Sections: life safety fundamentals

Goals:

learners should know:

• the harm done environment when burning dry wood,
• causes and consequences of spring fires,
• legal regulations limiting the burning of herbaceous vegetation,

students must learn:

• assess a dangerous situation in the event of a fire due to a fire and make the best decision to overcome it;

Equipment: attributes of the court (bench, tribune, referee's gown, gavel, etc.), computer, slide projector, screen.

Preliminary work: preparation leaflets under the slogan "Save the awakening nature from fire!". The game is accompanied by a presentation ( Application ).

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational part

II. Introductory talk by the teacher. Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson

- The topic of today's lesson concerns spring fires (arson of dry grass) and we will conduct it in the form of a business game. The action takes place in the courtroom.

III. Role-playing game"Judgment of the Spring Burn"

Secretary: Ladies and gentlemen! All rise, the court is in session!

Secretary: Please sit down. Court is open!

Referee: Today, the case of an attempt on the environment is being heard. Defendant - Spring fell. Enter the defendant! (Introduce Spring fell). The word for the accusation is given to Mr. Prosecutor.

Prosecutor. Dear Court! You will hear many testimonies today, and I would like you to be considerate of all so that you can make a fair decision. We are dealing with a very insidious criminal - Spring Fall.
Fire has long been a friend of man. The power of fire is great. But if this power is handled unwisely and carelessly, then fire can become a terrible, insidious enemy. This year, spring begins as favorable for spring fires. Relatively little snowy winters and early prolonged warmth do their job. If this weather persists, last year's dry grass burns like gunpowder, and the fire spreads, burning all life on the way. To start a fire, a carelessly thrown burning match or an unextinguished cigarette butt is enough. But most often the cause of a spring fire is deliberate arson.
Today we bring to your judgment the problem of the spring fell. And in the end, they must make a decision: to be or not to be spring grass burning.

Referee. Mr. Spring has fallen, you admit your guilt.

Spring fell. No, I don't. After my arrival, the Earth becomes cleaner, freed from excess, and soon green grass comes out together, and its sight pleases the eye.

Referee. The floor is given to the witness for the prosecution, Mr. Ecologist.

Ecologist. Grass fires are one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Under natural conditions - when dry grass does not burn at all or burns extremely rarely - the organic matter of dying plants or their parts accumulates on the soil surface. There it goes through a complex cycle of transformations, partial decomposition, mixing with the upper layers of the mineral soil (due to the activity of numerous soil animals), and is gradually transformed into long-lasting organic
connections. The soil has been accumulating this organic matter for thousands of years, excluding it from the atmospheric circulation. If fires become too frequent, then carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere not only due to the combustion of fresh dry grass, but also due to the partial burnout of dead grass historically accumulated in the soil. organic matter. This means that the so-called "greenhouse effect" is aggravated, leading to adverse changes and sharper fluctuations in the climate of our planet.
Environmental studies have shown that spring fires lead to a noticeable decrease in soil fertility! With such arson, mineral substances are washed out of the earth faster and it is more difficult for it to resist water and wind erosion. In addition, these fires upset the balance in ecological systems - they kill all insects, as well as the seeds and buds of many plant species.
A fire often destroys thickets of shrubs, and because of this, erosion soon develops on the slopes, ravines grow. And, starting on the slope, erosion will sooner or later come to arable land. This means the loss of fertile land, the cost of erosion control. And plus to that - damage and drying up of springs and streams, shallowing of rivers. Of course, all these losses will not come immediately, in a few years. But after all, we took this land not for a while, but forever ... Even if they happen in 10 years, these losses will affect us or our children.
Setting fire to last year's dry grass along roads, on the edges of forests, in fields and meadows, many people do not even suspect that spring fires are an environmental disaster.
As you know, during spring fires, the process of burning vegetation is accompanied by the release of not only carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but also the remains of fertilizers and pesticides. In areas contaminated with radionuclides, radioactive substances enter the air with fire and smoke. When grass is burned along roads, air pollution with heavy metals occurs. All this leads to air pollution at the level of human and animal respiration.
Moreover, in accordance with Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"(Art. 42), "when operating agricultural facilities, the requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed".
In accordance with Land Code Russian Federation (Art. 42) owners land plots and persons who are not owners of land, " when using land plots, they are obliged to comply with the requirements of urban planning regulations, construction, environmental, sanitary and hygienic, fire and other rules, regulations".
Particularly strict restrictions are imposed on nature management in the habitats of animal and plant species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Yes, in accordance with federal law"On environmental protection" (Article 60)" ... Activities leading to a reduction in the number of these plants, animals and other organisms and worsening their habitat are prohibited.".
Spring fires are ecological wildness, harmful and dangerous!

Referee. The word is given to the lawyer of the accused.

Advocate. I am ready to argue with Mr. Ecologist. Pal improves the properties of the herbage and increases the fertility of the soil. "Connoisseurs" say that when the old dry grass burns out, the young one grows much better. The main reason for burning grass is that it warms up the soil and enriches it with ash from the burnt grass.

Referee. The floor is given to the witness for the prosecution, Mr. Botanik.

Botanist. I want to prove to Mr. Lawyer the opposite. The fact is that for some reason there was an opinion that after the spring fell, grass grows better, although this is absolutely not the case. In fact, the effect of faster grass growth as a result of burning is apparent: dry grass simply hides young green shoots at first, and unburned areas appear gray - while green grass is clearly visible in blackened burnt areas. The soil from a runaway grass fire warms up very slightly, but at the same time, the buds and grass seeds located on the surface or near the surface are destroyed, so that the final effect of such “warming up” turns out to be zero, and sometimes even negative. As for fertilizing the soil with ash, a grass fire does not add anything new: the mineral nutrients contained in the ash would still get into the soil when dry grass decomposes (and in summer, in warm weather, it decomposes very quickly). During a fire, nitrogen volatilizes, which means that the soils lose nitrogenous fertilizers, and the fertilizers of phosphorus, potassium and various microelements necessary for plant growth are faster washed out of the ash by rain than if dead plants, gradually rotting, gave the soil accumulated nutrients.
The species composition of the herbage during a fire is greatly depleted: the seeds of annual plants are burned in the fire and only some perennial species survive. And perennial grasses, deprived of seed renewal and subjected to high temperatures, gradually become more and more rare and stunted. Largely because of the burns, mouse peas, carnations, popovnik and other plant species disappeared from the herbage. At the same time, the stability of the natural environment in relation to harmful external influences decreases, since this stability is ensured by the diversity of organisms inhabiting this ecosystem, and especially plants. Pal impoverishes the soil. In scorched areas, the moisture accumulated in the soil is lost faster.
Where the fires have passed, forbs will not soon appear, as more hardy weeds will capture the scorched territory. During the fall, first of all, young tree seedlings suffer: their bark easily burns. It fell especially dangerous during the wind: hot air currents at a great distance destroy young shoots ...
Remember how important it is to mulch the ground from direct sunlight, how important it is to keep moisture in the ground for seeds and the emergence of young sprouts. How much labor is spent on growing the surface humus layer of the Earth, on which the life of plants, the Earth itself and, of course, crops depend, billions of microorganisms and living beings work in it. Direct sunlight dries up the earth and leads to the death of microorganisms. Therefore, it is recommended to cover the fertile layer of the earth with grass, compost, sawdust. Similarly, the earth in nature needs mulching and protection. If the land is nutritious, it is easier for flowers, cultivated plants to grow, and on scorched land for “resistant” weeds. In order to grow beauty, so that flowers bloom in the garden, we take care of them, nourish them. So it is in nature: the more dry herbs left, the more nutritious the earth.
Look, friends, at the places of former fires in your yards, on lawns, in the forest. These are dead patches of land, nothing grows on them for a long time. Fire killed life.
There is no dry grass. It is quickly and amicably processed by earthworms, turning it into the most valuable fertilizer, introducing it into the depths of the soil to the roots of plants, and at the same time making the soil loose and alive. Last year's dry grass is not garbage, but priceless food, a house, shelter, living conditions created by nature itself.
In recent years, hundreds of hectares of forests have begun to burn out. Great damage has been done to forestry, and the forest is our wealth, this is our nature, this is our Motherland, these are mushrooms and berries, medicinal plants.
In addition, the Fire Safety Rules in the forests of the Russian Federation, approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 9, 1993 No. 886, found that enterprises, organizations, institutions, other legal entities and citizens" it is forbidden to burn grass in forest clearings, clearings, meadows and stubble in fields. That is, a direct ban on holding fires is introduced.
Previously, only enemies burned their native land, but why are we burning it, who are we to her? Compatriots, do you feel: the farther, the brighter - unacceptable for life, negative, if there is no conscious struggle with it, becomes familiar and is perceived as the norm of life?

Referee. Sir, Spring has fallen, what can you say in your defense.

Spring fell. Mister Nerd convinced me that I'm causing harm flora. But do not forget, and let gardeners say “Thank you” to me, that I kill harmful insects and their larvae, which reduce, and sometimes completely destroy their future crop.

Referee. The floor is given to the witness for the prosecution, Mr. Zoologist.

Zoologist. I do not agree with Messrs. Advocate and Spring Pal. We must also think about how many lives are ruined by spring fires, these are millions of insects, a huge number of animals and birds that die along with their nests and offspring. Insects, their larvae and eggs perish in the fire. Butterflies, bumblebees and other insects that pollinate flowers of plants are becoming less and less. Fire does not spare frogs, lizards, hedgehogs and other small animals. Special damage is done by the fires to the nesting and broods of birds.
For many animals, a fire is a disaster. It destroys the habitats of birds and animals - not forever, only for a while, but it often falls on the critical spring period. Particularly severe harm to animals is inflicted in the event of a spread of fell over a large area. It is very dangerous to fall if there is a pond or lake with reed beds nearby. After all, many birds breed here, and the strength and speed of the spread of fire in dry reeds is quite high. Often even adult birds do not have time to escape.
Last year's grass is a living home for a very large number of insects and animals, such as frogs, mice, lizards. For some reason, they think that only pests of plants hibernate in the grass and leaves. Where do beneficial insects live then? They all live under the protection of grass, and during the fall, especially when there is an annular fire, rarely any of them manage to escape from the fire.
Our legislation has issued laws that to some extent affect the problems of the survival of the animal world when grass is burned.
First of all, this Article 28 of the Federal Law "On the Animal World", according to which " burning of vegetation is prohibited, ... without taking measures to guarantee the prevention of diseases and death of wildlife, as well as deterioration of their habitat". In accordance with article 24 of this law, actions that can lead to the death, reduction in numbers or habitat disturbance of objects of the animal world listed in the Red Books are not allowed".

Referee. Mister Spring has fallen, you can prove otherwise.

Spring fell. No.

Referee. The floor is given to the prosecution witness, Mr. Pozharny.

Fireman. Grass fire is easy to start, but where it will stop is impossible to predict. Often fallen is the cause of forest and peat fires. Finally, fire brigade visits to put out fires and fires caused by them are money taken out of the pockets of the population.
You all remember the fire that broke out in our village on April 3, 2008 in the horticultural society "Mechta" due to the spring fire. As a result, five country houses burned down completely. Look at these pictures (photos of the consequences of the fire in Bezvodny are shown on the slide). They terrify us. For the same reason, on April 5, 2008, two fires occurred at once in the horticultural society "Vodnik" and "Sputnik".
The fire runs from the fields and roadside areas into the forest. A very big problem is burning peat bogs. There are times when they burn all year round and even in winter it is impossible to put them out.
Every year in Russia, as a result of arson of dry grass, thousands of houses and summer cottages burn down, historical and cultural monuments, ancient wooden buildings often suffer. Local power transmission and communication lines, which are still mainly laid with wooden poles, are traditional victims of grass fires - the poles burnt from below fall, breaking the wires and leaving entire villages and towns without electricity and communications. At the same time, often the inhabitants of these villages and towns themselves, or guests who have got out of the city to enjoy the coming spring, are often arsonists of dry grass. In the conditions of the already poor life of most Russian villages and villages, the damage caused to the national economy by grass fires looks very impressive.
I want to remind everyone: what to do if a fire suddenly breaks out due to the burning of dry grass? A fire usually happens unexpectedly, and therefore it is very important not to get confused in such a situation. Panic is a bad helper in a difficult situation.
First of all, you need to call adults for help, if they are nearby. If the source of fire is small, then it can be extinguished in the following ways: with water, a fire extinguisher, covered with sand or earth, put out the fire with a shovel (or some other tool). If you see that you cannot cope with the fire and it spreads further, then you must urgently leave the place of ignition, help the younger ones get away from the fire. In case of strong smoke, it is necessary to move, covering the nose with a wet handkerchief. Having got out of the fire, you need to report a fire by calling "01".
Spring fires are ecological wildness, harmful and dangerous! So let's not arrange fires ourselves and explain the harm and danger of this occupation to other people!

Referee. The floor is given to the witness for the prosecution, Mr. Medic.

Medic. I would like to add to the above. Carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, soot, hydrocarbons released during the burning of dry grass have a harmful effect on our health.
Less obvious, but no less important, the cause of death due to burning dry grass is that the smoke from grass fires is very harmful to health, and simply dangerous to the lives of people suffering from respiratory diseases. The impact of smoke from grass fires on human health and life has not yet been sufficiently studied, but even the available information shows that deaths as a result of exposure to grass smoke are not at all uncommon. According to the World Health Organization, exposure to smoke from such fires (mainly particulate matter with a diameter of up to 2.5 microns, easily dispersed in the atmosphere) causes a range of different diseases, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and child growth. mortality.

Referee (refers to the Spring Pale): Sir, Spring has fallen, after all the above evidence, are you ready to admit your guilt?

Spring fell. I admit. I promise that I will not come to you again, provided that you abide by the following rules:

1. Responsibly treat nature protection, at least at the household level: do not set fire to dry grass and plant residues, do not burn garbage in your areas, but collect and take it out in the prescribed manner.
2. Be extremely careful with fire, when going out into nature, strictly follow the fire safety rules.
3. Strengthen fire safety control, inform citizens that fires are prohibited. In the event of a fire, notify the fire brigade by calling 01.
4. To provide all possible assistance to the green squads in preventing spring fires. If we take up the solution of this problem as a united front, then it is possible to expect positive changes in the minds of our citizens.

Referee . The floor is given to Mr. Prosecutor.

Prosecutor. I want to remind everyone of the responsibility that those responsible for carrying out fires (arson of grass) can be held to:

Administrative responsibility established by the RF Code of Administrative Offenses (CAO).

• Article 8.29. Destruction of animal habitats.
• Article 8.32. Violation of fire safety rules in forests.
• Article 8.33. Violation of the rules for the protection of the habitat or migration routes of animals.
• Article 8.35. Destruction of rare and endangered species of animals or plants.
• Article 8.39. Violation of the rules for the protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas.

Criminal liability established by the Criminal Code. The Criminal Code does not contain articles providing for direct criminal liability for holding fires. However, some articles of the Criminal Code can also be applied in the case of fires if they have led to serious consequences for the protection of the environment.

• Article 246
• Article 259. Destruction of critical habitats for organisms listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
• Article 261. Destruction or damage to forests.
• Article 262. Violation of the regime of specially protected natural territories and natural objects.

Civil Liability is to compensate for the harm caused as a result of any action or inaction. In this case, we are talking about causing harm to the environment as a result of burning.
I ask the court, when considering the verdict, to take into account all the above arguments and make a fair decision.

Secretary: The court retires for deliberation.

Checking homework. While the court is conferring among the listeners of the court session, a leaflet contest is being held under the slogan “Save the awakening nature from fire!”

Secretary: All rise, the court is in session!

Referee. After hearing the case, the court found Vesenniy guilty:

• in a deliberate attempt on the life and health of a person, his future;
• in environmental pollution;
• in the destruction of certain species of animals or plants:
• in violation of the human right to live in a clean environment;
• in creating a fire hazard

and sentences him to life-long eviction from the planet Earth, and I ask the participants in our meeting to think about what they can offer so that the Spring Fall does not visit us anymore.

IV. Summarizing

V. Homework

Teacher: So guys, we all did a good job today, and let the court's decision be our homework.

Educator. In the lessons of the heading “Where danger lies in wait for us”, we begin our acquaintance with the “fire safety rules”. Ivan Tsarevich from the animated film "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf" came to visit us today.

Memo on fire safety measures during the spring-summer fire hazard period

In spring and summer, the risk of fires increases dramatically. Most often, fires occur due to unattended campfires, abandoned cigarette butts and matches, sparks from silencers. Vehicle, burning grass, shards of glass left that work like lenses. Much less often they are caused by lightning discharges and spontaneous combustion.

During a dangerous period, it is prohibited:

• litter the area with any kind of waste;
• refuel cars with the engine running;
• make fires in windy weather;
• misuse of fire panels, information stands;
• wrap electrical appliances with flammable materials;
• make fires and burn waste near buildings;
• use electric heaters without thermal protection;
• leave fire in the care of minors;
• carry out fire hazardous work in dry windy weather;
• make a fire near coniferous young growth, cuttings, under the crowns of trees;
• leave behind smoldering coals, not extinguished fire;
• store flammable objects and materials near fires;
• use wads made of combustible materials when hunting;
• make fires in peat bogs;
• use pyrotechnics: crackers, sparklers, fireworks.

Fire Prevention Measures

Keep fire extinguishers close to open flames: a container of water, a filled fire extinguisher, a box of sand.

Monitor the health of electrical appliances, vehicles, electrical networks. Fix problems in a timely manner. When working with electricity, adhere to fire regulations.

Before the picnic, choose a person responsible for fire safety. He is obliged to ensure the availability of fire extinguishing equipment, to monitor compliance with the rules.

Keep approaches and driveways to residential and industrial buildings, recreation areas, water sources, open stairs free for special equipment.

Prepare the fire site carefully. It is recommended to remove all vegetation at the selected place, as well as dig a trench around the perimeter.

Tell the children about the rules of behavior with matches. Learn how to light fires. Do everything so that the child is not tempted to experiment with fire on his own.

Rules of conduct in case of fire

Find out what is burning, what is the area of ​​ignition. Inform the relevant authorities about the incident. Take measures to ensure the safety of the victims.

It is necessary to leave the fire zone quickly, but not running, because you can fall. Move perpendicular to the fire. When overcoming ground fire, it is recommended to protect the face with clothing.

If you are in a room from which it is not possible to get out, close the doors and windows to prevent the fire from being fed by air currents.

Breathe through a damp cloth. Try to breathe close to the ground. Breathing should be measured, otherwise you risk losing consciousness.

If your clothes are on fire, then The best way put it out - roll on the ground. If trouble happened to a child, then you must bring down the flame with a dense cloth.

Beware of branches during crown fires in the forest. It is recommended to go out into the open area, climb into the reservoir.

Rules for providing first aid to victims of a fire:

• place a small area of ​​burnt skin under running water;
• in case of serious burns, give analgin, wrap a person;
• do not tear off clothing stuck to the wound;
• you can not treat burns with alcohol, brilliant green, potassium permanganate;
• artificial ventilation must be carried out through the fabric;
• a burnt person cannot move independently.

Article sent by: limo

Safety rules In the pre-spring period REMINDER to the student, pupil on personal security measures in the spring

1. Do not walk under the roofs of buildings from which icicles hang or snow may fall.

2. When spring comes, do not rush to take off your hat - spring weather can be insidious, and a warm wind can be deceptive.

3. Wear comfortable, waterproof shoes with non-slip soles - it is very slippery in spring.

4. Remember that viruses spread faster in warm and humid weather than in frost - use oxolinic ointment and other preventive measures. Carry a mask in the pocket of your bag, which can be used in a room where a person is sneezing or coughing.

And also…

• Be very careful on the road, cross it only at a pedestrian crossing and only when you see that the car slows down to let you pass. Be polite to drivers.
• Pay attention to stray animals, if possible, bypass them, in the spring the instincts of animals become aggravated.
• Always be careful when dealing with strangers, never leave with a stranger. Do not advertise the presence of a phone, expensive jewelry.
• Be careful while walking by the river! Remember that spring is the most dangerous time on the river! Do not cross the river, pond, lake on ice in spring. Pay close attention to special signs. Remember, the current of the river strongly washes away the steep banks. Crashes are possible. Beware of admiring the spring ice drift from steep banks. In the spring it is dangerous to approach dams and ponds. Since they can be unexpectedly torn off by the pressure of ice. Do not, under any circumstances, approach ice jams.

• There is, perhaps, no person who would not rejoice at the awakening of nature, the spring singing of birds, the gentle spring sun. “All ice lives up to heat,” says the proverb. However, spring is not always a joy for those who do not follow the rules of behavior on the water during the flood and when the ice is fragile. Ice drift is a very fascinating sight that attracts many people. The flood period requires us to be orderly, careful and follow the rules of safe behavior on ice and water.

• Ice on the rivers during the spring flood becomes loose, "eaten" from above by the sun, melt water, and from below it is undermined by the current. It is very dangerous to walk on it: at any moment it can crumble under your feet and close over your head, although outwardly it looks strong. This ice is not able to support the weight of a person.
• Therefore, you should remember:
• - on the spring ice easy to fail;
• - the fastest process of ice decay occurs near the coast;
• - spring ice, covered with snow, quickly turns into a loose mass.

• - go out to the reservoirs in the spring;
• - cross the river during the ice drift;
• - come close to the river in places of ice jam,
• - stand on a steep bank that is subject to flooding and collapse;
• - approach ice jams,
• - push ice floes off the coast,
• - measure the depth of a river or any body of water,
• - walk on ice floes and ride them

• Do not go out on the ice during the spring flood.
• Don't put your life in danger

• Beware of icicles and snow falling from the roofs!
• In connection with warming, there is a possibility of snow masses and ice coming off the roofs of houses.
• Warming leads to the fact that the compacted snow cover under the influence of humidity becomes three times heavier.

• Remember: most often, icicles form over gutters, so these places on the facades of houses are especially dangerous. They need to be bypassed.
• Be careful and, if possible, stay away from the walls of buildings.
• If you hear a suspicious noise upstairs, you can’t stop, raise your head and consider what happened there. Perhaps this is the melting of snow or ice blocks. You can't run away from the building either. It is necessary to press against the wall as quickly as possible, the roof peak will serve as a shelter.
• Always pay attention to the fenced sections of sidewalks and never go into dangerous areas.
• To avoid injuries, parents need to teach their children to follow the rules for staying near residential buildings and buildings, buildings and structures from snow in order to prevent the formation of ice.

Preventive measures were taken at the school emergencies and how to act in the event of an emergency.

Particular attention was paid to the danger of fires, the danger of setting fire to grass in vegetable gardens, in the city.

On the classroom hours, life safety lessons, the guys themselves presented their projects, presentations about the danger of fires. The teacher showed how to use a fire extinguisher. The guys told what improvised means can be used in case of fire, where to call. Everyone was handed out memos with phones and a warning about the danger of fires.

Projects with videos on fire prevention were presented at the school-wide assembly line. The guys talked about how it is very dangerous to set fire to dry grass, showed examples of fires in the forest and in the villages, when even houses burned down.

The leaders and participants of the project "We are against the fire" made special signs with the inscriptions: “Do not burn dry grass”, “Do not leave the fire uncontrolled”, “Do not let the fire” and hung in the microdistrict “Molodyozhny”, along the alley of the left bank.

Project manager, student 5 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 2"