1. Depending on the level of collection and distribution of taxes they are divided into:

§ federal : value added tax, excises, income tax, personal income tax, contributions to state social off-budget funds, government fees, customs duties, mineral extraction tax, forest tax, water tax, environmental tax, federal license fees.

§ Regional (taxes of subjects of the Russian Federation): corporate property tax, real estate tax, road user tax, gambling tax, regional license fees.

§ local : land tax, advertising tax, inheritance or gift tax, local license fees.

The list of taxes is established at the state level, and the rates reg. and local taxes on reg. and local level.

2. According to the object of taxation, the following are divided:

§ Direct taxes depends on the amount of income and the size of the property. How more income, the higher the tax. Income tax for individuals and legal entities.

§ indirect taxes does not depend on the amount of income and the size of the property. They are included in the price or cost of production and are paid by the consumer - for products, services and work (VAT, excises, etc.)

3. According to the place of receipt of payments and the direction of their use:

§ To the budget all taxes from point 1.

§ off-budget fund- Pension Fund, social insurance fund, honey. insurance.

4. According to the place of formation:

Taxes included in the cost price - property insurance, land tax, environmental payments, tax on the extraction of minerals; taxes included in the price of products;

Taxes paid at the expense of financial results - VAT, excises, income and property taxes.

34. The main types of taxes paid by enterprises of the material
production.

35. Basic organizational - legal forms of enterprises
material production.

H6. Intra-industry structure of oil and gas enterprises
industry.

The oil and gas industry is a complex complex, which consists of various production processes that are closely interconnected.

Sub-sectors:

1. search and exploration of oil fields (provides the discovery of new fields and preparation for industrial development. It is carried out by special state enterprises and divisions of a number of oil companies);

2. well drilling (prepares new wells for operation, creates conditions for production, is a link between geological exploration and production);

3. production (we create a raw material base, all other points are serviced, produced by oil and gas producing enterprises, their task is to provide oil and gas domestic market)

4. processing (at refineries);

5. transportation and storage (carried out by the gas pipeline systems. Gas pipelines operate according to a single system, supply regulation);

6. construction of main pipelines (carried out by special construction organizations that are independent or are part of n / g companies);

7. oil and gas engineering and apparatus building (enterprises produce a significant amount of oil-and-gas equipment at special plants).

37. Management of enterprises as part of vertically integrated
oil companies and OAO Gazprom.

1. Oil industry.

A) the oil industry of the Russian Federation is represented by vertically integrated oil companies(VIOC), uniting enterprises of oil production, processing and marketing of petroleum products, which are subsidiaries of VIOC (DAO).

B) VIOCs in most cases are holdings in which the "parent company - IOC" is the holder of a controlling stake in its subsidiaries in order to control and manage their activities.

C) Subsidiaries of VIOCs as part of the holding are independent enterprises that carry out their production and economic activities.

G) State regulation oil companies is carried out through the ownership of a block of shares in VIOCs and the organization of access to the main oil pipelines of the companies Transneft and Transnefteprodukt, a controlling stake (75%) of which is owned by the state.

Types of VIOCs.

1) VINK - holding.

A controlling stake in DAO belongs to the parent company.

2) VIOC is a corporation.

Enterprises that are part of the VIOC lose the status of DAO and turn into LLC, the transition to a "single share" of the company.

Central function at the parent company level.

3) VIOCs as part of financial and industrial groups (FIGs).

The central function at the bank level is the owner of the controlling stake.

Gas industry

It is fundamentally important that the gas industry is a single production and technical complex of continuous operation, which includes enterprises of production, processing, transportation and storage of gas, technologically and organizationally related unified system gas supply (EGS), which also has a well-developed infrastructure.

The privatization of the state concern "Gasprom" was carried out on the basis of the Decree of the President of 05.11.1992 as a single production and technological complex (which is fundamentally different from the creation of VIOCs on the basis of previously corporatized independent enterprises of the oil complex).

OAO Gazprom has two groups of management entities.

Placement of a block of shares of OAO Gazprom:

40% - the property of the Russian Federation.

15% - members' shares labor collective and administration of Gazprom.

1.1% JSC Rosgazifikatsiya.

10% is the property of Gazprom itself.

By completeness (purity, degree, clarity) of the severity of properties;
depending on the sign of divisibility in consumption;
by the method of financing costs (depending on the payment system);
depending on state participation in production;
depending on the manufacturer (according to the method of production);
by the way the goods depend on each other (by the way of interaction);
depending on the nationality of resources directed to production;
depending on the amount of necessary resources required for production;
depending on the differentiation of the boundaries of production and consumption (in terms of coverage of consumers);
by the level of the subject that manages the reproductive process (by the level of the subject responsible for the reproductive process);
according to the subject-object nature (attribute) (by the nature
production);
by the severity of the positive external effect;
depending on the division of the economy into areas of activity;
depending on the functional classification of state budget expenditures.

According to the completeness (purity, degree, clarity) of the severity of properties, all public goods can be divided into pure and mixed public goods. . A public good is recognized as pure if it has two main properties to a high degree: the property of non-competition (non-rivalry) in consumption, i.e. with an increase in consumers of a given good, the utility from it for each of them does not decrease, as well as the property of non-exclusion in consumption, i.e. it is practically impossible to exclude a person from the circle of consumers of this good (absence of barriers). This type of goods is quite rare in reality, since it is more of a theoretical model than a practical one. Pure public goods include national defense and security, environmental government programs, legislation, and some other goods.

A mixed public good is understood as a good in which at least one of the specified basic properties is expressed to a moderate degree. Mixed goods can be divided into the following: overloaded (overflowing), excluded (club or public goods with limited access) and others. Overloadable public goods are recognized as those in which the property of non-rivalry in consumption is satisfied only up to a certain point. The most striking example of such a blessing can be a highway. Since the property of non-competitiveness in consumption is characterized by a relatively equal degree of utility of this good for each consumer with an increase in participants, and the utility in the case of a road is, for example, the speed of movement, an increase in the number of road users leads to the emergence of externalities - traffic jams, which, in in turn, leads to a decrease in the utility from the consumption of this good for all users. Other transshipable public goods include fresh water, clean air, bridges, tunnels, etc.

Public goods, depending on the sign of divisibility in consumption, can be considered in two aspects: as indivisible or divisible . Divisibility is understood as the ability of an individual to choose the volume of consumption of a public good.

An important point in this grouping of public goods is that indivisibility is considered only from the standpoint of consumption, not production.

Indivisible goods are goods that cannot be divided into parts in the process of consumption. Almost all public goods belong to this type: national defense, clean air, water, morality, traffic regulation, etc. For example, the consumer of such a public good as national defense cannot choose which armies, missiles or aircraft will protect him. This benefit is provided inseparably to all inhabitants of a certain territory. Society can only determine the necessary parameters for the production of this good - national defense (number of troops, funding, level of equipment, etc.) and thereby influence the volume of its provision.

Divisible public goods are goods that can be divided into parts. When consuming such goods, the individual has the right to choose. Thus, divisible public goods are very close to private goods, since the latter can always be divided into parts. There are opinions among economists that there are no divisible public goods, since this is a characteristic of a private good. In our work, we are of the opinion that divisible public goods exist, but they are limited. The following examples can serve as proof of the divisibility of public goods: a park divided into zones; a museum consisting of various exhibitions, and some others.

According to the method of financing costs (depending on the payment system), public goods can be considered as benefits with direct and indirect financing. .

Based on the definition of a public good, its provision by the state should be free of charge. Otherwise, the property of non-exclusion in consumption will be violated, which can cause social tension in society. On the other hand, the establishment of a clear fee for use in some cases can have a positive impact on the consumption of this good, it is worth remembering traffic jams. However, in order to reduce the social tension caused by the establishment of tolls on the road, for other consumers unable or unwilling to pay, an alternative must be created, which in most cases will be worse.
From the point of view of finance, it is beneficial for the state to combine direct and indirect methods of financing costs, which leads to the emergence of an additional source Money.
The direct method of financing costs is carried out by setting a clear fee for the use of the facility. However, in most cases, payment for the use of public goods cannot be established, which is the main reason for the unprofitability of their production for the private sector of the economy.
The presence of pronounced properties of non-rivalry and non-exclusion in pure public goods makes it impossible to use the direct method of financing the costs of production and distribution. Thus, the direct way of financing costs concerns only mixed public goods.

Depending on the state participation in production, public goods can be considered in three aspects:

1) financed at the expense of state (budget) funds;
2) funded by non-state funds: voluntary
donations from commercial and non-profit organizations, as well as
individuals;
3) financed by a combination of public and
non-state funds.

The state is the organizer of the production of public goods, but this does not at all indicate that the state will exclusively carry out their production. Public funding is more likely to support the private sector of the economy, which cannot cope with the production of public goods (market failures). In some cases, the production and, accordingly, financing of a public good can be carried out by a private company, public organization or individuals who either highly appreciate the positive externalities from the production or consumption of a particular good, or want to benefit from an intangible nature - to improve the image. Examples of non-state financing are the production of the following benefits: exhibitions in a museum, fireworks, street lighting, etc.
There may be cases where the production of public goods and services is financed by a combination of public and non-public funds.

Depending on the producer (according to the mode of production), public goods are divided into produced by the state, the private sector, and jointly. The main producer of public goods is the state, which produces goods and services through unitary enterprises.
Private enterprises include both commercial and non-commercial firms. Private enterprises carry out the production of public goods on their own initiative, as well as on the initiative of the state. In the latter case, the private enterprise receives remuneration from the state.
It is also possible to combine the production of a public good by both state and private enterprises. In this case, there is a division of responsibilities: one part of the work is carried out by the state, the other - by a private company.

According to the way the goods depend on each other (according to the way of interaction), public goods can be divided into the following groups.
1. Ancillary goods. These public goods are produced in addition to the main good, i.e. in certain situations you can refuse them.
In this grouping, three combinations of the interaction of goods are possible:
1) a public good that is ancillary to a public good;
2) a public good that is auxiliary to a private good;
3) a private good that is ancillary to the public good.

A fourth variant of interaction is also possible: the main private good and the auxiliary private good, but it does not concern the classification of public goods.

Situations where a public good that can be dispensed with is ancillary to the public good are quite rare. An example is a city holiday and the organization of fireworks, i.e. in this example, the holiday can be organized without the ancillary public good - fireworks.

Situations where a public good is ancillary to a private good are also rare. For example, a private enterprise produces chocolate bars, and at a chocolate fair, this company treats for free potential consumers providing a mixed public good.

In economic practice, public goods and their auxiliary private goods are much more common: street lighting as a public good helps organize evening trade - a private good, and evening trade is an addition to street lighting, and not vice versa: lighting can exist without trade, but trade cannot do without lighting.

2. More common are situations where public goods complement each other. Such goods are called complementary, or complementary. Complementary goods are recognized as goods that together satisfy the same need. The main distinguishing criterion is their mutual complementarity to each other, i.e. one good will not exist without the other, and vice versa. Of course, there are different degrees of interdependence.

In this grouping, the following variations are possible:

1) public good – public good;
2) public good - private good;
3) private good - private good (not considered).

Examples here might be: culture as a public good and book production as a private good; development of fundamental science and the use of scientific developments by private companies; organizing a park in an industrial city and ensuring public health.

3. The next option for the interaction of goods is substitute goods, or substitute goods. Substitute goods are such a pair of goods, when the production of one good can replace the production of another.

4. "Composite" goods are those goods, the group of which makes up one good. For example, a city park, clean air, the organization of law and order form one good - the health of the city's population. The image of a city as a public good consists of many composite goods, both private and public: parks, museums, hotels, street theatres, etc.

5. Such goods are recognized as independent when the production of some goods does not in any way affect the production of others.

Public goods, depending on the nationality of resources allocated to production, are considered in three aspects: using national resources, attracting foreign resources, and using national and foreign resources.

Most public goods in a single state are produced using only national resources. In many countries, there are restrictions on the participation of foreign capital in industries that affect national interests and the independence of the state: those related to the exploitation of natural resources, the operation of industrial infrastructure, satellite communications, and telecommunications industries. However, in all other cases it is possible to attract the resources of foreign partners.

Foreign investments can be made in the form of capital, labor and natural resources, as well as information (licenses, technologies, etc.). Attraction of foreign resources can be carried out both on a paid basis, and on a gratuitous or barter basis (friendly contracts).
In most cases, foreign investment is in addition to domestic national investment.
The diversity of public goods allows us to group them depending on the amount of necessary resources required for production, into the following: requiring a large amount of resources, requiring a relatively small amount of resources, as well as others, depending on the specific situation.

For example, the production of such a public good as national defense requires a significant amount of resources, both labor and capital. Major projects include a city park; construction of roads, bridges; city ​​squares; fresh air; development software and etc.

Among the public goods that require relatively few resources for their production are the following projects: public fireworks, street lighting, radio, television, maintaining law and order on the streets of the city, etc.

It is rather difficult to draw a clear line between large projects and relatively small projects for the production of public goods. If everything is quite transparent in the case of the production of private goods, then when it comes to the production of public goods, everything is much more complicated here, since there are some intangible public goods that can be measured using financial indicators difficult. These benefits include morality, culture, city image, legislation, knowledge (human capital), many types of creativity, etc. Therefore, it would be correct in this grouping to single out one more category of public goods - others, for which the necessary amount of resources required for their production will depend on the specific situation.

Depending on the differentiation of the boundaries of production and consumption (in terms of coverage of consumers), public goods are divided into the following:

1) local (local character);
2) regional;
3) groups of regions (regional character);
4) nationwide (nationwide);
5) international.

Local public goods are understood as such goods, the production of which is carried out for the purposes of a particular locality and the preferential access to the consumption of which is given to the inhabitants of a given particular area. municipality(urban, rural settlement, urban district, part of the territory of a city of federal significance, municipal district). The production of municipal public goods is carried out at the expense of the respective municipality. These benefits include: a picturesque city, pedestrian and bicycle paths, city parks, construction and maintenance of roads, etc.

Under the regional public goods understand the benefits, the production of which is carried out for the purposes of a particular region and preferential access to the consumption of which have its inhabitants.

In accordance with the typology of subjects of the Federation, legislatively enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, regional public goods are classified as follows: republican, territorial, regional, autonomous district, autonomous region, cities of federal significance.

Under the public goods of the group of regions we understand such goods, the production of which is carried out for the purposes of a particular region and the preferential access to the consumption of which its inhabitants have. According to the official zoning Russian Federation public goods are classified as follows: federal district, economic region, geographical region and military district.

National public goods are goods that are produced and consumed on a national scale. These benefits are provided at the federal level. These include most environmental benefits, human rights, national defense, morality, culture, etc.

International Public Goods- these are goods that are produced and consumed either on a global scale, or on the territory of two or more states. Examples are the following benefits: clean air, a variety of flora and fauna, lighthouses and others.

According to the level of the subject that manages the reproduction process (according to the level of the subject responsible for the reproduction process), public goods are considered in four aspects:

1) local level;
2) regional level;
3) national level;
4) international level.

This classification is somewhat similar to the previous grouping on the basis of differentiation of the boundaries of production and consumption (in terms of coverage of consumers). However, its difference lies in the responsibility for the reproduction of public goods.

According to the subject-object character (attribute) (by the nature of production), public goods are divided into those having a natural character or a human character .

Public goods that have a natural character are called such goods, the existence of which is actually devoid of a subjective factor (does not depend on a person). A person, through the state and the public sector of the economy, acts as a factor supporting the existence of such benefits. This category includes almost all environmental public goods: clean air and water, landscape, diverse flora and fauna, rivers, mountains, forests, etc.

Public goods that have a human character are goods whose existence directly depends on a person. These benefits include national defense, street lighting, human rights, public fireworks, and others.

According to the severity of the positive external effect, public goods can be socially significant and others.

Socially significant public goods are those goods, the production of which causes a significant positive external effect. The most striking example is education services.

Other public goods in this grouping are those goods for which the degree of expression of a positive external effect is not so strong.

Depending on the division of the economy into areas of activity, public goods can be classified into the following types:

1) providing maintenance production area;
2) ensuring the maintenance of the non-productive sphere.

Public goods are recognized as supporting the production sphere if their production is aimed at supporting the sphere of creation of material wealth, i.e. industrial development, Agriculture, transport, communications, etc. For example, the road will be a public good that ensures the maintenance of the transport sector of the economy.

Public goods that ensure the maintenance of the non-productive sphere are such if their production is aimed at supporting the non-productive sphere of the economy, namely health care, culture, education, social security, public administration, etc. Almost the entire non-productive sphere of the economy is the responsibility of the state and, accordingly, is closely related to public goods.

Depending on the functional classification of state budget expenditures, public goods can be represented as:

1) maintaining the activities of the executive, legislative and
judicial authorities;
2) international activities: international order and
stability;
3) national defense;
4) law enforcement and security
states;
5) basic research and promotion of scientific and technical
progress;
6) protection of the environment and natural resources,
hydrometeorology, cartography and geodesy;
7) transport, road facilities, communications and informatics;
8) housing and communal services;
9) formations, including formations human capital;
10) health care and physical culture;
11) culture, art and cinematography;
12) funds mass media;
13) social policy;
14) others.

Thus, the conducted classification of public goods shows the versatility of various features and ways of their application. In addition to the considered classification features, others can be used. The choice and analysis of the features of the classification of public goods should be carried out, in our opinion, in such a way that it is consistent with the target orientation of the problem under consideration. In this work, it is the creation of a system for the most efficient distribution of public resources both within the public sector of the economy and in other sectors.

Example

national defense

National defense is a non-excludable and non-competitive good. Citizens receive this benefit from the state in exchange for the taxes they pay, which supports the necessary military institutions for this with taxpayers' money. This benefit is the same for all citizens. If someone does not pay taxes, then he still receives this benefit. Under these conditions, individuals may have incentives to evade taxes, in response to this, the state creates a system of institutions to control the payment and collection of taxes. Benjamin Franklin said that "there are only two inevitable things - death and taxes." AT different time there has been much discussion about what level of national defense spending is acceptable to society. It is not easy to determine this, since it is difficult to calculate the real benefits from different amounts of supply of a given good.

List of used literature

1. Taxes and taxation: Textbook / D.G. Chernik and others - M .: INFRA - M, 2001.

2. Taxes and taxation: Proc. allowance / Perov A.V., Tolkushin A.V. – M.: Yurayt-Izdat, 2007.

3. Taxes and tax law: Tutorial/ Ed. A.V. Bryzgalina. - M .: "Analytics - Press", 1997.

4. Lykova L.N. Taxes and taxation in Russia: Textbook for universities. - M .: Publishing house BEK, 2001.

5. “Microeconomics: textbook. Allowance” by I.V. Novikova, Yu.M. Yasinsky, O.A. Tikhonov and others; ed. I.V. Novikova and Yu.M. Yasinsky, 2006

6. “Course of microeconomics: The main guide on the topic “Externalities”” - Nureev R.M.

7. “Fundamentals of economic theory: Microeconomics” Nureev R. I. - M .: “ graduate School", 1996.

8. Grebennikov P.I., Leusskii A.I., Tarasevich L.S. Microeconomics: Textbook / General edition L.S. Tarasevich. Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - SPb.: Publishing House of SPbUEF, 1998.

9. The course of economic theory / Under the general. Ed. M.N. Chepurina, E.A. Kiseleva - Kirov, 1995.

10. Gukasyan G. M. Economic theory: a textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

11. Rumyantseva E.E. New economic encyclopedia. - M.: Infra-M, 2000.

12. Economic theory. / Ed. Vidyapina V.I., Dobrynina A.I., etc. - M.: INFRA-M, 2003.

13. www.milogiya2007.ru

14. econominfo.ru

15. Internet: ru.wikipedia.org. Article. Good (economics).

Basic definitions

Accident - destruction of structures and (or) technical devices used at a hazardous production facility, uncontrolled explosion and (or) release of hazardous substances (Article 1 federal law"O industrial safety hazardous production facilities" dated 21.07.97).

Security Analysis - analysis of the state of a hazardous production facility, including a description of the technology and risk analysis of the operation of the facility.

Risk analysis - the process of hazard identification and risk assessment for individuals or groups of the population, property or the environment (RD 08-120-96).

Declaration of industrial safety of a hazardous production facility - a document that presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the risk of an accident, an analysis of the adequacy of the measures taken to prevent accidents and to ensure the readiness of the organization to operate a hazardous production facility in accordance with the requirements of industrial safety standards and rules, as well as to localize and eliminate the consequences of an accident at a hazardous production facility (RD 03-315-99).

Declared object - hazardous production facility subject to industrial safety declaration in accordance with industrial safety requirements (RD 03-315-99).

Hazard identification - the process of identifying and recognizing that a danger exists and determining its characteristics (RD 08-120-96).

Identification of hazardous production facilities - classifying an object within an organization as a hazardous production facility and determining its type in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" (RD 03-260-99).

Incident - failure or damage to technical devices used at a hazardous production facility, deviation from the regime technological process, violation of the provisions of the Federal Law "On the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities", other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as regulatory technical documents establishing the rules for conducting work at a hazardous production facility (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities" dated 21.07.97).

Maximum hypothetical accident - accident associated with the possible release of hazardous substances from technological equipment(unit), accompanied by failure of emergency protection systems and/or localization of accidents, and/or implementation of erroneous actions of personnel and leading to the maximum possible damage.

Danger - source of potential damage, harm or a situation with the possibility of causing damage (RD 08-120-96).

Hazardous Substances - flammable, oxidizing, combustible, explosive, toxic, highly toxic substances and substances that pose a danger to the environment, listed in Appendix 1 to the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated 21.07.97.

Hazardous production facilities - enterprises or their workshops, sites, sites, as well as other production facilities where:

Hazardous substances are obtained, used, processed, formed, stored, transported, destroyed;

Equipment is used that operates under a pressure of more than 0.07 MPa or at a water heating temperature of more than 115 ° C;

Permanently installed lifting mechanisms, escalators, cable cars, funiculars are used;

Melts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys based on these melts are obtained;

Mining, mineral processing and underground operations are underway. (in accordance with Article 2 and Appendix 1 to the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated July 21, 1997).

Risk assessment- the process used to determine the degree of risk of the analyzed hazard to human health, property or the environment. Risk assessment includes frequency analysis, consequences analysis and their combination (RD 08-120-96).

Settlement and explanatory note - an appendix to the declaration of industrial safety, which provides the rationale for assessing the risk of an accident and the sufficiency of the measures taken to prevent accidents (RD 03-315-99).

Risk - a hazard measure that characterizes the likelihood of possible accidents and the severity of their consequences. The risk (or degree of risk), depending on the objectives of the analysis, is assessed by the relevant indicators (qualitative or quantitative), for example, the expected levels of negative consequences of accidents over a certain period of time (expected damage, the probability of accidents with certain consequences). The main quantitative indicators of risk are:

- individual risk- the frequency of damage to an individual as a result of the impact of the studied accident hazard factors;

- potential territorial risk- spatial (territorial) distribution of the frequency of implementation of the negative impact of a certain level from possible accidents;

- collective risk- the expected number of people affected as a result of possible accidents for a certain period of time;

- social risk- dependence of the frequency of occurrence of events (F), in which at least N people suffered at a certain level, on this number N.

Components of a hazardous production facility - sites, installations, workshops, storage facilities or other components (components) that combine technical devices or their combination according to a technological or administrative principle and are part of hazardous production facilities (RD 03-315-99).

Accident scenario - a sequence of individual logically related events due to a specific initiating event, leading to an accident with dangerous consequences (RD 03-315-99).

Typical accident scenario - an accident scenario associated with the release of hazardous substances from a single process equipment (unit), taking into account the scheduled operation of the existing emergency protection systems, localization of the accident and emergency response of personnel.

Industrial safety requirements - conditions, prohibitions, restrictions and other mandatory requirements contained in federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as in regulatory technical documents, which are adopted in the prescribed manner and compliance with which ensures industrial safety (Article 3 of the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated July 21, 1997).

Basic concepts, terms and definitions for life support

Life support of the population in emergency situations - this is a set of coordinated and interconnected in terms of purpose, tasks, place and time of actions of territorial and departmental authorities, forces, means and relevant services aimed at creating the conditions necessary to save life and maintain the health of people in the emergency zone, on evacuation routes and in places resettlement of the affected population.

The life support system of the population in emergency situations- a set of governing bodies, organizations, institutions and enterprises with their connections that create and maintain conditions for preserving the life and health of the population affected in the emergency zone, including the territorial, functional and departmental links of the Russian system of warnings and actions in emergencies at the local, regional and state levels, situations;

Priority types of life support in emergency situations- vital material resources and services, grouped by functional purpose and similar properties, used to meet the minimum necessary needs of the population affected by emergencies in water, food, housing, essentials, medical and sanitary-epidemiological, information, transport and communal services; household supplies.

The period of life support of the population in emergency situations- limited time
beginning and end of satisfaction with vital material
means and services of the affected population according to the established norms and
standards for emergency situations. :

Priority needs of the population in emergencies- volumes (quantities) of vital material resources and services necessary to save the life and maintain the health of the population affected by emergencies during the entire period of life support in accordance with established norms and standards for emergency conditions.

Possibilities of the life support system of the population in emergency situations- volumes (quantities) of vitally important material resources and services that can be provided to the population of the life support system of a given region (industry level) affected in an emergency during the entire period of the LSS according to the established norms and standards for emergency situations.

Emergencies (ES)- according to GOST 22.02-94 - a condition in which, as a result of an emergency source at an object, a certain territory or water area, normal living conditions and activities of people are violated, their life and health are threatened, property of the population, the national economy and the natural environment are damaged .

In accordance with the requirements of GOST R 22.3.01-94, the life support of the population in emergency situations is carried out according to the following main types: water; foodstuffs and food raw materials; essentials; housing; medical and sanitary-epidemiological services; information service; transport service; public utilities.

OBJECTS OF THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM OF THE POPULATION:

objects of control, communication and notification;

objects of the fuel and energy complex;

objects Food Industry, public catering establishments;

Public utilities enterprises;

institutions of public health and pharmacology;

institutions of housing and communal services (HCS);

objects and enterprises of transport (passenger and freight);

institutions of state supervision and control in the field of security.

The main directions of increasing the stability of the functioning of the country's economy:

* Ensuring the protection of the population and its livelihoods in wartime;

* rational distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country;

* preparation for work in wartime sectors of the economy;

* preparation for the implementation of work to restore the economy in wartime;

* preparation of an economic management system for solving wartime problems.

In relation to these main areas, specific measures to improve sustainability should be developed and implemented: in sectors of the economy - for the industry (sub-sector) as a whole, for subordinate associations and facilities, taking into account the specifics and prospects for further development of the industry; in territorial units - for the subject of the federation as a whole, economic regions, regions, districts, cities and other settlements, as well as for industries and objects of federal subordination, taking into account natural, economic and other local features.

For an industry link of an association, an object, the main directions for increasing sustainability are interpreted as follows:

* ensuring the protection of workers, employees, family members, the population living in departmental settlements and their livelihoods in emergency situations;

* rational distribution of the productive forces of the industry, sub-sector, association, production assets of the object in the relevant territory;

* preparation of the industry, sub-sector, association, object to work in emergency situations;

* preparation for the performance of work to restore the industry, sub-sector, association (object) in emergency situations;

* preparation of a management system for an industry, sub-sector, association (object) to solve problems in emergency situations.

In the main areas, measures are being developed and implemented to increase sustainability:

* in territorial units (republic, territory, region, city, district), taking into account the natural, economic and other features of these units;

in a sector of the economy - for the sector as a whole, for its subordinate associations and facilities, taking into account the specifics of their activities and prospects for further development.

Emergency prevention can be carried out in the following areas:

1. Development and implementation of new technologies (the Ministry of Emergency Situations can only contribute).

2. Compliance with the norms and standards of production activities (state supervision and control is a national task).

3. Improving the training of production personnel.

4. Forecast of possible emergencies.

6. Licensing of potentially hazardous activities.

7. Monitoring of potentially dangerous processes and technologies.

Basic concepts on terrorism

Terrorism- violence or the threat of its use against individuals or organizations, as well as the destruction (damage) or the threat of destruction (damage) of property or other material objects, creating the danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or the onset of other socially dangerous consequences, carried out in order to violation of public security, elimination of violence or influencing the adoption by the authorities of a decision beneficial to terrorists, or the satisfaction of illegal property and (or) other interests; encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure committed in order to terminate his state or other political activities or out of revenge for such activities; attack on a representative of a foreign state or employee international organizations persons enjoying international protection, as well as on office premises or vehicles of persons enjoying international protection, if this act was committed for the purpose of provoking war or complicating international relations.

Terrorist activity- activities that include:

1. Organization, planning, preparation and implementation of a terrorist action;

2. Incitement to a terrorist act, violence against individuals or organizations, destruction of material objects for terrorist purposes;

3. Organization of an illegal armed criminal community (criminal organization), an organized group to commit a terrorist action, as well as participation in such an action;

4. Recruitment, arming, training and use of terrorists;

5. Financing a known terrorist organization or
terrorist group or otherwise assisting them;

International terrorist activity- terrorist activities carried out:

1. A terrorist or terrorist organization in the territory
more than one State or detrimental to the interests
more than one state;

2. Citizens of one state in relation to citizens of another
state or on the territory of another state;

3. In the case where both the terrorist and the victim of terrorism are
citizens of the same state or different states,
but the crime was committed outside the territories of these
states.

Terrorist action- the direct commission of a crime of a terrorist nature in the form of an explosion, arson, the use or threat of use of nuclear explosive devices, radioactive, chemical, biological, explosive, toxic, poisonous, poisonous potent substances; destruction, damage or seizure of vehicles or other objects, encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure, a representative of national, ethnic, religious or other groups of the population; hostage-taking, kidnapping; creating a danger of causing harm to life, health or property of an indefinite number of persons by creating conditions for accidents and man-made disasters or a real threat of creating such a danger; dissemination of threats in any form and by any means; other actions that create a danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences.

Crime of a terrorist nature- crimes under Art. 205-208, 277, 360 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Other crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation may also be classified as crimes of a terrorist nature, if they are committed for terrorist purposes. Responsibility for the commission of such crimes comes in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Terrorist- a person involved in the implementation of terrorist activities in any form.

terrorist group- a group of persons united for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activities.

terrorist organization- an organization established for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activities or recognizing the possibility of using terrorism in its activities. An organization is considered terrorist if at least one of its structural divisions carries out terrorist activities with the knowledge of at least one of the governing bodies of this organization.

Fight against terrorism- activities to prevent, detect, suppress, minimize the consequences of terrorist activities.

counter-terrorist operation- special measures aimed at suppressing a terrorist action, ensuring the safety of individuals, neutralizing terrorists, as well as minimizing the consequences of a terrorist action.

Zone of the counter-terrorist operation- separate areas of terrain or water area, vehicle, building, structure, structure, premises and adjacent territories or water areas within which the specified operation is carried out.

Hostage - individual seized and (or) held in order to compel the state, organization or individuals to take any action as a condition for the release of the detained person.

Terrorism can be classified according to the following criteria

I. By the customer of terrorist acts. Regardless of the goals and objectives pursued by terrorist acts, each of them reflects someone's specific interests. Whichever. Who acts as a "customer", whose goals and objectives are pursued by the commission of a terrorist act, terrorism can be divided into the following types:

1.1. State terrorism.

State terrorism is organized and carried out by state bodies. The perpetrators are most often employees of the special services, or outside the state terrorist organizations. In turn, according to the direction of action, state terrorism can be divided into domestic and foreign state.

Domestic terrorism (repressive terrorism) is used by government circles to intimidate or physically eliminate their opponents, or entire social groups populations.

Depending on the goals and objectives of foreign policy, the state can use terrorism as a tool to achieve its goals abroad - foreign state terrorism. Foreign state terrorism can be of two types - covert, carried out by clandestine terrorist organizations or individual terrorists, or military, carried out by armed formations.

Foreign state terrorism closely borders on international terrorism. Their difference, in our opinion, is as follows:

a) the initiator of foreign policy terrorism is always
the state in whose interests these acts are carried out acts. The perpetrators are state intelligence services, international terrorist organizations or individuals not belonging to the state, in whose interests a terrorist act is carried out;

b) organizers of international terrorist attacks
acts are carried out by non-state terrorist structures. At the same time, goals are pursued that do not meet the interests of any state, but the interests of the terrorist organization itself.

1.2. ethnic terrorism.

The history of terrorism knows the existence of non-state terrorist organizations that protect the interests of representatives of a particular nation. As a rule, the main part of such an organization consists of persons of the nationality whose ethnic interests are protected by the organization.

A clear example of ethnic terrorism is the operation of Chechen fighters in Budenovsk.

1.3. clan terrorism.

The presence of large political and criminal clans, the struggle between them for power and the distribution of income-generating spheres of influence is often accompanied by the commission of terrorist acts against the leaders and members of other clans.

Clan terrorism is also clearly seen in the struggle between various kinds of criminal associations fighting among themselves for the expansion of zones of influence.

1.4. individual terrorism.

Terrorist acts are often committed by individual citizens in their own interests. Basically, these are the hijackings of civilian aircraft for a flight to another country.

II. Other criteria for classifying terrorism may be the goals and objectives pursued in the commission of terrorist acts. According to him, terrorism can be divided into the following areas:

2.1. political terrorism.

Political terrorism is usually aimed at changing (destabilizing) the existing system, seizing or holding power. Political terrorism, in turn, can be divided into separate areas:

a) political terrorism carried out in order to overthrow the existing system and seize power (revolutionary terror). An example of "revolutionary terror" is the activity of "Narodnaya Volya" in whose activities terror was assigned the role of a detonator of an uprising;

b) terror as a means of retaining seized power (repressive terror). The Bolsheviks, having seized power as a result of the October coup, declared the "Red Terror" in order to break the possible resistance of the opponents of Bolshevism.

2.2. Economic terrorism.

In 1987, in Kansas City (USA), the issue of the impact of terrorism on the activities of American companies and corporations abroad was considered. The terrorists' choice of American commercial firms and industrial enterprises as targets of attack is determined by the desire to influence firms in order to change or terminate their activities. Thus, in 1976, terrorists kidnapped one of the leading specialists of the Ovens-Illinois company in Venezuela. One of the conditions for his release was a demand to increase the wages of Venezuelan workers working for this firm.

III. Currency terrorism.

Close to economic is currency terrorism - the desire of terrorists to obtain large sums of money. For the period from 1970 to 1980. US $300 million was paid to terrorists as ransoms. Currency terrorism is so effective that it is being used by criminal elements to obtain funds. In Luxembourg in 1985, terrorists attacked a number of banks, seizing 20 million francs from them.

IV. Targeted terrorism.

Terrorist organizations, in addition to striving to achieve their goals, almost constantly direct their efforts to eliminate officials the state apparatus, in the first place - law enforcement officers counteracting the terrorist movement. In essence, the terrorists are taking revenge on public servants, politicians, and the military responsible for their activities.

Naturally, when considering the activities of terrorist organizations, it can be difficult to attribute the organization itself or its activities to one of the above criteria. In addition, the number of criteria for the systematization and classification of terror can be continued.