Since the late 70s, the 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army, and now the Russian one, being one of the most popular means of air defense.

Despite its age, numerous upgrades of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the obsolete 2K12 Kub air defense system with a new weapon using unified missiles along with the M-22 Uragan naval system.

The development started at the Tikhomirov Instrument Engineering Research Institute, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Because of the haste, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First, the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" self-propelled firing system appeared, using the newly created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. She was accepted into service in 1978. The main differences from its predecessor were 10 target channels and increased limits on the height and speed of air targets.

• Self-propelled firing system 9А310;
• anti-aircraft missiles 9M38;
• command post 9S470;
• charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with the entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk was able to destroy air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each of the parts of the complex was on a standardized tracked platform with high traffic.

"Buk-M1"

After a short period of time, the modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of a new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, a target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. It is used to cover various types of troops or ground objects from massive enemy air raids. Able to work in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic suppression and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, while its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
• charging unit 9A39M1;
• target detection station 9S18;
• command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good cross-country ability and maneuverability, which allows spending a minimum amount on deployment and bringing the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the target detection station with high noise immunity of the 9S18 Dome radar begins to continuously scan the airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9C470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Further, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the firing installations 9A310.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid-propellant single-stage anti-aircraft missile, designed for an operating time of up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 Uragan system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. Undermining is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance of 3500 to 32000 m, an altitude of 25 to 20000 m, capable of withstanding overloads up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation, when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern 9M317 missiles. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and height of the targets hit, it was also planned to use improved equipment on all machines of the complex.

9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to detonate not only at a distance from the target, but also on contact, making it possible to deal with surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated command post 9S510 was able to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target designations simultaneously. At the same time, the time from receiving information to transmitting it to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased antenna array, which allows you to detect air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various enemy interference.

Additionally, a station for illumination and guidance of 9S36 missiles was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. The 9S36 electronic equipment is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire on 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to raise the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the height to 25,000 m.

The range of interception of missiles has increased to 20,000 meters, and the height - up to 16,000. It is also possible to use against ground and surface targets.

The deplorable economy of the country in the early 90s did not allow the new product to be adopted, the army limited itself to the Buk-M1-2 compromise complex.

Only in 2008, the 9K317 Buk-M2 entered service with the Russian army, being modified to match our time.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the Ural. The development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
• target detection station 9S18M1;
• command post 9S470;
• charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9A310M1-2 was equipped with a television optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive target finding possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification "Buk-M2", featuring improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment works not only in combat, but also in training mode, which allows for the training of soldiers.

It is possible to use the usual tracked chassis or wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option for themselves.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace obsolete electronics with modern digital equipment, replace the rocket with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not called today, but approximate ones can be called. On the self-propelled launcher there are 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

Estimated range of hitting targets up to 75,000 m, the probability is at the level of 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

With the exception of the first Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, the plane of the air defense commander of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

In South Ossetia, the Russian Air Force lost 4 aircraft due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine in 2014, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

The place of the operator of the air defense system "Buk"

The place of the operator of the air defense system "Buk"

The multifunctional highly mobile medium-range air defense missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest upgrade of the Buk air defense system) is designed to destroy modern and advanced strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other airborne aerodynamic objects in the entire range of their practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, other elements of high-precision air and ground-based weapons in flight and to destroy surface and ground radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and also be a tactical missile defense module.

The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance area and semi-active homing in the final guidance area.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat equipment, technical support equipment and training equipment.

Combat assets include:

Command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;

Target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;

Up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;

Up to six launchers (ROM) 9A39M1;

Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.

The technical support includes:

Maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with trailer ZIP 9T456;

Maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;

Machines (workshops) for repair and maintenance (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;

Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (CTO) 9T3184;

Automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;

Machine (workshop) for the repair of missiles 9T458;

Unified compressor station UKS-400V;

Mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.

Training aids include:

Training missile 9M317UD;

Training missile 9M317UR.

All combat assets of the complex are assembled on cross-country tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power units, protection and life support systems for personnel, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy in combat operations.

The 9S470M1-2 command post is designed for automated control over telecode (radio or wired) communication channels of the combat operations of the air defense system and works in conjunction with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and provides mutual work with the higher command post for automated control of the combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".

The CP equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display facilities, operational command communications and data transmission, and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the ADMC control process, automatically assign operating modes, process up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve the tasks of target distribution and target designation, provide integrated modes of paired operation of the SOU ("Regulation of radiation", "Alien illumination", "Triangulation", "Coordinate support", "Launcher"), which are used in conditions of use by the enemy of anti-radar missiles of strong radio countermeasures and in the event of failure of the radar of one of the SDAs, as well as to document the processes of combat work, monitor the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulate the air situation for training the calculation of the command post.

SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the command post 9S470M1-2 of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other command posts of the air defense forces.

SOC is a three-coordinate centimeter-wave radar built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic beam scanning of the radiation pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.

The SOC has two options for viewing space:

- "regular" - in the anti-aircraft defense mode;

- "sector" - in the anti-missile defense mode.

The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. According to its functional purpose, it is a radar station for detecting, tracking a target, illuminating a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.

The SOU provides the solution of the following tasks:

Reception of target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;

Detection, identification of nationality, capture and tracking of a target, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;

Determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;

Guidance of the launcher in the direction of the predicted meeting point of the missile with the target;

Issuance of target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;

Rocket launch;

Development of radio correction commands and their transmission to flying missiles;

Transfer to the ROM 9A39M1 of the signals necessary for pointing the ROM launcher in the direction of the predicted point, pointing the radar homing missile at the target and launching it;

Transfer to the command post of information about the tracked target and the process of combat work;

Combat crew training.

The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system when targeting with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. At the same time, missiles can be launched both directly from the SOU and from the ROM launcher.

When working as part of an air defense system, when controlled from a command post, the SOU can be used as a launcher, in the firing mode with "alien illumination" and take part in solving the problem of coordinate support by the complex.

Launcher 9A39M1 is designed for:

Transportation and storage of missiles, while four missiles are on the guides of the launcher and are ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles are on transport supports;

Loading the SDA and self-loading with missiles located on the transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground lodgements or containers;

Monitoring the health of the ROM and missiles, both on command from the SDA, and autonomously;

Pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the SDA.

To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power servo drive and launch automation equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.

ZUR 9M317 are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of high-precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with a trapezoidal low elongation wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid-propellant jet engine.

The missile is guided to the target in a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.

To improve the accuracy of guidance at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the line of radio correction - the flight task in the onboard computer of the missile defense system is corrected depending on the change in the characteristics of the movement of the fired target by radio commands transmitted in the signals of the target and missile illumination.

The rocket is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles are ensured at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.

The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OSRP) or an anti-aircraft missile division (srdn).

The OZRP (zrdn) includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two PZU 9A39M1 each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.

A separate zrp is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile brigade is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 zrdn, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).

An anti-aircraft missile battalion (regiment) armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing at up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, a division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides cover for an area of ​​about 800 - 1200 km2.

At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant as part of the 9A38 SOU and the 9M38 SAM was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the SV in 1978.

In full configuration, the Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code Buk M1 air defense system - in 1983, Buk-M1-2 air defense system - in 1998.

The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries and have been delivered to a number of far-abroad countries.

In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, the Russian industry has the ability to:

Supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex’s combat equipment, which ensure the movement of the air defense system on asphalt roads;

Install an objective control system (SOK) of the action of air defense systems by registering, storing, storing and reproducing information of the SOU-ZUR-PZU exchange.

Main characteristics:

This post will explain to you in detail what a military air defense system "BUK" is and how it functions in a combat environment. I think many of us have heard this abbreviation of the anti-aircraft missile system in the media in connection with, but not everyone understands how the BUK air defense system works and how it functions.

The military air defense system "Buk" (9K37) was intended to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in perspective - and with ballistic missiles "Lance".
The development was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, in terms of the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a single missile system with the Buk complex.

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was determined by the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Scientific Design Association (NPO) Fazotron (general director V.K. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). A.A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole, G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran) of the command post (CP) 9S470, V.V. semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launcher-charging units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" of the MAP (former SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8), headed by L.V. Lyulyev, refusing to involve the Design Bureau of Plant No. 134, which had previously developed missiles for the Kub complex. The detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).
The completion of the development of the means of the complex was envisaged in the II quarter. 1975

However, for the speedy strengthening of the air defense of the main striking force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the target channel (and ensuring, if possible, the full autonomy of these channels in the process of work from detection to hitting the target). By a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 22, 1974, it was ordered to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. Initially, it was proposed to develop at an accelerated pace the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its access to joint tests in September 1974, while maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and terms of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, had one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 3M9M2 and 9M38 missiles, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 passed state tests at the Emba test site (head of the test site B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, which produces target designation, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to launch of missiles) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 SAM, the defeat of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area in height ranged from 30 m to 14 km, in terms of heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only supplemented the means of the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was called the Kub-M4 ″ (2K12M4).
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system is a multi-purpose system that simultaneously fires at six targets flying at different azimuths and heights. The high firepower generated by the complex's 6 firing channels makes it possible to effectively hit tracked targets. The armament of the complex is modern anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317, which have high technical characteristics that ensure the destruction of air and surface targets, as well as combat work on ground targets. Missiles are launched from 9A310M1-2 self-propelled launchers and 9A39M1-2 launchers.

One of the significant differences between the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and the Buk-M1 complex is the presence of a laser rangefinder in the SOU 9A310M1-2, which makes it possible to successfully carry out combat work on surface and ground targets with microwave radiation turned off, which significantly improves performance noise immunity, secrecy and survivability of the complex.
The “coordinate support” mode implemented in the Buk-M1-2 complex allows you to successfully solve combat missions with an intense impact on the active jamming complex.

The complex ensures the defeat of aerodynamic targets with maximum approach speeds of 1100-1200 m/s and removal - 300 m/s in the zone in height from 15 m to 25 km, in range from 3 to 42 km. Provides destruction of cruise missiles (CR) at ranges up to 26 km, tactical ballistic missiles (TBR) - at ranges up to 20 km. The zone of destruction of the complex when firing at surface targets is up to 25 km. The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.9, the working time is 20 s. The deployment time of the complex from traveling to combat is up to 5 minutes. The combat means of the complex are mounted on highly passable self-propelled tracked chassis, providing movement both on the highway and on a dirt road and off-road with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. Fuel reserve - 500 km with reserve for two-hour combat work.
The complex provides operation at ambient temperatures from -50°C to +50°C and altitudes up to 3000 m, as well as in the conditions of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons.

The facilities of the complex are equipped with autonomous power supply systems, along with this, the possibility of working from external power sources is provided. The time of continuous operation of the facilities of the complex is 24 hours.
The complex includes combat means:
command post 9S470M1-2, designed to control the combat operations of the complex (one);
target detection station 9S18M1, which provides detection of air targets, identification of their nationality and transmission of information about the air situation to the command post (one);
self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2, which provides combat work both as part of a complex in a given sector of responsibility, and in an autonomous mode and performs detection, target acquisition, identification
its nationality and the shelling of the escorted target (six);
launcher-loader 9A39M1-2, designed for launching, transporting and storing missiles 9M317, as well as carrying out loading and unloading operations with them (three are attached to two SOU 9A310M1-2);
anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317, designed to destroy air, surface and ground targets in conditions of intense enemy radio countermeasures.

The high combat readiness of the 9K37M1-2 complex is maintained with the help of attached technical means.
All technical means, except for PES-100 and UKS-400V, are mounted on the chassis of Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 vehicles.
Currently, in parallel with the serial development of the Buk-M1-2 complex, work is underway to significantly modernize the complex, aimed at significantly improving its tactical and technical characteristics.
Directions for the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system:
a mobile station for automatic detection of sources of radio emission "Orion" is introduced into the complex, which provides information support and increases the efficiency of the complex in conditions of massive use of organized interference and anti-radar missiles;
SOU 9A310M1-2 and PZU 9A39M1-2 are equipped with objective control systems (SOC), which provides operational documented control of the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing system (SDA) and launcher-charging unit (ROM) with information output to a special electronic computer.
SOK can be used to control the actions of the crew of the firing system in the process of its training.

(SAM) medium-range "Buk-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the SAM "Buk") is designed to destroy modern and promising aircraft of strategic and tactical aviation, cruise missiles, helicopters and other air aerodynamic objects in the entire range of their practical application in conditions of intensive radio countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, other elements of high-precision air and ground-based weapons in flight and to destroy surface and ground radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and also be a tactical missile defense module.
The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance area and semi-active homing in the final guidance area.
The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat equipment, technical support equipment and training equipment.
Combat assets include:
- command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;
- target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;
- up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;
- up to six launchers (ROM) 9A39M1;
- anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.
The technical support includes:
- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with trailer ZIP 9T456;
- maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;
- machines (workshops) for repair and maintenance (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;
- transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (CTO) 9T3184;
- automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;
- 9T458 rocket repair machine (workshop);
- unified compressor station UKS-400V;
- mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.
Training aids include:
- training missile 9M317UD;
- training missile 9M317UR.
All combat assets of the complex are assembled on cross-country tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power units, protection and life support systems for personnel, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy in combat operations.
The command post 9S470M1-2 is designed for automated control over telecode (radio or wired) communication channels of the combat operations of the air defense system and works in conjunction with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and provides mutual work with the higher command post for automated control of the combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".
The CP equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display facilities, operational command communications and data transmission, and other auxiliary systems, makes it possible to optimize the air defense system control process, automatically assign operating modes, process up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve the tasks of target distribution and target designation, provide integrated modes of paired operation of the SOU (“Regulation of radiation”, “Alien illumination”, “Triangulation”, “Coordinate support”, “Launcher”), which are used in conditions where the enemy uses strong anti-radar missiles radio countermeasures and in the event of failure of the radar of one of the SDAs, as well as to document the processes of combat work, monitor the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulate the air situation for training the calculation of the command post.
SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the command post 9S470M1-2 of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other command posts of the air defense forces.
SOC is a three-coordinate centimeter-wave radar built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic beam scanning of the radiation pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.
The SOC has two options for viewing space:
- "regular" - in the anti-aircraft defense mode;
- "sector" - in the missile defense mode.
The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. According to its functional purpose, it is a radar station for detecting, tracking a target, illuminating a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.
The SOU provides the solution of the following tasks:
- reception of target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;
- detection, identification of nationality, capture and tracking of a target, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;
- determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;
- pointing the launcher in the direction of the predicted meeting point of the missile with the target;
- issuance of target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;
- missile launch;
- development of radio correction commands and their transmission to flying missiles;
- transmission to the ROM 9A39M1 of the signals necessary for pointing the ROM launcher in the direction of the predicted point, pointing the radar homing missile at the target and launching it;
- transmission to the command post of information about the tracked target and the process of combat work;
- combat crew training.
The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system when targeting with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. At the same time, missiles can be launched both directly from the SOU and from the ROM launcher.
When working as part of an air defense system, when controlled from a command post, the SOU can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with "alien illumination" and take part in solving the problem of coordinate support by the complex.
Launcher 9A39M1 is designed for:
- transportation and storage of missiles, while four missiles are on the guides of the launcher and are ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles are on transport supports;
- loading of the SDA and self-loading with missiles located on the transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground lodgements or containers;
- monitoring the health of the ROM and missiles, both on command from the SDA, and autonomously;
- pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the JMA data.
To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power servo drive and launch automation equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.
ZUR 9M317 are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of high-precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with a trapezoidal low elongation wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid-propellant jet engine.
The missile is guided to the target in a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.
To improve the accuracy of guidance at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the line of radio correction - the flight task in the onboard computer of the missile defense system is corrected depending on the change in the characteristics of the movement of the fired target by radio commands transmitted in the signals of the target and missile illumination.
The rocket is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles are ensured at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.
The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OSRP) or an anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn).
The OZRP (zrdn) includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two PZU 9A39M1 each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.
A separate zrp is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile brigade is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 zrdn, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).
An anti-aircraft missile battalion (regiment) armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing at up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, a division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides cover for an area of ​​about 800 - 1200 km2.
At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant as part of the 9A38 SOU and the 9M38 SAM was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the SV in 1978.

In full configuration, the Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code of the Buk M1 air defense system - in 1983, the Buk-M1-2 air defense system - in 1998.
The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries and have been delivered to a number of non-CIS countries.
In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, the Russian industry has the ability to:
- to supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar belts of the combat equipment of the complex, which ensure the movement of air defense systems on asphalt roads;
- to put in place an objective control system (SOK) of the action of air defense systems by registering, storing, storing and reproducing SOU-ZUR-PZU exchange information.

Today we will talk about such a type of weapons as Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is, let's get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is the Buk installation.

The beginning of the story

First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists in the destruction of aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds up to 830 m / s, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a distance of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and dated January 13, 1972, they began to develop it. A team of developers and manufacturers, who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system, was involved in this. Along with this, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called "Hurricane", for the Navy using a missile that is fully compatible with the Buk.

Developers

The following were identified as developers: the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as the scientific and design association, which has the name "Fazotron". Rastov A. A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launcher-loader was created at the Mashinostroitelny Design Bureau "Start", where Yaskin A.I. was the head. Tracked chassis, unified for the machines of the complex, were developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was led by Astrov N.A. The Sverdlovsk Design Bureau "Innovator" was instructed to develop 9M38 missiles. The detection station and, of course, target designation "Kupol" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support facilities was developed on an automobile chassis. Completion of the preparatory phase was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.

Change of plans

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need for an early strengthening of air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, it was ordered to create the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 missiles of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, the Buk, a new-generation missile system, was to be created. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously appointed deadlines had to be fully respected.

Self-propelled fire mount 9A38

It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided a high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic tracking. She also solved the problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3-guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.

The firing unit could operate both from the SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical-television sight; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographic reference and navigation; life support systems.

Functions of the 9S35 radar station

By the time described, significant progress has been made in the creation of quartz and electromechanical filters, microwave devices, digital computers, which made it possible in 9S35, which is part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, she herself worked in the centimeter wave range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.

The antenna system carried out the search by sectors, the processing of the received signals was performed by the central computer using the electromechanical method. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby to combat was less than twenty seconds. The speed of the targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible errors: the root-mean-square when measuring the angular coordinates was 0.5 d.c., the maximum in range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

In this rocket, which is part of the Buk air defense system, a solid-propellant dual-mode engine was used. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, he had a lot of resistance in some, mostly passive, sections of the trajectory and, at a large angle of attack, was unstable in operation. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was disrupted. The scheme of the rocket was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low elongation wing. At first glance, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the US-made "Tartar" and "Standard" ship families, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the Soviet Navy.

In front of the 9M38, there was an autopilot equipment, a semi-active HMN, a warhead and power. The rocket did not have parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and the steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. "Buk" - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range of three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m / s. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of the warhead.

Tests of the Buk installation

The Buk installation from August 1975 to the end of October of the next, 1976, passed state tests. Bimbash P.S. led them, and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 firing system, 3M9M3 and 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, aircraft - 32-41 km.

The time from the moment the target was detected was 24-27 seconds. Charging time, as well as discharge - nine minutes. The defeat of the aircraft with the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a distance of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at a height of 30 meters. in terms of the course parameter it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when launching one rocket. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.

Characteristics of the Buk, command post

We have now learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of his combat means are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled firing systems.

He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between firing self-propelled installations, assigned them responsible sectors and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and with interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target designations were issued in one station review cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the KP, given from six people.

Target designation and detection station "Kupol"

We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a distance of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the CP 9S470. Depending on the set sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted over the telecode line during the review period, which is 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against aiming, response, non-synchronous impulse noise was also developed.

Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, the detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. The “dome”, which is part of the Buk anti-aircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a rotary device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the marching position, from the duty position - in 20 seconds.

Differences between firing systems 9A310 and 9A38

The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with the SURN 1S91M3, but with the PZU 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was loaded in 12 and a half minutes from a ROM and 16 minutes from a transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four people of the combat crew. The width of the self-propelled launcher is 3.25 meters, the length is 9.3 meters, and the height is 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us in this, as always.

9A39 - launcher-loader

This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose is the storage and transportation of guided anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were on fixed cradles, four - on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, their further self-loading from their cradles, and subsequent self-loading of eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the Buk is a missile system that combined in one ROM the functions of a self-propelled launcher of the earlier Kub complex and a TZM.

It included: a starting device with a servo drive, lodgements, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation is 35.5 tons, including the calculation of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.

Possibilities of the air defense system "Buk"

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics in comparison with the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk installation is like, a photo of its weapons, then any person will understand all its power, which provided:

Conclusion

According to the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk launcher is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that do not maneuver was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when one guided missile was fired and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target is maneuvering, then the probability of hitting is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since that moment, it has been modernized several times in order to increase combat capabilities and security.