Above in clause 2.6, the cost of laying and mounting the fiber optic cable was estimated taking into account the cost of the cable. For a complete calculation of economic costs, one should take into account: prices for POM and PROM; number of couplings used for laying; possible work on welding optical fiber; the cost of auxiliary equipment and tools; the cost of measuring and testing devices.

Tab. 4.1. Estimate for laying and installation of fiber optic cable

Prices are given as of 23.10.2001. For a more up-to-date price list, see http://www.optik.ru- regional representative office of "TKS" - "TKS-URAL".

Tab. 4.2. FOCL maintenance

It should be noted that the above calculation is rough. For a more accurate estimate of costs, it is necessary to carefully analyze the market for fiber optic cables and cable laying and installation services.

Payback period of the project (approximate calculation):

To calculate the payback period of the project, one should take into account the cost of communication services in the given region (telephone communication, data transmission and cable television). Let all PD channels be distributed, and for cable television the number of users is 20,000 per channel in Seversk and 20,000 per channel in Tomsk. Next, we calculate the monthly profit from communication services, data transmission and cable television.

Cost of 1 minute of telephone conversation between cities: 2 rubles/min.

Average talk time per user: 10 min.

The cost of 1 megabyte of information downloaded from the 1st PD channel: 3 rubles.

The cost of using 1 TV channel per month per user: 50 rubles / month

Tab. 4.3. Net profit from FOCL per month

As can be seen from Table. 4.3 profit per month is 2 times (!) Exceeds the cost of laying and installing the FOC. But not everything is so simple, along with such a huge profit, the costs that appear in the process of servicing the line also pop up.

Tab. 4.6. Cost per month

Payment for external traffic, phone calls outside the region, etc.

Most of the income was "eaten" by taxes. Now let's sum up and calculate the payback period of our project:

Static costs: $123,810.49

Dynamic spending per month: $103,798.65

Net revenue per month: $155,139.

Profit per month: $51,340.35.

Payback period: 2.5 months.

It should be remembered that the payback period is calculated after the project is put into operation! The calculation was carried out roughly, for a more accurate one, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of the market related to our project, etc.

When drawing up estimates for the installation of a fiber optic cable, it is necessary to take into account the technology of its laying, which, by the way, is in many ways similar to the installation of a standard copper cable. Of course, there are differences between laying cables of the VVG type and fiber optics, because it is not in vain that FOCL is considered a new generation cable product with improved performance and efficiency compared to its predecessors. So, when laying a fiber optic cable, you need to take into account that it “does not like” too large a bend radius. The minimum bending radius is usually described in the technical specifications supplied with the cable when sold. Of course, there is no need to directly take into account when drawing up an estimate for laying a fiber optic cable, such a feature as the minimum bending radius. This is more related to the field of design, when the trajectory and length of the route along the laying of the fiber optic cable is determined. But in the matter of budgeting, it is quite realistic to take into account such a nuance as the special care required when working with fiber optic lines. It is not advisable to stretch the cable and bend it strongly, because in this case it can be damaged, and you will have to change the entire bay. When choosing a price for laying a fiber optic cable, you can set a price not only based on a similar installation technology, but also due to increased labor costs for laying.

It does not seem interesting to me to talk for a long time exclusively about the prices for laying fiber optic cables used in different estimates. It is better to look at this work as part of a complex of works on the installation and configuration of complex digital equipment. After all, the FOCL cable is one of the information and, unlike power and other types of wires, is laid between various devices of a higher and lower order to transmit information.

An example of an estimate for the installation of digital information transmission devices with the laying of optical, linear cables and jumpers

As a bonus to the section, we will briefly outline the options for applying the prices for laying fiber optic cable for various types of installation. For example, it happens that a fiber optic cable is laid in a protective corrugated tube. How to lay the corrugation on structures, ceilings and walls is well known: the price TERM08-02-409-01 or the direct price for corrugated pipes, located at the very end of the 8th part for the installation of electrical devices, is suitable. But as for laying a fiber optic cable in a corrugated tube, then there may be difficulties. After all, the price TERM08-02-409-XX, as a rule, used for laying power cables in pipes, is divided into types based on the number of cores and their cross section. And the fiber optic cable is arranged differently than the power type VVG, with which everything is always clear in terms of the number of cores and the size of the sections. The territorial database also has a price TERM08-02-148-01, but it is from the “Cable lines up to 500 kV” section, therefore it is not suitable, although it is convenient to use it, since it is differentiated by mass. Prices from the collection "Communication Networks" like TERm10-06-048-01 TERm10-06-049-01 at first glance are suitable, as they are calculated directly for fiber optic cables. But here it should be borne in mind that these prices are intended for drawing up estimates for the outdoor laying of fiber optic cables in a polyethylene pipe in a sewer, which, of course, is not suitable for laying fiber optic cable indoors.

In general, the topic of estimating the laying of fiber optic cable is highly discussed among estimators. After all, not everyone succeeds in directly quoting for the installation of a fiber-optic cable in a room in collections of unit and resource prices. But there are standards for laying fiber optic cables in a polyethylene pipe in the sewer. In addition, the FOCL cable can still be laid on supports. For this, more or less, the prices of TERM 10-06-035-01 and TER33-01-024-07 are suitable. True, none of these prices take into account the measurement of the fiber optic cable at the site, the installed section and the building length, as well as the installation of fiber optic cable sleeves. This can be done by taking additional prices for the listed types of work.

Our prices

The cost of developing an estimate calculation
It is quite difficult to determine the cost of developing an estimate without considering primary documents. To estimate the cost of the estimator's work, send the initial data to the e-mail indicated at the bottom of the page.

Useful materials

Briefly about how estimates are made
Of course, talk about estimated pricing does not play a big role in budgeting - it's more of a matter of practice. But basic information about estimates can also be very useful.

An example of drawing up an estimate for laying an irrigation water supply
When it is required to make an estimate for the improvement of park areas, it is usually necessary to estimate the costs of installing an automatic irrigation system and laying irrigation pipelines.

An example of making an estimate for maintenance of the fire alarm system according to the price list No. 2661 001-92
When it is required to draw up an estimate for maintenance in estimate practice, they often use the price list of the IGO "Protection".

Estimated calculation for electrical work: technology and aspects of compilation
Electrical installation is considered by many to be a rather complicated type of marking. It is difficult to argue with this, since there are indeed many nuances in drawing up estimates for electrical work.

Do you need to draw up a repair estimate in the Krasnodar Territory?
To do this, it is necessary to study the procedure for compiling calculations for collections of prices for repairs, get acquainted with the intricacies of marking dismantling work and consider the current edition of the estimate base of the Krasnodar Territory.

Do you need to make an estimate in Krasnodar Territory for the installation of underfloor heating?
To do this, you need to know the procedure for compiling estimates according to collections of prices for construction and plumbing work, insulation, and also have the current edition of the estimate base of the Krasnodar Territory.

Is teaching tennis in the Czech Republic real?
Why do you need to learn tennis technique? Maybe, when going out on the court, to feel and be a winner. You can also learn tennis in the Czech Republic. Let's try to make an estimate of the cost of travel and training.

Commissioning for heat pumps
How to evaluate the commissioning of a heat pump operating in a private house or in a factory? What prices will be useful in the estimated calculation for the commissioning of conventional pumps - we read on the pages of our website.

The main items of the estimate for the construction of the GPON network are given below.

Let's look at each item individually...

1 TERm10-03-001-01(Installation of the frame of the optical cross-counter (approx. for the TT-ODF cassette and splice plate)) - the position is used if there is a installation of a new cross-section, for example, KMO;

2 TERm10-01-054-01(Cable laying along air metal troughs) - the position can be used if there is a laying of patch cords, corrugations, cables along trays, metal structures;

3 TERm10-06-048-07(Laying fiber-optic cables in the sewer in the pipeline along a busy channel) - laying a cable in a cable duct in which other cables are already present. If the channel is empty, then you should choose TERm10-06-048-06 for laying fiber-optic cables in a free channel;

4 TERm10-06-035-01(Cable on a pole line, weight of 1 m of cable up to 2 kg) - if there is an optical cable along the supports, then feel free to add this position. When hanging between houses, you should choose the position TERm10-06-035-03 cable suspension on the rack line;

5 TER01-02-031-04(Drilling of holes with crane-drilling machines on a vehicle up to 2 m deep, soil group: 2) - the position is added if there is the installation of new supports, attachments or supports;

6 TER34-02-028-01(Installation of a support to supports with a height, m: up to 8.5) - the position is added if there is an installation of a support to the supports. It can also be a replacement of the support at the supports;

7 TER34-02-024-06(Installation of wooden single supports by a crane drilling machine, height, m: up to 8.5) - the position is added if there is an installation of new supports. If the length of the support is 6.5 m, then choose another TEP;

8 TER34-02-027-01(Installation of reinforced concrete attachments to supports and supports: single, the height of the support or support is up to 8.5 m) - the position is added if there is an installation of supports with reinforced concrete attachments, or equipment of existing supports with reinforced concrete attachments;

9 TERm10-06-035-03(Cable on rack line, weight of 1 m of cable up to 2 kg) - see point 4.;

10 TER34-02-064-02(Installation of telephone stands) - if there are new telephone stands on the roof;

11 TER34-02-055-01(Arrangement of a cable platform on a support: single or double) - do you equip the supports with cable platforms? If so, feel free to add;

12 TERm08-02-409-01(Vinoplast pipe according to installed structures, along walls and columns with fastening with brackets, diameter, mm, up to: 25) - laying corrugations along walls and columns;

13 TERM08-02-409-02(Vinoplast pipe for installed structures, for walls and columns with fastening with brackets, diameter, mm, up to: 50) - see paragraph 12 .;

14 TERm08-02-412-05(Pulling wires into laid pipes and metal sleeves) - pulling a cable into a pre-laid corrugated pipe;

15 TERm10-01-055-02(Laying cables and wires along the walls. Cable, weight 1 m to 1 kg, along a brick wall) - There is a cable laying along the facades and outer walls of buildings, feel free to add;

16 TERm10-06-034-23(Device for cable output to the wall with digging and backfilling, without passing through the wall) - In our opinion, it’s just a knee. If there is a knee outlet, then add this position to the estimate;

17 TERm10-06-034-15(Protection of the cable with metal gutters on a concrete wall) - Protection of the cable when it is taken out of the cable duct to the wall or support. Or if the cable is laid along the wall of the building at a height of less than 2.8 m (Because the cable below this height must be protected from external influences by a corrugation, a polyethylene pipe or metal trays);

18 TERm10-06-034-28(Sealing the occupied duct) – All ducts entering the building must be sealed to prevent sewage from flooding the basement. Sealing, as a rule, is carried out using mounting foam. One standard cylinder of polyurethane foam at a rate of 10 channels;

19 TERm10-06-034-30(Sealing the channel in the cable entry room (in the ATS mine) busy) - see paragraph 18 .;

20 TERm10-06-033-34(Replacement of cable numbering in the well) - Marking of each laid cable with a lead tag or a set of KMP in the cable duct. Count the number of wells through which each new cable passes, plus and get the correct result;

You may also be interested in: "How to mark cables when laying."

21 TERm10-06-051-07(Couplings are straight, taking into account measurements with a reflectometer during installation on the GTS cable in a well with a number of fibers of 32) - Installation of an optical sleeve in a well. Position for sleeve with 32 splices. For a different number of splices, select the appropriate TERM. If the coupling is not straight but branching, do not forget to add a coefficient for the number of branches;

22 TERm10-06-037-09(Broach box or box, size, mm, up to 500x500) - If a fire box is installed to place couplings in the basement, a pull box on the floors;

23 TERm10-06-037-05(Wall-mounted cabinet size, mm, up to 640x840 (BON)) - installation of a BON-type cabinet to accommodate a splitter;

24 TERm10-06-055-07(Installation, installation of USSLK, taking into account measurements during installation on the fiber-optic cable of the GTS with the number of fibers 32) - Installation of the laid cable on the cross. In the example, the installation of a cable with a number of fibers of 32. For your cable capacity, choose another THERM;

25 TERm10-06-054-07(Measurement on the installed section of the GTS fiber-optic cable in one direction with the number of fibers 32) - Measurement of the laid cable with a reflectometer. In the example of measuring a cable with a number of fibers of 32. For your cable capacity, choose a different THERM;

26 TER46-03-002-03(Drilling with annular diamond drills in reinforced concrete structures using a coolant (water) horizontal holes 200 mm deep with a diameter of 25, 32 mm) - Drilling horizontal through and blind holes;

27 TER46-03-001-03(Drilling with annular diamond drills in reinforced concrete structures using a coolant (water) vertical holes 200 mm deep with a diameter of 25, 32 mm) - Drilling vertical through and blind holes;

28 TER46-03-017-01(Sealing holes, nests and furrows in reinforced concrete floors up to 0.1 m2) - Sealing holes. According to the standard 0.2 m3 per 100 holes;

29 TERm08-02-409-01(Vinoplast pipe for installed structures, for walls and columns with fastening with brackets, diameter, mm, up to: 25 risers and facades) - Arrangement of new risers;

30 TERM08-02-412-04(Pulling wires into laid pipes and metal sleeves.) - Pulling in-house cable into laid pipes, risers;

31 TERm10-01-055-03(Laying cables and wires along the walls. Cable, weight 1 m to 1 kg, along a concrete wall) - Laying bare intra-house cable, for example, in the basement and attic. The intra-house cable is usually in a non-combustible sheath, therefore it does not require additional tightening into a PVC pipe in the attic and basements;

32 TERm10-06-037-08(Broach box or box size 200x200 with laying a supply of fibers) - Installation of a box for laying out a supply of intra-house cable on the outer floors;

33 TERm10-06-033-34(Replacement of cable numbering) - marking cables inside buildings with paper tags. Cable marking is carried out at the beginning and at the end to be able to identify it;

34 TERm10-06-055-04(Installation, installation of USSLK, taking into account measurements during installation on a fiber-optic cable GTS with a number of fibers 16) - Installation of a splitter in a BON-type cabinet. Position shown for splitter 1-1/16. Choose a different THERM for your splitter;

35 TERm10-06-054-04(Measurement on the installed section of the GTS fiber optic cable in one direction with the number of fibers 16) – Measurement on a 1-1/16 splitter. Choose the right TERM position for your splitter;

36 TERm10-06-068-17(Control and acceptance tests) - Control measurements and tests. The number is set according to the number of ports entered. The number of ports entered is the sum of the ports of the second level splitters.

Is fiber optic communication lines (FOCL) - a system based on a fiber optic cable, designed to transmit information in the optical (light) range. In accordance with GOST 26599-85, the term FOCL has been replaced by FOCL (fiber-optic transmission line), but in everyday practice the term FOCL is still used, so in this article we will stick to it.

FOCL communication lines (if they are correctly carried out) in comparison with all cable systems are distinguished by very high reliability, excellent communication quality, wide bandwidth, much longer length without amplification and almost 100% immunity from electromagnetic interference. The system is based on fiber optic technology– light is used as a carrier of information, the type of transmitted information (analogue or digital) does not matter. The work mainly uses infrared light, the transmission medium is fiberglass.

Scope of FOCL

Fiber optic cable has been used to provide communication and information transmission for more than 40 years, but due to its high cost, it has become widely used relatively recently. The development of technologies has made it possible to make production more economical and the cost of the cable more affordable, and its technical characteristics and advantages over other materials quickly pay off all the costs incurred.

At present, when a complex of low-voltage systems (computer network, access control system, video surveillance, security and fire alarms, perimeter security, television, etc.) is used at once at one facility, it is not possible to do without the use of fiber-optic communication lines. Only the use of fiber optic cable makes it possible to use all these systems simultaneously, ensuring correct stable operation and performance of their functions.

FOCL is increasingly used as a fundamental system in the development and installation, especially for multi-storey buildings, long buildings and when combining a group of objects. Only fiber optic cables can provide the appropriate amount and speed of information transfer. All three subsystems can be implemented on the basis of fiber, in the internal trunk subsystem optical cables are used equally often with twisted pair cables, and in the external trunk subsystem they play a dominant role. A distinction is made between fiber optic cables for external (outdoor cables) and internal (indoor cables) laying, as well as connecting cords for horizontal wiring communications, equipping individual workplaces, and combining buildings.

Despite the relatively high cost, the use of optical fiber is becoming more and more justified and is becoming more and more widely used.

Advantages fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) before traditional "metal" transmission media:

• Wide bandwidth;
• Slight signal attenuation, for example for a 10 MHz signal, it will be 1.5 dB / km compared to 30 dB / km for RG6 coaxial cable;
• The possibility of "ground loops" is excluded, since the optical fiber is a dielectric and creates electrical (galvanic) isolation between the transmitting and receiving ends of the line;
• High reliability of the optical environment: optical fibers do not oxidize, do not get wet, are not subject to electromagnetic influence
• Does not cause interference in adjacent cables or in other fiber optic cables, since the signal carrier is light and it remains completely inside the fiber optic cable;
• Fiberglass is absolutely insensitive to external signals and electromagnetic interference (EMI), no matter which power supply the cable runs next to (110 V, 240 V, 10,000 V AC) or very close to a megawatt transmitter. A lightning strike at a distance of 1 cm from the cable will not give any interference and will not affect the operation of the system;
• Information security - information is transmitted via optical fiber "from point to point" and it can be eavesdropped or changed only by physical intervention in the transmission line
• Fiber optic cable is lighter and smaller - it is more convenient and easier to lay than an electric cable of the same diameter;
• It is not possible to branch off the cable without damaging the signal quality. Any interference in the system is immediately detected at the receiving end of the line, this is especially important for security and video surveillance systems;
• Fire and explosion safety when changing physical and chemical parameters

• The cost of the cable is decreasing every day, its quality and capabilities begin to prevail over the cost of building low-current based on FOCL

There are no ideal and perfect solutions, like any system, FOCL has its drawbacks:

• The fragility of fiberglass - with a strong bending of the cable, the fibers may break or become cloudy due to the occurrence of microcracks. To eliminate and minimize these risks, cable reinforcing structures and braids are used. When installing the cable, it is necessary to follow the manufacturer's recommendations (where, in particular, the minimum allowable bending radius is standardized);
• The complexity of the connection in the event of a break - a special tool and qualification of the performer are required;
• Sophisticated manufacturing technology, both the fiber itself and the FOCL components;
• Complexity of signal conversion (in interface equipment);
• Relative high cost of optical terminal equipment. However, the equipment is expensive in absolute terms. The cost-to-capacity ratio for FOCL is better than for other systems;
• Clouding of the fiber due to radiation exposure (however, there are doped fibers with high radiation resistance).

The installation of FOCL systems requires the contractor to have an appropriate level of qualification, since the termination of the cable is carried out with special tools, with special precision and skill, unlike other transmission media. Routing and signal switching settings require special qualifications and skills, so in this area you should not save and be afraid to overpay professionals, eliminating system malfunctions and the consequences of improper cable installation will cost more.

The principle of operation of a fiber optic cable.

The very idea of ​​transmitting information using light, not to mention the physical principle of operation, is not entirely clear to most ordinary people. We will not go deep into this topic, but we will try to explain the main mechanism of fiber optics and justify such high performance.

The concept of fiber optics is based on the fundamental laws of reflection and refraction of light. Due to its design, fiberglass can keep light rays inside the fiber and prevent them from "passing through walls" when transmitting a signal for many kilometers. In addition, it is no secret that the speed of light is higher.

Fiber optics is based on the effect of refraction at the maximum angle of incidence when total reflection takes place. This phenomenon occurs when a beam of light leaves a dense medium and enters a less dense medium at a certain angle. For example, imagine an absolutely motionless expanse of water. The observer looks from under the water and changes the viewing angle. At a certain moment, the viewing angle becomes such that the observer will not be able to see objects that are above the surface of the water. This angle is called the angle of total reflection. At this angle, the observer will see only objects that are under water, it will seem that you are looking into a mirror.

The inner core of the FOCL cable has a higher refractive index than the sheath and the effect of total reflection occurs. For this reason, a beam of light, passing through the inner core, cannot go beyond its limits.

There are several types of fiber optic cables:

• With a stepped profile - a typical, cheapest option, the distribution of light goes in "steps" and the input pulse is deformed due to the different lengths of the trajectories of the light rays
• With a smooth profile "multimode" - the rays of light propagate at approximately the same speed in "waves", the length of their paths is balanced, this improves the characteristics of the pulse;
• Single-mode glass fiber is the most expensive option, it allows you to stretch the rays in a straight line, the momentum transmission characteristics become almost perfect.

An optical fiber cable is still more expensive than other materials, its installation and termination is more difficult, it requires qualified performers, but the future of information transmission is undoubtedly in the development of these technologies and this process is irreversible.

FOCL consists of active and passive components. At the transmitting end of the fiber optic cable there is an LED or a laser diode, their radiation is modulated by the transmitting signal. With regard to video surveillance, this will be a video signal; for the transmission of digital signals, the logic is preserved. When transmitting, the infrared diode is modulated in brightness and pulses according to signal variations. To receive and convert an optical signal into an electrical one, a photodetector is usually located at the receiving end.

Active components include multiplexers, regenerators, amplifiers, lasers, photodiodes, and modulators.

Multiplexer– combines several signals into one, so that a single fiber optic cable can be used to simultaneously transmit several real-time signals. These devices are indispensable in systems with an insufficient or limited number of cables.

There are several types of multiplexers, they differ in their technical characteristics, functions and scope:

• spectral separation (WDM) - the simplest and cheapest device, transmits optical signals from one or more sources operating at different wavelengths over a single cable;
• frequency modulation and frequency multiplexing (FM-FDM) - devices quite immune to noise and distortion, with good characteristics and circuits of medium complexity, have 4.8 and 16 channels, are optimal for video surveillance.
• Amplitude modulation with partially suppressed sideband (AVSB-FDM) - with high-quality optoelectronics, they can transmit up to 80 channels, they are optimal for subscriber television, but expensive for video surveillance;
• Pulse code modulation (PCM - FDM) - an expensive device, completely digital, used for the distribution of digital video and video surveillance;

In practice, combinations of these methods are often used. Regenerator - a device that restores the shape of an optical pulse, which, propagating through the fiber, undergoes distortion. Regenerators can be either purely optical or electrical, which convert an optical signal into an electrical one, restore it, and then convert it back into an optical one.

Amplifier- amplifies the signal power to the required voltage level, can be optical and electrical, performs opto-electronic and electro-optical signal conversion.

LEDs and Lasers- source of monochrome coherent optical radiation (light for cable). For systems with direct modulation, it simultaneously performs the functions of a modulator that converts an electrical signal into an optical one.

Photodetector(Photodiode) - a device that receives a signal at the other end of a fiber optic cable and performs optoelectronic signal conversion.

Modulator- a device that modulates an optical wave that carries information according to the law of an electrical signal. In most systems, this function is performed by a laser, but in systems with indirect modulation, separate devices are used for this.

Passive FOCL components include:

Fiber optic cable – acts as a medium for signal transmission. The outer sheath of the cable can be made of various materials: PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon and other materials. An optical cable can have various types of armor and specific protective layers (for example, small glass needles to protect against rodents). The design may be:

Optical coupler- a device used to connect two or more optical cables.

Optical cross- a device designed to terminate an optical cable and connect active equipment to it.

spikes– designed for permanent or semi-permanent fiber splicing;

Connectors– for reconnection or disconnection of the cable;

Taps- devices that distribute the optical power of several fibers into one;

Switches– devices that redistribute optical signals under manual or electronic control

Installation of fiber-optic communication lines, its features and procedure.

Fiberglass is a very strong but brittle material, although thanks to its protective sheath it can be handled almost like electricity. However, when installing the cable, the manufacturer's requirements for:

• "Maximum Tension" and "Maximum Breaking Force", expressed in Newtons (about 1000 N or 1kN). In an optical cable, the main stress falls on the load-bearing structure (reinforced plastic, steel, Kevlar, or a combination of both). Each type of construction has its own individual performance and degree of protection, if the tension exceeds the prescribed level, then the fiber may be damaged.
• "Minimum bend radius" - make bends smoother, avoid sharp bends.
• "Mechanical strength", it is expressed in N / m (newtons / meters) - protection of the cable from physical stress (it can be stepped on or even run over by vehicles. You should be extremely careful and especially secure the intersections and connections, the load increases greatly due to small area of ​​contact.

Optical cable is usually supplied wound on wooden drums with a strong plastic protective layer or wooden planks around the circumference. The outer layers of the cable are the most vulnerable, therefore, during installation, it is necessary to remember the weight of the drum, protect it from bumps, falls, and take safety measures when storing. It is best to store the drums horizontally, but if they do lie vertically, then their edges (rims) should be in contact.

The procedure and features of installing a fiber optic cable:

1. Before installation, it is necessary to inspect the cable drums for damage, dents, scratches. In case of any suspicion, it is better to immediately put the cable aside for further detailed study or rejection. Short pieces (less than 2 km) can be checked for fiber continuity with any flashlight. Fiber cable for infrared transmission transmits ordinary light just as well.
2. Then study the route for potential problems (sharp corners, clogged cable channels, etc.), if any, make changes to the route to minimize risks.
3. Distribute the cable along the route in such a way that the connection points and connection of amplifiers are in accessible places, but protected from adverse factors. It is important that a sufficient supply of cable is left at the points of future connections. The exposed ends of the cable must be protected by waterproof caps. Pipes are used to minimize bending stress and damage from passing traffic. At both ends of the cable line, a part of the cable is left, its length depends on the planned configuration).
4. When laying the cable underground, it is additionally protected from damage at local load points, such as contact with heterogeneous backfill material, trench irregularities. To do this, the cable in the trench is laid on a layer of sand 50-150 cm and covered with the same layer of sand 50-150 cm from above. It should be noted that damage to the cable can occur both immediately and during operation (already after the backfilling of the cable), for example, from constant pressure, an unremoved stone can gradually push through the cable. Work on diagnosing and finding and eliminating violations of an already buried cable will cost much more than accuracy and compliance with installation precautions. The depth of the trench depends on the type of soil and the expected load on the surface. In hard rock, the depth will be 30 cm, in soft rock or under the road 1 m. The recommended depth is 40-60 cm, with a sand bed thickness of 10 to 30 cm.
5. Most often, cable laying in a trench or in a tray directly from the drum is used. When installing very long lines, the drum is placed on the vehicle, as the machine advances, the cable is laid in its place, while you should not rush, the pace and order of unwinding the drum is manually adjusted.
6. When laying the cable in the tray, the most important thing is not to exceed the critical bending radius and mechanical load. The cable should be laid in one plane, do not create points of concentrated loads, avoid sharp corners on the route, pressure and intersection with other cables and routes, do not bend the cable.
7. Pulling fiber optic cable through cable ducts is similar to pulling regular cable, but you should not use excessive physical effort and violate the manufacturer's specifications. When using clamp clamps, remember that the load should not fall on the outer sheath of the cable, but on the load-bearing structure. Talc or polystyrene granules can be used to reduce friction, other lubricants should be consulted with the manufacturer.
8. In cases where the cable is already terminated, special care must be taken when installing the cable so as not to damage the connectors, not to soil them and not to subject them to excessive stress in the connection area.
9. After laying the cable in the tray, it is fixed with nylon ties; it should not slip or sag. If the surface conditions do not allow the use of special cable fasteners, the use of clamps is acceptable, but with extreme care so as not to damage the cable. The use of clamps with a plastic protective layer is recommended, a separate clamp should be used for each cable and in no case should several cables be pulled together. It is better to leave a little slack between the end points of the cable attachment, and not to put the cable under tension, otherwise it will not respond well to temperature fluctuations and vibrations.
10. If the fiber is still damaged during installation, mark the area and leave enough cable for later splicing.

In principle, laying a fiber optic cable is not much different from installing a conventional cable. If you follow all the recommendations we have indicated, then there will be no problems during installation and operation, and your system will work for a long time, efficiently and reliably.

An example of a typical solution for laying a FOCL line

The task is to organize a FOCL system between two separate buildings of the production building and the administrative building. The distance between buildings is 500 m.

Explanations and comments:

1. The total length of the route is 500 m, including:
   • from the fence to the production building and the administrative building is 100 m each (200 m in total);
   • along the fence between buildings 300 m.
2. Cable installation is carried out in an open way, including:
   • from buildings to the fence (200 m) by air (constriction) using materials specialized for laying fiber optic lines;
   • between buildings (300 m) along a fence of reinforced concrete slabs, the cable is fixed in the middle of the fence canvas with metal clips.
3. For the organization of FOCL, a specialized self-supporting (built-in cable) armored cable is used.

Given the fact that fiber optic lines (FOCL) are the most complex mechanism for transmitting information in large volumes, estimate for the fiber compiled individually for each project.

Hair laying estimate is compiled by budget organizations with positive experience in the implementation of similar projects of different levels of complexity. No matter how difficult it is estimate for laying vols, the work on budgeting involves the initial definition of the tasks and goals of the FOCL.

The main features of budgeting FOCL

Therefore, before mark the wave, it is necessary to draw up technical documentation for the entire FOCL system, or in other words, the terms of reference for the FOCL. It is quite clear that only highly qualified highly qualified specialists with decent work experience can cope with a task of this level of complexity.

Before make an estimate for the wave, the customer must realize what level and type he needs a fiber optic network to solve certain problems. This way of asking the question will help later. make an estimate for the wave and control all previously planned expenditure items in it.

Competently and correctly compiled estimate for laying vols at the same time, it will help the contractor of the construction organization to imagine the very essence of the upcoming construction, to correctly plan its main tasks.

Estimate for laying vols for the contractor, in other words, it is a clear “sample” of the planned facility, based on which he will draw up an installation and commissioning plan during the construction of the entire FOCL system.

Hair laying estimate is equally important for both the customer and the contractor, since this is an official strictly regulated document, based on the sections of which all types of costs are determined, strict control and accounting is maintained over all types of work performed, the compliance of the ongoing activities with the previously planned project, the use of certain materials and equipment.

Today's customers understand that mark the wave it is extremely important, first of all, for them, since the high cost of estimates will be justified in the first years of operation of the FOCL system.

What you need to consider when drawing up an estimate for FOCL

Make an estimate for the Vols professional estimators will be able to - they will take into account the indexation of the cost of materials and equipment, the high productivity of the entire system. After all, the FOCL system is by far the most productive system for transmitting constant streams of information volumes over long distances at the highest possible speed.

Mark the Vols it is also necessary because the consumables themselves are not cheap, so the customer will initially know the estimated cost of the FOCL system project. At the same time, the high cost of FOCL is justified by the high quality, fire resistance, burglary resistance and security of the entire system. Even electromagnetic interference to the FOCL system is not terrible, so the flow of information reaches the addressee without hindrance.

At the same time, many experts, before make an estimate for the wave, try to study the construction project thoroughly, because subsequently the system should work "like clockwork". Therefore, saving on inexpensive components and equipment for the FOCL system is not worth it.

This consists of unwritten rules, on the basis of which, estimate vols laying- to equip the future highway of the system, use only high-quality materials and components.

Before mark the wave, it is necessary to contact the contractor in advance, which will be engaged in the laying and installation of the entire system. After all, a copper cable (despite all its advantages) is easily damaged due to improper installation and installation. Therefore, it is necessary to involve highly qualified professionals with decent experience in this field for installation work.

It is quite clear that hair laying estimate should take into account the high cost of remuneration of experienced workers, as well as other important aspects:

• the cost of installing the entire system;
• the cost of selecting and supplying the necessary materials for creating a FOCL network;
• payment for the cost of materials and network equipment;
• payment for the cost of commissioning (up to certification of the entire system);
• remuneration of service personnel during the operation of the FOCL system.