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Origin factors

An epidemic caused by social and biological factors is based on an epidemic process, that is, a continuous process of transmission of the infectious agent and a continuous chain of successively developing and interrelated infectious conditions (disease, bacteriocarrier).

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Sometimes the spread of the disease has the character of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions. A relatively high incidence rate can be recorded in a certain area for a long period. The occurrence and course of the epidemic is influenced both by processes occurring in natural conditions (natural foci, epizootics, etc.) and mainly social factors(communal improvement, living conditions, health status, etc.).

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Ways of spread of infection

1. Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of infection during an epidemic can be:
- water and food (for dysentery and typhoid fever);
- airborne (for influenza);
- transmissible (for malaria and typhus).
2. Often multiple transmission routes play a role

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Epidemics are one of the most devastating threats to humans. natural phenomena

• Statistics show that infectious diseases have claimed more human lives than wars.
• Cholera, 1866 painting

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Features of the infection

Some infectious diseases are peculiar only to humans, some are common to humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot and mouth disease, psittacosis, tularemia, etc.

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The largest epidemics in the history of mankind

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Influenza "Spanish flu" (1918 - 1919)

The most severe influenza epidemic, which probably began in America and spread to other continents. This rapid spread was facilitated by the high virulence of the strain of the influenza virus and the war. There is probably no need to explain in detail the role of the latter factor in the rapid intercontinental spread of the disease. According to estimates, this craze claimed from 50 to 100 million lives in six months. In addition, not only children or the elderly were sick with the flu, but also the able-bodied young population. Its share was almost 8%. Compare these figures with the population at that time - 1.8 billion. Scientists predicted that if such a pandemic occurred today, then 350 million people would become its victims. Hospitals would not be able to cope with a large influx of patients, not everyone would be provided with medical care.

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"Black Death"XIV-XV centuries

This name was given to the bubonic plague, which over the centuries claimed about a third of the then population of Europe - 34 million people. The same number of plague victims were in China and India. The epidemic has not spared the Middle East either. For 1348-1349. in Syria, 400 thousand people died from the disease; many died in African countries. It can be argued that the plague took 100 million lives in 100 years. The same number died from the "Spanish flu", but only within six months! The plague is caused by the pathogen Y.pestis. It has three forms: bubonic, pulmonary and septic. Due to the similarity of the clinic, patients who actually died from anthrax or hemorrhagic fevers could be enrolled as victims of the plague. Therefore, it is impossible to completely and completely write off medieval epidemics on the plague.

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Malaria. Flu

• Malaria. Until now, Malaria remains the most dangerous killer. Every day, 2,800 children die from it, and in a year - 2.7 million people around the world. Worst of all, the disease was controlled by the widespread use of DDT, which killed the vectors - malarial mosquitoes. And now the use of DDT is banned in many countries. That's why Malaria continues to kill.
• Flu. Every year, 36,000 people die from the flu. By comparison, 15,000 people die from AIDS.

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AIDS. 1981

Since 1981, when AIDS was first diagnosed (the pathogen itself was discovered a few years later), 25 million people have died from this disease. It seems a little compared to how many people die from the flu, but people themselves are responsible for the spread of this disease. The epidemic could be easily stopped if people changed their behavior. After all, AIDS is not transmitted either by airborne droplets or through water or food.

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Polio

Researchers suspect that polio has plagued mankind for millennia, paralyzing and killing thousands of children. In 1952, it was estimated that there were 58,000 cases of polio in the United States, with one third of the patients paralyzed, more than 3,000 people died. The high effectiveness of the prevention of the disease by vaccination was proved by the fact that since 1955 cases of polio have not been recorded in many states. However, individual cases of the disease still occur, mainly in those countries where vaccination is incomplete.

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Preventive measures during epidemics

• Patients with any infection should immediately consult a doctor, avoid close contact with people as much as possible, do not go to work and leave home for the period prescribed by the doctor.
• All relatives and neighbors of patients must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene. This includes, in particular, frequent washing of hands with soap and regular rubbing of hands with an alcohol solution, especially after contact with the sick person or things that he has touched.
• Persons in contact with the patient should observe the rules of personal hygiene.
• Every sick person should cover their face with a handkerchief when sneezing or coughing, and preferably wear a bandage covering their nose and mouth. The same should be done medical workers and relatives in contact with him.
• It is forbidden to use dishes, towels and bedding used by the patient, other people. These items should be washed and laundered separately from other items. Wash dishes and do laundry with rubber gloves.
• In the event of any health problems in people in contact with the patient, they should immediately consult a doctor.
• Subject to these rules, people who are in close contact with the patient may not restrict their movements outside the apartment or house.

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Main activities during the epidemic

• With mass infectious diseases, there is necessarily an epidemic focus. In this focus, a set of measures aimed at localizing and eliminating the disease is carried out.
• Measures to eliminate the epidemic focus depend on the type of pathogen and the method of occurrence of the focus. The time of year and day, meteorological conditions, the degree of preparedness of formations and institutions, the availability of forces and means have a great influence on the conduct of work. The work of all services is based on data from a general reconnaissance of the source of infection, in which medical (including epidemic) reconnaissance is also carried out (the extent of the lesion, the approximate number of affected, the boundaries of the focus, etc. are determined).

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Sanitary treatment of people;
- disinfection of clothes, shoes, care items;
- Identification of sick and suspicious by the disease; enhanced medical surveillance of those infected, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment;

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Disinfection of the territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises;
- establishment of an anti-epidemic mode of operation of treatment-and-prophylactic and other medical institutions;
- disinfection of food waste, Wastewater and waste products of sick and healthy people;
- sanitary supervision of the operation of life support enterprises, industry and transport;
- strict adherence to sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, including thorough hand washing with soap and disinfectants, drinking only boiled water, eating in certain places, using protective clothing (means personal protection);
- Carrying out sanitary and educational work.

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The most famous epidemics in the history of mankind Let's digress for a moment from contemplation contemporary problems- financial, economic and energy ecological crisis. Let's remember what prevented our ancestors from living full life. We are talking about mass pestilence: plague, cholera, malaria. We present to your attention the most famous of the mentioned pestilences and epidemics.

None of the wars claimed so many human lives as the plague epidemic. Now many people think that this is just one of the diseases that can be treated. But imagine the centuries, on the faces of people the horror that appeared only with one word - "plague".

The Black Death (plague) that came from Asia in Europe claimed a third of the population. Bubonic plague raged in Western Europe in a year, more than 25 million people died.

The Great Plague in London London's plague epidemic claimed the lives of about 100,000 people in just one year. At that time - a huge number of people, about a fifth of the population of London. Modern scientists have determined that the then Great Plague was provoked by the spread of the bubonic plague pathogen due to unsanitary conditions. The Great Plague of London was slightly smaller in scope than the infamous Black Death that claimed the lives of millions of Europeans between 1347 and 1353.

Byzantine pestilence Bubonic plague affected not only Londoners, but also the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire as early as the year of our era. The Byzantine epidemic also differs from the Black Plague epidemic. The fact is that in the sixth century AD, the Byzantine plague was only part of a general pandemic that swept Asia, North Africa, the Arabs, North America and Europe all the way to Ireland. The epidemic returned with each new generation until 750 AD. Without any doubt, it can be said that it was the pandemic of the 6th century that had the greatest impact on the entire history of mankind.

The Third Pandemic This pandemic belongs to our time: in 1855 it began in Yangnan province in China. Behind short term the plague killed over 12 million people in China and India. Scientists believe that the echoes of that pandemic were noticed even in 1959, when the plague began to be registered - however, no more than 200 per year.

Smallpox Before the influx of European explorers, conquerors, and colonists into the New World in the early 1500s, the American continent was home to 100 million natives. In subsequent centuries, epidemic diseases reduced their number to 5-10 million. When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they brought with them many diseases for which the native peoples had no immunity or protection.

Chief among these diseases was smallpox, caused by the variola virus. These microbes began attacking humans thousands of years ago, with the most common form of the disease boasting a 30 percent mortality rate. Smallpox symptoms include high fever, body aches, and a rash that appears as small, fluid-filled sores. The disease is predominantly spread through direct contact with the skin of an infected person or through bodily fluids, but can also be transmitted by airborne droplets in a confined space.

Smallpox virus Despite the development of a vaccine in 1796, the smallpox epidemic continued to spread. Even relatively recently, in 1967, the virus killed more than two million people, and millions of people around the world were severely affected by the disease. In the same year, the World Health Organization launched an active effort to eradicate the virus through mass vaccination. As a result, the last case of smallpox was recorded in 1977. Now, effectively excluded from the natural world, the disease exists only in laboratories.

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has "ravaged" the human population throughout history. Ancient texts detail how the victims of the disease withered, and DNA testing revealed the presence of tuberculosis even in Egyptian mummies. Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium, it is spread from person to person through the air. The bacterium usually infects the lungs, resulting in chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, excessive sweating, and coughing up blood.

Beginning in the 1600s, the European tuberculosis epidemic known as the Great White Plague raged for more than 200 years, with one in seven infected people dying. Tuberculosis was a constant problem in colonial America. Even in the late 19th century, 10 percent of all deaths in the US were due to tuberculosis.

In 1944, doctors developed the antibiotic streptomycin, which helped fight the disease. In the following years, even more significant breakthroughs were made in this area, and as a result, after 5,000 years of suffering, humanity finally managed to cure what the ancient Greeks called "a wasting disease."

However, despite modern methods treatment, TB continues to affect 8 million people each year, with 2 million deaths. The disease returned in a big way in the 1990s, mainly "thanks" to global poverty and the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis.

Cholera The people of India have lived in the danger of cholera since ancient times, but this danger did not manifest itself until the 19th century, when the rest of the world encountered the disease. During this period of time, traffickers inadvertently exported the deadly virus to cities in China, Japan, North Africa, Middle East and Europe. There have been six cholera pandemics that have killed millions of people.

Influenza of 1918 It was 1918. The world watched as the first World War was coming to an end. By the end of the year, the death toll is estimated to reach 37 million worldwide. Then a new disease appeared. Some call it the Spanish Flu, others the Great Flu or the 1918 Flu.

Whatever it is called, but this disease killed 20 million lives within a few months. A year later, the flu will moderate its ardor, but, nevertheless, irreparable damage has been done. According to various estimates, the number of victims amounted to millions of people. Many consider this flu to be the worst epidemic and pandemic ever recorded in history.

The 1918 flu was accompanied by the symptoms of regular flu, including fever, nausea, pain, and diarrhea. In addition, patients often developed black spots on their cheeks. Since their lungs were filled with fluid, they were at risk of dying from lack of oxygen, and many of them died from this. The epidemic subsided within a year as the virus mutated into other, safer forms. Most people today have developed some immunity to this virus family, inherited from those who survived the pandemic.

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus spreads through contact with blood, semen and other biological material, which causes irreparable damage to the human immune system. A damaged immune system opens up access to infections that ordinary person do not cause any problems. HIV becomes AIDS if the immune system is severely damaged enough.

Through prostitution and intravenous drug use, HIV has become very easy to spread through unprotected sex and the reuse of contaminated needles. Since then, AIDS has traveled south of the Sahara, orphaning millions of children and debilitating labor force in many of the world's poorest countries.

Introduction An epidemic (Greek ἐπιδημία - epidemic disease) is a widespread infectious disease (plague, smallpox, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza). Infectious diseases are widespread throughout the world, caused by various microorganisms. "Contagious" diseases have been known since ancient times, information about them can be found in the oldest written monuments: in the Indian Vedas, the works of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt.

Despite all the protection measures, since the beginning of the 21st century, every country in the world has had at least one epidemic. The largest for recent times- influenza H 1 N 1 (which was originally called swine, then renamed because of the groundlessness and unpleasant consequences for Agriculture). In fact, it was a pandemic: the disease swept across the planet from Brazil to Iceland and claimed about 284 thousand lives.

A mysterious story that took place in Philadelphia (USA, Pennsylvania) in the summer of 1976 became widely known. Then 182 participants in the congress of the American Legion organization were struck by an unknown disease. 29 of them died. In this regard, newspapers wrote about secret tests of biological weapons, about bacteriological sabotage by the special services of Eastern European countries, and there were suggestions and hints. Later, it was possible to establish a reliable cause of "legionnaires' disease". It turned out to be a natural bacterium that received Latin name Legionella, which has acquired the ability to multiply in conventional household air conditioners. Sporadic cases and dozens of epidemiological outbreaks continue to be detected annually in different regions. One recent example is a major epidemic among visitors to a flower auction in Holland (1999), during which 188 people fell ill, of whom 16 died. And there were no air conditioners.

In the mid 60s. of the last century, Ebola fever was first registered - one of the most terrible viral diseases, leaving almost no hope for a sick person to recover (mortality from it is 50-90%). Rare survivors are forbidden to communicate with others, their property is burned. Mankind has already experienced several epidemics of this disease (in Zaire, in Uganda). Two years ago, an Ebola epidemic is raging in Africa right now. The deadly virus has killed almost 700 people, and several countries have effectively closed their borders.

AIDS was transmitted to humans from chimpanzees. It is believed that this also happened while hunting and working with an infected body - the simian immunodeficiency virus ended up in the human body and mutated into the form that is now called HIV. Today on our planet about 15-17 thousand people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus every day, that is, 1 person every 67 seconds. Moreover, what is very important, about half of them are young people aged 15 to 24 years. The HIV pandemic has captured all countries and continents, it has not bypassed Russia either. 20 years after its appearance, more than 60 million people on the planet are carriers of HIV infection (the first stage of fatal AIDS).

The newest contagion on the list of 21st century epidemic candidates, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, was discovered along with the first case in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The first outbreak of the then new disease showed a mortality rate of 50%. By October 2013, there were already 145 cases of MERS in the world with a mortality rate of up to 40%. AT full force the virus came out in South Korea. The first case of MERS in the new outbreak was reported on May 20, 2015. At the moment, the epidemic in the country is practically suppressed, but single infections do not allow the Seoul authorities to consider the incident settled. According to the authorities South Korea, MERS infected 183 people and caused 33 deaths, quarantined more than 2,000 people.

Instead of a conclusion, I would like to quote the memo of the World Health Organization regarding the prevention of swine flu. Among other instructions, it recommends “washing hands thoroughly and often with soap and healthy lifestyle life, including adequate sleep, healthy eating and physical activity. Also, the memo urges to refrain from contact with people who show signs of illness (fever, cough). At the first manifestation of symptoms, you should consult a doctor, avoid contact with loved ones and refrain from visiting work or public places. These tips remain useful regardless of whether this or that most dangerous disease is raging somewhere nearby or on the other side of the world. Compliance with the rules of elementary hygiene and common sense in most cases is enough to maintain your health. Even Michel de Nostrdam in the middle of the 16th century “treated” people from bubonic plague with useless lavender tablets, prescribing ordinary hygiene procedures before taking them. People began to take baths, wash their hands before eating, and make fresh beds every day. From the settlements and towns where Nostradamus conducted his medical activities, the plague receded. The secret, as you know, is not in pills.

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