Modern possibilities of 3D technologies allow us to imagine the process of work of a set of logistics functions enterprises. However, the choice of technology is not always obvious. This article provides a description and analysis of various technological solutions for the presentation of graphic information. Graphic libraries OpenGL, Direct 3D, JAVA3D and JavaOpenGL are considered. Web technologies for creating three-dimensional scenes are given, such as Alternativa 3D, Unity 3D, WebGL, VRML. Completed comparative analysis considered technologies. When comparing technologies, the choice was made in favor of JavaOpenGL as a more flexible and cross-platform visualization solution within the framework of the developed system. The necessary results of the interaction of the developed 3D service with existing system. The choice of visualization tool was made taking into account the criteria of the system being developed for tracking, control, analysis and optimization of the full cycle of production of metallurgical products.

logistics processes

graphic information

visualization

3D technology

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Introduction

At the department information technologies Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "UrFU named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin" is working on the project: "Development of an automated system for tracking, control, modeling, analysis and optimization of the full cycle of production of metallurgical products (AS VMP) based on the creation and integration of mathematical models of technological, logistics and business processes of the enterprise. Project initiator: I-Teco CJSC (Moscow).

Developed automated system should include the following features:

• collection and storage of technological information and quality indicators in relation to a unit of production, time and place of processing;
• data visualization for a wide range of specialists and managers;
• automatic detection of parameter deviations from pre-selected criteria;
• a statistical tool for analyzing deviations and developing corrective actions to eliminate the causes of deviations;
• analysis end-to-end technology and developing a relationship between technological parameters and product quality parameters in order to adjust the existing technology.

The list of these functions can be implemented by different software tools, but it is obvious that the process visualization module must be integrated with the data warehouse.

Computer visualization of the production processes of an enterprise becomes relevant when production occupies large areas, or is territorially divided. When metallurgical production we have a factory with a production area of ​​more than 10 thousand square meters. m. Obviously, even monitoring the movement of products can cause a problem.

Formulation of the problem

Due to the intensive development of computer graphics in recent times the use of three-dimensional models for solving various scientific and industrial problems is becoming widespread. This list includes the management of logistics processes. Logistics functions such as warehousing, supply chain management, inventory management, purchasing management, transportation management, route optimization Vehicle usually controlled by some kind of simulation system. Graphic display of warehouses, industrial premises, products using 3D visualization will undoubtedly allow you to better navigate in space. The user of the system will be able to observe the movement of production objects in the same way as in real space, and take management decisions thanks to auxiliary visual aids (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. 3D visualization of the workshop

To create a 3D graphic service, it is necessary to consider possible tools and technologies that allow visualizing objects in three-dimensional space. The choice of technology was carried out on the basis of the following criteria:

1. Ability to integrate the visualization module with an existing system.
2. Cross-platform support.
3. Support for work through the browser.
4. The performance of visualization, taking into account the variety of graphic elements used.

In the simplest representation, the structure of the system can be represented as a diagram (Fig. 2). The simulation software of AS VMP places the result of model design in a data warehouse (DS) selected by the customer. A data warehouse can be either a file resource or a relational database. The data warehouse receives information on the execution of enterprise processes. To visualize the model, a three-tier architecture is used on the WEB platform, which allows you to flexibly change and update the means of displaying models, the protocol for accessing simulation data and the algorithm of operation without changing the requirements for client devices.

Rice. 2. Place of the 3D model in the system structure

To begin with, let's consider the existing graphics libraries that work with 3D graphics at a low level of abstraction.

Graphics Libraries

The Open Graphics Library is a graphics standard that supports a low-level programming model and provides extensive 3D graphics modeling capabilities. It is one of the most popular graphics standards in the world. Programs written with OpenGL can be ported to almost any platform, with the same result, whether it's a graphics station or a supercomputer. OpenGL frees the programmer from writing programs for specific hardware. If the device supports a certain function, then this function is performed by hardware, if not, then the library performs it in software.

The Direct3D graphics library is part of the DirectX API and is a 3D graphics output API. Direct X is a set of interfaces designed to solve problems related to programming under the Microsoft Windows operating system. Almost all parts of the DirectX API are sets of COM-compatible objects. One of the most important qualities of Direct3D is transparent access to graphics accelerators. If the hardware platform does not support a feature, Direct3D implements its software equivalent. In addition, Direct3D implements fast software-executed rendering using a full 3D graphics rendering pipeline.

JavaSoft has brought 3D capabilities to Java (Java 3D) by creating its own library and linking it to standard OpenGL and DirectX tools. But the programming interface for 3D Java applications differs significantly from OpenGL, approaching that of the high-level OpenInventor library. The library is conditionally divided into the base part (javax.media.j3d, javax.vecmath) and auxiliary part (com.sun.j3d.audioengines, com.sun.j3d.loaders, com.sun.j3d.utils). The first serves as the foundation of the Java 3D API, defines its technical capabilities and sets the mechanism for interacting objects. The second is an add-on implemented using base classes, which facilitates the use of the most commonly used operations and expands the developer's capabilities.

The JavaOpenGL Library (JOGL) is a direct binding of OpenGL functions to the Java programming language. It is the reference implementation of the JSR-231 specification (JavaBindingstoOpenGL). JOGL provides the programmer with access to all the features of the OpenGL API and two major OpenGL add-ons. JOGL differs from other OpenGL wrappers in that it provides the programmer with the ability to work with the OpenGL API by accessing OpenGL commands through calls to the appropriate methods with the argument types familiar to the Java developer. The low abstraction level of JOGL makes it possible to build programs that are quite efficient in terms of execution speed, but complicates the programming process compared to OpenGL wrappers for Java (for example, such as Java3D).

Web technologies for creating 3D scenes

In accordance with the technical requirements and within the framework of the problem being solved, in order to ensure cross-platform conditions, it is more expedient to consider existing Web technologies for three-dimensional modeling.

VRML (VirtualRealityModellingLanguage) is an open standard developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization). The first 3D modeling language developed for the Web, it can be classified as a scripting language. The language is intended for describing 3D objects and designing 3D worlds. The VRML language allows you to create complex three-dimensional scenes using text commands. These commands describe polygonal objects and special effects to simulate lighting, environments, and to give a realistic image.

Alternativa3D technology is designed to display three-dimensional graphics in the Flash Player environment. The Alternativa3D 8 graphics engine was developed by the Alternativa Platform for use in its own projects. The capabilities of Alternativa3D are multifaceted and diverse, and the scope of application ranges from creating fully three-dimensional sites on the Internet to developing multiplayer browser games and projects for social networks in 3D. Rendering occurs through the Direct3D and OpenGL libraries, or the SwiftShader software emulator, which means the ability to work on all popular operating systems and devices, including PCs, laptops, netbooks and mobile platforms, including Android. Alternativa3D's special binary format reduces the amount of data needed to transfer over the network, which speeds up the loading of the scene into the engine. Models are exported to this format from the 3DSMax package using the corresponding plug-in.

WebGL (Web-basedGraphicsLibrary) is a software library for the JavaScript programming language that allows you to create interactive 3D graphics in JavaScript that functions in a wide range of compatible web browsers. Due to the use of low-level support for the OpenGL library, part of the WebGL code can be executed directly on video cards. At the heart of WebGL is the OpenGL API, and with some degree of conventionality, we can say that WebGL is a “binding” of OpenGL for JavaScript. WebGL builds on the feature set provided by OpenGL ES 2.0, allowing it to be used on a wide range of hardware, both desktop and mobile. Like OpenGL, WebGL is a low-level API, and in order to create projects using it directly, you need to be fairly familiar with many of the tricky aspects of 3D graphics. WebGL is currently supported by Google Chrome browsers, Mozilla Firefox and Opera for Windows, Linux and MacOS, and the Firefox for Android browser. Builds of Safari for MacOS have the option to enable WebGL support.

Unity 3D is a multi-platform tool for developing 2D and 3D applications for operating systems Windows and OS X. Applications created with Unity run on Windows, OSX, Android, AppleiOS, Linux operating systems, as well as on Wii, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles.

The Unity game engine is adapted with the development environment, which allows you to render the scene directly in the editor. Supports import from a large number formats. Built-in network support.

Technology Analysis

As a result of the analysis of the considered technologies, a comparative table was compiled (Table 1). The table shows that only Web technologies and the JOGL library meet all the criteria.

Table 1. Comparison of technologies

In development tools such as OpenGL ES (OpenGL for Embedded Systems) and Direct3D, there is support for mobile platforms Mobile, but they are not taken into account in the table, as they are subsets and varieties of OpenGL and Direct 3D.

Work on the study of 3D modeling technologies was carried out in order to find the most suitable tool for three-dimensional visualization of production and logistics processes of a metallurgical enterprise.

As a result, the graphics libraries OpenGL and Direct 3D, JAVA 3D and Java OpenGL were considered. When comparing these libraries, the choice was made in favor of Java OpenGL as a more flexible and cross-platform visualization solution within the framework of the developed system.

The use of the JAVA high-level language for developing a simulation tool and the availability of a high-quality implementation of 3D visualization tools in JAVA give grounds for choosing this language as the main tool for developing a visualization module for Linux OS.

In accordance with the technical requirements and within the framework of the problem being solved, in order to ensure cross-platform conditions, it was concluded that it is expedient to consider Web technologies for three-dimensional modeling. The analysis of Web-based technologies for creating three-dimensional scenes Alternativa3D, Unity 3D, WebGL and VRML showed that the use of ready-made engines (for example, Unity 3D) also has prospects for integration with the developed AS VMP modules. WebGL rendering technology deserves special attention, which is supported by most modern browsers: GoogleChrome, Opera, Mozilla.

The work was performed under contract No. 02.G25.31.0055 (draft 2012-218-03-167).

Reviewers:

Shabunin S.N., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of High-Frequency Radio Communications and Television, Ural Federal University. the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg.

Dorosinsky L.G., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Information Technology, Ural Federal University. the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg.

Bibliographic link

Japanese word for "signal" or "card". It is a method used to pull products and materials onto lean production lines.

There are several variants of kanban depending on the application: starting the previous process, two-bin (single-card), multi-card, single-use kanban, etc.

KANBAN allows you to optimize the chain of planning production activities, starting from demand forecasting, planning production tasks and balancing / distributing these tasks according to production facilities with optimization of their loading. Optimization is understood as “not doing anything extra, not doing ahead of time, reporting an emerging need only when it is really necessary.”

The KANBAN system was developed and implemented for the first time in the world by Toyota.

5C system - technology for creating an effective workplace

Under this designation, a system of restoring order, cleanliness and strengthening discipline is known. The 5 C system includes five interrelated principles for organizing the workplace. The Japanese name for each of these principles begins with the letter "C". Translated into Russian - sorting, rational arrangement, cleaning, standardization, improvement.

1. SORTING: separate the necessary items - tools, parts, materials, documents - from unnecessary ones in order to remove the latter.

2. RATIONAL LOCATION: rationally arrange what is left, put each item in its place.

3. CLEANING: keep clean and tidy.

4. STANDARDIZE: Be accurate by doing the first three S's regularly.

5. IMPROVEMENT: making established procedures a habit and improving them.

Quick changeover (SMED - Single Minute Exchange of Die)

SMED literally translates as "Change stamp in 1 minute." The concept was developed by Japanese author Shigeo Shingo and revolutionized the changeover and retooling approach. As a result of the implementation of the SMED system, any tool change and changeover can be done in just a few minutes or even seconds, “with one touch” (“OTED” concept - “One Touch Exchange of Dies”).

As a result of numerous statistical studies, it was found that the time for the implementation of various operations in the process of changeover is distributed as follows:

preparation of materials, stamps, fixtures, etc. - 30%

fixing and removing stamps and tools - 5%

tool centering and placement - 15%

trial processing and adjustment - 50%

As a result, the following principles were formulated, allowing to reduce the changeover time by tens and even hundreds of times:

separation of internal and external setup operations,

transformation of internal actions into external ones,

the use of functional clamps or the complete elimination of fasteners,

use of additional devices.

TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) system - Total equipment care

TPM stands for "total equipment maintenance", mainly serves to improve the quality of equipment, focused on the maximum effective use through a comprehensive preventive maintenance system.

The emphasis in this system is on prevention and early detection of equipment defects which can lead to more serious problems.

TPM involves operators and repairers who together provide improved equipment reliability. The basis of TPM is scheduling preventive maintenance, lubrication, cleaning and general inspection. This results in an increase in such an indicator as Full Equipment Efficiency(from the English "Overall Equipment Effectiveness" - OEE).

JIT (Just-In-Time) system

JIT (Just-In-Time) / Just in time - a material management system in production, in which components from a previous operation (or from an external supplier) are delivered exactly at the moment when they are required, but not before. This system leads to a sharp reduction in the volume of work in progress, materials and finished products in warehouses.

The JIT system involves a specific approach to the selection and evaluation of suppliers, based on working with a narrow circle of suppliers selected for their ability to guarantee the delivery of “just in time” components. High Quality. At the same time, the number of suppliers is reduced by two or more times, and long-term economic ties are established with the remaining suppliers.

Lean(lean)

The Lean Manufacturing concept is based on Toyota's production system, known by the abbreviation TPS (Toyota Production System). After the Second World War, Toyota used the principle of "in-line production" proposed by Henry Ford and supplemented it with many ideas, tools and methods from the field of quality, logistics , production planning, motivation and leadership. As a result, despite the shortage of labor and financial resources, Toyota was able to offer higher quality products at a lower cost than its competitors.1. Mud's losses. To increase the value added in the production process, allocated the following types losses. Muda - "waste" - anything that expends resources but does not add value. Lean manufacturing distinguishes seven types of muda:

• Overproduction (production of products that no one needs; production of products in a larger volume earlier or faster than is required in the next stage of the process).
• Inventory (any excess supply of products to manufacturing process whether raw material, semi-finished product or finished product)
• Over-processing (an effort that does not add value to the product/service from the point of view of the consumer)
• Extra movement (any movement of people, tools or equipment that does not add value to the final product or service)
• · Defects and rejects (products requiring inspection, sorting, disposal, downgrading, replacement or repair).
• Waiting (breaks in work associated with waiting for people, materials, equipment or information)
• · Transportation (transportation of parts or materials within the enterprise)
• 2. Pull in-line production. Pull production is a scheme for organizing production, in which the volume of production at each production stage are determined solely by the needs of subsequent stages (ultimately by the needs of the customer). The ideal is “single piece flow”, i.e. the upstream supplier (or internal supplier) does not produce anything until the downstream consumer (or internal supplier) won't tell him about it. Thus, each subsequent operation "pulls" the products from the previous one. This way of organizing work is also closely related to line balancing and stream synchronization.3. Kanban is a Japanese word meaning "signal" or "card". This system is based on the "Just in time" system - the supply of the required products in the required quantity at the required time - serves to operational management production. The essence of the system - for everything production sites enterprises, including final assembly lines, strictly according to the schedule are supplied with exactly the amount of raw materials that is really necessary for the rhythmic release of a precisely defined volume of products. A means for transmitting an order for the delivery of a certain quantity of specific products is a signal label in the form of a special card in a plastic envelope. This uses pick cards and a production order card.
• 4. The 5C system is a technology for creating an effective workplace. Under this designation, a system of putting things in order, cleanliness and strengthening discipline is known. The 5C system includes five interrelated principles for organizing the workplace. The Japanese name for each of these principles begins with the letter "C". Translated into Russian - sorting, rational arrangement, cleaning, standardization, improvement. Principles:
• 1. SORTING: separate the necessary items - tools, parts, materials, documents - from unnecessary ones in order to remove the latter.
• 2. RATIONAL LOCATION: rationally arrange what is left, put each item in its place.
• 3. CLEANING: keep clean and tidy.
• 4. STANDARDIZE: Be accurate by doing the first three S's regularly.
• 5. IMPROVEMENT: making established procedures a habit and improving them. (in the table of contents)
• 5. Quick changeover (SMED -- Single Minute Exchange of Die) SMED literally translates as "Change the die in 1 minute." The concept was developed by Japanese author Shigeo Shingo and revolutionized the changeover and retooling approach. As a result of the introduction of the SMED system, any tool change and changeover can be done in just a few minutes or even seconds, "one touch" (OTED concept - "One Touch Exchange of Dies"). As a result of numerous statistical studies, it was found that the time for the implementation of various operations in the process of changeover is distributed as follows: preparation of materials, dies, fixtures, etc. - 30% fastening and removal of dies and tools - 5% centering and placement of tools -- 15% trial processing and adjustment -- 50%. As a result, the following principles were formulated to reduce changeover times by tens or even hundreds of times: separation of internal and external setup operations, transformation of internal actions into external ones, the use of functional clamps or the complete elimination fasteners, the use of additional devices ..
• 6. TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) System--Total maintenance of equipment, mainly to improve the quality of equipment, focused on the most efficient use through the total preventive maintenance system. The emphasis in this system is on the prevention and early detection of equipment defects that can lead to more serious problems. TPM involves operators and repairers who together provide improved equipment reliability. The basis of TPM is scheduling preventive maintenance, lubrication, cleaning and general inspection. This provides an increase in such an indicator as the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (from the English “Overall Equipment Effectiveness” - OEE).
• 7. JIT system (Just-In-Time -- just in time). It is a material management system in manufacturing where components from a previous operation (or from an external supplier) are delivered exactly when they are needed, but not before. This system leads to a sharp reduction in the volume of work in progress, materials and finished products in warehouses. The JIT system involves a specific approach to the selection and evaluation of suppliers, based on working with a narrow circle of suppliers selected for their ability to guarantee the delivery of high quality components just in time. At the same time, the number of suppliers is reduced by two or more times, and long-term economic ties are established with the remaining suppliers.8. Visualization is any medium that informs how work should be done. This is such an arrangement of tools, parts, containers and other indicators of the state of production, in which everyone at a glance can understand the state of the system - the norm or deviation. The most commonly used imaging methods are:
  • Contouring
  • Color coding
  • Road signs method
  • paint marking
  • "was - became"
  • Graphical work instructions

Contouring is good way show where tools and assembly fixtures should be stored. To outline means to outline assembly fixtures and tools where they should be stored permanently. When you want to return the tool to its place, the contour will indicate to you the storage location of this tool.

Color coding indicates what specific parts, tools, fixtures and molds are used for. For example, if certain parts are needed in the production of a certain product, they can be painted in the same color and be in a storage location painted in the same color.

Road signs method - uses the principle of indicating objects in front of you (WHAT, WHERE and in what QUANTITY). There are three main types of such signs: pointers on objects, indicating where objects should be; pointers on the ground, telling what kind of items should be here; quantity indicators telling how many items should be in this place.

Paint marking is a technique that is used to highlight the location of something on the floor or in the aisles. .Marking with paint is used to mark dividing lines between work areas or traffic lanes.

"It was" - "Became." The image of the workplace / site / workshop “before” and “after” the changes clearly demonstrates the changes that have taken place, increases the motivation of workers and maintains the new standard. Graphical work instructions describe the work steps and quality requirements at each workplace in the most simple and visual form. Graphical work instructions are located directly at the workplace and standardize the best way to perform work, ensuring worker universality and compliance with standards. 9. U-shaped cells. Arrangement of equipment in the form of the Latin letter "U". In the U-shaped cell, the machines are arranged in a horseshoe-shaped manner, according to the sequence of operations. With this arrangement of equipment, the last stage of processing takes place in close proximity to the initial stage, so the operator does not have to go far to start the next production run.

Table. 3 The general model of a production system built on the principles of Lean is shown in the figure

GOST R 56907-2016

Group T59

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

LEAN

Visualization

Lean production. Visualization

OKS 03.120.10
OKSTU 0025

Introduction date 2016-10-01

Foreword

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budget educational institution higher education "Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University (MADI)" together with a working group consisting of: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "ASU", ANO "Academy of Management", JSC "Amur shipyard", BaltSpetsSplav LLC, Russian Helicopters JSC, Vyksa Metallurgical Plant", LLC "Gazpromneft-supply", KnAF CJSC "Sukhoi Civil Aircraft", OJSC "Il", OJSC "Irkut Corporation", "Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI" (KNITU-KAI) , KAMAZ OJSC, LinSoft LLC, Sukhoi Company PJSC, Lada-Image JSC, Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Tatarstan, National Management Systems LLC, NLMK OJSC, Scientific and Production Corporation PJSC "United Carriage Company" (PJSC "NPK OVK"), JSC "Pribaltiysky Shipbuilding Plant "Yantar", PJSC "UAC"; GK "Orgprom", LLC "PenzTISIZ", State Corporation for Atomic Energy "Rosatom", JSC "Russian Railways", JSC "RSK "MiG", International Public Organization "Union of Thrifty", ZAO "Center "Prioritet", Udmurt State University, JSC "Cherkizovsky MPZ"

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 076 "Management Systems"

3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated March 31, 2016 N 232-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

5 REVISION. May 2017


The rules for the application of this standard are set out in Article 26 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 N 162-FZ "On standardization in the Russian Federation" . Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also placed in information system general use - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

Introduction

This International Standard has been developed on the basis of best practices gained by organizations Russian Federation and taking into account the best world practice in the use of visualization - the method of lean manufacturing (hereinafter - BP).

This International Standard has been developed for use by any organization that decides to improve performance through the use of visualization.

This International Standard has been developed using regulatory framework GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407.

1 area of ​​use

This International Standard is intended for use in lean management systems and other management systems and is applicable to all organizations, regardless of size, ownership or activity.

This standard is a guide to the use of an imaging method based on the recommended principles of BP in accordance with GOST R 56407.

2 Normative references

This standard uses Normative references to the following standards:

GOST R 56020-2014 Lean production. Fundamentals and vocabulary

GOST R 56407-2015 Lean production. Basic methods and tools

GOST R 12.4.026-2001 Occupational safety standards system. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and rules of application. General technical requirements and characteristics

GOST R 56906-2016 Lean production. Organization of the workspace (5S)

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current of the year, and according to the issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If an undated referenced reference standard has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that standard be used, taking into account any changes made to that version. If the reference standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of this standard with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the adoption of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

This standard uses the terms according to GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407, as well as the following term * with the corresponding definition:
_______________
* The text of the document corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.3 visualization method (visualization method): A systematized set of actions for visualizing objects.

4 Fundamentals

4.1 Purpose and objectives of visualization

The visualization method is used in an organization to present information in a visual form (drawing, photograph, graph, diagram, diagram, table, map, etc.) and bring it to the attention of staff in real time for analysis current state and making informed and objective decisions.

The tasks of the visualization method are:

1) visual presentation of information to analyze the current state of production processes;

2) ensuring the required level of security;

3) creating conditions for making informed and prompt decisions;

4) creation of conditions for quick response to problems;

5) quick search and detection of deviations in the performance of operations or production processes.

4.2 Applications

The organization shall define the objects to apply the visualization method.

The objects of application of the visualization method should be considered at each level of the value stream in accordance with GOST R 56020:

- interorganizational level;

- level of organization;

- the level of processes;

- the level of operations.

The objects of application of the visualization method can be:

1) personnel;

2) workplace;

3) workspace;

4) organization processes;

5) infrastructure;

6) information flows;

7) value stream;

8) and others.

4.3 Liability

Top management is responsible for the effectiveness and efficiency of the application of the visualization method, and ensures its implementation at all levels in the organization.

4.3.1 Top management should assign responsibility for ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the application of the imaging method.

4.4 Resources

The organization shall provide the implementation of the visualization method with the necessary time, labor, financial and material resources.

4.5 Personnel competencies

The organization shall determine the competencies of personnel implementing the imaging method, including:

1) knowledge of the visualization method and its graphical tools, basic documents in the organization for the implementation of the visualization method, application possibilities this method, excellence in imaging;

2) the ability to visualize objects and information in accordance with the requirements, apply effective methods of monitoring and improving the method;

3) master the skills independent work regarding the implementation of the visualization method and the skills of teaching its application.

5 Imaging method requirements

The methods and tools of the visualization method should provide each employee with the opportunity to instantly obtain objective information, assess the state of processes and visualization objects in accordance with GOST R 56906.

To reduce the risk of information inaccuracy, the organization should determine:





- Format and methods of presentation.

5.1 Render method objects

As objects of the visualization method it is necessary to consider for:

1) personnel: profession, qualifications, competencies, technological and actual placement, actual attendance, motivation, labor safety and others;

2) workplace: equipment, tools, fixtures, documentation, materials, components, work in progress, finished products, non-conforming products, raw materials, containers, etc. in accordance with GOST R 56906;

3) working space: buildings and structures, production sites, office and specialized premises, territories, driveways, passages and others;

4) organization processes: process operations, organizational procedures, routines, regulations, external and internal interactions, etc.;

5) infrastructure: engineering communications, means of mechanization and automation, vehicles and others;

6) information flows: means and methods of information transfer, documentation, analytical data and others;

7) value stream: constituent elements, stages and flow characteristics.

5.2 Imaging methods and tools

The organization shall determine and apply visualization methods and tools for all objects, where appropriate.

As methods and tools of the visualization method, it is necessary to apply:

- marking;

- contouring;

- markup;

- color coding;

- information stand.

5.2.1 marking: A method of visual designation that allows you to identify the purpose, location, use and ownership of objects (documents, objects, buildings, territories, etc.).

Marking can be color, alphabetic, symbolic, etc.

Color coding is a tool by which objects are highlighted (marked) with color to identify them by purpose, location, application and ownership.

NOTE Color coding can be used to control inventory levels. In this case, the storage location is divided and colored in different colors according to the replenishment level, for example:

- an urgent need to replenish the stock (red);

- you need to replenish the stock (yellow);

- sufficient supply (green).

5.2.2 contouring: A method of designating the location of an object by highlighting its outline (silhouette) with a contrasting color.

5.2.3 markup: A way to visualize objects using signal color coding to increase the efficiency and safety of their use. The markings indicate: the boundaries of workspaces, the location of objects and equipment, transport passages, passages, trajectories and directions for the movement of personnel, objects, vehicles, etc.

The organization must determine the signal color coding, taking into account GOST R 12.4.026.

5.2.4 color coding: A method of converting information into a specific color or combination of colors (color code) to give a distinctive feature to an object, process, indicators, etc. .

Color coding is used in various tools and methods of visualization method from markup to histograms and graphs.

5.2.5 information stand: Board, screen, poster, electronic scoreboard, etc.

The organization shall determine the content of information stands. Information stands display:

1) planned and actual information about the state of processes (indicators - quality, quantity, costs, safety, deviations, problems, information about personnel, etc.);

2) display of changes "before and after" ("before - became").

5.3 Information visualization procedure

The organization needs to define a procedure:

1) collection and storage of information;

2) processing and preparation of information for placement;

3) placement of information;

4) updating (regular updating) of information by the responsible person.

5.3.1 When using the mechanism for collecting and storing information, it is necessary to ensure the collection historical background(accumulation of information over the period of using the visualization tool).

5.3.2 To reduce the risk of unreliable information for making informed decisions, it is necessary to develop and apply a procedure for updating information, including:

- frequency of data collection and placement;

- responsibility for authenticity;

- presentation format.

Bibliography

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2017

Albert Sadykov - about efficiency simple solutions in business

Many of the problems faced by small business entrepreneurs are similar. And often someone else's useful experience in solving certain problems can be applied in your company, even though you work in a different niche, according to a different business model and for a different audience. We regularly publish op-eds by entrepreneurial practitioners who share their experience in solving specific problems. And our guest today is Albert Sadykov, a crisis manager from Perm.

Entrepreneur from Perm, crisis manager, managing partner of the Experteam professional expert community, project participant "Raking - practical tools for business survival". Education: Faculty of Physics, Perm state university. He organized his first business at the age of 15 (1992).

... Once they invited me to one construction company create a new subdivision - a workshop for the production of building metal structures. I brought the workshop to its final working condition in six months, but the problems inherent in enterprises of this kind could not be completely eradicated - issues with product quality still arose from time to time.

I decided to go the standard and repeatedly worked out way.

He introduced a system of penalties - it helped, but weakly.

He introduced a route map of the product - all operations with a specific product, the time for passing through the manufacturing stages, the names of the workers involved were noted there. This led to a noticeable decrease in defects - about 30%, but also led to an increase in the number of papers ... However, papers turned out to be important not only in terms of improving quality, but also in interaction with the client - the product quality passport was tied to this route sheet, the production process became very "transparent", and customers really liked it. But the percentage of marriage still did not suit me.

I decided on a kind of experiment - I released the process engineer from his duties for one week, and made him the controller of the Quality Control Department - I decided to see the performance of such a unit in practice, especially since the engineer had experience in such work. "At the exit" received an even larger mountain of papers and an even lower percentage of marriage.

But even this was not enough for me, although in many other companies they definitely stopped at this stage, and the discovered defect was redone right on the construction site, because it was there that the defect was most often found - and daylight is better than shop floor, and you join the products “live”.

Oh, and I'm tired of all this ...

Then I decided to go a non-standard way for such productions. Gathered the workshop, explained the following:

if a defect is found, the customer does not really care who exactly allowed the defect - the defective product still remains defective;

in the event of a defect, the customer does not pay money to the entire company, and not only to the one who allowed the defect;

I can hire a staff of controllers, but only at the expense of a reduction in the wage fund of shop workers.

Therefore, I said, in three days the following rules come into force:

in case of marriage detection before the output of the product from the workshop - all workers who were related to this product are punished - the cost of "redistribution" is deducted from their salary;

in the event of a marriage at the construction site, the damage is compensated by all employees of the unit, including engineers (3 people per 50 workers) in double the amount, as this negatively affects the company's reputation;

I will not hire additional controllers, and I will return the process engineer to his duties.

He issued a simple recommendation: before accepting a product for work from previous performers, the next performer must check it for quality and compliance with the drawings. If the marriage is discovered on time, no sanctions will be applied, but the information should be recorded for statistics.

There was no limit to the indignation, but where to go - everyone went to work.

Three days later, the issue of marriage was completely removed - the workers turned out to be excellent controllers when they realized that “everyone is in the same boat”, and that for the “jamb” of one person, everyone else will financially suffer.

It was: the percentage of marriage in terms of products - about 10%.

It became: the percentage of marriage - 0%.

“The moral of this fable is this”: do not complicate the system, but simplify it, use common sense and the hidden capabilities of the team. The simpler the system, the more reliable it is.