The concept of Logistics…………………………………………….2

Goals of Logistics………………………………………………...2

Tasks of Logistics……………………………………………....3

Logistics Methods……………………………………………...4

The concept of a logistics system……………………………...6

Task………………………………………………………………7

Logistics- a part of economic science and a field of activity, the subject of which is the organization of a rational process of promoting goods from producers to consumers, the functioning of the sphere of circulation of products, goods, services, management of commodity stocks, and the creation of an infrastructure for the movement of goods.

Broader definition logistics interprets it as the science of planning, managing and controlling the movement of material, informational and financial resources in various systems.

From the point of view of the management of an organization, logistics can be considered as strategic management material flows in the process of purchasing, supplying, transporting, selling, and storing materials, parts and finished inventory (equipment, etc.). The concept also includes the management of relevant information flows, as well as financial flows. Logistics is aimed at optimizing costs and streamlining the process of production, marketing and related services both within one enterprise and for a group of enterprises.

Logistics is a view (worldview) on all business processes of an enterprise through the prism of costs, with the aim of optimizing, controlling and managing them. In fact, the scope of logistics is so specific and new that at the moment specialists in this profession are very much needed in the labor market.

The main goal of logistics is to ensure the competitive position of the business organization in the market. This logistics achieves through the management of flow processes based on the following rules: delivery with minimum costs of the products of the appropriate quality and quantity necessary for a particular buyer to the right place and in right time(seven rules of logistics).

It should be noted that the rules presented are the expression of an ideal case to which one should aspire. In order for this aspiration to have a solid foundation, the main objective specified by subgoals, such as creating effective system control, creation of a functionally consistent and technologically rational business organization structure, etc. In this case, the subgoals are also decomposed and determine the goals for each element supply chain etc. up to the individual executor of the logistics operation.

Logistics goals quite versatile and quite organically fit into the strategic and tactical targets economic organization. Thus, there is an integration of goals horizontal (relationship of goals in each individual functional area) and vertical (relationship of goals by management levels).

For example, the goal is to maximize the utilization of existing warehouse capacities with minimal storage costs. The operational goal of the enterprise is the maximum utilization of capacities, the logistical goal is to minimize storage costs.

In the logistics system, both with horizontal and vertical integration, constant interaction and the presence of feedback between functional areas and levels of management. This is the most important determining condition for the effectiveness of the processes of development and implementation of managerial and executive decisions.

For practical implementation logistics goals, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to a number of relevant tasks, which are divided into two groups according to the degree of importance: global and private (local) tasks.

The global tasks of logistics include the following:

Creation of complex, integrated systems of material, information, and, if possible, other related flows;

· strategic coordination, planning and control over the use of logistics capacities in the spheres of production and circulation;

Achievement of high system flexibility;

· continuous improvement of the logistics concept within the framework of the chosen strategy in the market environment.

One of the global logistics challenges for a domestic enterprise, it may be the introduction of a new information technology management, for example software products Parus company.

When solving global problems, the time component is very important. The fact is that the external environment changes quite quickly, therefore, if the solution of the global problem is slower than the changes in the external environment, the result of the solution will be negative.

Private tasks in logistics have a local character, they are more dynamic and diverse:

· maximum reduction of product storage time;

· reduction of time of transportations;

rational distribution of vehicles;

fast response to customer requirements;

prompt processing and issuance of information, etc.

The solution to such a particular problem as reducing the time of transportation in traffic jams (today, in the face of fierce competition, many companies begin to keep track of time by hours and minutes), for many Moscow organizations there is a transition to night delivery.

Solutions to global and local problems should be within the framework of the general tasks of the logistics system, which include the following:

1. implementation of end-to-end control over flow processes in logistics systems;

2. development and improvement of ways to manage material flows;

3. multivariate forecasting of the development of events, etc.;

4. standardization of requirements for the quality of logical operations;

5. identifying the imbalance between market needs in logistics operations and the capabilities of the logistics system;

6. identification of centers of occurrence of losses of material and intangible resources;

7. optimization of the technical and technological structure of the organization, etc.

To the main methods used to solve scientific and practical problems in the field of logistics include the following.

I. Expert evaluation methods

1. Scenario Method. It is a means of primary ordering of a logistical problem, obtaining and collecting information about the relationship of the problem being solved with others, about possible and probable directions for future development.

Scenario - a predominantly qualitative description of possible options for the development of the investigated logistics object under various combinations of certain (pre-selected) conditions. The scenario in a detailed form shows the possible scenarios for the development of events for their further analysis and selection of the most realistic and favorable ones.

A group of logistics experts draws up a scenario plan, which outlines the functional areas of logistics, as well as factors external environment taken into account when setting and solving a logistical problem. Different sections of the script are usually written by different groups of experts.

2. Delphi Method. Unlike the scenario method, this method involves preliminary familiarization of logistics experts with the situation using some model.

Stages of the Delphi method:

1) several experts are asked the same question;

2) each expert develops his own estimates independently of other experts;

3) responses are collected and statistically averaged;

4) experts, whose answers strongly deviate from the average values, are invited to justify their assessments after presenting the average values;

5) experts develop justifications and submit them for consideration;

6) the average value and the corresponding justifications are presented to all experts for the development of the final decision.

3. Target tree method. Logistics experts are invited to evaluate the structure of the logistics model as a whole and make suggestions on the inclusion of unaccounted links in it. The goal tree is a connected graph, the vertices of which are interpreted as the goals of the logistic system, and the edges or arcs are the connections between them. This is the main tool for linking the goals of the upper level of the logistics organization with the specific means of achieving them at the lower operational level.

AT program-targeted planning(when the goals of the plan are linked to resources using programs), the tree of goals acts as a diagram showing the division of the general goals of the logistics plan into subgoals of various levels.

The presentation of goals begins with the top level of the logistics organization, then they are sequentially disaggregated. The main rule for disaggregating goals is completeness: each top-level goal must be represented as subgoals of the next level in an exhaustive way, that is, so that the union of subgoals completely defines the original goal.

II. Methods using special computer programs

The use of computer methods that help specialists make decisions allows:

Take fast and quality solutions in the field of material flow management;

To train experienced specialists in a relatively short period of time;

Keep the know-how of the company, since the person using this system cannot take the experience and knowledge contained in these programs outside the company;

Use the experience and knowledge of highly qualified specialists in non-prestigious, dangerous, boring and other places.

To disadvantages computer systems the limited possibility of using "common sense" should be attributed. Logistics processes include many operations with a variety of goods. Take into account all their features in computer program impossible. Therefore, in order not to put a 100 kg box on top of a 5 kg box during storage, the user of this program must have “common sense”.

Logistics- the process of managing and storing raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products in the economic turnover of the company from the moment of payment of money to suppliers, until the moment of receipt of money for the delivery of finished products /2/.

Logistics– management of material flows in the sphere of production and circulation /3/.

1. 
   What is the main purpose of the logistics system?

1. 
   Cargo - the right product
2. 
   Cargo in the required quantity
3. 
   Cargo of the required quality
4. 
   Load to the right place
5. 
   Load to the right place
6. 
   Cargo with minimal cost

1. 
   When did integrated logistics originate?

Fourth stage: 90s. Integration– formation of a single integrated logistics system from the source of raw materials to the end consumer.

1. 
   The origin of the term "Logistics" is associated with the names of which scientists

1. 
   What is the object of research in Logistics?

The object of study logistics are parallel flowing material, informational and financial flow processes /1

1. 
   Which of the following is a logistics operation

Logistics operations is a set of actions aimed at transforming material and / or information flows and their movement

7. What are the types of material flows?

• 
  in relation to the logistics system - internal, external, input, output;
• 
  by natural material composition - single-assortment, multi-assortment;
• 
  by the amount of cargo - mass, large, small;
• 
  on specific gravity- heavyweight, lightweight;
• 
  according to the degree of compatibility, compatible, incompatible;
• 
  according to the consistency of the cargo - bulk, bulk, bulk, container-piece

8. In what units is M.P. measured?
The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, the numerator of which is the unit of measurement of the cargo (tons, pieces, kilograms), and the denominator is the unit of time (day, month, year)

9. What is the logistics channel?
Logistics channel- a partially ordered set of various intermediaries carrying out the material flow from the producer to the consumer
10. What is a supply chain?
Logistic goal- a linearly ordered set of sections of the logistics process that carry out bringing the material flow from one logistics system to another /1/.
11. What is a mathematical model?
The process of establishing correspondence to a given real object of some material object. In logistics, 2 types of mathematical modeling are used: analytical and simulation.

12. What is methodological basis logistics?
The modern theory of logistics is based on four scientific disciplines: systems analysis, cybernetic approach, operations research, forecasting
13. What operations are related to purchasing logistics?
1 Procurement market research

2 Price analysis of purchased goods

3 Supplier selection

4 Establishment of rational economic relations with the supplier

5 Determining the needs for MTS items, ensuring an exact match between the number of supplies and the needs for them

6 Organization of the method of supply of purchased materials

7 Organization of storage of materials

8 Ensuring the quality of supplied raw materials

• 
  macrologistics systems - large systems for managing material flows at the level of a region, industry, country or several countries. The links of these systems are individual enterprises that form material flows. Within the framework of macrologistics systems, there are: logistics systems with direct links (without intermediaries), echeloned logistics systems (with intermediaries), mixed;
• 
  micrologistics systems - a system for managing material flows at the enterprise level. The elements of these systems are, as a rule: the procurement subsystem, warehouses, transport, the subsystem for planning stocks of raw materials and materials, the information subsystem, the personnel subsystem, the sales subsystem, the production maintenance subsystem.

15. "Kanban" in translation means ... Map

16. What is a kanban logistics system

Pull systems- systems of organization of production, in which parts and semi-finished products are fed to the subsequent technological operation from the previous one as needed. The production program of a separate technological link is determined by the size of the order of the next link. Pull systems include the Kanban system (order card), which was developed by Toyota. Advantages: quickly and efficiently responds to changes in demand and does not require total computerization, however, it requires a high discipline of deliveries.
Implementation of "stretching" micro-logistics systems. Organization of a continuous production flow capable of rapid restructuring and does not require safety stocks. The manufacturer does not have an overall rigid production schedule, but optimizes its work within the order. The means of transferring information are cards: selection and production order.
17. What is the concept of MCI

push system- a production organization system in which the material flow is “pushed out” to the recipient on command from the central control system. The material flow that enters production area, directly by this site from the previous one is not ordered. The overcrowded previous section "pushes" part of the product to the next section, as if under pressure. This system requires total computerization of production. The most common push type system is called MRP (MRP). Its functions are: planning the need for materials; forecasting the level of demand, taking into account market conditions; material turnover rate control. The disadvantages of NRP include insufficiently accurate tracking of demand and the mandatory presence of a safety stock.
18. What is the ANC system
The system is based on consumer demand, which is not controlled by the firm. The system operates in conditions of demand uncertainty. They plan and regulate stock levels at the bases and warehouses of the company in their own commodity-producing distribution network or with wholesale resellers. There is a system of schedules that coordinate the entire process of deliveries and replenishment of GP stocks.

19. Which mode of transport is the cheapest

nautical
20. What types of tariffs are used by auto - transport
Road transport uses the following types tariffs: piece rates, on the terms of paid autotons of hours, for the time use of trucks, from a per-kilometer calculation, for a rolling stock haul, negotiable /5/.

The rate is affected by distance of transportation, weight of cargo, volumetric weight of cargo, type of rolling stock (more expensive for special transport).

The base is a universal vehicle with a carrying capacity of 23 tons with a body volume of 68-72 cubic meters. Use of any car vehicle comes with allowances. Particularly expensive to use

21. What types of tariffs does railway transport use
Railway tariffs are divided by types and forms of construction

By type tariffs are divided into general, exclusive, local, preferential.

According to the form of construction Freight rates are divided into tabular and schematic.

23. What is safety stock?

• 
  warranty (insurance) - for continuous supply (under normal operating conditions of the company, these stocks are inviolable).

24. What costs serve as a criterion for optimizing stocks?
The criterion for inventory optimization is the minimum of total costs:

- storage costs of goods(Costs for warehousing, rent payments, running costs, insurance and tax costs)

- order fulfillment costs(ordering, execution of a supply agreement, transport costs)
25. What costs relate to the cost of holding stocks?
Warehousing costs, warehouse rental payments, operating costs, insurance and tax costs, losses from destruction and damage.
26. What costs are related to the costs of order fulfillment?

Placing an order, drawing up a supply contract, transport costs, communication with suppliers.

27. What are the governing parameters for a fixed order system?

In a system with fixed order size the stock level is monitored and if stock falls below a set level, an order is issued to replenish stocks. The same quantity is always ordered.

Thus, the fixed values ​​in this system are:

• 
  the threshold level (PU) at which the order is repeated;
• 
  ordered quantity of goods (Q otp)

28. What parameters are regulating for a system with a fixed time interval between orders?
In system with fixed time interval between orders replenishment stocks are reimbursed at a set time interval between orders, and the lot size is not constant and depends on the available balance.

At regular intervals, the inventory status is checked, if a certain amount of materials has been used up since the previous check, then an order is placed to replenish it up to the maximum desired level.

29. What is the system "Minimum - maximum"
The "min-max" system is oriented to work in case of systematic supply failures. Replenishment of stocks occurs at the moment of reaching the PU (min level), and the maximum desired stock plays the role of the max level, to which the stock is replenished. The size of the order is determined as follows: if the current stock Q is greater than the min level, then no replenishment occurs; if Q is less than or equal to min, then the order size is determined by the formula
30. What is a system with a set frequency of replenishment of stocks to a set level
This system is designed to work with significant fluctuations in consumption, orders are made here at set times and when the stock reaches a threshold level.

Thus, stocks are divided into two categories:

• 
  planned orders, the order size is determined by the formula (7)
• 
  additional orders, the order size in this case is calculated by the formula

31. Types of Information systems.
Logistics Information Systems are divided into three groups: planned, dispositive (dispatching), executive (operational).

Planned systems - created at the administrative level of management and serve to make decisions of a strategic nature. These systems solve the following tasks:

• 
  creation and optimization of links in the logistics chain;
• 
  management of conditionally permanent data;
• 
  production planning;
• 
  general inventory management.

• 
  detailed inventory management (storage areas);
• 
  disposal of intra-warehouse or intra-factory transport;
• 
  selection of goods according to orders, their complete set, accounting of shipped goods.

32. EAN code - 13
EAN-13 (UPS) - is used for coding goods manufactured in Europe, and the UPS code is used in Canada, the USA. The EAN-13 code has received wide distribution in the sphere of circulation of consumer goods.

At the stage of launching into production, the product is assigned a 13-digit digital code. Each digit of the code corresponds to a certain set of strokes of spaces. The first three or two digits indicate the country code, it is customary to call this part of the code a flag. The next four digits are the index of the enterprise - the manufacturer of the goods.

The next five digits are left to the manufacturer to code their products at their own discretion.

Thus, the first twelve digits of the EAN-13 bar code identify any item in the total stock of merchandise.

The thirteenth digit is a check digit calculated by a special algorithm based on the previous 12.
33. The optimal level of service in the company's logistics service system.
70%

34. What operations are related to the provision of service logistics services.

Types of work in the field of logistics services.

1 Presales:

• 
  Determination of the company's policy in the provision of services,
• 
  Service planning.

• 
  execution of orders (selection of assortment, packaging, formation of cargo units),
• 
  ensuring the reliability of supply,
• 
  providing information about the passage of cargo.

• 
  warranty service,
• 
  claims obligations,
• 
  exchange.

Logistics is the theory and practice of managing material and related information flows. Or in other words, logistics is the science of organizing the process of promoting services and goods from a supplier to a consumer. Logistics originated in military affairs and was first mentioned in a treatise on the art of war by the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI. The term logistics was introduced into Russian by the military specialist Antoine Jomini in the 19th century.

The purpose of logistics is to optimize the planning, management and control of the movement of information, financial and material resources. The purpose of logistics is to provide the consumer with products on time under favorable overall profitability conditions.

Usually, the purpose of logistics is associated with the implementation of the so-called "6 rules of logistics":

1. Cargo - only necessary;
2. Quality - high level;
3. Quantity - in the required quantity;
4. Delivery time - accurate;
5. Place - to the right place;
6. Costs - with minimal costs.

The goal of logistics is considered fulfilled if all these rules are met.

Tasks and functions of logistics

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve different logistics tasks, which, in turn, are divided into 3 groups, depending on the degree of their significance. Logistics tasks are usually divided into global, general and local (partial).

The global tasks of logistics include:

• Modeling of logistics systems and conditions for their reliable functioning;
• Achieving the maximum effect of the functioning of logistics systems with minimal costs.

Global tasks are regulated by setting and solving common tasks:

• Development and improvement of ways to manage material flows;
• Standardization of the requirements for the quality of services and operations in logistics;
• End-to-end control over processes in logistics systems;
• Forecasting the volume of transportation, stocks and production;
• Rational formation of economic relations;
• Formation of current logistics goals and parameters of the functioning of the logistics system;
• Optimization of technological and technical structure transport and storage complexes.
• Identification of centers of occurrence of time losses, as well as monetary, material and labor resources;
• Definition of technology and strategy for the movement of material resources and finished products;
• Formation of economic relations;
• Identification of the imbalance between the needs of production and the possibilities of material technical support, as well as an imbalance in the supply chains and the capabilities of the logistics system.

Local tasks, in turn, are dynamic and diverse:

• Reduction of transportation time;
• Optimization of all types of reserves at all stages;
• Rational distribution of vehicles;
• Reducing the storage time of products;
• Quick response to customer requirements;
• Improving readiness for deliveries;
• Guarantee of high-quality post-warranty service;
• Support of constant readiness for receiving, processing and issuing information;
• Reduction of costs in all links of the chain in the logistics of improving the readiness for deliveries.

In logistics, it is customary to distinguish 3 main functions:

1. Integrating. Formation of the process of product distribution as a single integral system. This function ensures the synchronization of sales, storage and delivery processes with their orientation to the market. This function ensures the coordination of interests of all intermediaries in the system.
2. Organizing. Ensuring interaction and coordination of stages and actions of participants in the movement of goods. Economic relations are established between suppliers and manufacturers, the basis of which is the division of labor according to the stages of commodity circulation.
3. manager. Maintaining the parameters of the material-conducting system within the specified limits. This function is aimed at saving resources, reducing the cost of human labor at the junctions of the stages of commodity circulation.

Depending on the tasks and functions performed, logistics is divided into macrologistics, micrologistics and mesologistics.

• Macrologistics- an area in which the problems of analyzing the market of suppliers and consumers, choosing the mode of transport, determining the point of delivery and shipment of finished products, raw materials and materials, choosing the principle of locating warehouses are solved.
• Micrologistics- defines local issues within the individual elements of the system.
• Mesology- integration of several logistics systems into one.

Concept and principles of logistics

Concept - a system of views, one or another understanding of processes and phenomena. So the concept of logistics is a system of views on improvement economic activity by rationalizing the management of material flows. The conceptual principles of logistics are generalized experimental data, the law of phenomena found from the observations of experts. The basic principles of logistics make it easy to compensate for the uncertainty of some environmental factors. When forming logistics systems, mistakes can be made only because the advantages and disadvantages have not been revealed. individual principles logistics.

The principle of system. It offers a study of a logistics object from two sides, as a whole and as part of a larger system in which this object is in certain relationships with other systems. This principle covers all aspects of the subject and object in space and time.

The principle of rationality. Choice management decisions, which are optimal in terms of a set of indicators. Thanks to such decisions, the rational achievement of the goals set is carried out.

The principle of integration. Integration is the unification into a whole, any properties or parts. This principle is aimed at changing the integrative properties and patterns in logistics systems. Such properties appear as a result of the combination of elements for the whole and the combination of functions in time and space. The logistics system has special properties that allow you to get the effect of shifting actions (synergistic). Synergistic effect - the sum of the actions of the elements is higher than if they acted independently.

The principle of emergence (integrity). The system must first be considered at the macro level and then at the micro level. Since the larger the system, the higher the probability that the properties of the whole are very different from the properties of the parts. This property of the logistics system to perform its target function, the ability of the system as a whole, and not its individual parts.

The principle of formality. Obtaining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the functioning of the logistics system.

The principle of hierarchy. The transition from a low level to a higher one and the order of subordination of lower elements to higher ones according to the old certain steps (hierarchical ladder). This is a type of relationship of a multi-level system, which is characterized by the organization and orderliness of the individual levels of this system.

CONTROL WORK ON LOGISTICS

1) CONCEPT, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF LOGISTICS

The concept of logistics.

The term "logistics", known until recently only to a narrow circle of specialists, is now widely used. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the concept began to be used in the economy.

There are several dozen definitions of the concept of logistics as an economic activity. The broadest interpretation understands logistics as the management of all types of flows (material, human, energy, financial, etc.) that exist in economic systems. Managing any object implies first making a decision and then implementing it. In order to make decisions, certain knowledge is needed; for the practical implementation of the decisions made, specific actions are needed. Based on this, we will consider logistics, on the one hand, as a science, and on the other hand, as an economic activity.

Logistics as a science develops scientific principles, methods, mathematical models that allow you to plan, control and manage transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process:

Bringing raw materials and materials to the manufacturing enterprise;

Internal processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;

Bringing the finished product to the consumer in accordance with its requirements;

Transfer, storage and processing of relevant information.

Logistics as an economic activity is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and finished products in economic circulation from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products, as well as information related to these operations.

Logistics studies not only commodity, but also related flows - informational and financial.

The main issues that logistics deals with are:

1) managing the supply of the enterprise with raw materials and consumables (this includes solving such problems as choosing a supplier, calculating the optimal volume, structure and rhythm of delivery, evaluating the performance of the supplier);

2) planning, control, management of transportation and warehousing (at this stage, the tasks of choosing a carrier, the form of ownership of storage facilities, organizing the acceptance of goods and checking their quality are solved);

3) internal processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;

4) bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter (maintaining the necessary assortment list of goods, timely processing of customer orders, searching for new forms and methods of marketing, analysis of trading activities);

5) transfer, storage and processing of relevant information.

Science coordinates such functional areas of the enterprise as supply, production and marketing.

Goals of logistics.

The purpose of logistics is to create an opportunity to improve the activities of employees of the enterprise's divisions, aimed at reducing the level of total costs and maximizing profits. The objective of logistics is achieved if the right product of the right quality is delivered at the right cost to the right consumer in the right quantity at the right time to the right place. The purpose of logistics is achieved by excluding operations of an organizational and functional nature that do not create added value for the consumer. In other words, everything that does not benefit the consumer and, accordingly, the income of the enterprise is redundant.

Logistics tasks.

The tasks to be solved in logistics are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Tasks solved in logistics

The principles of logistics.

1. The principle of rationality. A characteristic feature of the development of the enterprise logistics system is the choice of the most appropriate variant of the logistics system. Such management decisions are chosen that are optimal in terms of a set of indicators for given conditions. The challenge is not to find a better solution than the current one, but to find the best possible solution. The decision is always made in such a way that thanks to the chosen option, i.e. thanks to the chosen ratio of costs and the achieved result, the rational achievement of the set goals was carried out.

2. The principle of emergence. The larger the logistics system of the enterprise, and the greater the difference in size between the part and the whole, the more likely it is that the properties of the whole may differ greatly from the properties of the parts. It is possible that the local optima of the goals of individual parts do not coincide with the global optimum of the goal of the enterprise's logistics system. The sum of optimal decisions made by employees of individual departments does not guarantee the optimization of the logistics system of the enterprise as a whole. Emergence (integrity) is a property of a logistics system to perform a given target function, implemented only by the system as a whole, and not by its individual elements.

3. The principle of consistency. It involves an approach to the logistics system as an object, represented by a set of interrelated private elements, the implementation of which ensures the achievement of the desired effect in the required time frame, with the necessary labor, financial and material costs. The principle of consistency involves the study of a logistical object, on the one hand, as a single whole, and on the other hand, as part of a larger system in which the analyzed object is in certain relationships with other systems. Thus, the principle of consistency covers all aspects of the object and object in space and time.

4. The principle of hierarchy. Hierarchy is the order of subordination of lower elements to higher ones according to strictly defined steps and the transition from the lower to the higher level. At the lower levels, more detailed and specific information is used, covering only certain aspects functioning of the logistics system. Generalized information characterizing the conditions for the functioning of the entire logistics system arrives at higher levels, and decisions are made at these levels regarding the logistics system as a whole.

5. The principle of integration. Integration is the unification of any parts or properties into a whole. The principle is aimed at studying the integrative properties and patterns in logistics systems. Integrative properties are manifested as a result of the combination of elements to the whole, the combination of functions in time and space. The logistics system, as an ordered set of elements with certain connections, has special system properties that are not inherent in individual elements and allow obtaining a synergistic effect. Synergistic connection - a connection that, with the joint actions of independent elements of the logistics system, provides a total effect that exceeds the sum of the effects of these elements acting independently, i.e. reinforcing connection of the elements of the system.

6. The principle of formalization. Formalization involves obtaining quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the functioning of the logistics system of the enterprise.

2) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN LOGISTICS

The widespread penetration of logistics into the economy is largely due to the computerization of material flow management. The computer has become an everyday element of office equipment for workers in a wide variety of specialties. Computer software makes it possible at every workplace to solve complex issues of information processing. This ability of microprocessor technology makes it possible to approach the management of material flows from a systematic standpoint, ensuring the processing and mutual exchange of large amounts of information between various participants in the logistics process.

The improvement of quantitative indicators of microprocessor technology, such as processor speed, memory capacity, ease of communication with a computer, the cost of computer technology, and others, provided a qualitative opportunity to integrate various participants into a single system. It should be borne in mind that each of these participants operates with large amounts of information.

In planned and, partially, in dispositive information systems, the processing of logistics information is carried out in computer centers or in departments at the workplaces of specialists. The set of tasks to be solved here depends on the role of the participant in the overall logistics process.

In executive information systems, operational management of material flows is carried out. For these systems, it is especially important to record and process information at the pace of material flow. The solution of the problems that arise in this case is often possible only with the use of modern technology and technology for collecting, processing and transmitting information in real time.

A special element of information technology used in logistics is the bar coding of products.

Bar code - a code assigned to each specific unit of goods, which is characterized by price, size, weight, color, quality, is identified by assigning a bar code to it.

AT international trade bar coding has long been the norm. An EAN barcode is a 13-digit or 8-digit numeric code, which is a combination of bars and spaces of different widths. In this case, the narrowest stroke or space is taken as a unit of thickness - the module. Other strokes and spaces make up two or three modules, that is, two or three thicknesses of the narrowest stroke or space.

Each digit is a combination of two dashes and two spaces. At the beginning and end of the barcode there are elongated edge strokes that indicate the beginning and end of the code reading, and in the center there are central elongated strokes that facilitate visual verification of the completeness of the code entry.

The 13-bit product code includes the country code, the code of the product itself, and the control number. The country code is issued centrally by the EAN association (for example, China - 690, Poland - 590). The next five digits, i.e., the manufacturer's code, are assigned by the national authority of the country to a centrally specific manufacturer. The next five digits of the code are assigned by the manufacturer of the goods independently.

The last digit-digit is a check number, which is designed to verify the correct reading of the bar code by the scanner.

The 8-digit code is for small items. It consists of a country code, a manufacturer's code, and a check number.

Rules for placing barcodes on packages and labels:

1) each product must have only one code;

2) the code must be on the back of the package in the lower right corner at a distance of at least 20 mm from the edges;

3) the barcode must be dark in color, since the scanner does not distinguish colors, and must be printed on a light background.

Benefits of using bar coding:

1) the presence of a barcode allows you to determine the importing country, the manufacturer, as well as the specific product number, which makes it possible, if necessary, to make a claim to the manufacturer;

2) the use of a bar coding system makes it possible to refuse from numerous paper documents reflecting such information as the production of products, their technical characteristics, the collection of customer orders, accounting for the receipt of goods, their acquisition;

3) accounting and control of the sale of goods;

4) control of goods in the warehouse of the store;

5) increases the competitiveness of the product, increases the demand for it. In a number of developed countries, the absence of bar codes makes the sale of products almost impossible, since they cannot accept it from the manufacturer;

6) the use of bar codes makes it possible to organize effective control over the passage of goods, starting from the manufacturer and ending with the warehouse of the store, as well as to carry out electronic exchange of data on goods between trading partners, which speeds up the movement of goods to the consumer.

The application of a bar code does not increase either the time spent on the production of a product or its cost.

There are various barcode printing technologies, including master films (photographic film templates), offset lithography, dot matrix printing, etc.

At the consignee's warehouse, during the acceptance of goods, a barcode is scanned using a special device. "This can be a contact pencil scanner, a portable laser scanner or a stationary scanning device. The number of goods, in the context of commodity codes, is stored by a portable data collection device. "Then this information is uploaded to a warehouse computer, where it is compared with the batch data received on a flexible magnetic disk or electronic communication network.

When selling goods in a store, the cashier reads the bar code from the product selected by the buyer. It takes about two seconds to scan the product and identify its product code. After that, the cash computer, having found the price and other necessary details of the product in memory, displays them on the screen and prints a check.

At the time of issuing a check by the cash computer, the main computer of the section receives information in its memory that this product sold. This computer accompanies the receipt of goods from the warehouse and their sale by arithmetic linking arrays in the stock file. Thus, the system permanently provides not only total, but also quantitative accounting of goods, which cannot be organized without coding goods.

Quantitative accounting of the sale of goods is used for the timely replenishment of the trading range. An order for the delivery of goods to the store or their delivery to the trading floor, automatically compiled and transmitted via an electronic communication network, takes into account the emerging demand for each commodity item.

The use of automated barcode identification technology in logistics can significantly improve material flow management at all stages of the logistics process. Let's take a look at its main advantages.

In production:

Creation unified system accounting and control over the movement of products and its component parts at each site, as well as the state of the logistics process at the enterprise as a whole;

Reducing the number of support staff and reporting documentation, eliminating errors.

In warehousing:

Automation of accounting and control over the movement of material flow;

Automation of inventory inventory process;

Reduction of time for logistics operations with material and information flow.

In trade:

Creation of a unified material flow accounting system;

Automation of the order and inventory of goods;

Reduced customer service time.

A single standard for marking cargo packages.

The EAN label for a cargo package may contain various information. However, its main purpose is to carry a machine-readable code that allows you to identify this cargo unit. This bar code is located in part A (bottom of the label). The code is generated in accordance with the symbolism of UCC / EAN-128. This type of code allows you to combine in one bar code information about the product (that is, the EAN-13 code of the goods contained in the cargo package), information about the shelf life, as well as information that allows you to uniquely identify this cargo unit.

In zone B (middle zone), the labels place data on the cargo in the form of numbers and letters, which can be entered into the computer manually.

The information located in zone C (upper zone) is at the discretion of the shipper. Here, for example, the full or abbreviated name of the company or other data in the form of numbers, a picture or text can be placed. The dimensions of a standard label are 148 mm x 210 mm.

In order for the label to be constantly visible to the operator during the handling process, it is applied to all four sides of the package. In this case, the middle of the cargo package code (the main part of the code) should be at a distance of 450 mm (± 50 mm) from the bearing surface on which the cargo package is laid, for example, from the surface of the rack shelf.

The use of the UCC/EAN-128 code ensures efficient management and control of logistics processes not only through the identification of cargo packages, but also through the possibility of using electronic data interchange (EDI) systems based on the EANCOM standard.

Benefits of using the EAN label:

Provides unambiguous and simple pallet identification, much like EAN-13 consumer packaging identification. The serial shipping package code (UCC/EAN-128) is a kind of key that provides access to information stored in the computer;

The label applied initially by the supplier of the pallet can be used by all participants in the producer-consumer chain without exception;

The process of communication between partners is greatly facilitated;

Barcode scanning ensures fast and correct information entry;

The time of cargo handling at all stages is repeatedly reduced.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Alesinskaya T.V. Fundamentals of logistics. General issues logistics management. - Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2005. - 121 p.

Alesinskaya T.V., Deineka L.N., Proklin A.N., Fomenko L.V., Tatarova A.V. etc. Organization management. - Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2006. - 304 p.

Gadzhinsky A. M. Logistics: Textbook for higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. - M .: Information and implementation center "Marketing", 1999. - 228 p.

Degtyarenko V.P. Fundamentals of logistics and marketing. – M.: Gardarika, 1996. – 425 p.

Logistics: Proc. allowance. / Ed. B. A. Anikina. - M.: INFRA-M, 1997. - 276 p.

Serbin V.D. Fundamentals of Logistics: Study Guide. - Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2004. - 68 p.

T.v. (t.v.) is one of the main goals of logistics (see [L 43]).

The interaction of the two principles of cost and profit calculation noted above in terms of logistics has led to the need to develop the most economical distribution scheme for firms with a clear sequence. First of all, the goals of logistics and alternatives for their implementation are determined. Then the functions are outlined, the implementation of which should lead to the achievement of the goals, and the associated costs for each alternative are calculated. At the final stage of developing a logistics scheme, based on the criterion of the comparative effectiveness of such options, the most suitable of them is selected.

The foregoing suggests that the goal of logistics in the 1990s goes beyond cutting costs and increasing profits. Therefore, on this stage the concept of the firm's competitiveness is to obtain a competitive advantage by offering additional services and improving their quality. In the future, as this concept is applied by most firms, cost reduction may again be a priority, but on a different basis. Therefore, increasing the competitiveness of firms through logistics is a continuous and dynamic process.

Two opposing goals of logistics - high availability for delivery and low warehousing costs - when divided into objective functions and parallel constraints, can be formulated as two possible combinations.

The purpose of logistics is to ensure that the right goods are in the right place, in the right quantity, at the right time. In economics, logistics is considered the art of material flow management, i.e. flow of products from source to consumer. Naturally, passing this way, the material flow is affected various organizations, firms, intermediaries associated with the distribution of products, supply, transport, stocks, warehousing.

What is the purpose of logistics scientific direction  

The main goal of logistics is the delivery of products of the appropriate quality and the appropriate quantity just in time, with the relative minimum cost of supply, storage, production, packaging, marketing, transportation of products, as well as the receipt, processing and transmission of information.

It must be emphasized that the main goal of logistics is the expression of an ideal case to which one should strive. In order for this aspiration to have a solid foundation, the main goal of logistics is specified by subgoals. Here are the most important ones.

What is the main purpose of logistics

For the practical implementation of the goals of logistics, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to a number of relevant tasks, which are divided into three groups according to the degree of importance.

Final results Recommendations on the company's production and sales strategy and tactics, what to produce, in what volume, in what markets and in what time frame. What could be the benefits. Systems designs that meet the logistics objectives of the right product, in the right quantity, the right quality, in the right place, at the right time and at the lowest cost.

In the field of procurement, the goal of logistics is

The goal of logistics is considered achieved if the above rules are met, i.e. the right product of the right quality is delivered at the right cost to the right consumer in the right quantity at the right time at the right place.

The main goal of logistics is to deliver the required resource from the supplier (source) to the consumer in the most efficient way possible (the right resource in the right amount of the right quality at the right time with minimal cost to the maximum possible number of consumers).

What is the purpose of logistics

The considered domestic and foreign material flow management systems are united by one quality - they solve intra-production tasks of managing the movement of goods and are micrologistics systems. At the same time, each of them is aimed at fulfilling mainly one of the goals of logistics and therefore is a local, narrowly focused system.

The purpose of inventory logistics is to ensure that consumers of different levels are supplied with the required material assets in a certain quantity and quality, and this should occur as a continuous process.

The purpose of logistics is the organization in space and time of material flows with minimum cost resources to ensure maximum customer satisfaction. The main tasks of logistics are the organization of material flows of the enterprise; optimization of the utilization of production capacities; optimization of costs for the production and sale of manufactured products; saving material resources at all stages of material flows. To fulfill the goals and objectives of logistics within the enterprise, they build logistics systems.

The main goal of logistics is to ensure the competitive position of a business organization in the market. Logistics achieves this by managing flow processes based on the following rules: delivery, at minimum cost, of products of the appropriate quality and quantity necessary for a particular buyer to the right place and at the right time (seven rules of logistics).

For the practical implementation of the goals of logistics, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to a number of relevant tasks, which, according to the degree of importance, are divided into two groups: global and private (local) tasks.

What are the goals of logistics as a scientific direction and what does the scientific basis of logistics imply

What is the main goal of logistics and how does it integrate into the strategic goals of an economic organization

The goal of warehousing logistics is to organize an efficient warehousing system.

The fourth goal of logistics is to achieve the consolidation of transportation volumes. Transportation costs are the combined largest cost item for logistics, representing nearly 58% of total costs. In general, shipping costs increase with distance, lot size, and susceptibility to damage. Transport costs per unit weight decrease as lot size increases on long runs. Many logistics systems are designed to use a high speed, reliable vehicle in order to achieve high quality service, albeit at a huge cost. Maximizing transport volumes can help reduce transport costs. Consolidation can be achieved by combining small batches into one large batch designed for a long run (i.e., a long distance). A batch of goods sent over a long distance is then broken up to deliver the goods to each individual customer. While there are always costs for local distribution, there are still significant cost savings for long haul bundled transport. Maximum enlargement requires cooperation in order to group small batches of goods. Such cooperation should fit into the overall value chain.

The fifth goal of logistics is to strive for continuous improvement quality. Quality management is the main element in all branches of production. Defective goods or poor service reduces the possibility of additional profit. Once the product has approached the final consumer, the logistics costs of storage and transportation cannot be covered if the product is unusable. In fact, if the quality of a product or service decreases both before and during logistics operations, then

The final goal of logistics is to support the product throughout its entire life cycle. Some items are sold without any guarantee that the product will perform as advertised for a particular period. time period. In fact, some products, such as copiers, generate most of the profits in the after-sales period, during maintenance and the provision of spare parts and consumables. The value of lifecycle support varies in direct relation to consumers and products. For firms selling durable goods or industrial equipment, product support throughout the life cycle is a mandatory requirement, as well as one of major articles logistics costs. The ability of logistics systems to support a product throughout its life cycle must be carefully designed. As noted earlier, return logistics, given the growing focus on environmental care around the world, requires the ability to recycle recyclables and packaging materials.

In this regard, within the framework of the coordinating functions of logistics at the plant, one more of its directions stood out - operational planning, dictated by the desire to reduce stocks without reducing the efficiency of the production and marketing activities of the enterprise. Its essence is. that on the basis of the demand forecast, adjusted later upon receipt of real orders, transportation schedules and, in general, the procedure for managing stocks of finished products are developed, which ultimately determines production planning, the development of programs for supplying it with raw materials and components.

The tasks of planning are also the search for ways (strategies) leading to the intended goals, and determining the amount of funds that must be counted on in this case. A set of plans (turnover plan, advertising plan,