by the technical reconstruction of the national economy. mechanization, automation, computerization and robotization - which, I want to emphasize this, should have a clear social orientation.

To this it must be added that the grass-field farming system also provides for technical measures: mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture and land reclamation - measures that contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants.

Mechanization Thinking with micromodules adds neither common sense nor wisdom.

The General Staff of the German Ground Forces believed that motorization, mechanization armies and the presence of radio communications in the troops will sharply reduce the capabilities of the partisans.

Graduated from the Military Academy mechanization and motorization of the Red Army, the Military Academy of the General Staff.

We were impressed by a rather high degree for that time. mechanization and motorization of the German army.

His great experience political work supplemented the knowledge he received in his time at the Military Academy mechanization and motorization of the Red Army.

The widespread use of new technology required a transition to hired labor, but the labor of serfs and sessional workers was cheaper than the cost of mechanization production and the purchase of labor.

Biological ideas are now penetrating into all branches of agriculture, ranging from breeding, seed production, agricultural technology to mechanization and other industries.

I will not hide, I was very poorly versed in the problems mechanization agriculture, although he spent some time as a flour grinder.

Kuznetsov Dmitry 41-T group

This report provides information on the mechanization of production processes in order to free a person from hazardous conditions labor as a result of improved safety.

Download:

Preview:

Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region

GOUSPO MO "Chekhov Mechanical and Technological College of the Dairy Industry"

REPORT

subject: Automation and mechanization of production processes as a means of improving labor safety

discipline: Automation of technological processes

speciality : Technology of milk and dairy products

prepared : student of 41-T group Dmitry Kuznetsov

Supervisor:

teacher of general professional disciplines M.S. Trubchaninova

New Life

2013

For the created machine, the main evaluation criterion is the increase in labor productivity, the level of safety and the degree of lightening. It is possible to facilitate and secure labor by introducing mechanization and automation of manual labor.

The mechanization of production labor is the replacement of muscular human energy through the use of mechanical machines and mechanisms that are set in motion by various engines. With the help of mechanization, hard physical labor can be eliminated.

Complex mechanization is the highest level of mechanization. With such mechanization, systems of machines and mechanisms are used, which are interconnected in terms of productivity, ensure the performance of technical and production control operations. Complex mechanization allows you to move on to automation, both conventional and complex.

In the automation of production, instruments, machines and devices are used that perform production actions without the use of physical strength person, but the work is carried out under his control. The system does not require sufficient periodic monitoring of the progress of work by the constant presence of an employee.

Integrated automation is automatic systems, providing control and management of processes without human intervention using the specified work parameters. A person is assigned only the function of a controller of the progress of processes, the operation of equipment and automation.

Automation is most often used in large-scale production with a mass character of work. Widespread in both the meat and dairy industries. In such industries, there are a large number of lines that perform one technological function. Workshops and factories are being comprehensively automated.

As a result of reducing the humanity of labor to a minimum, the number of industrial injuries is practically zero. Most of the accidents are related to the repair and adjustment of equipment, as well as to the irrational arrangement of equipment and the organization of workplaces. Thus, a large number of automated and mechanized labor can reduce injuries at work. Also, automation and mechanization can eliminate the work of a person in harmful and difficult working conditions.

Mechanization and automation are required not only in large productions of the same type. It is also necessary for enterprises with single and small-scale production. Currently, there are a huge number of automated lines that make it easier and safer for the worker. The ability to quickly re-equip such lines allows them to be used in a wide variety of production processes.

In small-scale production, efficiency and productivity can be increased through the widespread use of machine tools with special program management. In small-scale production, most of the worker's time is spent reading and choosing the best version of the drawing. automated software system allows you to free the worker from these operations, the system will make the choice of an acceptable mode of operation before the start of the production process. All information about the shape, size of the part and other information is transmitted to the worker using a magnetic tape or card directly to the machine.

Software control is increasingly being used by modular reconfigurable machines, universal, wide profile for their automation. When working c program management the worker starts the machine and removes the finished product. Thus, the presence of a worker in the danger zone of the machine is excluded. All of the above actions are performed with the working units turned off.

Machine complexes are several connected centers into a single machine system using a variety of devices, each of which runs on a corresponding program. Manual labor is kept to a minimum.

When automating technological processes, much attention is paid to loading. Even the use of machine complexes cannot free the worker from heavy loading and unloading work. Mechanized loading reduces the amount of manual labor by almost half due to the transformation of conventional equipment into automated ones. Such machines are used both independently and are built into automatic lines. Loading and unloading is most often combined with machine clamping devices, so manual work takes place away from the hazardous work area.

In manual measurement, the worker puts his or her hands at risk by bringing them into a potentially hazardous area. Manual control operations are the most common cause of work-related injuries. Work safety is carried out by automated operational control using various devices. For continuous measurement, automatic and semi-automatic machines are used.

Semi-automatic devices track changes and, upon reaching the required indicators, give light signals. In this case, the worker only needs to make a stop. Automatic devices themselves include working movements of the device to achieve the required indicators.

Thus, the technological process frees the worker not only from hard physical labor, but also from constant nervous tension associated with the potential danger of his work. This can be easily achieved by switching to automatic and mechanical manual labor. The use of modern developments and the release of a person from manual operations will help to avoid injuries in the process of work, which is an improvement in labor safety.

Literature:

1.N.N.Karnaukh Occupational safety-M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2011-380s.

2.V.V.Mitin, V.I.Uskov, N.N.Smirnov Automation and automation of production processes in the meat and dairy industry, M.: VO "Agropromizdat", 1990-240s.

Mechanization sharply increases labor productivity, frees a person from performing difficult, labor-intensive, tedious operations, allows more economical use of raw materials, materials, energy, helps to reduce the cost of production, improve its quality, and increase the profitability of production.

The mechanization of production has not only economic, but also great social significance - it changes the conditions and nature of labor, creates the prerequisites for eliminating the differences between mental and physical labor. Since machines and mechanisms are periodically replaced by more and more advanced ones, the technology and organization of production are improving, and the requirements for the qualifications of workers are also increasing.

In modern society, the boundaries of mechanization of production are expanding: it is carried out not only in cases where it gives a material effect, but also when it improves working conditions, increasing its safety, and ensures environmental protection.

The mechanization of production is one of the important directions of scientific and technological progress. Depending on the degree of equipment of production with technical means, mechanization can be partial and complex. With partial mechanization, individual production operations are mechanized, but a more or less significant proportion of manual labor is still retained. With complex mechanization, manual labor is replaced by machine labor in all interconnected operations and can be retained only in individual operations.

The next step forward is the automation of production, which can also be partial and complex. With automation, the functions of managing and monitoring the production process, which were previously performed by worker operators, are transferred (partially or completely) to instruments and automatic devices. The labor of people is used only for setting up, monitoring and controlling the progress of the production process.

Automatic line. One person (operator) manages its work, he or another worker adjusts the machines when they break or switch to another mode of operation.

Of great importance is the creation of combined machines-combines, which consist of several separate mechanisms-assemblies. These units are located in a certain sequence and automatically act on the workpieces or products in turn. In the course of complex mechanization and automation, automatic lines of machines, automatic workshops, and automatic plants are created.

Automation today is the most important component of scientific and technological progress. Further development of automation is in the direction of introducing into production industrial robots and manipulators, machine tools with numerical control, tools computer science for process control and design automation.

Rotary machines are among the latest machines used in the process of modern production automation. In rotary machines, tools and executive bodies of machines are located on the drum-rotor, informing the tools during the rotation of the rotor the necessary working movements.

The difference between rotary and rotary-conveyor machines from conventional, traditional machines is that their transport functions (moving the object of labor for its processing) and technological (impact on the object of labor, its processing) do not depend on each other and do not interrupt each other. Ordinary machines perform these functions sequentially: the processing of an item cannot begin until its transportation is completed, and vice versa. These machines have less productivity than rotary ones. On rotary and rotary-conveyor machines, processing is carried out with non-stop transportation of objects of labor together with tools. The connection of such machines in a line, i.e., the transfer of processed items from. from one rotor to the next, interoperational transport rotors are performed, which receive rotation synchronously with the working rotors from the common drive of the line.

At present, the automation of production has reached such a level that for various types of organization of production (see Mass and serial production), their own areas of automation are used. Thus, mass production is characterized by the use of automatic production lines. For small-scale and serial production, the main direction is the use of flexible automated systems, which can be quickly reconfigured for the production of a certain type of product in connection with production needs. At the same time, they ensure the release of products at lowest cost time and resources, contribute to the growth of production efficiency.

Mechanization of production, i.e. the replacement of manual labor with machine labor is one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress in industry. Consistent introduction of means of mechanization is the most important source of facilitating labor, increasing its productivity, increasing the volume of production and saving labor costs.

The level of mechanization of the main production (workshops, enterprises) is determined by the following indicators: the degree of mechanization of labor Cm.t, the level of mechanization of production processes Um.p.p.

The degree of labor mechanization (in%)

where Chm - the number of workers in the main production engaged in mechanized labor; H - total strength main production workers.

Level of mechanization of production processes (in %)

where Tz - total labor costs in the main production, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hour; Tr - the cost of the remaining manual labor in the main production, man-hours.

The labor costs of production workers are taken as conditional norms of manual labor per unit of production of the main production, provided that all labor processes are performed manually without any elements of mechanization.

Total labor costs for the main production shop expressed in conventional manual labor rates (in man-hours)

where T1, T2, ..., Tn - conditional norms of manual labor per 1000 gave of products for each scheme (operation) of processing wine materials, man-hours; Р1,Р2,…,Рn - volume of processing of wine materials according to each scheme (operation) of processing, thousand decalitres; n is the number of operations.

Total labor costs in the main production of an enterprise (association), expressed in conditional norms of manual labor (in man-hours)

where Тзц - total labor costs in the main production of the i-th workshop, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; n is the number of workshops of the enterprise.

The cost of the remaining manual labor (in%):

where Tm is the actual technological labor intensity of the production of the shop (enterprise), man-hours; Cm - the degree of mechanization of labor in the shop (enterprise),%.

Actual technological labor intensity of products (in man-hours)

where N is the number of workers in the workshop (enterprise) employed in the main production; t is the annual fund of working time of one worker, h.

Determination of the level of mechanization of auxiliary production and PRTS (loading and unloading, transport and warehouse work) works. When determining the level of mechanization of auxiliary production of secondary winemaking enterprises, it is necessary to proceed from the same methodological provisions as when determining the level of mechanization of the main production. Wherein structural units auxiliary production of the enterprise should be considered as independent production units that produce the corresponding products.

The total labor costs in the auxiliary production of the winery, expressed in the conventional norms of manual labor, Tz (in man-hours) can be calculated using the formula:

where Тз р.о - total labor costs for the repair and maintenance of equipment for the year, man-hours; Tz t.x - total labor costs for maintenance of thermal and refrigeration plants for the year, man-hours; Тз з.с - total labor costs for maintaining buildings and structures in working condition, man-hours; Tz p.r - total labor costs for PRTS works, man-hours.

The total labor costs for the repair of equipment for the year, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, Tz r.o (in man-hours) will be:

where Er.o - the conditional rate of manual labor for the repair and maintenance of equipment in 1 conventional repair unit (Repair unit is a conditionally selected amount of repair work performed at a certain ratio of labor costs of repair workers of various professions. The value of the labor intensity of one repair unit for overhaul is 35 normo-h.), man-h.; Vp.o - medium annual volume repair work, conditional repair units.

The formula for determining the level of mechanization of production in the whole winery is as follows:

where Tz O - total labor costs in the main production in the conditional norms of manual labor per annual production volume, man-hour; Tz E - Total labor costs for the maintenance of thermal and refrigeration plants, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Tz Z.S - total labor costs for maintaining buildings and structures at the enterprise in working condition, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Tz G - total labor costs in the enterprise's cargo flows, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Tz R.O - the cost of the remaining manual labor in the main production, based on the annual production volume, man-hour; Tz R.V - the cost of the remaining manual labor in auxiliary production, man.h.

Calculation of production mechanization indicators for departments and for the plant as a whole is made on the basis of data on the number of workers in the main, auxiliary production and PRTS works.

According to the above methodology, we calculate the indicators of the level of mechanization of production processes by type of production (table 4).

Table 4

Indicators of the level of mechanization by type of production

The relatively high level of mechanization of the main production of the enterprise is explained primarily by the fact that the vast majority of technological processes are associated with the pumping of wine materials, which, as you know, is carried out in a mechanized way, in addition, in the bottling shops such labor-intensive operations as washing bottles and bottling wine into bottles, and also marriage finished products and labeling, fully mechanized.

In order to identify the reserves of labor mechanization at the winery, it is advisable to analyze the structure of the number of workers by type of production.

Currently, 63 people are employed in the main production of Udarny OJSC, which is 37.3% of the total number of workers; 43 people, or 25.4%, in auxiliary production, 63 people, or 37.3%, in PRTS jobs (Table 5).

Table 5

The structure of the number of workers by type of production

Table 5 shows that in general, in the surveyed enterprise, more than half of the workers (54.2%) are engaged in manual labor. Especially large specific gravity workers engaged in manual labor, in PRTS works (58.8%). In auxiliary production, this figure was 51.2%.

The results of the analysis of the structure of the number of auxiliary workers and workers employed in the PRTS works are shown in tables 6-7.

Table 6

The structure of the number of auxiliary workers

Thus, despite a significant degree of labor mechanization at the Udarny OJSC enterprise, more than half of the total number of workers are employed by manual labor, which is a large reserve for further labor mechanization (see tables 5, 6, 7).

Table 7

The structure of the number of workers employed in PRTS works