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Apparently, the political decision to modernize the destroyers of project 956 has been made, and I could not stay away

The text and drawings of the modernization of the destroyers of project 956 - further.

Minister of Defense Russian Federation looked intently at the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. It was snowing outside the window and .. two conscripts. The report “On the results of the implementation of the state defense order for 2013 in the direction of the Navy” lay dejectedly on a polished side table between them.
Yes, said the minister. "Probably worse, but I've never heard of it." Let me summarize what I read: the French are delaying the delivery of the Mistrals, USC has violated the deadlines for all orders without exception. Both corvettes (both Perfect and Stable) were postponed from 2013 to 2014, despite the fact that they were laid down in 2006. Frigates 11356 are also lagging behind - Admiral Grigorovich was postponed to 2014, and the rest of the top three - from 2014 to 2015. But hardly will they survive this. According to the estimates of the Main Command, most likely the first three will go into operation in 2016 .. When the first frigate of project 22350 goes into operation, not to mention the subsequent ones, it is not at all clear. But it is clear that not even in 2014 and not in 2015. As for new weapons, it’s even worse. Universal artillery mounts (like the A-190 and A-192) do not fire bursts. There is no air defense - there is no long-range sea air defense system and in the project, from the medium-range sea air defense system there is only the name of the Redut air defense system, but the complex has so far never hit a single target, but a short-range air defense system (not based on There is no shell, nor any other) and will not be in the foreseeable future. From the workable - only Bending (turret with MANPADS) and the good old AK-630. There are no torpedoes comparable in performance to world analogues. There is no electronic warfare. There are no non-nuclear modern submarines. There is no air-independent propulsion system, the date when it will be submitted for state tests is not clear. There are nuclear submarines, but they have nothing to shoot with (except Caliber). Mace failed 50% of launches in 2013. And even banal repairs rarely do without a fire. I'm right?
- in general, yes. Commander confirmed.

How much will you repair Peter the Great?

Years five. If the deadlines are not broken

What if it's like always?

That's ten. And according to Kuznetsov - also.

Well, how will you fulfill the order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief to strengthen your presence in the Mediterranean Sea. Arctic and Pacific?

Let's do it - let's do it. I will send minesweepers and MPKs.

You still sent tugboats - the minister was indignant

So what to do? - asked the Commander-in-Chief

Finally, having made up his mind, the minister took out a letter on a fancy form with hieroglyphs from the top drawer of his desk and handed it to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

South Korean shipbuilding concern Hanjin Heavy Industries & Constructions Co. proposed to modernize the destroyers of project 956 for .. 14 calendar days to the version of the destroyer-helicopter carrier, close to the Japanese DDH-143 Shirane

P ** f or a provocation - the Commander-in-Chief immediately reacted

Not in the barracks - the minister, who did not approve of profanity, frowned - you read on!

Further in the text of the letter, the Koreans reported that they were ready to manufacture and assemble new aft sections of the destroyer, including the propulsion system and propellers, within 3 months from the receipt of the advance payment, also providing for foundations and cable routes for the subsequent installation of air defense systems at Russian facilities. The network schedule provided for the unloading of ammunition at the basing point by the Pacific Fleet, then the destroyer's transfer to Busan, and after docking, the dismantling of the existing stern section and docking of the finished stern section. The term of this stage was 14 days, including mooring trials, but excluding sea trials. As a result, Russia received an attack destroyer-helicopter carrier on the move, though without self-defense air defense. If necessary, the Koreans were ready to leave the stern part for cutting into metal. or pressurized and towed to Vladivostok.

What a thought. The Hurricane air defense system and the Mosquito anti-ship missile system can be upgraded, but you don’t need to touch anything in the bow gun mount, except for the SLA radar - they won’t do it better anyway, or even break it. We will only put anti-torpedo protection, say the same Packet-NK - and go. We’ll master this in a year, the Commander-in-Chief smiled timidly.

I won't give you a year. If at the end of 2014 you don’t put at least two ships into operation, I’ll remove you from your post – the minister unexpectedly harshly, with pressure, ended the conversation.

In the Main Command of the Navy, the proposal of the Koreans was considered in detail and, with regret, was rejected. Firstly, it also required new hydroacoustics, both towed and active, and not everything was clear with its production. Except, of course, that it was impossible to manage to design, produce, and debug hydroacoustics in 2014. And in general, the Russian Navy has had enough anti-submarine capabilities so far, unlike aircraft carriers. And to be honest, I didn’t want to admit it, but the officers didn’t understand where the chimneys had gone

But the idea of ​​turning a destroyer into a destroyer-helicopter carrier seemed to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy not without a certain meaning.

First, it can be used in educational purposes: The Navy has already received part of the air group on the Mistral, helicopters are in hangars, and helicopter pilots do not have enough experience in flying over the sea.

Secondly, the destroyer-helicopter carrier is quite suitable for the role of fire support for the assault: a trio of Ka-52K helicopters will much better strengthen the landed marines than a small artillery ship with a 100 mm caliber gun, or even with a multiple launch rocket system. For the actual transportation of marines, the fleet already has an ample number of specialized landing ships, and when landing, the destroyer-helicopter carrier will successfully operate together with them.

Thirdly, a destroyer-helicopter carrier with a strike missile system will be quite in its place if it is politically necessary to ensure the presence of the Russian fleet off the coast of Syria or in the Kuril Islands region.

During the discussion, the name of the resulting class of ships was also formed - an attack helicopter carrier.

The tender for the preliminary design of the attack helicopter carrier was held in three weeks, and for some reason it was won by the Design Bureau of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, which presented the finished sketch to the Customer a week after signing the contract. Such a record time was due to the fact that the Bauman team actually drew the project from the moment the competition was announced, and after signing the contract they only made a few strokes to the drawing. The ship received two gun mounts AK-630M-2 "Duet" and 8 drum launchers of the Kinzhal air defense system, as well as the PLO / PTZ Paket-NK complex

The advantage of the project, the author considered its cheapness and speed of implementation (all weapons were stored in the arsenals, where they were transported at the time of the disarmament of the ships of the fleet in the 90s). At the same time, arms manufacturers gladly undertook to upgrade both the Hurricane air defense system, the Moskit anti-ship missile system and the Kinzhal air defense system, promising new electronics with increased reliability and lower power consumption and new missiles with noise-resistant seeker and increased range for relatively modest money.

Like the Japanese destroyer-helicopter carrier DDH-143 Shirane, project 956B assumed a permanent air group of 3 helicopters (for example, Ka-52K or Ka-29), or could instead carry 3..4 containers with launchers for universal missiles of the Caliber family (for their railroad tracks were used).

"Altair" begged to allow them to replace the "Hurricane" with Shtil-1 with a VPU, and "Mosquito" to the level of "Mosquito-MVE". Kupol went furthest of all, and promised not only to refine the Kinzhal air defense system to the level of Tor-M2, but also to change outdated below-deck drums for a modern vertical launcher, although, of course, not in 2014.

Unfortunately, the tight deadline did not give the opportunity to carry out a serious modernization - they limited themselves to new missiles and new SLAs for all three systems, but at the same time they paid for the development of a vertical launcher for the Dome. In the end, it was the Tor-2 family that earned respectful reviews from land-based missilemen, and by 2015 the fleet could well hope for a new air defense system based on it.

In March 2014, according to the approved draft design (it was named 956B), the WWII Commander-in-Chief held a tender for the detailed design and modernization of two lead ships. The tender in April was won by the famous shipbuilding company. By the end of April, "Combat" and "Stormy" came there in tow. On June 1 (a month after the signing of the contract), the officer of the General Inspection at the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy unexpectedly visited the enterprise and reported that the enterprise had received an advance payment, and had not actually begun work on detailed design or reconstruction. We limited ourselves to sandblasting a small fragment of the hull.

A scandal broke out, as a result, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy held a second tender, but not among shipbuilders, but among ordinary construction companies, which was won by a Moscow LLC, widely known in narrow construction circles.

In July, Muscovites promptly brought to the shipbuilding enterprise (the dock of which was transferred to them in operational management by order from above) an international team of builders (a Macedonian foreman managed Belarusian slingers, Ukrainian welders, Tajik locksmiths and Moldovan painters). The chief (who has a fashionable in Moscow circles, but incomprehensible position, project manager) quickly agreed with the crane operators of the local shipyard about a part-time job for a big increase in salary, with a checkpoint and the First Department - about passing people at night and painted a schedule for the receipt of cylinders with oxygen and propane . The “Muscovites” did not have any super-fancy shoulder welding units, but there were ordinary gas cutters. But there were many of them, and the workers worked 12 hours a day, seven days a week. By the end of the third week, the dismantling work on the ship was completed. They cut off everything that was needed from the destroyer, and some extra bulkheads. However, having found out from the representative of the customer what the mistake was, they promptly welded it back.

An observer from the Navy, having examined the quality of welding, thought about the topic “whether to offer Muscovites, in addition to dismantling, also reconstruction, but then a new factor came into play.

In July, the chief engineer of the shipyard was firmly convinced that the Muscovites would screw up, and the fleet would crawl to him on their knees. But in early August, he became .. manly insulting. How is it that illiterate Uzbeks can do so quickly, but he is weak? Chief Engineer he followed the principle, and achieved his goal - by September they replaced the propulsion systems (they began to be manufactured back in January 2014 under a separate contract), by October they finished the chimneys and helicopter hangars, mounted Packet-NK and lowered the ships into the water.

Finally, in November 2014, the installation of the Kinzhal air defense system and 30-mm artillery guns was completed.

On the last day, when the ice conditions still allowed for sea trials, they were successfully carried out, and with incompletely debugged systems "conditionally" "Combat" and "Stormy" were put into operation.

In fact, in the winter of 2014/2015, commissioning continued on the formally commissioned ships, but in the spring of 2015, both attack helicopter carriers went to sea and began tasks K-1 and K-2.

During 2015, according to the tested technology, "Fast" and "Quick" were modernized.

By the beginning of 2016, happiness had come - the rocket men had finalized the vertical launcher of the Kinzhal air defense system and convinced the fleet to replace the Hurricane air defense system with Shtil-1. The honor of becoming the first attack helicopter carriers with vertical launchers of both air defense systems was awarded to "Fearless" and "Thundering".

In 2017, among other things, on the remaining three destroyers, Mosquito was changed to universal inclined launchers of the Caliber missile system. So the "Restless", "Persistent" and "Admiral Ushakov" were re-commissioned, which changed its name to "Fearless".

Appendix:

Project 956 destroyer:

Project 11356 frigate:

Project 956 destroyers are third-generation destroyers built in the USSR from 1976 to 1992. The ships of this project became the last Soviet destroyers. The series had the code "Sarych", and according to the NATO classification it was called Sovremenny class destroyer - after the name of the first model, the destroyer "Modern". The construction of the ships was carried out at the Leningrad plant named after Zhdanov. Today we will get acquainted with the destroyers of project 956 in more detail.

Current situation

To date, the Russian Navy has 6 Sarych-class destroyers. Three of them are in service, two are in reserve, and one more is undergoing scheduled repairs. As part of the Pacific Fleet, the destroyer "Fast" still serves. And in the Baltic fleet, the ships "Persistent" and "Admiral Ushakov" serve. The destroyer "Fast" is the oldest of the ships of the series that are still in service. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the laying of Project 956 ships ceased due to insufficient funding. In 1997-2000, two vessels were completed for sale in China under project 956-E. Index "E" means "export". A little later, the project 956E destroyers were finalized, and the export project was named 956EM. Index "M" stands for "modernized".

It was originally planned that the Project 956 destroyer would become the most massive in its class and in the Soviet fleet in principle. In total, it was planned to build about five dozen ships. In reality, only 17 Sarych ships entered service with the USSR (and later the Russian Federation). Now let's get acquainted with the history of the creation of this vessel.

Prerequisites for creation

Destroyers (destroyers) are called multi-purpose high-speed maneuverable ships. They can fight submarines, destroy aircraft, counter surface ships, cover formations of ships and, finally, escort convoys. In addition, destroyers can be used for patrol, landing and reconnaissance operations, as well as for laying minefields.

The first destroyers appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. They were actively used during the First and Second World Wars. The range of tasks performed by destroyers, expanding every year, made them very significant for the fleet. With the advent of missile weapons, the role of destroyers in a naval battle has increased even more.

In the early 1960s, the surface fleet began to develop especially actively. When the Navy of the Soviet Union became ocean-going, new tasks appeared before the ships: the protection of missile patrol areas submarines, tracking enemy submarines, conducting foreign policy actions and controlling water communications. Aircraft carriers would be best suited for these tasks, but they were very costly to build. Large anti-submarine ships(BPK) were the Soviet alternative to aircraft-carrying cruisers, but they needed an escort, and there were not enough ships for cover in the USSR. In addition, the destroyers that were in service at that time were already obsolete and could not withstand foreign counterparts on an equal footing. Ocean maneuvers "Ocean", conducted in 1970, clearly illustrated this. Thus, the Soviet fleet needed a new, well-armed destroyer capable of operating both independently and as part of ship groups.

The shipbuilding program for 1971-1980 provided for the creation of such a ship. The new destroyer was supposed to participate in landing operations, suppress the enemy's antiamphibious defense, destroy small targets on the coast and provide air defense in the landing zone. The future ship was called the "landing fire support ship." Project 56 destroyer was chosen as a prototype for construction, therefore new project received the number 956.

Design

The development of the Project 956 destroyer began in 1971. She moved very slowly. The fact is that the customer, right during the design, changed the intended purpose of the future vessel several times. The Soviet military was greatly influenced by the design solutions embodied in the American destroyer Spruance, the first truly multi-purpose ship in the American Navy. In addition, the new vessels were supposed to be used together with the Project 1155 UAVs. The Soviet military believed that such a tandem would be more effective than a pair of American destroyers.

The preliminary design of the new ship was developed in the Leningrad TsKB-53. As the work progressed, new tasks appeared before the designers, the type of the ship's power plant and its armament options were constantly changing. In addition, the developers were limited by the capabilities of the Zhdanov plant, where it was supposed to build new ships. According to the requirements of the plant, the length of the ship should not exceed 146, and the width - 17 meters. A total of 17 projects were developed, each of which was studied in terms of efficiency and economic feasibility.

Ultimately, it was decided that the future destroyer should have:

1. Steam turbine power plant.
2. RCC "Mosquito".
3. SAM "Hurricane".
4. Helipad for Ka-252.
5. Gun mounts AK-130.

At the end of 1972 preliminary design approved by Admiral Gorshkov. Despite the clarity, even after approval, changes continued to be made to the project. The steam turbine power plant was changed to a boiler turbine. SJSC Platinum was chosen as the main hydroacoustic complex. The more advanced SJSC "Polynom" could not be installed on the destroyer due to the large dimensions of the complex. In the end, the ships of the project did not come close to their American counterparts. The only thing in which they surpassed the competitor was artillery power. The creation of a project for a new destroyer cost the USSR budget 165 thousand, and the detailed design cost 2.22 million rubles.

Construction

At the beginning of the summer of 1975, construction began on the first model of Project 956, the destroyer Sovremenny. According to the original plan, up to 50 such vessels were to be built in the future. In 1988, this number was reduced to 20 units. But the USSR could not achieve this indicator either - the Navy received only 17 copies of the ship. Each Project 956 destroyer took an average of four years to build.

In order to increase the production volume, an attempt was made to arrange the construction of destroyers at the Nikolaev Plant. 61 Communards. However, in 1986, such an idea was abandoned, and two of the ship's hulls were mothballed. By the time of the collapse of the USSR, 14 destroyers had been built. The remaining three were completed in the Russian Federation.

In the construction of the ships, the sectional method of assembling the hull was used. At the time of the construction of the lead vessel, its cost was about 90 million rubles. The next two ships cost about the same (the last expensive ship was the destroyer Excellent), and further ships fell in price by 20 million. The reason for this was the development of technology and the establishment of the production process.

Initially, the warship was created purely for the needs of the Soviet fleet. Nobody was going to sell the latest ship abroad. Nevertheless, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the lack of funding led to the search for third-party customers. Moreover, by the beginning of the “zero”, the weapons of the “Buzzards” began to become obsolete.

Design

All ships created by the Northern Design Bureau have a characteristic appearance, and the 956 project was no exception. Vessels of this project are often described as aggressive, sinister and expressive, and this is clearly not a coincidence. Since warships symbolize the power of the state, almost as much attention is paid to their appearance as to their technical parameters.

Project 956 destroyers were built according to a long-deck scheme with a saddle bow. The shape of the hull is chosen in such a way as to ensure optimal angles of operation of artillery weapons and the non-flooding of the deck. Hull contours protect the vessel from flooding in waves up to 7 points. The hull is made in such a way as to reduce the radar visibility of the ship, but the Sarych does not belong to the “stealth ships”.

The lateral windage of the destroyer is 1700 m 2. The decks are located parallel to the waterline, which simplifies the change of equipment during rebuilds and makes the ship more technologically advanced. The hull is divided into 16 watertight compartments by 15 bulkheads. In total, the destroyer has six decks: 2nd, 3rd, upper, forecastle deck and a pair of platforms, one of which goes into the second bottom. All main hull structures, foundations and reinforcements were made of low-alloy steel. Two longitudinal partitions run from the engine room to the stern, increasing the rigidity of the ship. Due to the significant collapse of the frames, the destroyer is stable. Thanks to the roll dampers, the destroyers move stably even in heavy seas. With a wave of six points, the speed of the ship can reach 24 knots.

Project 956 destroyer superstructures were made of aluminum-magnesium alloy. They were connected to the hull and deck by means of rivets. The superstructure is conditionally divided into aft and bow blocks. The aft part is a block with a chimney and a hangar with a mainmast. The bow is distinguished by the foremast.

The ship's displacement ranges from 6.5 (standard) to 8.48 (with overload) thousand tons.

Equipment

The power plant of the first modifications of the Project 956 ships includes two boiler-turbine units of the GTZA-674 brand. Their total capacity is 100 thousand horsepower. The units are located in the bow and stern engine rooms. Each of the engine rooms has two boilers and one steam turbine. The speed of rotation in various modes of operation of the installation is regulated by a turbo-gear unit. It is important to note that the Sarychi became the only 3rd generation combat ships in the world with a boiler-turbine power plant. Starting with the seventh model (the destroyer Stoiky), the ships began to be equipped with more reliable KVG-3 boilers. Nevertheless, the boilers remained a weak point of the ships, as they are very demanding on the purity of the water supplied. In addition to the main boilers, the power plant has an emergency boiler that produces 14,000 kg of steam.

The destroyer has a pair of low-noise propellers. The steering unit includes a hydraulic machine and a semi-balanced steering wheel. The ship can reach speeds of 33.4 knots. Thanks to the fuel reserve of 1.7 thousand tons, the maximum cruising range of the vessel is 3,900 nautical miles.

Project 956 destroyers are provided with electricity by two steam generators (total power is 2500 kW) and two diesel generators (total power is 1200 kW).

Habitability

In peacetime, the crew of the destroyer is 196 people, including 48 midshipmen and 25 officers. IN war time the crew increases to 358 sailors. Officers live in single and double cabins, midshipmen - in two- or four-bed cabins, and sailors - in cockpits for 10-25 people. In any case, each crew member has at least 3 m 2 of living space.

On board there are two mess-rooms for feeding officers and midshipmen, as well as several canteens in which sailors eat. For swimming on the ship there are several showers and a sauna. In addition, the crew has a library, a cinema hall, and even a pool at their disposal.

The living and working premises of the vessel are equipped with an air conditioning system. In terms of crew living conditions, the destroyers of this model compare favorably with other Soviet ships.

The standard stock of provisions is enough for the ship to exist autonomously for 30 days.

Armament

The anti-aircraft missile armament of the Sarych ships includes the M-22 Uragan complex, which is a naval modification of the Buk complex. The warship has two anti-aircraft missile launchers: the first is located in the forecastle superstructure, and the second is behind the runway. The mass of the air defense system "Hurricane" is 96 tons. Its ammunition load consists of 48 guided missiles, which are stored in cellars. SAM "Hurricane" can simultaneously attack up to 6 targets at a height of 10 m to 1 km, at a distance of up to 25 km.

Starting from the 14th vessel ("Unrestrained" / "Thundering"), the destroyer began to arm the Hurricane-Tornado air defense system. It can hit targets located at a distance of up to 70 km. It takes a maximum of 12 seconds to launch one rocket. A volley of two missiles hits an aircraft with a probability of 0.81-0.96, and a cruise missile with a probability of 0.43-0.86.

The artillery armament of the Sarych destroyer consists of two twin AK-130 mounts and anti-aircraft artillery, which is the last frontier in the air defense of ships. In addition, the fire control system (FCS) MP-184, consisting of a radar station, a laser rangefinder, a ballistic computer and a thermal imager, operates as part of the artillery armament of the ships. The mechanized supply of ammunition allows firing from an artillery mount at a rate of up to 90 rounds per minute at a distance of up to 24 kilometers. Each barrel has 500 rounds of ammunition, 180 of which are always ready to go. The installation weighs 98 tons.

The composition of the rapid-fire anti-aircraft artillery of destroyers includes two batteries of automatic systems AK-630M. They are located on the sides of the ship and are responsible for the destruction of enemy cruise missiles at low altitude. Each battery has two six-barrel installations with the Vympel control system and a rotating block of barrels. The AK-630M fires 4,000 rounds per minute and can hit targets up to 4 km away.

The main anti-ship weapon of the Sarych is the Moskit missile system. Starting with the Restless ship, the Moskit-M complex began to be installed instead. Four anti-ship missiles are placed in two fixed launchers. The Moskit missile can hit targets at a distance of up to 140 km, and its upgraded version can hit targets at a distance of up to 170 km. The ship can fire all 8 missiles (each weighing 300 kg) in just 30 seconds.

On the upper deck of the ship there is a pair of twin-tube torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm. As for mine armament, it is represented by a pair of RBU-1000 rocket launchers capable of attacking targets at a distance of up to a kilometer. In the stern of the "Buzzards" there are bombers responsible for the destruction of enemy submarines at shallow depths, in close proximity to the ship's side. Also, mines can be installed on destroyers.

The K-27 helicopter is based in the temporary movable helicopter hangar of the ship. Since the platform for the helicopter is located almost in the center of the vessel, it is minimally affected by pitching. The helicopter can be used both to fight enemy boats, and for reconnaissance and target designation work.

Vitality

The Project 956 destroyer has a serious survivability system. Potentially dangerous areas of the vessel (engine room and cellars) are enclosed by fire compartments with reinforced steel walls.

As means of fighting fire, the ship is equipped with a fire main, a volumetric fire extinguishing system, a foam extinguishing system, as well as a water irrigation system for bulkheads and gangways. In addition, there are separate irrigation and flooding systems to protect the cellars.

Drainage, tank balancing and drainage systems can save a ship from a water threat. To protect the external surface of the vessel from contamination, a washing system is provided.

Only artillery mounts and launchers of the Moskit anti-ship missiles are provided with armored anti-fragmentation protection.

Modifications

During the production of a series of ships, their device was amenable to partial modernization. From the 6th Corps (destroyer "Combat"), the ships received the Fregat-M2 radar with two flat antennas. Starting with the seventh corps ("Stable"), the ships were equipped with more advanced KVG-3 boilers. From the 14th Corps (destroyer Gremyashchiy, formerly Leading), the release of version 956A began. It was distinguished by the Hurricane-Tornado anti-aircraft gun, as well as new radar and navigation equipment.

Project 956 Models

The table above will help you briefly get acquainted with the chronology of the creation of Project 956 destroyers and their current status.

PROJECT 956EM DESTROYERS (RUSSIA/CHINA)
THE DESTROYERS OF THE PROJECT 956EM (RUSSIA/CHINA)

16.11.2016


China is modernizing Sovremenny-class destroyers acquired in Russia, Military Parity reports.
Currently, the PLA Navy has four ships of this class with a displacement of 6500 tons - Hangzhou (136), Fuzhou (137), Jingzhou (138) and Ningbo (139). Reported. that on the stern of the Hangzhou ship, instead of an artillery system, a vertical launch of HHQ-16 missiles was installed.
The Sovremenny class destroyer is characterized by enormous firepower, but the size of the Russian weapons is so large that the layout of the ship is a "chaotic design," Chinese sources write. It is noted that the SCRC of the ship from 2x4 launchers of Moskit missiles will be replaced by YJ-18 missiles.
As for the power plant, the situation is still unclear here. There have been reports that obsolete steam boilers will be replaced by gas turbine or diesel power plants, but there is no confirmation yet. It is reported that the modernization of "Hangzhou" will be completed by the end of this year or early next.
Military Parity

PROJECT 956 "SARYCH" DESTROYERS

PROJECT 956EM DESTROYERS

Project 956E destroyers built at Severnaya Verf have proven themselves well in the Chinese Navy, so the Chinese leadership decided to continue the series. But it was proposed to build the next two ships according to the modified project 956EM, which was developed by the Northern Design Bureau. Work on project 956EM (export upgraded) was started in the Northern Design Bureau, chief designer V.P. Mishin, in 2001. According to the general designer and head of the bureau, V.Yukhnin, the ship will differ significantly from its predecessors. It is planned to modernize weapons systems, navigation, radar equipment, control equipment of the main power plant. According to V.E. Yukhnin, work on the project "is largely stimulated by the successful implementation of the contract of 1997 for the supply of two Project 956E destroyers to the Chinese Navy."
In early January 2002, Rosoboronexport, with the direct participation of the Northern Shipyard and the Northern Design Bureau, signed a contract for the supply to China of two ships pr.956EM, ammunition and spare parts for Maintenance complexes and systems during operation. Prior to the signing of the contract, an Intergovernmental Agreement on Cooperation with China on the topic 956EM was signed.
The PLA Navy was proposed a fundamentally new ship:
Significant design improvements have been made to increase the combat stability of the ship and improve the performance of weapons and technical means taking into account the experience of operating ships pr.956E in southern latitudes;
The interaction of naval weapons has been optimized in order to solve the problems of air defense, anti-submarine defense and delivering missile strikes against enemy ship groups.
A modern Moskit-MVE missile system with an increased range due to the introduction of a combined flight path has been installed.
In addition to the Shtil-1 anti-aircraft system, the Kashtan anti-aircraft missile and artillery system was installed
Permanent basing of the Ka-28 helicopter and storage of aviation ammunition are provided.
A new sonar system has been installed with the ability to detect torpedoes attacking a ship.
All project changes were reflected in the contract specification, which was agreed with Chinese specialists back in August 2001. The technical design was developed in 2002, and working drawings were being developed in parallel, primarily hull drawings. At the stage of the detailed design, the Northern Design Bureau developed three-dimensional models of saturated rooms in the Foran system (combined drawings in electronic form), which allowed the Northern Shipyard to optimize the ship construction technology.

Project 956EM destroyer model

Project 956EM destroyers differ from the ships of the first delivery in their increased range of strike missile weapons and more advanced air defense. At the same time, a full-fledged helicopter hangar will be installed on the ship, instead of a retractable shelter for the 956E project, which will allow the helicopter to be permanently based, the Kashtan near-range anti-aircraft missile and artillery system will be installed and the aft 130-mm turret installation will be dismantled.

Project 956E destroyer model

In June 2003, at the 1st International Naval Show (IMDS) in St. Petersburg, a ship modernization model based on project 956 was demonstrated. Then there were no comments on this matter, but later it became known that the project 956EM destroyer was presented . Initially, it is difficult to notice differences in it from the model of the "regular" destroyer of project 956 standing next to it. But still, it has certain differences. The upgraded ship can accommodate a new type of hangar, which is somewhat larger and obviously not movable, like the Russian destroyers of the Sovremenny type. On the model, in contrast to the built ships, the Kashtan (or Kashtan-M) near-range anti-aircraft missile and artillery complex was also installed and the aft 130-mm AK-130 turret was dismantled.

Project 956EM destroyer model

Even at the 1st International Maritime Show in St. Petersburg, Altair SNPO presented the Shtil-1 medium-range air defense system, which is already installed on three Indian frigates of project 11356, it is also supplied to destroyers of project 052B under construction in China. "Shtil-1" will be installed on the Chinese EM project 956EM. The upgraded air defense system is distinguished by the possibility of using the new 9M317E missile with improved characteristics of the Dolgoprudnensky NPP and a new digital display and information processing system. In the previous modification of the Shtil air defense system, the 9M38M1E missile is used. The maximum firing range of the Shtil-1 air defense system reaches 32 km, the anti-ship missile system can hit at a distance of 8-12 km, the height of the target hit is from 5 m to 15 km, the speed of the hit targets is up to 830 m / s.
The multi-channel anti-aircraft artillery complex "Kortik" (export name "Kashtan") was developed at the Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) under the leadership of A.G. Shipunov, in 1989 it was adopted by the Russian Navy. The Kashtan complex usually includes: one command module, several combat modules (there are two such modules on the 956EM project), ammunition for anti-aircraft missiles and artillery rounds. The combat module has a control system with radar and television-optical channels, it is equipped with up to eight 9M311-1E anti-aircraft missiles in the TPK and two 30-mm six-barreled artillery systems AO-18KD with a linkless ammunition supply system. The module's ammunition load is 32 missiles and 1,000 rounds. At present, the KBP has created an improved Kashtan-M air defense missile system with a 4-fold increased anti-aircraft missile strike zone (range up to 10 km), it uses a command module with its own three-coordinate target detection station "Pozitiv-ME1.2". The latter allows you to reduce the time of additional search for a target by half.
On January 3, 2002, Rosoboronexport signed a contract with the Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China. According to it, the ships will have to be handed over to the customer until July 2006. The total amount of the foreign economic contract amounted to about 1 billion rubles. USD (according to other sources, 1.4 billion dollars). Immediately after the signing of the contract, Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation I.I. Klebanov officially announced that the production of the destroyer is a serious matter, and a tender will be announced for it. But as it turned out, the Shipbuilding Agency is not ready to announce a tender for such a large project. A tender for placing an order from China was announced. The projects of the Baltic Shipyard, JSC Shipbuilding Plant Severnaya Verf and the Kaliningrad enterprise Yantar were presented very quickly.
Already on January 19, 2002, at a closed meeting, the government commission chaired by I.I. Klebanov made a choice in favor of the Baltic Shipyard. This was due to the fact that the plant offered the most favorable conditions. The cost of building destroyers was lower than that of other bidders. But it didn't end there. As it turned out later, there was no unanimity in the tender commission. It is likely that representatives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the FSB, the Committee for Military-Technical Cooperation (KVTS) spoke out against such a decision. But in March, the results of the tender were revised and by the decision of the government, the order for the construction of Project 956EM ships for the Navy was transferred to Severnaya Verf.

The Baltic Shipyard secured the supply of elements and assemblies. The Baltic Shipyard is indeed a manufacturer of pipelines, propeller shafts and propellers for Project 956EM destroyers and supplied these units for the previous Chinese contract, which was executed by Severnaya Verf. As part of the Chinese contract, the Baltic Shipyard manufactured almost all energy system, including auxiliary installations, shut-off valves.
The first destroyer of Project 956EM (order No. 891) was laid down at Severnaya Verf Shipyard in June 2002. On November 15, 2002, the laying ceremony of the second destroyer of project 956EM (order No. 892) for the Chinese Navy took place at Severnaya Verf. In August 2003, the Baltiysky Zavod Shipbuilding Company supplied Severnaya Verf with boilers for two Project 956EM destroyers.
For the construction of two project 956EM destroyers for the Chinese Navy in 2003, Alfa-Bank allocated a loan for total amount at 45 million dollars. In mid-March 2004, Alfa-Bank provided the Severnaya Verf plant with an additional $40 million loan.
And now, despite all the difficulties in fulfilling the order, the moment has come, on July 23, 2004, the fourth EM type "Modern" order No. 892 (chief builder Fedorov) for the Chinese Navy was launched. The official ceremony began at exactly 13.00, where official representatives of the Chinese side, the administration of St. Petersburg, Rosobronexport, Severnaya Verf spoke, and after half an hour the solemn descent of the ship began. This procedure took several hours, the destroyer was lowered in a floating dock. According to tradition, a bottle of champagne was broken on the side of the ship. The ship was towed to the outfitting embankment, where, in fact, its completion afloat begins immediately. Its older brother, the first destroyer of project 956EM, launched earlier, is already there.

The first Taizhou destroyer built according to project 956EM was built from the unfinished Russian destroyer Vnushitelny (serial number 891), which received a Chinese name after December 28, 2005. It was laid down at the Severnaya Shipyard in St. Petersburg on June 27, 2002, launched on April 27, 2004, entered service on December 28, 2005, and in January 2006 makes the transition to China and joined the PLA Navy.
The second same-type EM Ningbo project 956EM was completed from the Russian EM "Eternal" (serial number 892), which after September 28, 2006 was also renamed. On November 15, 2002, the ship was laid down at the Northern Shipyard, and launched on July 23, 2004. Already during the construction of the EM under the military-technical cooperation contract for the PLA Navy, on April 27, 2005, a fire broke out on the ship, which delayed its delivery to the Chinese customer. On September 28, 2006 at 12:27 the Russian flag was lowered on the ship and the Chinese flag was raised at 13:16. In the fall of 2006, the ship moved to China - on November 13, 2006, it arrived in Nimbo and became part of the Eastern Fleet of the PLA Navy.

Project 956 destroyer belongs to the third generation ships. It was designed and implemented in the USSR. The code of the project is "Sarych". In documentary literature, the ship is often referred to by various names. This is due to a series of upgrades and a variety of destroyers. The name for the destroyer - Sarych, was given in honor of bird of prey, a detachment of hawks.

History

At the beginning of 1950, most of the ships of the USSR were liquidated. This is due to their inefficiency and the inability to cope with their direct duties (defense). In that year, the management decided to develop better and more durable ships.

So, for the first time they started talking about the destroyer Admiral Ushakov. The decision to create a new universal combat ship was made quickly, but there were no real design and development options.

In 1960, the Navy decides on the need to build up naval vessels. The Soviet Navy actively entered the expanses of the World Ocean, but there was no ship corresponding to its scale.

The Soviet Navy had to solve the assigned combat missions:

• maintain submarine-type boats;
• track the movement of enemy boats;
• immediately come to full combat readiness;
• carry out intelligence work;
• determine the location of enemy ships.

Only ships of a new generation, which did not exist, could cope with the assigned tasks. The leadership of the Navy decides to create universal ships that can overcome any difficulties.

Obsolete destroyers needed immediate liquidation and replacement with more maneuverable ships. So, in 1970, project 956 came into force, according to which the designers needed to create universal combat vehicles.

History of creation

The creation of project 21956 destroyers began in 1969. The first indications of the need to replace military vehicles were mentioned in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU No. 715-250 of September 1, 1969. The meeting approved a plan for the further design and construction of ships and vessels. Its action extended to 1971-1980.

According to the documentary description, the history of creation begins with the project. Its development began in 1971. Modern destroyers were intended for:

• suppression of an attack from the enemy;
• antiamphibious defense;
• fire support during shelling from the air;
• destruction of enemy ships;
• elimination of the enemy together with ground-based combat vehicles.

Destroyers of the new project 21956 worked in unison with anti-submarine type ships (project 1155). The developers thought they couldn't handle typical tasks in joint work.

Design

The advance project "Admiral Ushakov" was developed in Leningrad. Sketches were constantly modified, the future design was constantly supplemented with new details. The project took a long time, because there should not be prototypes for a new vessel.

It was supposed to create a large-scale construction, with more than 50 units of combat vehicles. The main ships of project 956: Sovremenny, Combat and Admiral Ushakov.

In 1971, the designers began to create a sketch. The work was carried out under the guidance of A.K. Perkov, according to the agreement on the creation of a new project 956 destroyer called Sarych.

painstaking project work assumed a deep analysis of the composition of weapons, in total more than 30 options were presented. The choice fell on number 4. This option did not have good characteristics in terms of weight of weapons and ammunition. To eliminate possible shortcomings, in parallel with the established project, additional ones were developed. The sketch was changed several times, new structural elements were introduced. The most recent option was number 10. It fully met the needs of the USSR Navy.

Selecting the optimal configuration

For the destroyer Ushakov, they selected an energy type of installation, instead of the usual gas turbine version. This decision was not taken lightly. The main supplier of gas turbines was overwhelmed with orders, and the Navy had no time to wait. Several arguments in the direction of the energy type forced the leadership to give preference to him directly.

The technical design of the destroyer Sarych was developed in 1973. The contract was signed and the development team got to work. The preparation of the project cost 204,000 rubles, and for the entire period about 9,447,000 rubles were spent.

The final version of the Project 956 destroyer was completed by 1973. But some changes were still made as the design progressed.

Testing new destroyers

The construction of destroyers began in 1973. All actions were carried out at shipyard No. 190. As the work was completed, active tests were carried out. The first destroyer was Sovremenny. It began to be tested in 1980. “Excellent” followed him.

The ships successfully passed the tests, but at the council it was decided to rebuild only 30 ships, together 50 planned. Twenty of them immediately went to the Navy, and the rest were sent to the PRC.

It is noteworthy that the tests of the new destroyers took place at the Feodosievsky training ground. The Baltic training grounds were not ready to work with new weapon systems.

Design Description

For a thorough study of the destroyer's hull, a three-dimensional model was developed. A distinctive feature of the Project 956 ships is external efficiency, closely echoing the strict exterior. According to experts, this was done in order to create a propaganda effect.

It is noteworthy that military equipment had to solve a number of problems. The main one was political persuasion. The appearance of the ship and its efficiency showed how well the developers of the USSR had done.

Project 956 is a unique combination of expediency and versatility. At the same time, during the development of the ship, external aesthetics and artistic style were taken into account.

ship hull

A distinctive feature of the Project 956 combat vehicles was the design itself. It was a long semi-tank type with a -shaped sheer in the bow. The design feature provided good viewing angles during active hostilities. According to documentary data, the KUD of the corps was 8.7.

The destroyer's hull area was 1700 sq.m. All decks are built along the design waterline. Such a decision had a positive effect on the installation of guns and artillery.

All contours are made taking into account water resistance. This action made it possible to ensure a decent level of flood resistance during an active storm. Additional distinguishing feature consists in the presence of a hydroacoustic complex antenna.

The construction of the bow of the hull is responsible for the maneuverability of the combat vehicle. The ships freely overcame the waves, and, if necessary, carried out a quick change of course.

All destroyers are equipped with six decks. Most of the body elements were made of stainless steel. Such a solution protected from premature failure and guaranteed a long service life.

The surface parts of the hull were made of sheets of durable steel. The stern was additionally equipped with stiffeners. Superstructures were supplemented with aluminum-magnesium alloys. Taken together, this solution made it possible to create a durable destroyer hull, which freely traveled any distance.

The main characteristics of the ships:

• displacement - 7900 tons;
• dimensions: maximum length and width 156.5m x 17.2m;
• dimensions: length and width of the waterline 145m x 16.8m;
• the average draft parameter is 6m.

The last destroyers of project 956 were distinguished by unlimited seaworthiness. The weapon could be used in any pitching conditions, up to 15 °.

Power plant

It is noteworthy that the ships of the new generation have become the only models with a power plant of a boiler-turbine type. It consisted of two units, one was located in the bow of the vessel, the second occupied a waiting position in the stern.

The automated control system made it possible to regulate and control all processes and changes. The presence of high-pressure boilers increased steam production, which had a positive effect on the pressure level. The energy produced provided rapid heating of the air, which drove the main turbines.

Modernization

Some models of destroyers have undergone transformations in the design process. Updated ships had the best technical characteristics. Models of the modern type were equipped with two steam turbine generators with a maximum power of 1250 kW. Notably, each of them had a standby diesel generator, with an adapted output of 2400 kW.

The armament of the destroyers "Sarych"

Artillery and missile weapons are represented by the M-22 Uragan air defense system. The installation is a modernized version of Buk. This is one of the best complexes that participated in many battles. To improve efficiency, the design has been repeatedly upgraded.

Each ship was equipped with two launch-type systems, with a total weight of 194 tons. A full-fledged ammunition load was represented by 48 guided missiles. Ships equipped with missile weapons hit targets within a radius of 25 km. The upgraded version of the Hurricane Tornado had a detection range of as much as 70 km.

Project 956 destroyers have always been distinguished by powerful artillery weapons based on a multi-channel control system. Each installation carried up to 90 rounds per minute, and the flight range was 24 km. With the improvement, all processes were automated, which made it possible to fire until the ammunition was completely consumed.

Another feature of the destroyers was anti-aircraft artillery. Each ship was equipped with AK-630M automatic systems. The firing range of the installation was 4 km, about 4 thousand ammunition flew out per minute.

Mine armament

On a special account was anti-ship weapons - missiles of the "Mosquito" type. They hit a target at a distance of up to 140 km, and the average mass of one ammunition was as much as 300 kg.

As for mine armament, it was based on two standard rocket-type mortars. They freely fired at a distance of up to one kilometer. The main task of mortar installations was to defeat enemy submarines.

combat effectiveness

A distinctive feature of all destroyers was considered to be impressive combat effectiveness. Each design was equipped with an adapted information and control system. Additionally, reconnaissance systems were used, using active and passive countermeasures. A well-thought-out system significantly increased the combat effectiveness of ships. The ships were ready at any moment to repel the attack and destroy the enemy.

Auxiliary equipment

All ships of the project were equipped with specialized tanks for the disposal of sewage and fan water. The availability of the upgraded system was prerequisite sanitary regime.

To replenish food and fuel stocks, a special cargo transfer device was installed. It carried out its activities according to the traditional wake method.

The crew of the ship increased with a linear progression. There could be 340 people on board, including 25 officers. As new units were built, the crew gradually increased, allowing up to 360 people to be placed on board. Approximately from the seventh series of modernization, a regular OSNAZ group appeared on the ship, conducting intelligence activities.

Project evaluation

It is difficult to give an accurate assessment of the technical characteristics of the project. Particular attention was paid to the crew, cabins and living conditions. The officers wanted to be in comfortable conditions, and the mechanics complained about the existing installations. Unfortunately, the ship did not meet all the requirements.

But, the lack of convenient elements allowed the designers to make impressive changes to the ships of subsequent generations. They were able to acquire the required combat qualities, which had a positive effect on the Navy fleet.

Project 956 Sarych ships forever remained the best destroyers created in the USSR. They were developed and built at the peak of the country's economic power and embodied the most advanced technical solutions that time. The Sarych destroyers have taken the place of multi-purpose ships in the fleet, capable of independently solving tasks anywhere in the world.

Sarych project - a ship on the march

The main parameters of the project 956 "Sarych"

History of development

Artillery light cruiser "Kuibyshev". The predecessor of the "Buzzards" did not have missile weapons and could not be upgraded

By the end of the 60s, the main combat force of the Navy Soviet Union- artillery cruisers, completely exhausted their resources. Their guns were powerless against the missile systems of the American fleet, which upset the balance of power.

To replace them, it was decided to develop modern Russian destroyers Sarych for the far sea zone, installing the latest Soviet anti-ship missiles on them.

The project received the code 956 "Buzzard".

The new modern destroyer of Russia had to solve many problems at once:

• cover for missile submarines;
• counteraction to enemy submarines;
• projection of power to remote coastal areas;
• counteraction to UDC, frigates, corvettes, enemy patrols;
• struggle against enemy communications.

Employees of the Leningrad design bureau were able to give the warship appearance real predator. The swift silhouette brings to mind the squat hulls that Russian Navy destroyers used to fight in the Russo-Japanese War.

Aggressive appearance was reinforced by impressive weapons. On the sides there were 2 quadruple anti-ship missiles "Moskit" and two twin 130-mm guns, ready to unleash up to 180 shells per minute on the enemy.

Sarych-class destroyers are armed with artillery, which is still the best in the world. No US Navy destroyer is capable of defeating the 956 in a gunfight. "Sarychi" demonstrated the power of Soviet weapons during demonstration exercises and long-distance campaigns throughout the oceans. Project 956 destroyers are the legendary ships of Russia.

In total, it was planned to build 32 "Sarych", but the collapse of the Soviet Union did not allow these plans to come true. For the fleet of the USSR / RF, only 17 units were commissioned. Another 4 ships were sold to China. One building was demolished. How many destroyers will remain in Russia in a few years, no one knows.

3 destroyers

currently in the combat composition of the Russian fleet

The Russian fleet currently has three destroyers in service, and three more can be returned from the reserve. The remaining destroyers of Russia in the amount of 12 units have either already been cut into scrap metal, or are waiting for the same fate.

Tactical and technical characteristics (TTX)

Draft, m	6 meters
Displacement of the first 11 ships, t	6500 - 7904 tons
Displacement after modification, t	6600 – 8000
Length, m	145.2 - 156.6
Width, m	17.2
Propeller, number of propellers	2
Engine	2 boiler-turbine GTZA-674
Engine power, hp	100 000
Maximum speed, knots	32
Cruise speed, knots	18.4
Peacetime crew, people	296 (25 officers)
Crew during the war, people	Up to 350 (31 officers)
Electronic warfare equipment	Two paired installations of passive interference PK2M, starting from the 9th case, from 4 to 8 (depending on the modification) of the 122-mm jammer PK10 were added to them
Artillery	2 twin 130mm gun mounts
air defense	4 AK-630 units
Anti-submarine weapons	GAS "Platina-S", 2 RBU-1000 bombers
anti-ship missiles	2 quadruple installations of missiles "Mosquito"
anti-aircraft missiles	SAM "Hurricane"
torpedoes	2 double tube calibers 533 mm
Aviation	Helicopter Ka-27

Russian destroyer "Modern"

Project 956 Sarych destroyers have six decks divided by bulkheads into 16 watertight compartments. The kink in the bow reduces radio visibility, although the destroyer itself is not made using stealth technology. Aluminum alloy was used to create superstructures.

The Sarych ship is equipped with an air conditioning system, cinema halls and even a collapsible pool. These are one of the best ships of the Russian Navy in terms of comfort for the crew. Reasonable use of internal volumes made it possible to obtain more than 3 m2 of living space for one person.

Overview of the weapons of the destroyer of project 956 "Sarych"

Installation AK-130, developed in the 70s today remains one of the best. It can fire up to 90 shots per minute, sending 30-kilogram projectiles to a distance of 23 kilometers. Projectiles with radar fuses allow you to shoot down aircraft.

The AK-630 guns protect the Project 956 Sarych destroyer from aircraft and missiles flying closer than 2,000 m. By firing up to 5,000 shells per minute, they can be effective not only against aircraft, but also to sink surface targets. Civilian vessels often used by pirates, such an installation on the EM Sarych can simply be cut in half in one burst.

Mosquito anti-ship missiles, although somewhat outdated, can still eliminate any enemy, except for an aircraft carrier - that will need 3-4 missiles. Rocket bombers are effective against submarines.

Modifications

Project 956E	The first example of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the naval sphere. Two unfinished hulls were completed for the Chinese Navy with minimal changes.
Project 956EM	Another pair of 956EMs was built specifically for China. A full-fledged hangar for a helicopter has been added. The GAS was replaced by a more modern one. Mosquito missiles have increased their strike range to 200 km.

Russian destroyers of the Sarych project

"Fast"	Russian Pacific Fleet
"Admiral Ushakov"	Northern Fleet of the Russian Federation
"Persistent"	Baltic Fleet of the Russian Federation
"Stormy"	Reserve
"Combat"	Reserve
"Fearless"	Reserve
"Restless"	Reserve
"Thundering"	Waiting for recycling
"Winged"	Waiting for recycling
"Quick"	Waiting for recycling
"Modern"	Dismantled
"Desperate"	Dismantled
"Great"	Dismantled
"Prudent"	Dismantled
"Irreproachable"	Dismantled
"Persistent"	Dismantled
"Impressive"	Dismantled
"Rampant"	Dismantled
"Hangzhou"	Navy of the People's Republic of China
Fuzhou	Navy of the People's Republic of China
"Taizhou"	Navy of the People's Republic of China
"Ningbo"	Navy of the People's Republic of China

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages that the Sarych project has:

• Universal firepower - the Russian destroyer pr.956 has the ability to effectively act as a destroyer of enemy ships with the help of the Moskit anti-ship missiles. Ship guns can grind to dust any coastal fortifications - resisting landings or threatening communications;
• Long autonomy - a good supply of food and fuel allows you to operate cut off from supplies for at least a month;
• Thoughtful living area - the convenience of the crew has always been underestimated in the Russian fleet, but comfort on a long voyage saves sailors from unnecessary stress.

Disadvantages:

• Lack of upgrades - today the "Buzzards" of project 956 are outdated. They need radar, sonar and new generation missile weapons;
• Capricious machines - advanced for their time, boiler-turbine plants produce high power, but are large and often require repair.

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