The word "cooperative" evokes different emotions in everyone - in the 90s, some invested money profitably, while others simply squandered it without receiving anything in return. For some, the concept of a production cooperative is generally incomprehensible, what features and shortcomings it has, who can take part in it, and what documents are needed for this. We will tell you about the requirements for participants in a production cooperative, their composition and the essence of the organization today.

What is a production cooperative

Another name for the PC is considered to be an artel, the main criterion for the activity of which is the association of citizens on a voluntary basis. It can be production, trade or other economic activity implemented in various ways.

The presence of share contributions is a common practice, but personal labor participation is also allowed. Moreover, not only an individual, but also a legal entity can be a member of a cooperative, but this must be reflected in the constituent documents of the PC.

This video will tell you what a production cooperative is:

Varieties of organization

In many regions of the country, an association of citizens engaged in the production of agricultural products is widespread. The simplest example of an agricultural PC (agricultural production cooperative) can be the union of two rural families - in one they make hay, in the other they take care of the cow, and the milk is divided according to the efforts and means invested. Although the PC cannot have only two members by law.

Most often, agricultural cooperatives are some form of self-employment that allows you to combine efforts and means to achieve common goals. Voluntary association of citizens allows you to buy expensive agricultural equipment, receive loans on favorable terms, provides more rational harvesting and sale of the crop.

Characteristic features

Every form of organization has its own characteristics. A production cooperative has the following characteristics:

1. Participation in the PC is entirely voluntary.
2. Each participant owns a part of the enterprise.
3. Any member of the PC has the right to vote at the general meeting.
4. The founders of the PC create it for a specific activity.
5. Members of the PC are obliged to take material or personal participation in the activity.

Like any form of ownership, a PC has a number of certain disadvantages and advantages. Having a well-designed action plan and competent leadership are able to almost completely eliminate the shortcomings, leaving only the pluses.

Advantages and disadvantages

Any member of the PC can sell his share - this is a big advantage over, it is much more difficult to sell in monetary terms. Also, an undoubted advantage is the possibility of faster implementation of goals through the consolidation of efforts and means. Often, joining forces is the only way to realize what has been planned.

The main disadvantage of a production cooperative is the responsibility of personal property. A legal entity organized in a form is responsible only for the property of the company, without affecting the personal funds of the owners. In a cooperative, in the event of debts arising as a result of economic activity, the debts must be repaid by the participants in the amount of proportional shares.

The generality of the case itself can also be attributed to the illiterate choice of the chairman of the production cooperative by the participants in the production cooperative, a certain ownerlessness of activity may appear.

Features of the controls

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, a cooperative cannot contain less than 5 members - individuals. These are not necessarily citizens of Russia - foreigners and stateless people are allowed to participate in the cooperative. It is the members of the cooperative that constitute the most important governing body - the general meeting of participants. They have the right to choose the executive bodies: the board, the chairman, etc.

The executive bodies manage the PC, making decisions that are within their competence, without affecting issues that are decided exclusively by the general meeting. The Chairman and other members of the Board of the PC may be deprived of their powers at any time by decision general meeting participants.

About the founders and the minimum number (number of members) of participants in the production cooperative, their composition, liability for obligations, rights and obligations will be described below.

PC Members

The first thing that every member of the PC should know is that all its members are required to bear subsidiary liability. In simple words The more you invest, the greater the responsibility. If the cooperative has debts, its participants are liable for them with their personal property.

If a production cooperative includes a legal entity, it is also responsible for its property in shares proportional to share holdings.

Constituent documents

The only document in a production cooperative is the Charter. Its clauses should not contradict the legislative and regulations RF.

Guided by the charter, orders and other documents are issued to ensure efficient activities.

Authorized capital

Minimum value authorized capital y is not legally defined - the participants determine it themselves, based on the necessary funds for the activity. In this case, it is possible to deposit not only cash, but also property required for the normal functioning of the PC. The contribution of funds in the form of property in excess of 25,000 rubles must occur after an independent assessment.

The only requirement for the authorized capital is the contribution by each of the participants of a 10% share of their share until the official registration of the PC. By the time of paperwork, members must independently determine the size of the authorized capital and organize the collection of funds and property for at least 10% of total amount. The rest of the funds, the participants of the cooperative are obliged to pay within a year from the date of registration.

A production cooperative unites citizens on a voluntary basis. Depending on the charter of the organization, legal entities may be included in it. Like any organization, a production cooperative has its own characteristics, the minimum number of participants, is subject to the governing bodies in compliance with the provisions of the constituent documents.

This video will tell you which cooperative is better to choose for yourself:

A production cooperative (artel) is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production and other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the association of property shares by its members (participants). The founding document of a cooperative may provide for the participation of legal entities in its activities. A cooperative is a legal entity - a commercial organization.

Number of participants

The number of members of the cooperative cannot be less than five people. Members (participants) of the cooperative may be citizens Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons. A legal entity participates in the activities of the cooperative through its representative in accordance with the charter of the cooperative.

Citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of sixteen years and have made the share contribution established by the charter of the cooperative may be members of a cooperative. The number of members of the cooperative who have made a share contribution, participating in the activities of the cooperative, but not taking personal labor participation in its activities, may not exceed twenty-five percent of the number of members of the cooperative taking personal labor participation in its activities.

Unit trust

The minimum and maximum size of the share capital is not limited. This is due to the fact that in case of insufficient ownership of the cooperative, its members bear additional (subsidiary) responsibility.

Purposes of creation

A production cooperative is created for the purpose of making a profit and may engage in any activity not prohibited by law. At the same time, for certain types of activities, it is necessary to obtain a special permit (license).

Governing bodies

The supreme governing body of the cooperative is general meeting of its members. In a cooperative with more than fifty members, a supervisory board. The executive bodies of the cooperative include board and (or) chairman of the cooperative. Only members of the cooperative can be members of the supervisory board and members of the board of the cooperative, as well as the chairman of the cooperative. A member of a cooperative cannot simultaneously be a member of the supervisory board and a member of the board (chairman) of the cooperative.

General meeting of members of the cooperative

The general meeting of members of the cooperative has the right to consider and decide on any issue of the formation and activities of the cooperative. The exclusive competence of the general meeting of members of the cooperative includes:

approval of the charter of the cooperative, making changes to it;

determination of the main activities of the cooperative;

admission to the membership of the cooperative and exclusion from the members of the cooperative;

establishing the size of the share contribution, the size and procedure for the formation of cooperative funds; determination of directions for their use;

the formation of a supervisory board and the termination of the powers of its members, as well as the formation and termination of the powers of the executive bodies of the cooperative, if this right, according to the charter of the cooperative, has not been transferred to its supervisory board;

election of the audit commission (auditor) of the cooperative, termination of powers of its members;

approval of annual reports and balance sheets, conclusions of the audit commission (auditor) of the cooperative, auditor; distribution of profits and losses of the cooperative;

making decisions on the reorganization and liquidation of the cooperative;

creation and liquidation of branches and representative offices of the cooperative, approval of regulations on them;

resolving questions on the participation of the cooperative in business partnerships and companies, as well as on the entry of the cooperative into unions (associations).

The charter of the cooperative may include other issues of the cooperative's activities within the exclusive competence of the general meeting of members of the cooperative. The general meeting of members of the cooperative is authorized to make decisions if the meeting is attended by more than fifty percent the total number of members of the cooperative. The general meeting of the members of the cooperative makes decisions by a simple majority of votes of the members of the cooperative present at this meeting, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law or the charter of the cooperative. Every member cooperative, regardless of the size of its share, has when making decisions by the general meeting of members of the cooperative one vote.

Decisions on changing the charter of a cooperative, on reorganization (with the exception of transformation into a business partnership or company) and on the liquidation of a cooperative are taken by three-fourths of the votes members of the cooperative present at the general meeting. The decision to transform a cooperative into a business partnership or company is made by unanimous decision of the members of the cooperative.

The decision to expel a member of the cooperative is taken by two-thirds of the votes of the members of the cooperative present at the general meeting. Issues related to the exclusive competence of the general meeting of members of the cooperative cannot be transferred to the decision of the supervisory board of the cooperative or the executive bodies of the cooperative.

The production cooperative is association of citizens on a voluntary basis, which meets the following criteria:

• is based on membership;
• citizens create it for the purpose of general production or economic activity;
• activity is based on personal labor and other participation of members of the association;
• participants combine property shares;
• members of the cooperative bear subsidiary liability for its obligations.

The legal regulation of this form of organization is carried out by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 106.1-106.6), as well as the Federal Law “On Production Cooperatives”.

Distinctive features of such a legal entity - joint property and common material liability on obligations. Currently, a small number of production cooperatives operate in Russia. The unpopularity of this organizational and legal form is explained by mandatory labor participation in the activities of the company, as well as subsidiary liability of its members.

Main steps

A cooperative can be formed only by decision of its founders, and the legislator stipulates that the number of participants cannot be less than 5 people.

Production cooperative - commercial organization. The procedure for its registration does not differ from that approved for other companies and firms. The education procedure is enshrined in the Federal Law No. 129 of 08/08/2001.

The main stages of creating a production cooperative:

• preparation of documents for their transfer to the registration authority;
• providing required package documents to the body authorized to make a decision on;
• issuance of a verdict by the registration authority.

To register, you must submit next package of documents:

• application for registration by;
• a verdict on the creation of a production cooperative;
• charter of a production cooperative;
• a document confirming the payment of funds on account of the state fee.

The registering agency is tax office at the location of the executive body of the company or a person who can represent the interests of the association without a power of attorney.

There are several ways to submit documents for registration:

• personally or through a representative to the tax office or the MFC;
• by mail with a description of the attachment;
• in electronic form through the official website of the Federal Tax Service nalog.ru or the Portal of State and municipal services www.gosuslugi.ru
• through a notary in electronic format(documents are signed by the notary's EDS).

The decision on registration must be made within a period not exceeding three working days. This period is counted from the moment the necessary documents are submitted to the tax office.

With a positive decision, information about the new legal entity is entered into the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, and the applicant receives documents on the legalization of the production cooperative:

• charter with a mark of the registering authority;
• registration certificate;
• extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities;
• record sheet of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities in the form P51003.

By the time information is entered into the register of a new cooperative, its participants must pay the first part of the share in the amount of at least 10%. They pay the rest of the amount within 12 months from the date of inclusion of information about him in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.

It should be noted that not only cash, but also securities, property and other objects civil rights. The legislator allows the possibility of making land plots, if this does not contradict the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

The assessment of the contribution is made on the basis of market prices. If the share value exceeds 250 minimum wage, then an independent appraiser is involved for these purposes.

The tax inspectorate may refuse to register in the cases provided for in Article 23 of the Federal Law No. 129:

• failure to submit a complete set of documents required for registration;
• transfer of documents to the inspection, which is not authorized to issue a verdict on the registration of a production cooperative;
• submission of documents that are not notarized (if required by the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation);
• the application for registration is signed by an unauthorized person;
• non-compliance with legal requirements;
• if the founders are prohibited from engaging in entrepreneurial activities by a court decision for a certain period, and this period has not yet ended;
• revealed the unreliability of the information contained in the documents submitted by the applicant.

If the registering authority has accepted the verdict on the refusal to register, then it sends to the founders notice stating the reasons for its issuance. The applicant has the right to appeal against such a decision to the court.

The name of the production cooperative is of no small importance. If it does not comply with the requirements of the law, the applicant may be denied registration.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the company name of a cooperative must necessarily include the word "production cooperative" or "artel".

In addition, one must adhere to the following rules that apply to all companies:

• the use of the words "Russian Federation" or "Russia", as well as derivatives from them, is possible only in cases provided for by law;
• full or abbreviated names of authorities cannot be used;
• you can't use the word "bank" or " credit organisation» companies that do not have a license from the Bank of Russia to carry out this activity;
• you can not use profanity, nationalistic statements;
• you can not use words that are contrary to the principles of morality;
• you cannot use the names of foreign countries, as well as terms derived from them;
• the names of intergovernmental or international organizations must not be used in the name, public associations RF.

Founders and founding documentation

The right to act as a member of the cooperative citizens of the Russian Federation and foreigners as well as stateless persons. Another legal entity may also be a participant, and a representative will act on its behalf. The features of such participation are determined in the founding document of the cooperative.

As for individuals, a person who has reached the age of 16 can be a member of a cooperative. The legislator allows the possibility of inclusion in the list of participants for those citizens and organizations that will not directly take labor participation. However, their number should not exceed 25%.

For other participants, work in a cooperative should be the main one. Thus, they cannot take part in labor as part-time workers.

The heirs of a member of a cooperative may be included in its composition, unless otherwise approved in. If they are banned from joining, they are compensated for the value of the share of the deceased participant plus his wage and awards.

The founders of the cooperative unite on a voluntary basis and may leave it at any time. In this case, they are compensated for the cost of the share.

As founding document of a production cooperative is the charter (Article 106.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). It is approved by the decision of the supreme governing body - the general meeting.

The articles of association should reflect the following information:

• company name;
• address of the cooperative;
• information on members' share contributions (amount, composition and payment process);
• sanctions for non-compliance with the obligations to pay share contributions;
• the process of labor participation of cooperative participants in its activities;
• sanctions for non-compliance with the labor participation process;
• the procedure for the distribution of income and expenses;
• conditions for holding cooperative members liable for obligations;
• management bodies of the production cooperative;
• verdict order.

By own will the founders may include in these documents other information that they consider important for the activities of the cooperative.

Advantages and disadvantages

A production cooperative, as an organizational and legal form of a legal entity, has the following benefits:

1. The profit of the cooperative will be divided among the participants not in proportion to their share contribution, but depending on the labor contribution. This method allows you to motivate the founders to conscientious work which ultimately has a positive effect on the performance of the organization.
2. There are no norms in the law that would establish the minimum amount of a share fund for a given organizational and legal form.
3. The legislator does not establish restrictions on the maximum number of members of the cooperative, which allows you to freely attract additional participants.
4. All members of the cooperative are equal, they have one vote each in the course of voting on resolving issues important to the cooperative.

This organizational and legal form is not without drawbacks. For example, the following can be distinguished:

• subsidiary liability for the obligations of the cooperative;
• restriction on the minimum number of participants (5 people), which may become an obstacle to the creation of a cooperative.

In conclusion, we note that the production cooperative is recognized as an advanced form of entrepreneurial activity where each member of the organization is a participant in the labor process and is interested in the results of labor.

More information about the production agricultural cooperative can be found in this program.

The characteristics of a production cooperative are:

1. qualitative composition of participants: a cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens (more precisely, individuals);
2. legal basis for participation - the presence of membership in a cooperative, which implies acts of admission and exclusion from the cooperative as the basis for the emergence and termination of participation rights;
3. personal labor participation of all members of the cooperative in its main activities. The purpose of association in a cooperative is a joint production or other economic activity. This feature presupposes, and sometimes makes it mandatory, participation in only one cooperative;
4. consolidation of property by paying the same property share contribution for all;
5. cooperative (democratic) principle of managing a cooperative on the principle of one participant - one vote;
6. distribution of profits depending on the degree of personal participation, and not on invested funds (shares).

These signs indicate the presence of close property and non-property ties between the members of the cooperative, which are essentially comrades connected by a common production and other economic activity. It is no coincidence that cooperatives also have other names - cooperative partnerships and artels. Making a profit for them is a means of satisfying the needs of cooperative members. Therefore, the social component in them is no less important than the commercial one.

Cooperatives, however, have common features both with partnerships and business entities. With the first they are related by personal participation in the affairs of the founders (participants) of the cooperative, the absence of strict requirements for initial capital, with the second - the variable composition of participants (as a rule, an open composition of members), pre-established management bodies.

Participants (members) of the cooperative. Citizens who have established a cooperative or are accepted as members of a cooperative are considered to be participants in a cooperative. At the same time, citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of 16 may be members of the cooperative who have made the share contribution established by the charter of the cooperative. Foreign citizens and stateless persons can be members of the cooperative on an equal basis with citizens of the Russian Federation.

The number of founders (members) of the cooperative must be at least 5.

The size of the share fund is not standardized by law, but is established by the charter of the cooperative. This circumstance is caused by the fact that the members of the cooperative are responsible for the obligations of the cooperative, which makes the cooperative somewhat similar to a business partnership.

The share fund must be fully formed (paid) within a year from the date of state registration of the cooperative. By the time of registration, the law requires each member of the cooperative to pay at least 10% of the share contribution.

The charter of the cooperative should provide for the liability of a member of the cooperative for violation of the obligation to make a share contribution (clause 2, article 10 of the Federal Law on production cooperatives).

The mutual fund is not identified with the specific property of the cooperative, but only correlates with a certain part of the value of its net assets. Starting from the second year after registration, a decrease in those by the end of each year below the level of the share fund imposes on the cooperative the obligation to announce a decrease in the size of the share fund and register this decrease in the prescribed manner (clause 4, article 10 of the Federal Law on production cooperatives, clause 9, article 35 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation).

The cooperative is allowed to establish for certain types his property a special treatment of indivisible funds. In accordance with the indication of the charter of the cooperative, a certain part of the property belonging to the cooperative may be attributed to indivisible funds used for the purposes determined by the charter. This property is distributed by shares and is not taken into account in cooperative payments and distributions. This property is not levied for the obligations of a member of the cooperative.

In agricultural cooperatives, the charter may define a list of objects of property attributable to an indivisible fund. Such a list with an indication of the book value may include buildings, structures, structures, machinery, equipment, farm animals, seeds, fodder and other property of the cooperative that is not subject to division into shares of members of the cooperative and associated members of the cooperative or issuance in kind during the period of existence of the cooperative upon termination of membership in a cooperative (clause 5.1 of article 34 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation).

The decision on the formation of indivisible funds is taken by the members of the cooperative unanimously, unless otherwise provided by the charter of the cooperative.

In cooperatives, special funds of funds can be created - reserve fund(which, in turn, is also indivisible - article 6, clause 6 article 34 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation) and other funds (clause 2 article 11 of the Federal Law on production cooperatives, clause 4 article 34 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation) .

Cooperative profit is distributed among its members in accordance with their labor participation, unless otherwise provided by law and the charter of the cooperative (clause 4, article 109 of the Civil Code). In accordance with the Federal Law on production cooperatives (Article 12), the profit is distributed among the members of the cooperative in accordance with their personal labor and (or) other participation, the size of the share contribution, and among the members of the cooperative who do not take personal labor participation in the activities of the cooperative, in accordance with the amount their share contribution. By decision of the general meeting of members of the cooperative, part of the profit of the cooperative may be distributed among its employees. The part of the profit of the cooperative, distributed among the members of the cooperative in proportion to the size of their share contributions, should not exceed 50% of the profit of the cooperative to be distributed among the members of the cooperative.

The profit of the agricultural cooperative is distributed according to special rules(Article 36 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation). Cooperative payments from it are made in the following proportion: at least 70% of the amount of cooperative payments is directed to replenish the incremental share of a member of the cooperative, and the remainder is paid to the member of the cooperative. The funds of incremental shares are spent primarily on the creation and expansion of production and other funds of the cooperative (with the exception of the indivisible fund of the cooperative). At the expense of these funds, the incremental shares are also redeemed, but not earlier than three years after their formation, if the cooperative has the necessary funds and subject to the formation of the appropriate funds provided for by the charter of the cooperative (clause 4, article 35 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation).

The independent property liability of a cooperative in a certain sense resembles the liability of a business partnership, although, of course, it is far from being identical to it. A cooperative, like any other legal entity, is primarily responsible for its obligations with its property, and first of all with money. Collection of debts of an agricultural cooperative, if it does not have sufficient funds to pay off the debt, may be levied on its property, with the exception of property classified in the prescribed manner as indivisible funds, working horses and livestock, productive and breeding livestock and poultry, animals kept for cultivation and fattening, agricultural machinery and vehicles (with the exception of cars), seed and fodder funds.

However, along with the responsibility that the cooperative bears within the limits of its property, the Civil Code provides for additional (subsidiary) liability of members of the cooperative for its obligations. The amount and procedure for such liability are regulated by the laws on cooperatives and the charter of the cooperative. the federal law on cooperatives, the Civil Code does not add anything to this norm, presenting the founders and members of the cooperative to independently resolve this issue. In an agricultural cooperative, members bear subsidiary liability for the obligations of the cooperative in the amount provided for by its charter, but not less than 5% of their share (clause 2, article 37 of the Federal Law on agricultural cooperation).

The cooperative is not liable for the obligations of its members. Foreclosure on a share of a member of a production cooperative for the member's own debts is allowed only if there is a shortage of his other property to cover such debts in the manner prescribed by law and the charter of the cooperative. Collection of debts of a member of the cooperative cannot be directed to the indivisible funds of the cooperative (paragraph 5 of article 111 of the Civil Code).

Corporate name of the cooperative must contain its name and the words "production cooperative" or "artel" (clause 3 of article 107 of the Civil Code).

The answers to tasks 1–20 are a number, or a sequence of numbers, or a word (phrase). Write your answers in the fields to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

1

Write down the missing word in the table.

Characteristics of methods of cognition

2

In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase).

1) Production cooperative 2) economical society 3) bar association 4) legal entity 5) public fund.

3

Below is a list of features. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the characteristics of art.

1) figurativeness, 2) the awakening of fantasy and imagination, 3) the reliability and verifiability of the results, 4) the focus on obtaining objective truth, 5) the emotionality of perception, 6) visibility.

Find two terms that "fall out" of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

4

Select correct judgments about the activities and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Activities are related to meeting the needs of a person, a social group, society as a whole.

2. Creative activity is inherent in both man and animal.

3. As a result labor activity material and spiritual values ​​are created.

4. One and the same type of activity can be caused by different motives of people.

5. The structure of activity implies the existence of a goal and means to achieve it.

5

Match between characteristic features and types (varieties) of culture

6

Country Z is undergoing education reform. What facts indicate that the reform is aimed at the humanization of education? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. computerization educational process

2. orientation to the interests and inclinations of the student

3. application of technologies that save children's health

4. quantity increase subjects

5. Reduction of study time natural sciences

6. special attention to the moral education of children

7

Choose the correct judgments about inflation and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Bank depositors suffer from inflation if the inflation rate exceeds the interest on deposits.

2. High inflation increases the risk associated with innovation and long-term investment.

3. Economists distinguish between frictional, structural and cyclical inflation.

4. Inflation is the process of a long-term sustainable increase in the general price level in a country.

5. During a period of high inflation, the purchasing power of the national currency increases.

8

Match Measures state regulation economics and its methods:

9

Due to the catastrophic fall in world oil prices, oil production and all other oil-related activities have been significantly reduced. Thousands of oil workers in the US "oil" states have suffered and lost their jobs. Choose from the list below the characteristics of the unemployment that occurred.

1. structural unemployment

2. voluntary unemployment

3. hidden unemployment

4. frictional unemployment

5. seasonal unemployment

6. mass unemployment

10

The graph shows the change in the situation on the market of imported cars: the demand line D has moved to a new position D 1 . (P is the price of the good, Q is the volume of demand for the good).

Which of the following factors can cause such a change?

1. increase in costs for the production of domestic cars

2. price reduction for foreign cars

3. Reducing the duty on car imports

4. Increasing the income of the population

5. increase in the number of consumers in the market

11

Choose the correct judgments about social groups and their types and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Social groups are stable aggregates of people who have different, only their inherent characteristics (social status, interests, value orientations).

2. Demographic groups are distinguished by ethno-social composition.

3. In formal group interpersonal interactions, as a rule, are based on mutual sympathy, common interest or habit.

4. Belonging to different social groups defines a person's position in society.

5. Groups and organizations influence human behavior.

12

“How, in your opinion, will the financial situation of your family change in the coming year?” Answers to this question were obtained in the course of studies conducted by VTsIOM in 2009, 2013 and 2014. The results of these studies are shown in the table (in %).

What conclusions can be drawn from the given data? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Most of the respondents believe that their financial situation will not change.

2. The proportion of respondents who believe that their financial situation will improve is steadily increasing.

3. The proportion of respondents who expect their financial situation to worsen has been steadily declining over the course of five years.

4. Over the past two years, there are significantly more skeptical respondents than optimists on the issue of improving the financial situation.

5. The number of respondents who hope for the stability of their own financial situation has increased by more than 10% over five years.

13

Select informal negative sanctions from the list below.

1. ignoring

2. applause

3. mock

4. dismissal

5. promotion

14

Establish a correspondence between functions and bodies implementing them state power

15

State Z was headed by the heir to the ruling dynasty, popular among the people. Which of the following information indicates that the political leadership in state Z can be characterized as traditional? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

2. Political leadership is characterized by the belief of citizens in the extraordinary, outstanding qualities of the leader.

3. The leader exercises political power on the basis of laws and within the framework of laws.

4. Members of the society experience in relation to the leader both a feeling of love and a feeling of fear.

5. Leadership relies on the habit of submission.

6. The competence of the leader is clearly defined by the constitution and regulations.

16

Which of the following applies to the group of political rights of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. the right to access any government positions

2. the right to vote and be elected

3. the right to protect honor and good name

4. right to liberty and security of person

5. the right to apply to public authorities

17

Find in the list below offenses that entail administrative liability. Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated

1. improper execution job duties due to lack necessary materials

2. refusal of an employee to perform a public assignment

3. ticketless travel in public transport

4. breaking the rules fire safety identified by the inspector

5. violation vehicles rules for crossing the state border of the Russian Federation

6. insufficient qualifications of the employee, which prevented the completion of the task

18

Establish a correspondence between the functions of legal proceedings and the types for which they are characteristic.

19

Choose the correct judgments about legal liability and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Legal responsibility - the application to the person who committed the offense, measures of public coercion.

2. Legal responsibility is the responsibility for an action (inaction) that has already taken place, happened.

3. Legal liability is established for the fulfillment of legal requirements.

4. Legal liability always has adverse consequences for the offender.

5. The nature and extent of the deprivation of the offender are established in the sanction of the legal norm.

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

20

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of gaps.

“Observation is a purposeful systematic _____ (A) of an object. Concentrating attention on the object, the observer relies on some _____ (B) he has about him, without which it is impossible to determine the purpose of the observation. Observation is characterized by the activity of ____ (B), its ability to select the necessary information, determined by the purpose of the study. In scientific observation, the interaction between subject and object is mediated by ____ (D) observations: the devices and instruments with which the observation is made. A microscope and a telescope, photographic and television equipment, a radar and an ultrasound generator, and many other devices transform microbes, elementary particles, etc., inaccessible to human senses. into empirical _____ (D). As a method of scientific knowledge, observation gives the initial _____ (E) about the object, necessary for its further research.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. perception

3. objects

4. information

5. knowledge

6. observer

7. funds

Part 2.

First write down the task number (28, 29, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

Each person has needs that he must satisfy: physiological, social, spiritual. The most important, or fundamental, needs are the same for everyone, while the secondary ones are different. The first are universal, that is, inherent in the entire population, and therefore characterize society as a whole.

Institutions designed to meet the fundamental needs of society are called social institutions.

Family, production, religion, education, the state are the fundamental institutions of human society that arose in ancient times and exist to this day. In its embryonic form, the family, according to anthropologists, appeared 500 thousand years ago. Since then, it has constantly evolved, taking on many forms and varieties: polygamy, polyandry, monogamy, cohabitation, nuclear family, extended family, single-parent family, etc. The state is 5-6 thousand years old, education is the same, and religion has a more respectable age. A social institution is a very complex institution, and most importantly, it really exists. After all social structure we get by abstracting from something. Yes, and the status can only be imagined mentally. Of course, it is also not easy to unite all people, all institutions and organizations that have been associated with one function for centuries - family, religion, education, state and production - and present them as one of the institutions. And yet the social institution is real.

First, at any given moment in time, one institution is represented by a combination of people and social organizations. The totality of schools, technical schools, universities, various courses, etc. plus the Ministry of Education and its entire apparatus, research institutes, editorial offices of magazines and newspapers, printing houses and many other things related to pedagogy, constitute the social institution of education. Second, the main or general institutions are in turn made up of many non-main or private institutions. They are called social practices. For example, the institution of the state includes the institution of the presidency, the institution of parliamentarism, the army, the court, the bar, the police, the prosecutor's office, the institution of the jury, etc. The same is the case with religion (monastic institutions, baptism, confession, etc.), production, family, education.

The totality of social institutions is called the social system of society.

It is connected not only with institutions, but also with social organizations, social interaction, social roles. In a word, with what moves, works, acts.

So, let's make the fourth conclusion: statuses, roles, social control do not exist by themselves. They are formed in the process of meeting the fundamental needs of society.

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The correct answer should include definitions of the following terms:

1) social institution - institutions designed to meet the fundamental needs of society;

2) social practice - non-core, or private institutions that are part of general social institutions;

3) social system society - a set of social institutions. The author's definitions can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.

What are five examples of basic social institutions given in the text? Using the text and social science knowledge, indicate what fundamental need each of them satisfies.

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The correct answer should include social institutions and related needs for example:

1) family - the need for the biological and social reproduction of society;

2) production - the creation of certain material conditions for the existence of society;

3) religion - the need to solve meaningful life issues;

4) education - the need to preserve and transfer the culture of a given society to new generations, to ensure the implementation social statuses and roles;

5) the state - the need for social management, authoritative distribution of social values, ensuring the stability and security of the development of society.

Fundamental needs can be formulated differently

The authors examine the relationship between social norms and sanctions. Using the text and social science knowledge, indicate any two types of sanctions and the criterion(s) for their selection. Using an example of interaction in a school community, illustrate the application of these two types of sanctions.

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1) types of sanctions and relevant criterion(s): formal and informal (according to the subject and nature of sanctions);

(Other types of sanctions and criteria may be named.)

2) examples, let's say:

The director called the parents of a poorly performing student to the school for a conversation;

I. is recognized by classmates as the informal leader of the class, classmates turn to him as an arbiter.

Other examples of the application of sanctions could be given

Using the text, social science knowledge and personal social experience, give three explanations for the need for social norms to be observed by all members of society.

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The following explanations can be given:

1) observance of social norms makes social life stable and predictable;

2) compliance with social norms contributes to the transmission of cultural traditions;

3) observance by all members of society of social norms makes it possible to exercise human rights and freedoms.

Other explanations can be given

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "taxes"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of taxes according to the collection method, and one sentence revealing the essence of any of these types of taxes.

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The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: taxes - obligatory, as a rule, non-refundable payments of physical and legal entities to the state in the manner and on the terms determined by the legislation;

(Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about the types of taxes according to the method of collection, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: According to the method of collection, direct and indirect taxes are distinguished .;

(Other proposals may be made containing information on the types of taxes by method of collection.)

3) one sentence, revealing, based on the knowledge of the course, the essence of any of these types of taxes, for example: Direct taxes are levied by the state directly on the income or property of the taxpayer.

(Other proposals can be made, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, the essence of any of these types of taxes.)

Give three examples of measures for the international protection of human rights in times of peace or war.

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The correct answer may include, for example, the following measures:

1) measures to protect the rights of children in digital world related to increasing violations of their rights (the Council of Europe supports research on the vulnerability of children on the Internet to improve the effectiveness of educational tools; the Council of Europe published an Internet Literacy Handbook; the Council of Europe and others international organizations over the past decade, the urgent need to empower children through education has been emphasized, including through digital literacy, etc.);

2) efforts to combat child trafficking, in accordance with the guidelines contained in the European Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings;

3) development of human rights education online;

4) protection of refugees forced to leave their homeland by war or persecution;

1. Vertical descending - when a chansonnier got a job in a restaurant;
2. Vertical Rising - when she became a pop star

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Economics of the firm." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1. Firm as a unit of entrepreneurial activity.

2. Revenue and profit of the company.

3. Performance indicator production activities.

4. Costs of the firm:

a) fixed (building fee, loan interest, insurance premiums and etc.);

b) variables (the cost of electricity consumed, the wages of workers with piecework wages, etc.).

5. Sources of financing of the company:

a) internal (accumulated profit, depreciation, etc.);

b) external (investments, loans, etc.).

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

By completing task 29, you can show your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, choose only ONE of the statements below (29.1-29.5).

Choose one of the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).

When presenting your thoughts on the problem raised (marked topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained in the study of the social science course, the relevant concepts, as well as the facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)

29.1 Philosophy "Close the door to all errors, and the truth will not be able to enter" (R. Tagore)

29.2 Economics "Nothing requires so much wisdom and intelligence as the definition of the part that is taken from the subjects, and the part that is left to them" (Sh.L. Montesquieu)

29.3 Sociology, social psychology "There is only one true value - this is the connection of man with man" (A. de Saint-Exupery).

29.4 Political Science “I don't want to be a slave and I don't want to be a slave owner. This expresses my understanding of democracy ”(A. Lincoln)