Project 885 ships are the last word in Russian submarine shipbuilding. The quietest and most powerful weapons in terms of composition. They are often compared in terms of combat capabilities with American submarine "classmates" of the SeaWolf type, the construction of which the United States refused to build for financial reasons and Virginia.

Experts from the British The Sunday Times once assessed the capabilities of Project 885 submarines:

“The new Russian submarine fleet will have eight submarines of the Yasen series, each of which has 24 long-range cruise missiles, the Granat, with a 200 kiloton warhead.

The technical performance of the new submarine is such that it is almost impossible to detect in the World Ocean, which makes the Severodvinsk practically invulnerable in the face of the latest anti-submarine weapons systems. Russia has taken the lead in submarine technology.”

“First of all, the United States is concerned about the appearance of a new Russian submarine,” the publication quotes a source from intelligence services as saying. “We don’t know half of what is on board this submarine.” It is good that there are not many such ships yet, ”the expert states.

1. Below grass, quieter than water

The Russian Navy has only one boat of the Yasen project - Severodvinsk. Three more: "Kazan", "Novosibirsk" and "Krasnoyarsk" are in the shop of Severodvinsky machine-building enterprise in varying degrees readiness. And in total, by 2020, it is planned to lay 7 submarines of this project. All of them will be built according to the updated project with the letter "M". "Ash-M" differ from the classic project "Ash" more advanced electronic weapons.

"885 project" is the most secret project of the RUSSIAN fleet.

According to experts, Project 885 boats are the direct heirs of the extremely successful series of our 3rd generation Project 971 submarines of the Shark type. These ships today form the basis of our multi-purpose attack submarines designed for raider operations on sea lanes. Virtually silent in the depths of the ocean, they are equally effective against transports, warships, and so strike with cruise missiles on the enemy's coastal infrastructure.

Most recently, they were noted in a 200-mile zone off the coast of the United States and Canada, which caused a serious commotion among the American and Canadian military. Both of them could not track the movement of Russian submarines. The fears are understandable. On board the Shark there are X-55 Granat cruise missiles (28 pieces) similar to the American Tomahawks, capable of covering 3 thousand kilometers and delivering to Right place 200 kiloton nuclear weapons.

2. "M" means modernized

unlike the latest strategic submarines of the 4th generation 955 of the Borey type project: Yuri Dolgoruky and Alexander Nevsky, in which the technical filling used for the first time is no more than 40% of the Kazan nuclear submarine, all systems, components and mechanisms are completely new , never used anywhere before. This is a completely new high-tech equipment that has no analogues in the Soviet and Russian military shipbuilding. According to some reports, for comparison, one ship of the 955 project costs the Ministry of Defense 23 billion - "Ash" in an amount exceeding 200 billion rubles.

If we draw parallels with the Americans, then the cost of "Ash" is quite tolerable. Thus, the "Sea Wolf" cost the US budget $ 4.4 billion (the total cost of building 3 nuclear submarines is estimated at no less than $ 13.2 billion). For comparison, the last nuclear-powered aircraft carriers of the Nimitz type, together with the air group, cost the US budget a little more than $ 5 billion, and one nuclear submarine of the previous project of the Los Angeles type was only $ 741 million.

3. Goldfish "Ash"

Project 885 is the quintessence of everything that the domestic defense industry has developed over more than half a century of development of submarine shipbuilding. The project uses a compromise mixed system designs, when the light hull "covers" only part of the strong hull in the bow of the submarine to reduce noise.

For the first time in the practice of domestic shipbuilding, torpedo tubes are located not in the bow of the ship, but behind the central post compartment, which made it possible to place the antenna of the new hydroacoustic complex in the bow. For rocket weapons, eight vertical launchers are used.

The hull of the ship is made of high-strength low-magnetic steel. Therefore, it can dive to 600 (ordinary boats no more than 300 meters) or more meters, which makes it practically inaccessible to all types of modern anti-submarine weapons. The maximum speed is over 30 knots (60 km/h). There is one reactor on the boat (2 on all projects).

In the central part of the hull there is a missile compartment with 8 universal missile silos. They can accommodate anti-ship operational-tactical missiles 3M55 "Onyx" (24 missiles, 3 in each mine). This is an analogue of the Russian-Indian BrahMos complex. On the basis of this machine, the Zircon hypersonic strike complex is currently being created.

The ship is also capable of using anti-ship tactical missiles of the Kh-35 type, strategic cruise missiles Kh-101 or ZM-14E of the P-900 Club complex. which can get any coastal object from a distance of 5000 km. The boat also has six 650- and 533-mm torpedo tubes through which the crew can fire all types of modern torpedoes, carry out minelaying and even use unmanned underwater vehicles.

According to its characteristics, Severodvinsk is capable of solving any tasks: to fight aircraft carrier formations, hunt for enemy strategic nuclear submarines, or deliver massive missile strikes against coastal targets. All this makes him more universal system weapons than the American SeaWolf.

The state armaments program until 2020 puts the development of the fleet and its underwater component on a par with strategic nuclear forces, as one of the main priorities of the state. Of the 22 trillion. the fleet accounts for almost 5 trillion. rubles. The amounts are astronomical, but necessary. Experts say that even 8 Russian submarines on combat duty provide parity with the United States. And with the start of the commissioning of new generation submarines of the 955 and 885 series, we will take a significant step forward. The submariners are convinced that despite the fact that Moscow and Washington declare partnership, a real war is going on in the depths of the sea. A technology war in which our submarine fleet is not only a worthy adversary, but also a serious competitor.

How the submarine works

The submarine's submersion and ascent system includes ballast and auxiliary tanks, as well as connecting pipelines and fittings. The main element here is the tanks of the main ballast, due to the filling of which with water the main reserve of buoyancy of the submarine is repaid. All tanks are included in the bow, stern and middle group. They can be filled and purged one after the other or at the same time.

The submarine has trim tanks necessary to compensate for the longitudinal displacement of cargo. The ballast between the trim tanks is blown with compressed air or pumped using special pumps. Trim - this is the name of the technique, the purpose of which is to "balance" the submerged submarine.

Nuclear submarines are divided into generations. The first (50s) is characterized by relatively high noise and imperfection of hydroacoustic systems. The second generation was built in the 60s and 70s: the shape of the hull was optimized to increase speed. The boats of the third are larger, they also have equipment for electronic warfare. The fourth-generation nuclear submarines are characterized by an unprecedentedly low noise level and advanced electronics. The appearance of the fifth generation boats is being worked out today.

An important component of any submarine is the air system. Diving, ascent, removal of waste - all this is done with compressed air. The latter is stored under high pressure on board the submarine: this way it takes up less space and allows you to accumulate more energy. High pressure air is in special cylinders: as a rule, a senior mechanic monitors its quantity. Compressed air is replenished during ascent. This is a long and laborious procedure that requires special attention. In order for the crew of the boat to have something to breathe, air regeneration units are placed on board the submarine, allowing oxygen to be obtained from the sea water.

Premier League: what are they

The nuclear boat has a nuclear power plant (where, in fact, the name came from). Nowadays, many countries also operate diesel-electric submarines (submarines). The level of autonomy of nuclear submarines is much higher, and they can perform a wider range of tasks. The Americans and the British have generally stopped using non-nuclear submarines, while the Russian submarine fleet has a mixed composition. In general, only five countries have nuclear submarines. In addition to the United States and the Russian Federation, the “club of the elite” includes France, England and China. Other maritime powers use diesel-electric submarines.

The future of the Russian submarine fleet is connected with two new nuclear submarines. We are talking about multi-purpose boats of project 885 "Ash" and missile submarines of strategic purpose 955 "Borey". Project 885 boats will be built by eight units, and the number of Boreys will reach seven. The Russian submarine fleet will not be comparable to the American one (the US will have dozens of new submarines), but it will occupy the second line of the world ranking.

Russian and American boats differ in their architecture. The United States makes its nuclear submarines single-hulled (the hull both resists pressure and has a streamlined shape), and Russia makes it double-hulled: in this case, there is an internal rough strong hull and an external streamlined light one. On the nuclear submarines of project 949A Antey, which included the infamous Kursk, the distance between the hulls is 3.5 m. It is believed that double-hulled boats are more tenacious, while single-hulled boats, other things being equal, have less weight. In single-hull boats, the main ballast tanks, which provide ascent and immersion, are located inside a strong hull, and in double-hull boats - inside a light outer one. Each domestic submarine must survive if any compartment is completely flooded with water - this is one of the main requirements for submarines.

In general, there is a trend towards the transition to single-hull nuclear submarines, since the latest steel from which the hulls of American boats are made can withstand enormous loads at depth and provides the submarine with a high level of survivability. In particular, we are talking about high-strength steel grade HY-80/100 with a yield strength of 56-84 kgf/mm. Obviously, even more advanced materials will be used in the future.

There are also boats with a mixed hull (when the light hull overlaps the main one only partially) and multihulls (several strong hulls inside the light). The latter include the domestic project 941 missile submarine, the largest nuclear submarine in the world. Inside her lightweight hull are five rugged hulls, two of which are primary. For the manufacture of durable hulls, titanium alloys were used, and for lightweight ones, steel. It is covered with a non-resonant anti-radar soundproof rubber coating weighing 800 tons. This coating alone weighs more than the American nuclear submarine NR-1. Project 941 is truly a gigantic submarine. Its length is 172, and its width is 23 m. 160 people are serving on board.

You can see how different nuclear submarines are and how different their "maintenance" is. Now let's take a closer look at several domestic submarines: boats of project 971, 949A and 955. All of these are powerful and modern submarines serving in the Russian fleet. The boats belong to three different types of submarines, which we talked about above:

Nuclear submarines are divided by purpose:

· SSBN (Strategic Missile Submarine Cruiser). As part of the nuclear triad, these submarines carry ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. The main targets of such ships are enemy military bases and cities. The SSBN includes the new Russian nuclear submarine 955 Borey. In America, this type of submarine is called SSBN (Ship Submarine Ballistic Nuclear): this includes the most powerful of these submarines, the Ohio-class boat. To accommodate the entire deadly arsenal on board, SSBNs are designed to meet the requirements of a large internal volume. Their length often exceeds 170 m - this is noticeably longer than the length of multi-purpose submarines.

· PLAT (Nuclear torpedo submarine). Such boats are also called multipurpose. Their purpose: the destruction of ships, other submarines, tactical targets on the ground and the collection of intelligence. They are smaller than SSBNs and have best speed and mobility. PATs can use torpedoes or precision cruise missiles. These nuclear submarines include the American "Los Angeles" or the Soviet / Russian MPLATRK project 971 "Pike-B".

The American Seawolf is considered the most advanced multi-purpose nuclear submarine. Her main feature- the highest level of stealth and deadly weapons on board. One such submarine carries up to 50 Harpoon or Tomahawk missiles. There are also torpedoes. Due to the high cost, the US Navy received only three of these submarines.

· SSGN (Nuclear submarine with cruise missiles). This is the smallest group of modern nuclear submarines. This includes the Russian 949A "Antey" and some American "Ohio" converted into carriers of cruise missiles. The concept of SSGN has something in common with multi-purpose nuclear submarines. Submarines of the SSGN type, however, are larger - they are large floating underwater platforms with high-precision weapons. In the Soviet / Russian fleet, these boats are also called "aircraft carrier killers".

Inside the submarine

It is difficult to consider in detail the design of all the main types of nuclear submarines, but it is quite possible to analyze the scheme of one of these boats. It will be the submarine of project 949A "Antey", a landmark (in every sense) for domestic fleet. To increase survivability, the creators duplicated many important components of this nuclear submarine. Such boats received a pair of reactors, turbines and propellers. The failure of one of them, according to the idea, should not be fatal for the boat. The compartments of the submarine are divided by inter-compartment bulkheads: they are designed for a pressure of 10 atmospheres and are communicated by hatches that can be sealed if necessary. Not all domestic nuclear submarines have so many compartments. The multi-purpose nuclear submarine of project 971, for example, is divided into six compartments, and the new SSBN of project 955 is divided into eight.

It is to the boats of project 949A that the infamous Kursk belongs. This submarine was lost in the Barents Sea on August 12, 2000. The victims of the disaster were all 118 crew members who were on board. Many versions of what happened were put forward: the most probable of all is the explosion of a 650 mm torpedo stored in the first compartment. According to the official version, the tragedy occurred due to the leakage of a component of the torpedo fuel, namely hydrogen peroxide.

The Project 949A nuclear submarine has a very advanced (by the standards of the 80s) apparatus, including the MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system and many other systems. The boat is also equipped with an automated navigation system "Symphonia-U", which has increased accuracy, increased range and a large amount of processed information. Most of the information about all these complexes is kept secret.

Compartments of the nuclear submarine of project 949A "Antey":

First compartment:

It is also called bow or torpedo. This is where the torpedo tubes are located. The boat has two 650-mm and four 533-mm torpedo tubes, and in total there are 28 torpedoes on board the nuclear submarine. The first compartment consists of three decks. The combat stock is stored on racks designed for this, and torpedoes are fed into the apparatus using a special mechanism. Batteries are also located here, which are separated from the torpedoes by special decks for safety reasons. Five crew members usually serve in the first compartment.

Second compartment:

This compartment on the submarines of projects 949A and 955 (and not only on them) plays the role of the “brain of the boat”. It is here that the central control panel is located, and it is from here that the submarine is controlled. Here are the panels of hydroacoustic systems, microclimate regulators and navigation satellite equipment. 30 crew members serve in the compartment. From it you can get into the cabin of the nuclear submarine, designed to monitor the surface of the sea. There are also retractable devices: periscopes, antennas and radars.

Third compartment:

The third is the electronic compartment. Here, in particular, there are multi-profile communication antennas and many other systems. The equipment of this compartment allows you to receive target designations, including from space. After processing, the received information is entered into the ship's combat information and control system. We add that the submarine rarely makes contact so as not to be unmasked.

Fourth compartment:

This section is residential. Here the crew not only sleeps, but also spends their free time. There is a sauna, a gym, showers and a common room for joint recreation. There is a room in the compartment that allows you to relieve emotional stress - for this, for example, there is an aquarium with fish. In addition, in the fourth compartment there is a galley, or, speaking plain language, nuclear submarine kitchen.

Fifth compartment:

There is a diesel generator that generates energy. Here you can also see an electrolysis plant for air regeneration, high-pressure compressors, a shore power shield, diesel fuel and oil reserves.

5 bis:

This room is needed to decontaminate the crew members who worked in the reactor compartment. It is about removing radioactive substances from surfaces and reducing the level of radioactive contamination. Due to the fact that there are two fifth compartments, confusion often occurs: some sources claim that the nuclear submarine has ten compartments, others say nine. Even despite the fact that the last compartment is the ninth, in total there are ten of them on the nuclear submarine (including 5 bis).

Sixth compartment:

This compartment, one might say, is located in the very center of the nuclear submarine. It is of particular importance, because it is here that two OK-650V nuclear reactors with a capacity of 190 MW each are located. The reactor belongs to the OK-650 series - a series of pressurized water nuclear reactors on thermal neutrons. Role nuclear fuel performs highly enriched in the 235th isotope uranium dioxide. The compartment has a volume of 641 m³. There are two corridors above the reactor, allowing you to get to other parts of the nuclear submarine.

Seventh compartment:

It is also called turbine. The volume of this compartment is 1116 m³. This room is intended for the main switchboard; power plants; emergency control panel of the main power plant; as well as a number of other devices that ensure the movement of the submarine.

Eighth compartment:

This compartment is very similar to the seventh, and it is also called the turbine. The volume is 1072 m³. Here you can see the power plant; turbines that drive the propellers of nuclear submarines; a turbogenerator that provides the boat with electricity, and water desalination plants.

Ninth section:

This is an extremely small refuge compartment, with a volume of 542 m³, with an escape hatch. This compartment, in theory, will allow the crew members to survive in the event of a disaster. There are six inflatable rafts (each designed for 20 people), 120 gas masks and rescue kits for individual ascent. In addition, the compartment contains: steering system hydraulics; high pressure air compressor; motor control station; lathe; combat post of reserve rudder control; shower room and a supply of food for six days.

Armament

We will separately consider the armament of the nuclear submarine of project 949A. In addition to torpedoes (which we have already talked about), the boat carries 24 P-700 Granit cruise anti-ship missiles. These are long-range missiles that can fly along a combined trajectory up to 625 km. For aiming at the target, the P-700 has an active radar guidance head.

The missiles are located in special containers between the light and durable nuclear submarine hulls. Their location roughly corresponds to the central compartments of the boat: containers with missiles go on both sides of the submarine, 12 on each side. All of them are turned forward from the vertical at an angle of 40-45°. Each of these containers has a special lid that slides out during a rocket launch.

Cruise missiles P-700 "Granit" - the basis of the arsenal of the project 949A boat. Meanwhile, there is no real experience in using these missiles in combat, so it is difficult to judge the combat effectiveness of the complex. Tests have shown that due to the speed of the rocket (1.5-2.5 M), it is very difficult to intercept it. However, not everything is so clear. Over land, the missile is not capable of flying at low altitude, and therefore is an easy target for enemy air defenses. At sea, the performance indicators are higher, but it is worth saying that the American carrier-based formation (namely, a missile was created to fight them) has excellent air defense cover.

Such a layout of weapons is not typical for nuclear submarines. On the American boat "Ohio", for example, ballistic or cruise missiles are located in mines, going in two longitudinal rows behind the fence of retractable devices. But the multi-purpose "Sivulf" launches cruise missiles from torpedo tubes. In the same way, cruise missiles are launched from the domestic MPLATRK project 971 "Pike-B". Of course, all these submarines also carry various torpedoes. The latter are used to destroy submarines and surface ships.

The most important part of the navy are its submarines. Modern submarines can perform a wide range of tasks to detect and destroy enemy ships, submarines or ground targets. In addition, the naval component of the strategic nuclear forces is built entirely on the basis of submarines. Currently, as part of the renewal of the Navy, new submarines are being built. various types. In the foreseeable future, the fleet should receive several dozen submarines, both strategic or multi-purpose, and diesel-electric or special. Nevertheless, while the basis of the submarine fleet in quantitative terms are submarines built earlier, including before the collapse Soviet Union.

The four fleets of the Russian Navy (with the exception of the Caspian flotilla) now have a total of 76 submarines of various types. In service and in reserve are strategic missile submarines (SSBNs), nuclear multi-purpose submarines, diesel submarines, as well as a number of nuclear and diesel submarines special purpose.

Strategic missile cruisers

The basis of the naval component of the nuclear forces are nuclear submarines of project 667BDRM "Dolphin". Currently, the Russian Navy has six such submarines: K-51 Verkhoturye, K-84 Yekaterinburg, K-114 Tula, K-117 Bryansk, K-118 Karelia and K-407 Novomoskovsk. Submarine "Yekaterinburg" is currently undergoing repairs. Completion of work and delivery of the boat is scheduled for the end of this year. Another submarine of the Dolphin project, K-64, was withdrawn from the fleet in 1999 and soon went for refitting. All six Project 677BDRM submarines serve in the Northern Fleet.

The second largest type of SSBN in the Russian Navy is project 667BDR Kalmar. Submarines of this type were built from the mid-seventies to the early eighties. Most of the Kalmar submarines have now been decommissioned and disposed of. Now the fleet has only three submarines of this type: K-433 "Saint George the Victorious", K-223 "Podolsk" and K-44 "Ryazan". The latter is the newest of the existing Project 667BDR submarines and was handed over to the fleet in 1982. All three Kalmars serve in the Pacific Ocean.

Until the mid-nineties, the tasks of nuclear deterrence were carried out by the K-129 Orenburg submarine, built according to project 667BDR. In 1996, it was decided to convert it into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles. Currently, "Orenburg" belongs to the project 09786 and has the designation BS-136.

There are three nuclear submarines of Projects 941 and 941UM "Akula" in service and in reserve of the Northern Fleet. Heavy missile cruiser TK-208 "Dmitry Donskoy" continues to serve. This was facilitated by repairs and modernization in accordance with project 941UM, during which the submarine received equipment missile system"Mace". The other two Sharks, TK-17 Arkhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal, were put into reserve in the middle of the last decade due to the lack of R-39 missiles. Them further fate not yet defined.

In January 2013, a flag-raising ceremony was held on the lead SSBN of the new Project 955 Borey. Submarine K-535 "Yuri Dolgoruky", built since 1996, passed all the tests and was handed over to the fleet. At the end of December of the same year, the submarine cruiser K-550 "Alexander Nevsky" was accepted into the Navy. The lead submarine of the Borei project became part of the Northern Fleet, the first production submarine - to the Pacific Fleet.

Multipurpose nuclear submarines

The tasks of destroying various surface, underwater and coastal targets are assigned to multipurpose nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles and torpedoes. The most massive nuclear submarines of this class are the Project 971 Schuka-B submarines. The Russian Navy has 11 submarines of this type, distributed between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. Five Schuka-B submarines serve in the Pacific Fleet, six are in the Northern Fleet. On the this moment five Project 971 submarines are under repair or being prepared for it. To date, the Navy has lost three submarines of this type. The K-284 Akula boat has been laid up since 2002, the Ak Bars K-480 was handed over for recycling at the end of the last decade, and the dismantling of the K-263 Barnaul started last year.

Separate consideration is the fate of the boat K-152 "Nerpa". She was laid down in 1991 for the domestic fleet, but financial difficulties led to the failure of all deadlines for the work. In 2004, a contract was signed, according to which the submarine was planned to be completed and transferred to the Indian Navy. After a series of difficulties, all work was completed, and in January 2012 the submarine was accepted by the customer.

The second largest multi-purpose nuclear submarines in the Russian Navy are the Project 949A Antey submarines. The Pacific and Northern Fleets serve 5 and 3 submarines of this type, respectively. It was originally planned that the Navy would receive 18 such submarines, but the financial capabilities of the fleet made it possible to build only 11. To date, three boats of the Antey project have been out of order. In August 2000, the K-141 Kursk submarine tragically perished, and since the end of the 2000s, work has been underway to dispose of the K-148 Krasnodar and K-173 Krasnoyarsk submarines. Of the remaining submarines, four are currently undergoing repairs.

From the late seventies to the early nineties, four submarines of projects 945 Barracuda and 945A Condor were built. According to the project 945, the ships B-239 "Karp" and B-276 "Kostroma" were built, according to project 945A - B-534 " Nizhny Novgorod"And B-336" Pskov ". All these submarines are part of the Northern Fleet. Last year, work began on the repair and modernization of the Karp submarine. After it, the repair will take place "Kostroma". "Pskov" and "Nizhny Novgorod" continue to serve.

Until now, four multi-purpose nuclear submarines of project 671RTMK "Pike" remain in the Northern Fleet. Two submarines, B-414 "Daniil Moskovsky" and B-338 "Petrozavodsk" continue to serve, and two others, B-138 "Obninsk" and B-448 "Tambov" are under repair. In accordance with current plans, all the Pikes in the fleet will end their service in the foreseeable future. Earlier it was reported that all of them will be decommissioned by the end of 2015. They will be replaced by multi-purpose submarines of new types.

On June 17, 2014, a solemn flag-raising ceremony took place on the K-560 Severodvinsk submarine, the lead and so far the only ship of Project 885 Yasen. The first Yasen was laid down at the end of 1993 and launched only in 2010. Until 2020, it is planned to build 8 Yasen-type submarines with missile weapons. Due to the long construction time of the lead submarine, all other submarines of the series will be built according to the updated project 885M. Currently, there are three submarines of a new type on the stocks of the Sevmash enterprise: Kazan, Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk.

Non-nuclear submarines

Since the early eighties, several domestic shipyards were engaged serial production diesel-electric submarines of project 877 "Halibut". Over the past decades, several versions of this project have been created, thanks to which the Halibuts of various modifications have become the most massive submarines in the Russian Navy.

The Baltic Fleet has two DPLEs of the Halibut project: B-227 Vyborg and B-806 Dmitrov (Project 877EKM). The Black Sea Fleet has only one boat of project 877V - B-871 Alrosa. The Northern Fleet has the second largest Halibut grouping - five diesel-electric submarines of project 877 and one project 877LPMB. Finally, eight diesel-electric submarines of project 877 "Halibut" serve at the bases of the Pacific Fleet.

A further development of the project 877 is the project 636 "Varshavyanka" and its versions. On August 22, 2014, the head submarine of project 636.3 - B-261 Novorossiysk was accepted into the combat structure of the Black Sea Fleet. By the end of the decade, the Black Sea Fleet will receive five more submarines of this type. Two of them, B-237 Rostov-on-Don and B-262 Stary Oskol, have already been launched.

Until recently great expectations assigned to diesel-electric submarines of project 677 "Lada", which are a further development of the "Halibuts". Previously, there were plans to build a series of several Project 677 boats, but the tests of the lead ship forced them to make serious adjustments. As a result, the first submarine of the project, the B-585 Saint Petersburg, is in trial operation by the Northern Fleet. Two serial ships of project 677 are under construction. In connection with the problems of the lead submarine, the construction of serial submarines was suspended for some time.

Special equipment

In addition to combat submarines, the Russian Navy has a number of special submarines and submersibles designed to perform specific tasks of various kinds. For example, the Baltic, Northern and Pacific Fleets operate four Project 1855 Priz deep-sea rescue submersibles.

According to open data, the Northern Fleet has 10 special-purpose nuclear and diesel-electric submarines designed to perform various tasks. This technique is intended to carry out research work, conduct rescue operations and ensure combat duty of submarine missile cruisers. The most famous representative of this class of equipment is the special submarine AS-12 Losharik, capable of diving to a depth of several kilometers. In September 2012, Losharik was reported to have participated in research work in the Arctic, during which its crew collected soil samples at a depth of more than 2 kilometers.

In the future, the Russian Navy should receive a number of new special-purpose submarines. So, since 2012, the Belgorod submarine of project 949A has been completed according to a special project, thanks to which it will be able to become a carrier of deep-sea research vehicles. Last spring, representatives of the Navy claimed that the plans of the military department included the construction of a special submarine of a sonar patrol, the task of which would be to detect underwater targets at a distance of several hundred kilometers.

prospects

At the moment, in total, the Russian Navy has more than seven dozen submarines and vehicles for various purposes. The vast majority of this equipment was built before the collapse of the Soviet Union, which accordingly affects both the state and the capabilities of the submarine fleet. However, in recent years a number of measures have been taken to update it. In accordance with the current plans until 2020, the Navy should receive a relatively a large number of new submarines.

By the end of this decade, the fleet will receive eight Project 955 Borey strategic missile carriers, the same number of Project 885 Yasen multi-purpose nuclear submarines, and six Project 636.3 Varshavyanka diesel-electric submarines. Nuclear "Boreas" and "Ash" will be distributed between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. "Varshavyanka", in turn, will serve at the Black Sea bases. Earlier it was reported about the plans regarding the future project 677 "Lada". In the near future, it is planned to develop an updated version of this project, which will use a new power plant. The successful completion of this project will expand plans for the construction of non-nuclear submarines.

In parallel with the construction of new submarines, the old ones will be decommissioned. For example, by 2015-16 it is planned to stop the operation of the remaining nuclear submarines of project 671RTMK "Pike". Almost all submarines of this type have already been withdrawn from the fleet and disposed of, and only four remain in service. Over time, similar processes will occur with other types of submarines, which will be replaced by new "Ash", "Borea", "Varshavyanka" and, possibly, "Lada". However, the complete renewal of the submarine fleet will take a long time and will be one of the most expensive projects in the entire Russian Navy.

According to the websites:
http://ria.ru/
http://rg.ru/
http://flot.sevastopol.info/
http://flotprom.ru/
http://flot.com/

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It's one big armory. Submarine « USSVirginia» can launch devastating attacks using torpedoes, can send cruise missiles up to 1500 km with high accuracy, and to avoid a potential enemy modern submarine capable of submerging to a depth of 250 m. This class of submarine stands head and shoulders above others due to its amazing ability to follow. She's been nicknamed the "perfect observer" and for good reason. US submarines class " USSVirginia"have the most sophisticated sensors ever installed on American submarines.

Nuclear submarines equipped with the latest navigation system, which allows you to accurately pass through shallow water and determine the exact coordinates. Submarine « USSVirginia"This is a sea dweller of impressive size. Such a "sea monster" moves calmly under water due to the dynamic force that it gives nuclear reactor. The plan of his work is kept in the strictest confidence. It is known that the engine produces an enormous amount of energy. A compact nuclear reactor turns sea water into steam. The overloaded steam drives massive turbines, which in turn force submarine move forward. In addition, a nuclear power plant generates electricity for all instruments and equipment on this submarine equipped with the most modern technology. The reactor is designed for 30 years of operation, which means that a modern submarine will not need to be refueled for its entire service life.

Today nuclear submarines class " USSVirginia is an amazing success story. US submarine fleet has two main types of submarines: deep-ocean ballistic submarines, which have one strategic task to deliver a nuclear charge anywhere in the world; another kind of it hunting boats created for the attack and lightning-fast destruction of enemy forces. The latter are designed to move quickly and hit enemy ships and vessels, deliver cruise missiles and peacekeeping contingent to the place of hostilities.

modern submarine "USS Virginia"

modern submarine project

construction 774 " USS Virginia »

modern submarine « USS Virginia » tests

first class nuclear submarine « USS Virginia »

USS New Hampshire»

modern submarine USS North Carolina

before a military campaign

Modern submarine « USSVirginia”was the first design developed in three-dimensional images on computers, which later turned into a marine vessel. The program that made this project possible has already been tested against previous works and was used in the development of Boeing airliners. All designers have access to a three-dimensional computer model, which allows engineers to work in the same virtual space at the same time. Computer design assists in this aspect.

The future of warfare is not at all clear, so modern submarine and able to adapt to new conditions. Modern warfare tactics are changing, and atomic submarines new classes must change with it to always be on top. To create this adaptability, the submarine's designers created a so-called modular design, which included an open architecture system, i.e. the main structure consists of large open spaces. Pre-built modules can be placed in these spaces, such as weapon systems or sonar. These modules can be installed as unified systems. They allow you to take on board advanced systems, while the design of the submarine does not have to be redesigned. This saved money and nuclear submarines of the class " USSVirginia' got the right to life. Also thanks to an unprecedented act - the merger of two shipbuilding giants around one project " General Dynamics Electric Boat" and " Northrop Grumman Newport News"made it possible to build nuclear-powered ships.

aboard a submarine « USS Virginia »

« Virginia» the most advanced nuclear submarine in the world from a technical point of view. It was built using revolutionary methods, resulting in significant cost and time savings. On the submarine Virginia» no periscope. Instead, she received a multisensor mask and cameras that transmit images from all sides of the submarine. These sensors are connected to a display at the control room, and for the first time in the history of the submarine fleet, everyone on board can observe what is happening on the surface. Modern submarine equipped with a system that allows you to reproduce an accurate picture of the location of mines. She is able to find them and detonate at a safe distance. Uniqueness nuclear submarines odok class " Virginia is that they can adapt to shallow water. This is due to the precise control. All ballast compartments are connected to one central program. Also thanks to this special control program, the submarine can remain stationary, even despite the currents. For the exit of divers from the submarine, a special compartment for 9 people is provided, and not like others through torpedo tubes. The low noise of the submarine is ensured by placing the propeller in a pipe that absorbs noise, and in addition, the entire hull is covered with a layer of rubber.

First submarine so perfectly passed all sea trials that she entered service a year ahead of schedule. To date, there are five submarines of this class in service: « USSVirginia», « USSTexas", "USSHawaii", "USSNorth Carolina,USSNew Hampshire, but a total of thirty units are planned for launch, this is the name of some of them: « USSNew Mexico", "USSMissouri», « USSCalifornia", "USSMississippi,USSMinnesota,USSNorth Dakota,USSJohn Warner", "SSN-786", "SSN-787", "SSN-788", "SSN-789", "SSN-790", "SSN-791".

Nuclear submarines « USSVirginia"became a highlight in the history of the US submarine fleet. New features allow this class of submarine to be more than just a military vessel for naval battles with the enemy in the open ocean. The conflicts and operations in which they will have to participate may never become public, because there will always be military secrets.

solemn descent of another submarine into the water

Technical characteristics of a nuclear submarine« USS Virginia» (SSN-774):
Length - 115 m;
Width - 10 m;
Displacement - 7800 tons;
Ship power plant- nuclear reactor type "S9G";
Speed ​​- 25 knots;
Immersion depth - 250 m;
Crew - 134 people;
Armament:
cruise missiles Tomahawk" -12;
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 4;

Submarines form the backbone of Russia's naval armament. They are able to perform a number of strategically important tasks. They are used to destroy enemy ships, various underwater and surface objects, as well as to destroy targets in the coastal waters of the enemy. In addition, they are able to quietly carry out combat missions and leave places of temporary deployment. It is believed that the submarine fleets of the Russian Federation and the United States are the strongest, and these powers share the palm in dominance over the oceans.

How the nuclear submarine fleet was born

In the middle of the last century, in 1954, the Nautilus was launched, which is considered the first nuclear submarine launched by the United States. The development of a submarine type SSN 571 has been carried out since 1946, and already in 1949 its construction began. The basis for the design was the German military submarine of the 27th series, the design of which the Americans changed beyond recognition and installed a nuclear power plant in it. Until the beginning of 1960, the production of the first nuclear submarines of the EB 253-A project, better known as the Skate submarines, was launched.

Just 5 years later, at the beginning of 1959, project 627 appeared, which became the first nuclear submarine of the Soviet Union. She was immediately adopted by the Navy. Shortly thereafter, Soviet designers developed the 667-A project, which was originally conceived for use as a missile-carrying submarine cruiser to perform strategic objectives(RPKSN). Actually, the adoption of the 667s into service as combat units is considered to be the beginning of the development of the second generation of nuclear submarines of the USSR.

In 1970 of the last century, project 667-B was adopted and approved in the Union. It was the nuclear submarine, which bore the name Murena. It was equipped with a powerful naval DBK (ballistic missile system) "D-9" for intercontinental use. Following this submarine, Murena-M (project 667-BD) appeared, and already in 1976 the Soviet fleet received the first series of submarine missile carriers ─ project 667-BDR. They were armed with missiles that had multiple warheads.

Further development of the submarines of the leading countries was carried out in such a way that the design was based on silent propellers and some changes in the hull. So, in 1980, the first attack-type submarine appeared, which became Project 949 of the III generation. To perform a number of strategic tasks, torpedoes and cruise missiles were used on it.

A little later, project 667-AT appeared, the flagship of which was the nuclear submarine K423. She was adopted in 1986 by the Soviet fleet. It is also worth noting that this project managed to survive to this day. Like other Russian nuclear submarines, the current combat units of the fleet include the K395 model of project 667.

It is impossible not to mention the Soviet submarines created in 1977. They became a modification of the project 667 ─ 671 RTM, of which 26 units were built by the end of 1991. Soon after that, the first domestic multi-purpose nuclear submarines were created, the hull of which was made of titanium ─ Bars-971 and 945, known as the Barracuda.

Half a hundred ─ a lot or a little?

The Russian submarine fleet is armed with 76 submarines different class, including SSBNs, AMPL (multi-purpose), diesel, as well as special purpose ships. The question of how many nuclear submarines there are in Russia can be answered this way: there are 47 of them. It should be noted that this is a very large number, since the construction of one nuclear submarine today costs the state over $1 billion. If we take into account the ships that are being refitted and in ship repair yards, then the number of nuclear submarines in Russia will be 49. For comparison, we will give some data on the submarines in service with the superpowers. The American submarine fleet has 71 combat units of submarines, while the UK and France each have 10 units.

Nuclear-powered heavy missile cruisers

Heavy missile carriers are considered the largest and most dangerous in terms of defeating enemy forces and destructive capabilities. Such nuclear submarines in Russia are in service in the amount of 3 units. Among them are the missile carrier "Dmitry Donskoy" (heavy cruiser TK208), as well as "Vladimir Monomakh". They were built according to project 945. Their armament is represented by the Bulava missile system.

Cruiser TK-17 of the "Shark" type, which is integral part project 941UM, is in service with the submarine fleet and is called "Arkhangelsk". The boat TK-20 has the name "Severstal", and it was also built according to this project. One of the reasons for their failure is the shortage of P-39 ballistic missiles. We also note that these vessels are among the largest in the world, and their total displacement is about 50 thousand tons.

At the beginning of 2013, the flag was hoisted on the nuclear submarine K-535 (Project 955 Borey), named after Yuri Dolgoruky. This submarine became the lead submarine missile cruiser of the Northern Fleet. Less than a year later, in December, the Pacific Fleet received the K-550. This submarine is named after Alexander Nevsky. All boats are IV generation strategic missile carriers.

Strategic nuclear submarines "Dolphin"

Project 667-BDRM is represented by nuclear submarines of the Russian Navy in the amount of 6 units:

• "Bryansk" ─ K117;
• "Verkhoturye" ─ K51;
• "Yekaterinburg" ─ K84;
• "Karelia" ─ K118;
• "Novomoskovsk" ─ K407;
• "Tula" ─ K114.

In the middle of 1999 nuclear cruiser K64 ceased to be an active unit of the Navy and was removed from service. All Russian nuclear submarines (photos of some can be seen above), which are part of the project, are in service with the Northern MF.

Project 667-BDR. Nuclear boats "Kalmar"

In terms of number in the Navy, modern Russian nuclear submarines of the Kalmar class are immediately behind the Dolphins. The construction of boats under the 667BDR project began even before the beginning of 1980 in the USSR, so most of the nuclear submarines have already been decommissioned and become unusable. To date, the Russian fleet has only 3 units of such submarines:

• "Ryazan" ─ K44;
• "St. George the Victorious" ─ K433;
• "Podolsk" ─ K223.

All submarines are in service with the Russian Pacific Fleet. The Ryazan is considered the “youngest” of them, since it was put into operation later than the others, at the end of 1982.

multi-purpose nuclear submarine

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines of Russia, which were assembled according to project 971, are considered the most numerous in their class (Pike-B). They are capable of destroying targets in coastal waters, on the coast, as well as hitting underwater structures and objects located on the surface of the water. The Northern and Pacific Fleets are armed with 11 nuclear submarines of this type. However, 3 of them will no longer be used for various reasons. For example, the nuclear submarine "Akula" is not used at all, and "Barnaul" and "Bars" have already been transferred for recycling. The Nerpa K152 submarine was sold to India in 2012 under a contract. Later, she was transferred to service with the Indian Navy.

Project 949A. Multipurpose nuclear submarine "Antey"

Russian nuclear submarines of project 949A are present in the amount of 3 units and are part of the Northern Fleet. 5 nuclear submarines "Antey" are in service with the Pacific Fleet. When this submarine was conceived, it was supposed to put into operation 18 units. However, the lack of funding made itself felt, so only 11 of them were launched.

Today, Russian nuclear submarines of the Antey class are in service with the fleet in the amount of 8 combat units. A few years ago, the Krasnoyarsk K173 and Krasnodar K178 submarines were sent for dismantling and scrapped. On September 12, 2000, a tragedy occurred in the Barents Sea that claimed the lives of 118 Russian sailors. On this day, the APRK project "Antey" 949A "Kursk" K141 sank.

Nuclear submarines "Condor", "Barracuda" and "Pike" of multi-purpose use

From the beginning of the 80s to the 90s, 4 boats were built, which were projects 945 and 945A. They were named "Barracuda" and "Condor". According to the 945 project, Russian nuclear submarines "Kostroma" B276 and "Karp" B239 were built. As for the 945A project, the Nizhny Novgorod B534, as well as the Pskov B336, which were originally put into service with the Northern Fleet, were created according to it. All 4 submarines are in service to this day.

Also in service there are 4 submarines of the multi-purpose project "Pike" 671RTMK, including:

• Obninsk - B138;
• "Petrozavodsk" ─ B338;
• "Tambov" ─ B448;
• "Daniel of Moscow" ─ B414.

The Department of Defense plans to decommission these boats and replace them with an entirely new class of combat units.

Nuclear submarine 885 type "Ash"

To date, the Severodvinsk SSGN is the only operating submarine of this class. On June 17 last year, a solemn raising of the flag took place on K-560. Over the next 5 years, it is planned to create and launch 7 more such vessels. The construction of the Kazan, Krasnoyarsk and Novosibirsk submarines is already in full swing. If Severodvinsk is project 885, then the rest of the boats will be created according to the project of an improved modification 885M.

As for weapons, the Yasen nuclear submarines will be equipped with supersonic Caliber-type cruise missiles. The firing range of these missiles can be 2.5 thousand km, and they are high-precision projectiles, the main task of which will be the destruction of enemy aircraft carriers. It is also planned that the Kazan nuclear submarine will be equipped with fundamentally new equipment, which has not previously been used in the development of underwater vehicles. Moreover, in a row specifications, primarily due to the minimum noise level, detecting such a submarine will be very problematic. In addition, this multi-purpose submarine will compete with the American SSN575 Seawolf.

At the end of November 2012, the Kalibr missile system was tested. Shooting was carried out from the submerged Severodvinsk submarine at ground targets from a distance of 1.4 thousand km. In addition, a supersonic rocket of the Onyx type was launched. The rocket launches were successful and proved the feasibility of their use.