Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in manufacturing process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum monthly wages.

Fixed assets are distinguished in many ways, but, first of all, depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the sphere of material production, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

Production fixed assets They function in the production process, constantly participate in it, wear out gradually, transferring their value to the finished product, they are replenished at the expense of capital investments.

Non-productive fixed assets are intended to serve the production process, and therefore do not directly participate in it, and do not transfer their value to the product, because it is not produced; they are reproduced at the expense of the national income.

The following groups and subgroups of the main production assets:

1. Buildings
2. Structures (tunnels, overpasses, highways, chimneys).
3. Transmission devices (devices for the transmission of electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
4. Machinery and equipment
5. Vehicles
6. Tool
7. Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the performance of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
8. Household inventory (office and household items: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicators, etc.).
9. Perennial plantings (vineyards, plantations, orchards, etc.).
10. Working reproductive cattle and animals for fattening.
11. Earth.
12. Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum valuables, etc.

The composition and structure of fixed assets depend on such factors as the characteristics of manufactured products, the level of technology development in the country, the level of automation of production and management, the perfection of the forms of organization of production used, natural and climatic conditions (the more severe the conditions, the more passive fixed assets prevail) and etc.

Accounting for fixed assets is determined not only by the need to know what fixed assets and to what extent the enterprise has, but also by the requirements of the economics of production. This is due to the fact that the share of fixed assets in the total amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise reaches 70% or more. Consequently, the development (state) of its economy depends on how they are used.

Fixed assets are accounted for in kind and in cash. With the help of natural indicators, it is carried out separately for each group of the above classification. For example, for buildings natural indicators are: their number, total and usable area in m2; for working machines - the number of units, type and age, etc.

Accounting in cash is carried out to determine the total value of fixed assets, their dynamics, structure, calculation of depreciation, economic efficiency capital investments, i.e. without which it is impossible to judge the state of the enterprise's economy.

IN modern conditions with a high level of inflation, as never before, there is a need for periodic revaluation of fixed assets and determining their replacement value, corresponding to real economic circumstances.

The enterprise must have some kind of property (assets) for doing business.

Starting from a computer, ending with a warehouse and equipment. Economics calls this the means of labor. Financial management highlights the term which are means of labor, repeatedly used in production, wearing out gradually. Examples of fixed assets: real estate, vehicles, land plots, buildings, different kind equipment, tools, roads within the territory of the enterprise, in agriculture- livestock, perennial plantings.

Criteria for fixed assets

Russian accounting classifies as fixed assets such property that simultaneously meets the following requirements:

1. The property is directly involved in the process of production and provision of services, is used in management activities or leased to third parties.

2. The property is used for a long time (more than a year or one production cycle if it exceeds one year).

3. Management does not plan to sell these enterprise funds. Of course, the possibility of a sale in the future is not ruled out if they are no longer needed, morally obsolete, or their maintenance is inappropriate.

4. The fixed assets of the enterprise allow you to receive income (that is, there must be a feasibility for use).

5. The initial cost of the property is not less than 40,000 rubles.

Types of fixed assets

Fixed assets of the enterprise are divided into non-production and production assets. Non-production funds perform an infrastructural and social role, create comfort and favorable conditions for employees of the enterprise and their family members, for example, kindergartens, schools, apartments and houses, rest homes, dispensaries. Without these objects, the activity of the company will be carried out, the production cycle will not stop.

But the significance of these facilities cannot be overestimated, since caring for employees is important and necessary both for humanistic reasons and from the point of view of justification - good social security and working and living conditions have a positive effect on the growth of labor productivity. The production assets of the enterprise contribute to the implementation of the main activity, for example, equipment, machine tools, industrial real estate, where products are manufactured, works and services are performed, as well as warehouses and other storage facilities, conveyors, vehicles for moving and transporting products. Without the above funds, it is impossible to produce and conduct the main activities of the enterprise. This even applies Personal Computer small advertising agency or an online store. It should be borne in mind that the fixed assets of an enterprise are subject to wear and tear and obsolescence, therefore it is necessary to constantly update them by writing off old ones, repairing existing ones, selling unnecessary ones, and acquiring new, modern, progressive and economical facilities.

1. Economic entity fixed assets ........... 2

2. Physical and obsolescence of fixed assets .. 5

3. Reproduction of fixed assets....................................... 7

4. Depreciation deductions and their use in the enterprise .... 9

5. Repair and modernization of fixed assets .............................. 11

6. Production capacity of the enterprise .............................. 12

7. Ways to improve the use of fixed assets ...... 13

References .............................................................. 13

1. Economic essence of fixed assets

Fixed assets are the most significant integral part property of the enterprise and its and its non-current assets.

Fixed assets are fixed assets expressed in terms of value.

fixed assets - these are the means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out. These include: buildings, structures, various machines and equipment, instruments and tools, production and household equipment, land plots owned by the enterprise, on-farm roads and other fixed assets.

According to the functional value of fixed assets for production and non-production. TO production fixed assets include those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), create conditions for its normal implementation (industrial buildings, structures, etc.) and serve to store and move objects.

Non-productive fixed assets - these are fixed assets that are not directly involved in the production process (residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, etc.), but are managed by industrial enterprises.

By ownership, fixed assets are divided into own and leased.

The main production assets, depending on the degree of their impact on the object of labor, are divided into active and passive.

TO active also include funds that in the process of production directly affect the object of labor, modifying it (machinery and equipment, measuring and adjusting instruments, vehicles).

All other fixed assets can be classified as passive, since they do not directly affect the object of labor, but create the necessary conditions for the normal course of the production process (buildings, structures, etc.).

There are production (species), technological and age structure of fixed assets.

Under production structure refers to the ratio various groups fixed production assets (OPF) by material-natural composition in their total average annual value.

The most important indicator production structure OPF is the share of the active part in their total cost. This is due to the fact that the output productive capacity and others economic indicators the work of the enterprise largely depends on the value of the active part of the OPF.

Technological structure OPF characterizes their distribution according to structural divisions enterprises as a percentage of their total value. In the "narrow" terms, the technological structure can be represented as the share of dump trucks in the total number of vehicles available at the enterprise.

Age structure OPF characterizes the distribution by age groups (up to 5 years; from 5 years to 10 years; from 10 to 15 years; from 15 to 20 years; over 20 years). The average age of equipment is calculated as a weighted average.

The main task at the enterprise should be to prevent excessive aging of the BPF, since the results of the enterprise's work depend on it.

Figure 1. Classification of fixed assets (funds)

2. Physical and obsolescence of fixed assets

Under wear and tear refers to the loss of fixed assets involved in the production process, their original characteristics as a result of their operation and natural wear.

The level of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on: the initial quality of fixed assets; the degree of their exploitation; the level of aggressiveness of the environment where BPF are used; level service personnel; timely implementation of planned preventive work, etc.

A number of indicators are used to characterize the degree of physical depreciation of fixed assets.

Physical wear coefficient fixed assets (Ki.f)

where AND- the amount of depreciation of fixed assets for the entire period of their operation.

Ps- the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets.

The coefficient of physical deterioration of buildings and structures can be calculated by the formula:

where di – specific gravity i th structural element in the cost of the building, %;

Li- the percentage of wear of the i-th structural element of the building.

Equity ratio of fixed assets characterizes their physical condition on a certain date and is calculated by the formula

All these formulas assume uniform physical depreciation of fixed assets, which does not always coincide with reality.

Moral obsolescence is depreciation, loss of value until their physical wear and tear, and the end of their physical service life.

Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms.

First form obsolescence lies in the fact that there is a depreciation of machines of the same design that were produced earlier, due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions.

Second form obsolescence consists in the fact that there is a depreciation of old machines that are still physically fit, due to the appearance of new, more technically advanced and productive machines that are replacing the old ones.

At each enterprise, the process of physical and obsolescence of fixed assets must be controlled. The main purpose of this management is to prevent excessive physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets. Management of this process occurs through the implementation of a certain policy of reproduction of fixed assets.

3. Reproduction of fixed assets.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a continuous process of their renewal through the acquisition of new, modern technologies, modernization and overhaul.

The main goal is to maintain fixed assets in working order.

In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the following tasks are solved:

• ? compensation of fixed assets withdrawn for various reasons;
• ? an increase in the number and mass of fixed assets in order to expand the volume of production;
• ? improvement and improvement of the technical level of production;

The process of reproduction of fixed assets can be carried out at the expense of various sources. Fixed assets for reproduction at the enterprise can come through the following channels:

• ? as a contribution to the authorized capital;
• ? as a result of capital investments;
• ? as a result of a gratuitous transfer;
• ? rent.

The quantitative characteristic of the reproduction of fixed assets during the year is reflected in the balance sheet of fixed assets at full historical cost according to the following formula:

F k. \u003d F n. + F c. - F l.

where F to. - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year;

F n.- the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;

F in. - the cost of OF, put into effect during the year;

F l.- the cost of fixed assets liquidated during the year.

For a more detailed analysis, indicators are used: the renewal factor of fixed assets, the retirement rates of fixed assets, the capital-labor ratio, the technical equipment of labor, etc.

where K rev. – renewal coefficient, %; F k. - the cost of OF at the end of the year, rub.

where K vyb. - the coefficient of disposal of fixed assets,%.

Exceeding the value of K rev. Compared to K vyb. Indicates that the process of updating fixed assets is underway.

4. Depreciation charges and their use in the enterprise

Depreciation- this is a gradual transfer of the cost of fixed assets to manufactured products, that is, to compensate for the physical and obsolescence of fixed assets, their cost in the form of depreciation deductions is included in the costs of production.

Depreciation deductions are produced by enterprises on a monthly basis based on the established depreciation rates and the value of the fixed assets of the enterprise.

Depreciation rate represents the annual percentage of repayment of the value of fixed assets established by the state and determines the amount of annual depreciation charges, i.e. - this is the ratio of the amount of annual depreciation to the cost of OPF, expressed as a percentage.

Depreciation deductions have their own characteristics:

Firstly, depreciation deductions for major repairs have been canceled, now enterprises carry out all types of repairs at the expense of the cost of production.

Secondly, for machines, equipment, vehicles, at the end of their service life, depreciation is no longer charged in the same way as earlier accruals were made throughout the entire period of operation, regardless of what service life they are designed for;

Thirdly, in order to increase the interest of enterprises in the renewal of fixed assets, depreciation is accelerated, that is, the complete transfer of the book value of these funds to production costs.

accelerated depreciation allows:

• ? speed up the update process;
• ? accumulate enough funds (depreciation allowances) for the reconstruction of production;
• ? reduce income tax;
• ? increase production and reduce costs.

The annual amount of depreciation charge is determined by:

• ? under the straight-line method - based on the initial cost of an item of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item;
• ? with the reducing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of this item;
• ? when the method of writing off the cost is based on the sum of numbers of years of the useful life - based on the initial cost of the fixed asset object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the object.

Depreciation planning at the enterprise has importance, since this allows you to determine their value for the planned period; it is necessary for planning the cost of production and the financial results of the enterprise.

The initial data for determining depreciation charges for the planned period are: indicators of the cost of fixed assets at its beginning; plans for the commissioning of other fixed assets; data on the projected disposal of fixed assets; depreciation rates.

Careful planning of depreciation charges at the beginning of the year allows you to further simplify their calculation during the planning period. In this case, depreciation deductions (A) for each month are determined according to a simplified scheme: depreciation deductions for newly introduced fixed assets (Abb.) are added to depreciation deductions for the previous month (Ao) and depreciation deductions for retired fixed assets (Avyb.) Are deducted.

The amount of depreciation deductions at the enterprise is accumulated on depreciation accounts and is recorded until the disposal of depreciable property from the enterprise.

In each reporting period, the depreciation amount is written off from the depreciation accounts to the accounts for accounting for production costs and distribution costs. Together with the proceeds sold products and services, depreciation goes to the settlement account of the enterprise where it accumulates. Depreciation deductions are spent directly from the current account to finance new capital investments in fixed assets, to purchase building materials, equipment, etc.

5. Repair and modernization of fixed assets

Fixed assets at the enterprise in the process of their operation are constantly worn out, and to maintain them in working condition, it is necessary to periodically repair them.

There are three types of repair: restoration, current and capital.

Refurbishment - this is a special type of repair caused by various circumstances: natural disasters (fire, flood, etc.), military destruction. Refurbishment is carried out at the expense of special means states.

Maintenance- This is a minor repair and is carried out without a long interruption of the production process. For minor repairs, individual parts and assemblies are replaced.

Modernization is a technical improvement of fixed assets in order to eliminate obsolescence and improve technical and economic indicators to the level of the latest equipment.

Overhaul - this is a significant repair of fixed assets and is associated with a complete disassembly of the machine, the replacement of all worn parts and nodes.

Repair costs depend on physical wear and tear, the quality of the repairs carried out and the skill level of the personnel servicing the machine and equipment.

6. Enterprise production capacity

Production capacity is the maximum possible annual (daily) output of products for a given nomenclature and assortment, taking into account the use in the best possible way all the resources available in the enterprise.

The production capacity of the enterprise depends on the following factors: the quantity and quality of equipment; the maximum possible performance of each piece of equipment; the work decision made (shift, duration of one shift, discontinuous or continuous production, etc.); nomenclature and range of products, labor intensity of products, level of labor organization, etc.

IN general view the production capacity (M) of an enterprise can be determined by the formula:

where Ta- an effective fund of the enterprise's operating time

t- the complexity of manufacturing a unit of production

7. Ways to improve the use of fixed assets

Improved utilization of fixed assets is reflected in financial results work of the enterprise by increasing output, reducing costs, improving product quality, reducing property taxes and increasing profits.

Improving the use of fixed assets in the enterprise can be achieved by:

• ? release of the enterprise from excess equipment, machinery and other fixed assets;
• ? timely and high-quality carrying out of scheduled preventive repairs;
• ? raising the level of qualification of service personnel;
• ? improving the quality of preparation of raw materials and materials for the production process;
• ? increasing the level of mechanization and automation;
• ? introduction of new technologies (low-waste, waste-free, fuel-saving;

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets depend on the specific conditions prevailing at the enterprise for a given period of time.

Used Books

1. Sergeev I.V. "Enterprise Economics": Proc. Allowance. - 2nd ed., - M .: Finance and statistics, 2000.
2. Enterprise Economics: Textbook / Ed. O.I. Voikov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2000.
3. Ruzavin G.I. Basics market economy: Proc. Allowance - M .: Banks and exchanges: UNITI, 1996.
4. Enterprise Economics: Textbook / Ed. ON THE. Safronov. – M.: Youth, 2000.
5. Gruzinov V.P., Gribov V.D. Economics of the enterprise: textbook. Benefit. - M., 2000.

Almost any enterprise that is engaged in industrial activities at its disposal uses fixed assets and fixed assets. In a situation where there is an urgent need to have an understanding of the management accounting in an enterprise, you will definitely have to understand these two terms. This will be useful in a situation where it is necessary to audit the activities of an accountant, save cash and independently control the correctness of filling in tax and accounting documentation.

What are fixed assets in an enterprise?

The part of production assets that is directly involved in the production process is sufficient long time, but at the same time without losing its initial value sharply, but gradually spent with the release of products, is called fixed assets (PF).

Fixed assets are classified national wealth. They are created for the production of products and are included in the final cost of products in the form of depreciation, but they do not change their form. They are part of the production assets of any enterprise. Objects that serve and are actively used in the company for more than 1 year and have a certain equivalent value are classified as fixed assets.

The main signs that help determine the OF:

• Material presence in the labor and production process.
• The value of funds is reflected in the price of the goods produced.
• There is no loss of natural form during operation for a long period of time.
• Recovered from depreciation.

Classification of fixed assets according to legislation Russian Federation is divided into tangible and intangible. Materials are considered to be:

1. Building. This includes all buildings that participate directly or indirectly in the production process, and the cost also includes the price for the use of ventilation plumbing systems, etc.
2. Structures. They imply the use of engineering and technical buildings, roads, bridges, flyovers.
3. Cars and equipment. Absolutely all devices and units that take part in production are included, including the present computer.
4. Vehicles. Availability of automobile, railway, water or other mobile type of machines that are involved in the company.
5. Tool and inventory.
6. Perennial plantations.
7. Others.

Intangible fixed assets include:

• Expenses for exploration of mineral deposits, if such work is necessary.
• Information Support.
• Scientific technologies and their development.
• Other intellectual forms of property.

Depending on the development of the state economy, the list and classification of fixed assets may take a different form.

What are fixed assets?

Fixed assets is a term that is inherent in accounting and tax business. This concept means all objects that are involved in the commercial and production activities enterprises. Their cost should exceed the amount of 40 thousand rubles and the service life should be more than 1 year. These include exactly the same types as in the case of the above tangible and intangible fixed assets.

The main assets are:

• The cost range is from 40 thousand rubles.
• Use for at least 12 months.
• Use for industrial and commercial purposes.
• Not intended for resale.

The difference between fixed assets and fixed assets

Thus, in fact, fixed assets and fixed assets are concepts that denote the same value expression in accounting and taxation. The only difference between them is how these phrases are used and in what area they are used. So, OF-can reflect the tangible and intangible form of assets. Most often, this expression is used to economic analysis at the enterprise. In turn, fixed assets is a term more suitable for description in the accounting field and it cannot be identified with intangible assets.

Fixed assets (non-current funds, fixed capital)- part of the property of the enterprise used as a means of labor in the production of products. Fixed assets are material values ​​created by labor that function for a long time.

In the literature, a number of related concepts are often used - non-current assets, fixed capital, means of production, fixed assets, fixed assets. The concept of "non-current assets" is used mainly in financial reporting and presented in section 1 of the asset balance. This is the broadest concept, because they include all PP assets used to generate profit for a long time (usually more than 1 year).

The part of the SP capital invested in non-current assets constitutes the fixed capital.

Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, Computer Engineering, vehicles, tools, production and household inventory and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantations, on-farm roads, and other relevant objects. Tools, production and household inventory and various accessories in the event that their value exceeds 100 minimum wages at the time of their purchase.

For the purpose of a more reliable analysis, fixed assets are classified into several groups according to their purpose.

Fixed assets participate in a number of production cycles, transferring their value to manufactured products as they wear out, retaining their physical form throughout the entire useful life of fixed assets.

Under useful life understand the period of time during which the object of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the enterprise and serve the main goals of its activities.

The main defining features of fixed production assets:

Natural and value measurement

Gradual transfer of value to the product produced in parts as it wears out

Preservation of the natural-material form during the service life

There are different ways of receiving fixed assets to the enterprise:

Purchase, manufacture

Capital contribution

Receipt under a donation agreement or free of charge as assistance

Receipt under an agreement for payment in non-monetary means, or netting

OS can be divided into tangible and intangible. NMAs include:

1. Rights to use land plots, natural resources, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, completed research and development, carried out at its own expense - depreciable assets.

2. Patents, licenses, know-how, trademarks, trade marks- non-depreciable assets.

NMA have a number of characteristic properties that distinguish them from MA: duration of operation; no useful waste; high risk

Fixed assets include active and passive parts, which play a different role in the production process. Their ratio depends on the type of activity of the enterprise.

Structure of fixed assets- the ratio of individual groups in value terms.

Active part (production funds)- means of labor directly involved in the production process and in the creation of a product of labor: machinery and equipment, measuring and control devices, computing and org. equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household inventory.

Passive part (non-productive assets)- means of labor that contribute to the creation of a product: buildings, structures.

The passive part prevails in the clothing industry, the food, meat and dairy industries, and the building materials industry.

The following factors influence the structure of fixed assets:

1. Design and technological features of the manufactured products - in the production of large-sized products with a large mass, the passive part of the OS increases, in the manufacture of products with a simple configuration, the active part of the OS increases.

2. Type of production - in the mass production of a certain type of product, the share of their active part increases. A single production is characterized by a decrease in the share of the active part.

3. Har-r technological processes and technical level of production - new technologies and high technical level cause a decrease in the passive part in the OS structure.

4. The level of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production of large specialized subsidiaries with developed cooperative ties with an increase in production volumes, the share of the active part of the OS increased.

5. Geographic location of the substation of the industry - the location of the substation close to sources of raw materials, consumers has an impact on reducing the share of the passive part of the OS in the form storage facilities, fuel tanks, etc.

The functioning of fixed assets and intangible assets is limited by their service life, after which they are no longer in circulation, which necessitates their renewal, replacement or modernization.

Fixed assets are reflected in the financial statements depending on the purpose of the initial, replacement, residual and salvage value.

Initial the cost of fixed assets acquired or built for a fee, as well as those created at the point of sale, is recognized as the sum of the actual costs of the point for the acquisition, construction or manufacture, excluding VAT. The initial cost of fixed assets is not subject to change, except for cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation.

Restorative the cost of OS is the cost of similar OS in the current conditions of reproduction. Replacement cost is important in determining the amount of costs that will be required for replacement.

liquidation cost is the possible cost of selling an asset or their remains after the expiration of the operating life.

The use of fixed assets can be estimated using the following. coefficients.

Reproduction of fixed assets implemented in the form of capital investments.

The result of equipment replacement is evaluated by the following indicators:

1. Renewal coefficient Kob = OS in / OS k.g., where

OS in - the cost of the introduced fixed assets, OS k.g. - the total value of fixed assets at the end of the year.

2. Retirement rate Кvyb = OS vyb / OS n.g., where

OS select. - cost of retired fixed assets, fixed assets n.g. - the total cost of the main average at the beginning of the year.

3. Growth coefficient Kpr \u003d OS in / OS n.g., where

OS in - the cost of the introduced fixed assets, OS n.g. - the total cost of the main funds at the beginning of the year.

The excess of input over disposal provides an increase in fixed assets.

The problem of the growth of fixed assets is relevant today ... ..

The process of growth of fixed assets is influenced by two fundamental factors: the investment activity of the enterprise and retirement.

Reasons for leaving may include:

Complete wear or inability to continue operation

Sale;

Leasing;

Transfer as a founding contribution to the mouth. capital of other organizations;

Free transfer under an exchange or donation agreement;

Liquidation in case of accidents, natural disasters;

In the process of managing non-current funds, the following indicators are of great importance:

1. Capital productivity \u003d B / OS cf., Where B is the sales proceeds, OS cf - \u003d cf. the cost of the main funds in the analyzed period

2. Capital intensity \u003d OS cf / V

3. Profitability \u003d P / OS cf, where P - profit, OS cf - \u003d cf. the cost of the main funds in the analyzed period

4. Capital-labor ratio \u003d OS cf / H cf, where OS cf - \u003d cf. the cost of the main funds in the analyzed period, H cf - the average number of employees.

Information on the availability and movement of fixed assets and other non-financial assets is contained in the special. reporting form developed by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 127. It includes the following sections: availability, movement, composition of fixed assets of the main type of activity, availability of fixed assets of other types of activities, depreciation and capital repairs of fixed assets, average annual cost OS.

Fixed assets are indicated by balance sheet, replacement (including revaluation) and residual value, which makes it possible to assess the degree of their depreciation. Due to wear and tear of the OS, they require periodic reassessment

Wear- this is a partial or complete loss of the OS of its consumer properties and value.

Distinguish:

1. Physical wear:

1.1 Wear in service

1.2 Wear and tear during inactivity

2. Obsolescence:

2.1 Conditioned by an increase in the productivity of social labor

2.2 Due to the use of economical and productive machines.

Revaluation of fixed assets carried out using the following methods:

Expert method - repricing is carried out by a special commission from among highly qualified specialists.

The index method is a revaluation carried out by multiplying the book value of the object by the price index, which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In order to compensate for depreciation, enterprises create a fund, the source of which is depreciation.

Depreciation of fixed production assets is the process of gradually transferring their value to the product produced.

Sinking fund- a special monetary reserve intended for the reproduction of fixed assets in their entirety.

Depreciation rate (On)- the annual percentage of deductions to the fund, which is the percentage of reimbursement of the cost of fixed assets.