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Catherine II

Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. Since 1745 the wife of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, whom she overthrew from the throne (1762), relying on the guards (G.G. and A.G. Orlovs and others). She reorganized the Senate (1763), secularized the lands (1763-64), abolished the hetmanship in Ukraine (1764). She headed the Legislative Commission of 1767-1769. During her time, the Peasant War of 1773-1775 took place. Published the Institution for the administration of the province in 1775, the Charter of the nobility in 1785 and the Charter of the cities in 1785. Under Catherine II, as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774, 1787-1791, Russia finally entrenched itself on the Black Sea, the North was annexed. Black Sea coast, Crimea, Kuban region. She took Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). During the reign of Catherine II, sections of the Commonwealth were carried out (1772, 1793, 1795). Corresponded with Voltaire and other figures of the French Enlightenment. Author of many fiction, dramaturgical, journalistic, popular science works, "Notes".

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Origin, upbringing and education

Catherine, the daughter of Prince Christian-August of Anhalt-Zerbst, who was in the Prussian service, and Princess Johanna-Elisabeth (nee Princess of Holstein-Gottorp), was related to the royal houses of Sweden, Prussia and England. She was educated at home: she studied German and French, dance, music, the basics of history, geography, and theology. Already in childhood, her independent character, curiosity, perseverance and, at the same time, a penchant for lively, outdoor games, manifested itself. In 1744, Catherine and her mother were summoned to Russia by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine Alekseevna, and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745.

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Life in Russia before accession to the throne

Catherine set herself the goal of winning the favor of the Empress, her husband and the Russian people. However, her personal life was unsuccessful: Peter was infantile, so during the first years of marriage there was no marital relationship between them. Paying tribute to the cheerful life of the court, Catherine turned to reading French enlighteners and works on history, jurisprudence and economics. These books shaped her worldview. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. She was also interested in the history, traditions and customs of Russia. In the early 1750s. Catherine began an affair with the Guards officer S.V. Saltykov, and in 1754 gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I, but the rumors that Saltykov was Paul's father are unfounded.

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In the second half of the 1750s. Catherine had an affair with the Polish diplomat S. Poniatowski (later King Stanislaw August), and in the early 1760s. with G. G. Orlov, from whom she gave birth in 1762 to a son, Alexei, who received the surname Bobrinsky. The deterioration of relations with her husband led to the fact that she began to fear for her fate if he came to power and began to recruit supporters for herself at court. The ostentatious piety of Catherine, her prudence, sincere love for Russia - all this contrasted sharply with the behavior of Peter and allowed her to gain authority both among the high-society capital society and the general population of St. Petersburg.

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Accession to the throne

During the six months of the reign of Peter III, Catherine's relationship with her husband (who openly appeared in the company of E. R. Vorontsova's mistress) continued to deteriorate, becoming clearly hostile. There was a threat of her arrest and possible deportation. Catherine carefully prepared a conspiracy, relying on the support of the Orlov brothers, N. I. Panin, K. G. Razumovsky, E. R. Dashkova and others. On the night of June 28, 1762, when the emperor was in Oranienbaum, Catherine secretly arrived in St. Petersburg and In the barracks of the Izmailovsky regiment, she was proclaimed an autocratic empress. Soldiers from other regiments soon joined the rebels. The news of Catherine's accession to the throne quickly spread throughout the city and was greeted with enthusiasm by the people of St. Petersburg. To prevent the actions of the deposed emperor, messengers were sent to the army and to Kronstadt. Meanwhile, Peter, having learned about what had happened, began to send proposals for negotiations to Catherine, which were rejected. The empress herself, at the head of the guards regiments, set out for Petersburg and on the way received Peter's written abdication from the throne.

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The nature and manner of government

Catherine II was a subtle psychologist and an excellent connoisseur of people, she skillfully selected her assistants, not being afraid of bright and talented people. That is why Catherine's time was marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of outstanding statesmen, generals, writers, artists, and musicians. In dealing with subjects, Catherine was, as a rule, restrained, patient, tactful. She was an excellent conversationalist, able to listen carefully to everyone. By her own admission, she did not have a creative mind, but she was good at capturing any sensible thought and using it for her own purposes. During the entire reign of Catherine, there were practically no noisy resignations, none of the nobles was disgraced, exiled, let alone executed. Therefore, there was an idea of ​​​​Catherine's reign as the "golden age" of the Russian nobility. At the same time, Catherine was very vain and valued her power more than anything in the world. For the sake of her preservation, she is ready to make any compromises to the detriment of her beliefs.

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Catherine was distinguished by ostentatious piety, considered herself the head and defender of the Russian Orthodox Church and skillfully used religion in her political interests. Her faith, apparently, was not too deep. In the spirit of the time, she preached religious tolerance. Under her, the persecution of the Old Believers was stopped, Catholic and Protestant churches, mosques were built, but the transition from Orthodoxy to another faith was still severely punished.

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Attitude towards religion and serfdom

Catherine was a staunch opponent of serfdom, considering it inhumane and contrary to the very nature of man. In her papers, many harsh statements on this subject, as well as discussions about various options for the elimination of serfdom, have been preserved. However, she did not dare to do anything concrete in this area because of the well-founded fear of a noble rebellion and another coup. At the same time, Catherine was convinced of the spiritual underdevelopment of the Russian peasants and therefore was in danger of granting them freedom, believing that the life of the peasants among caring landowners was quite prosperous.

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Domestic politics

Catherine came to the throne with a well-defined political program based, on the one hand, on the ideas of the Enlightenment and, on the other, taking into account the peculiarities of the historical development of Russia. The most important principles for the implementation of this program were gradualness, consistency, and consideration of public sentiments. In the first years of her reign, Catherine carried out the reform of the Senate (1763), which made the work of this institution more efficient; carried out the secularization of church lands (1764), which significantly replenished the state treasury and eased the situation of a million peasants;

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liquidated the hetmanship in Ukraine, which corresponded to her ideas about the need to unify administration throughout the empire; invited German colonists to Russia to develop the Volga and Black Sea regions. In the same years, a number of new educational institutions were founded, including the first educational institutions for women in Russia (Smolny Institute, Catherine's School). In 1767, she announced the convening of a Commission to draft a new code, consisting of elected deputies from all social groups of Russian society, with the exception of serfs.

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Catherine wrote for the Commission "Instruction", which was essentially a liberal program of her reign. Catherine's appeals, however, were not understood by the deputies of the Commission, who were arguing over petty issues. In the course of their discussions, deep contradictions were revealed between individual social groups, the low level of political culture and the frank conservatism of the majority of the members of the Commission. At the end of 1768 the Legislative Commission was dissolved. Ekaterina herself appreciated the experience of the Commission as an important lesson that introduced her to the moods of different sections of the country's population.

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After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74 and the suppression of the uprising under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev, a new stage of Catherine's reforms began, when the empress herself developed the most important legislative acts. In 1775 a manifesto was issued allowing the free establishment of any industrial enterprises. In the same year, a provincial reform was carried out, which introduced a new administrative-territorial division of the country, which was preserved until the October Revolution of 1917. In 1785, Catherine issued her most important legislative acts - charters to the nobility and cities.

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A third letter was also prepared - to the state peasants, but political circumstances did not allow it to be put into effect. The main significance of the letters was associated with the implementation of the most important of the goals of Catherine's reforms - the creation in Russia of full-fledged estates of the Western European type. For the Russian nobility, a charter meant a legal consolidation of almost all the rights and privileges that they had. In the 1780s The education reform was also continued: a network of urban school institutions based on the class-lesson system was created. In the last years of her life, Catherine continued to develop plans for major transformations.

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In 1797, a radical reform of the central government was planned, the introduction of legislation on the succession to the throne, and the creation of the highest judicial authority based on elected representation from the three estates. However, Catherine did not have time to complete her reform program. In general, Catherine's reforms were a direct continuation of the transformations of Peter I.

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Foreign policy

Having ascended the throne, she tore up the alliance treaty concluded by Peter III with Prussia. Thanks to her efforts, Duke E. I. Biron was restored to the throne of Courland. In 1763, relying on the support of Prussia, Russia achieved the election of its protege, Stanisław August Poniatowski, to the Polish throne. This led to a cooling of relations with Austria, which, fearing an excessive strengthening of Russia, began to incite Turkey to war with the Russian Empire. The Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74 was generally successful for Russia, but the difficult domestic political situation prompted Russia to seek peace, for which it was necessary to restore relations with Austria.

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As a result, a compromise was reached, of which Poland fell victim: in 1772 Russia, Prussia and Austria carried out the first division of part of its territory. With Turkey, the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhysky peace was signed, which ensured the independence of the Crimea, which was beneficial for Russia. In the war between England and its North American colonies, Russia formally took a neutral position and Catherine refused the English king to help Great Britain with troops. At the initiative of N.I. Panin, Russia came up with a Declaration of Armed Neutrality, which was joined by a number of European states, which objectively contributed to the victory of the colonists.

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In subsequent years, the strengthening of Russian positions in the Crimea and the Caucasus took place, culminating in 1782 with the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire and the signing in 1783 of the Treaty of Georgievsk with the King of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II, which ensured the presence of Russian troops in Georgia, and subsequently its annexation to Russia. In the second half of the 1770s. formed a new foreign policy doctrine of the Russian government - the Greek project. Its main goal was to restore the Greek (Byzantine) Empire with its capital in Constantinople and the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, Catherine's grandson, as emperor.

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In 1779, Russia significantly strengthened its international prestige by participating as an intermediary between Austria and Prussia in the Teschen Congress. In 1787, Catherine, accompanied by the court, foreign diplomats, the Austrian emperor and the Polish king, made a trip to the Crimea, which became a grandiose demonstration of Russian military power. Shortly thereafter, a new war with Turkey began, with Russia acting in alliance with Austria. Almost simultaneously, the war began with Sweden (1788-90), which was trying to achieve revenge for the defeat in the Northern War. However, Russia successfully dealt with both adversaries. The war with Turkey ended in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Jassy was signed, which secured Russia's influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of the Crimea.

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In 1793 and 1795, the second and third partitions of Poland took place, finally putting an end to Polish statehood. Catherine initially reacted to the events in revolutionary France with a certain degree of sympathy, seeing them as the result of the unreasonable despotic policy of the French kings. However, after the execution of Louis XVI, she saw in the revolution a danger to all of Europe.

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Russo-Turkish War

Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. was generally successful for Russia, but the difficult domestic political situation prompted Russia to seek peace, for which it was necessary to restore relations with Austria. As a result, a compromise was reached, of which Poland fell victim: in 1772, Russia, Prussia and Austria carried out the first division of part of its territory. With Turkey, the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhysky peace was signed, which ensured the independence of the Crimea, which was beneficial for Russia. In the war between England and its North American colonies, Russia formally took a neutral position and Catherine refused the English king to help Great Britain with troops.

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At the initiative of N.I. Panin, Russia came up with a Declaration of Armed Neutrality, which was joined by a number of European states, which objectively contributed to the victory of the colonists. In subsequent years, there was a strengthening of Russian positions in the Crimea and the Caucasus,

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which ended in 1782 with the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire and the signing in 1783 of the Treaty of St. George with the King of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II, which ensured the presence of Russian troops in Georgia, and subsequently its annexation to Russia. In the second half of the 1770s, a new foreign policy doctrine of the Russian government was formed - the Greek project. Its main goal was to restore the Greek (Byzantine) Empire with its capital in Constantinople and Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, Catherine's grandson, as emperor.

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In 1779, Russia significantly strengthened its international prestige by participating as an intermediary between Austria and Prussia in the Teschen Congress. In 1787, Catherine, accompanied by the court, foreign diplomats, the Austrian emperor and the Polish king, made a trip to the Crimea, which became a grandiose demonstration of Russian military power. Shortly thereafter, a new war with Turkey began, with Russia acting in alliance with Austria. Almost simultaneously, the war began with Sweden (1788-1790), which was trying to achieve revenge for the defeat in the Northern War. However, Russia successfully dealt with both adversaries. The war with Turkey ended in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Jassy was signed, which secured Russia's influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of Crimea.

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In 1793 and 1795, the second and third partitions of Poland took place, finally putting an end to Polish statehood. Catherine initially reacted to the events in revolutionary France with a certain degree of sympathy, seeing them as the result of the unreasonable despotic policy of the French kings. However, after the execution of Louis XVI, she saw in the revolution a danger to all of Europe.

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Personal life

The time of Catherine II is the heyday of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Separated in the early 1770s. with G. G. Orlov, in subsequent years, the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in solving political issues. Only two of her famous lovers - G. A. Potemkin and P. V. Zavadovsky - became major statesmen.

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Catherine lived with her favorites for several years, but then parted for a variety of reasons (due to the death of a favorite, his betrayal or unworthy behavior), but none of them was disgraced. All of them were generously awarded with ranks, titles, money and serfs. All her life, Catherine was looking for a man who would be worthy of her, who would share her hobbies, views, etc. But she, apparently, did not succeed in finding such a person. However, there is an assumption that she secretly married Potemkin, with whom she maintained friendly relations until his death. All sorts of rumors about orgies at court, Catherine's tendency to nymphomania, etc., are nothing more than a baseless myth.

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Death of Catherine II

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On Wednesday, November 5, 1796, Her Majesty Empress Catherine II, Autocrat of All Russia, woke up as usual at 6 o’clock in the morning, drank coffee in perfect health and, as always, sat down to write, which she did until 9 o’clock. Half an hour later, the valet Zakhar Zotov found Her Majesty on the floor in the wardrobe, lying on her back, as a result of which he called his colleagues, Ivan Tyulpin and Ivan Chernov, to help him transfer the Empress to her bedroom. They felt it their duty to lift her up; but, devoid of feeling, she only half-opened her eyes, breathing weakly, and when she was supposed to be carried, her body was so heavy that six people were barely enough just to put her on the floor in the named room.

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However, his Eminence, Metropolitan Gabriel of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, having been invited, advised to make Holy Communion, because the flow had stopped, and then proceed to the unction, which he performed in concelebration with Father Sergius, the court archpriest, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Their Imperial Highnesses Sovereign Grand Duke Pavel, betrothed Heir to the Throne, and His August wife, Empress Grand Duchess Maria, to whom a courier was sent, arrived from Gatchina at 9 p.m. and, seeing their Mother in such a deplorable state, they prostrated before her and kissed her hands, shedding tears. Since there were no means to provide real help, Their Highnesses spent the night near Her Majesty.

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The next morning, November 6, based on the report of the doctors that there was no hope, the Sovereign Grand Duke Heir gave the order to the Chief Chamberlain Count. Bezborodka and the state prosecutor general gr. Samoilov to take the Imperial Seal, sort out in the presence of Their Highnesses the Grand Dukes Alexander and Konstantin all the papers that were in the Empress's office and then, having sealed them, put them in a special place. His Highness himself proceeded to this, taking the notebook on which Her Majesty's last writing was located, and putting it, without folding it, on the tablecloth already prepared for this occasion, where they then put selected from cupboards, drawers, etc. carefully emptied, handwritten papers, which were then tied with ribbons, tied in a tablecloth and sealed by the valet Yves. Tyulpin, in the presence of the aforementioned high witnesses.

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The same measure was taken, in the presence of His Highness the Grand Duke Alexander, at His Grace Prince Platon Zubov, Feldzekhmeister General, regarding the service papers that he had: they were also placed in Her Majesty's office, the doors of which were locked, sealed, and the key was given to His Highness the Sovereign Grand Duke Heir. This order was completed at noon, and at 5 o'clock His Highness, seeing that the death of His Most August Mother was approaching, invited the Metropolitan to read the departure, which was immediately read by His Eminence. But the agony of Her Majesty, revealed by constant wheezing, raising of the stomach and a fetid dark-colored matter, from time to time flowing out of the mouth, with closed eyes, lasted thirty-six hours without the slightest interruption.

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Finally, on Thursday, November 6, at 9:45 pm, the Empress expired, 67 years, 6 months and 15 days old, plunging all those present and the whole of Russia into the deepest sorrow and sobs. As soon as the Imperial Family finished its last farewell to the glorious deceased, the noble persons present, Vice-Chancellor Count Osterman, Count Bezborodko and Count Samoilov, as well as court servants and servants, brought their humble congratulations to His Majesty the new Emperor, as well as Her Majesty the Empress on the occasion of their accession to the throne; after which the Monarch was pleased to notify the metropolitan of the death of his August Mother and order that the court church be prepared for the reception of Her Majesty. The Empress took upon herself the care of the late Empress.

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So she made the proper arrangements for the body to be washed and pre-dressed in a silk dressing gown; as soon as this was done, the body was laid on the ordinary bed of Her Majesty, placed in the middle of the bedroom and covered with a burial cover of a golden eye, trimmed with the same galloons; then the court priests, in turn with the parish priests, began to read the holy gospels. To the body were put on duty: His Majesty's adjutant, two ladies-in-waiting, two chamberlains, two chamber junkers, two valets, two maids, one physician, two chamber pages and 6 pages.

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On Saturday, November 8th, the body was embalmed. The embalming continued from 8 o'clock in the morning until noon; at the same time, the cause of her death was recognized as a blow to the head, because the blood poured onto the brain from two sides: on the one hand, black, thick and curdled in the form of a liver, and on the other, liquid, flowing out of a ruptured vein. They also found two stones in the bile, which spilled over the whole heart. When the autopsy was completed, the body was dressed again as before, and Their Majesties came to bow to him. Thus ended the life of this great woman.

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Catherine composed the following epitaph for her future tombstone

Catherine II is buried here. She arrived in Russia in 1744 to marry Peter III. At fourteen, she made a threefold decision: to please her husband, Elizabeth, and the people. She did not miss anything in order to achieve success in this respect. Eighteen years of boredom and loneliness led her to read many books. Having ascended the Russian throne, she made every effort to give her subjects happiness, freedom and material well-being. She forgave easily and hated no one. She was indulgent, loved life, had a cheerful disposition, was a true republican in her convictions and had a good heart. She had friends. The job was easy for her. She enjoyed secular entertainment and the arts.

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Catherine the Great Empress of All Russia from 1762 to 1796. Born Sophie-Frederika-Amalie, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Catherine grew up in a poor family and received a mediocre upbringing. Apart from later rumors, there are no definite facts pointing to her premature development and early manifestation of talents. In 1743, Catherine's mother and she herself received an invitation from Empress Elizabeth Petrovna to come to St. Petersburg. Elizabeth, for various reasons, chose Catherine as the bride for her heir, Peter Feodorovich. Arriving in Moscow, Catherine, despite her young years, quickly got used to the situation and understood her task: to adapt to the conditions, to Elizabeth, her court, to all Russian life, to learn the Russian language and the Orthodox faith. Possessing an attractive appearance, Catherine placed both Elizabeth and the court in her favor. On August 21, 1745, Catherine was married to the Grand Duke Peter, but only on September 20, 1754, Catherine's son Pavel was born.

Peter III and Catherine II Catherine lived in unfavorable conditions. Gossip, intrigue, dissolute, idle life, in which unrestrained fun, balls, hunts and masquerades were replaced by tides of hopeless boredom - such was the atmosphere of the Elizabethan court. Catherine felt constrained; she was kept under supervision, and even her great tact and intelligence did not save her from mistakes and major troubles. Catherine and Peter, even before the wedding, cooled off towards each other. Disfigured by smallpox, physically frail, underdeveloped, eccentric, Peter did nothing to be loved; he upset and offended Catherine with his tactlessness, red tape and strange antics. The birth of a son, taken from Catherine by Empress Elizabeth, did not improve her married life, which was then completely upset under the influence of third-party hobbies.

Years, bitter trials, rude society taught Catherine to seek consolation and joy in reading, to go into the world of higher interests. Tacitus, Voltaire, Bayle, Montesquieu became her favorite authors. When she came to the throne, she was a highly educated woman. Peter and Catherine reacted differently to the death of Empress Elizabeth: the new emperor behaved strangely and shamelessly, the empress emphasized her respect for the memory of the deceased. The emperor was clearly heading for a break; Catherine was waiting for a divorce, a monastery, perhaps death. Various circles cherished the idea of ​​the deposition of Peter III. Catherine, who was popular with the people, had her own plans. The guards dreamed of seeing her on the throne; dignitaries contemplated replacing Peter with his son under Catherine's regency. The incident caused a premature explosion. In the center of the movement were the guards: the dignitaries had to recognize the accomplished fact of Catherine's accession. Peter III was deposed on June 28, 1762 by a military mutiny, without a shot, without shedding a drop of blood. In the subsequent death of Peter III (July 6, 1762), Catherine is innocent.

Rumyantsev P.A. Field Marshal General Catherine's foreign policy was of great importance in the first years of her reign. Maintaining peace with Prussia, Catherine began to interfere intensively in Polish affairs and received Belarus. In the war with Turkey on land, the Battle of Cahul (led by Rumyantsev) was of the greatest importance, and at sea - the burning of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay (Alexey Orlov, Spiridov). According to the peace in Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi (1774), Russia got Azov, the southern steppes, the right to protect Turkish Christians, trade benefits and indemnity. During the war there were considerable internal complications. The plague brought from the army built a strong nest in Moscow (1770). Commander-in-Chief Saltykov fled; the people blamed the doctors for the misfortune, and Archbishop Ambrose, who ordered the miraculous icon to be taken away, to which crowds of people flocked, from which the infection developed strongly, was killed. Only the energy of General Eropkin put an end to the rebellion, and emergency measures stopped the disease. Count Orlov A.G.

Even more dangerous was the Pugachev rebellion; it was a sharp manifestation of the socio-political protest of the Cossacks, peasants and foreigners against the St. Petersburg absolute monarchy and serfdom. Starting in Yaik (Urals), among the local Cossacks, the movement found fertile ground in the rumors and rumors generated by the freedom of the nobility, the deposition of Peter. Cossack Emelyan Pugachev took the name of Peter III. The movement took on a formidable character; its suppression was interrupted by the death of A.I. Bibikov, but then the energetic measures of P.I. Panin, Mikhelson, Suvorov put an end to the movement, and on January 10, 1775, Pugachev was executed.

Of great importance were the decree on free printing houses, the charter of the deanery (1782), which contained many humane ideas and moral maxims, and finally, the charters of letters to the nobility and cities (1785), which formalized the position of the noble class and urban societies, gave both self-government, and assigned to the nobility , along with class corporate organization prevailing in the state. Contrary to the demands of many nobles in the era of the commission, the beginning of the length of service of the nobility was preserved, that is, its non-caste character was preserved. The situation with the peasant question was much worse. Catherine did not take significant measures to improve peasant life; it secured for the nobility the right to own populated estates, although it did not give a clear definition of serfdom; in rare cases, she punished the landowners-torturers and charged the governors with the duty to stop "tyranny and torment", but, on the other hand, increased the number of serfs by generously granting populated estates to her employees and favorites and by extending serfdom to Little Russia. After 1785, Catherine entered into path of reaction and stagnation. The French Revolution remained incomprehensible to her and aroused her lively indignation. She began to see conspirators everywhere, sent murderers; her reactionary mood was fed by emigrants, foreign courts, close associates. The persecution of the press and the intelligentsia (Novikov, Radishchev, Derzhavin, Knyazhnin) marked the last years of Catherine's reign.

Catherine's foreign policy was, despite partial failures, brilliant in results. Having successfully acted as an intermediary in the struggle for the Bavarian inheritance (1778 - 79), Catherine further raised the prestige of Russia by putting into practice, during the struggle of England with its North American colonies, "armed neutrality", that is, the international protection of merchant shipping (1780) . Crimea, Taman and Kuban were annexed to Russia. Journey of Catherine the Great in the Crimea, 1787

The second Turkish war (1787 - 91) was hard for Russia; at the same time, they had to fight with Sweden (1788-90) and endure the strengthening of the resurgent Poland. A series of failures in the war with Turkey, which led to Potemkin's despair, was redeemed by the capture of Ochakov, Suvorov's victories at Focsani and Rymnik, the capture of Ishmael, and the victory at Machin. According to the Treaty of Jassy, ​​with Turkey, Russia received the fortress of Ochakov and recognition of the annexation of the Crimea and Kuban; this result did not correspond to the severity of the costs; the difficult war with Sweden, which ended with the Verel peace, was also inconclusive. The divisions of Poland in 1793 (between Russia and Prussia) and 1795 (between them and Austria) put an end to the state existence of Poland and gave Russia Lithuania, Volyn, Podolia and part of the present Privislinsky region.

Historian Klyuchevsky V.O. about Catherine the Great: "Catherine's mind was not particularly subtle and deep, but flexible and cautious, quick-witted. She did not have any outstanding ability, one dominant talent that would crush all other forces, upsetting the balance of the spirit. But she had one a happy gift that made the strongest impression: memory, observation, ingenuity, a sense of position, the ability to quickly grasp and summarize all available data in order to choose the right tone in time ”

She had an amazing ability to adapt to circumstances. She possessed strong character able to understand people and influence them; bold and courageous, she never lost her presence of mind. She was very industrious and led a measured life, going to bed early and rising early; she loved to enter into everything herself and loved to be known about it. Popularity was the main feature of her character and the stimulus of her activity, although she really cherished the greatness and splendor of Russia, and her dream that after the end of the legislation the Russian people would be the most just and prosperous on earth, gave, perhaps, more than one sentimentality.

The French philosopher and educator Denis Diderot, Catherine corresponded with Voltaire, d "Alembert, Buffon, hosted Grimm and Diderot in St. Petersburg. Not alien to abstract speculation, she was a realist politician, well versed in economic and psychological factors, was aware of that she has to deal with living people who are "more sensitive and ticklish than paper, which endures everything" (the words spoken to her by Diderot). She was convinced that religion and the church were needed for the mob. The position of the Orthodox empress obligated, and no matter how Catherine personally treated religion, she was very pious in appearance (prolonged pilgrimage), and over the years, perhaps, she really became a believing daughter of the church. freedom. She loved criticism, if it was decent in form and limited by certain limits. Over the years, these limits narrowed: Catherine more and more imbued with the conviction that she was an exceptional and brilliant nature, her decisions were unmistakable; the flattery she loved (she was flattered by Russians and foreigners, monarchs and philosophers) had a harmful effect on her. Voltaire French writer, philosopher, educator.

Catherine II, born in Stettin on April 21, 1729, is buried here. She spent 44 years in Russia and married Peter III there. Fourteen years old She made a triple project - to please her Spouse, Elizabeth I and the people. She used everything to achieve this success. Eighteen years of boredom and solitude forced her to read many books. Having ascended the Russian throne, she strove for good, wished to bring happiness, freedom and property to her subjects. She forgave easily and did not hate anyone. Condescending, loving ease in life, cheerful by nature, with the soul of a republican And a good heart - she had friends. Work was easy for her, In society and the verbal sciences, she found pleasure.

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Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst was born on April 21 (May 2), 1729 in the German Pomeranian city of Stettin (now Szczecin in Poland). The father came from the Zerbst-Dornburg line of the Anhalt house and was in the service of the Prussian king, was a regimental commander, commandant, then governor of the city of Stettin, ran for the Dukes of Courland, but unsuccessfully, ended the service as a Prussian field marshal. Mother - from the family of Holstein-Gottorp, was the cousin of the future Peter III. Maternal uncle Adolf Friedrich was king of Sweden from 1751. The family tree of the mother of Catherine II goes back to Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the first Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and the founder of the Oldenburg dynasty.

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The family of the Duke of Zerbst was not rich, Catherine was educated at home. She studied German and French, dances, music, the basics of history, geography, theology. I was brought up in strictness. She grew up inquisitive, prone to outdoor games, persistent.

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In 1744, the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, together with her mother Catherine, was invited to Russia for the subsequent marriage with the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III and her second cousin. Immediately after her arrival in Russia, she began to study the Russian language, history, Orthodoxy, Russian traditions, as she sought to get to know Russia as fully as possible, which she perceived as a new homeland. Among her teachers are the famous preacher Simon Todorsky (Orthodoxy teacher), the author of the first Russian grammar Vasily Adadurov (Russian language teacher) and choreographer Lange (dance teacher).

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She soon fell ill with pneumonia, and her condition was so severe that her mother offered to bring a Lutheran pastor. Sophia, however, refused and sent for Simon Todorsky. This circumstance added to her popularity at the Russian court. On June 28 (July 9), 1744, Sophia Frederick Augusta converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy and received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna (the same name and patronymic as that of Elizabeth's mother, Catherine I), and the next day she was betrothed to the future emperor. Catherine I

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On August 21 (September 1), 1745, at the age of sixteen, Catherine was married to Peter Fedorovich, who was 17 years old. For the first years of his life, Peter was not at all interested in his wife, and there was no marital relationship between them. Catherine will later write about this: Catherine II Alekseevna, wife of Peter III Peter III Fedorovich, husband of Catherine II

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“I saw very well that the Grand Duke did not love me at all; two weeks after the wedding, he told me that he was in love with the girl Carr, the Empress's lady-in-waiting. He told Count Divier, his chamberlain, that there was no comparison between this girl and me. Divyer claimed otherwise, and he became angry with him; this scene took place almost in my presence, and I saw this quarrel. To tell the truth, I told myself that with this man I would certainly be very unhappy if I succumbed to the feeling of love for him, for which they paid so poorly, and that there would be something to die of jealousy without any benefit to anyone. So, out of pride, I tried to force myself not to be jealous of a person who does not love me, but in order not to be jealous of him, there was no other choice than not to love him. If he wanted to be loved, it would not be difficult for me: I was naturally inclined and accustomed to fulfill my duties, but for this I would need to have a husband with common sense, and mine didn’t.”

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Ekaterina continues to educate herself. She reads books on history, philosophy, jurisprudence, the works of Voltaire, Montesquieu, Tacitus, Bayle, and a large amount of other literature. The main entertainment for her was hunting, horseback riding, dancing and masquerades. The absence of marital relations with the Grand Duke contributed to the appearance of Catherine's lovers. Meanwhile, Empress Elizabeth expressed dissatisfaction with the absence of children from the spouses.

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Finally, after two unsuccessful pregnancies, on September 20 (October 1), 1754, Catherine gave birth to a son, whom they immediately take away from her, call him Paul (future Emperor Paul I) and deprive him of the opportunity to educate, and only allow him to see occasionally. A number of sources claim that the true father of Paul was Catherine's lover S. V. Saltykov. Others - that such rumors are unfounded, and that Peter underwent an operation that eliminated a defect that made conception impossible. The issue of paternity aroused public interest as well. Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. 1766.

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After the birth of Paul, relations with Peter and Catherine II finally deteriorated. Peter openly made mistresses, however, without preventing Catherine from doing this, who during this period had a relationship with Stanislav Poniatowski, the future king of Poland. On December 9 (20), 1758, Catherine gave birth to a daughter, Anna, which caused great displeasure of Peter, who said at the news of a new pregnancy: “God knows where my wife gets pregnant from; I don’t know for sure if this child is mine and if I should recognize him as mine. Catherine II Stanislav August Poniatowski

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At this time, the condition of Elizabeth Petrovna worsened. All this made the prospect of expelling Catherine from Russia or concluding her in a monastery real. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Catherine's secret correspondence with the disgraced Field Marshal Apraksin and the British Ambassador Williams, dedicated to political issues, was revealed. Her former favorites were removed, but a circle of new ones began to form: Grigory Orlov, Dashkova and others. Grigory Orlov

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The death of Elizabeth Petrovna (December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762)) and the accession to the throne of Peter Fedorovich under the name of Peter III further alienated the spouses. Peter III began to openly live with his mistress Elizaveta Vorontsova, settling his wife at the other end of the Winter Palace. When Catherine became pregnant from Orlov, this could no longer be explained by accidental conception from her husband, since communication between the spouses had completely ceased by that time. Ekaterina hid her pregnancy, and when the time came to give birth, her devoted valet Vasily Grigoryevich Shkurin set fire to his house. A lover of such spectacles, Peter with the court left the palace to look at the fire; at this time, Catherine gave birth safely. Thus, the first in Russia, Count Bobrinsky, the founder of a famous family, was born. Grigory Orlov

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Having ascended the throne, Peter III carried out a number of actions that caused a negative attitude of the officer corps towards him. So, he concluded an unfavorable treaty for Russia with Prussia (while the Russian troops took Berlin) and returned the lands occupied by the Russians to her. At the same time, he intended, in alliance with Prussia, to oppose Denmark (an ally of Russia), in order to return Schleswig, which she had taken from Holstein, and he himself intended to go on a campaign at the head of the guard. Supporters of the coup accused Peter III of ignorance, dementia, dislike of Russia, complete inability to rule. Against his background, Catherine looked favorably - a smart, well-read, pious and benevolent wife, who was persecuted by her husband. After relations with her husband finally deteriorated, and dissatisfaction with the emperor on the part of the guard intensified, Catherine decided to participate in the coup. Her comrades-in-arms, the main of whom were the Orlov brothers, Potemkin and Khitrovo, engaged in agitation in the guards units and won them over to their side. The immediate cause of the start of the coup was the rumors about the arrest of Catherine and the disclosure and arrest of one of the participants in the conspiracy - Lieutenant Passek.

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In the early morning of June 28 (July 9), 1762, while Peter III was in Oranienbaum, Catherine, accompanied by Alexei and Grigory Orlov, arrived from Peterhof to St. Petersburg, where the guards swore allegiance to her. Peter III, seeing the hopelessness of resistance, abdicated the next day, was taken into custody and died in the first days of July under unclear circumstances. On September 2 (September 13), 1762, Ekaterina Alekseevna was crowned in Moscow and became Empress of All Russia with the name Catherine II. Empress of All Russia Catherine II.

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General information In her memoirs, Catherine characterized the state of Russia at the beginning of her reign as follows: Finances were exhausted. The army did not receive a salary for 3 months. Trade was in decline, for many of its branches were given over to a monopoly. There was no correct system in the state economy. The War Department was plunged into debt; the marine was barely holding on, being in utter neglect. The clergy were dissatisfied with the taking away of his lands. Justice was sold at a bargain, and the laws were governed only in cases where they favored the strong person.

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It is necessary to educate the nation, which should govern. It is necessary to introduce good order in the state, to support society and force it to comply with the laws. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state. It is necessary to promote the flourishing of the state and make it abundant. It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspire respect for its neighbors. The Empress formulated the tasks facing the Russian monarch as follows:

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The policy of Catherine II was characterized by progressive, without sharp fluctuations, development. Upon her accession to the throne, she carried out a number of reforms (judicial, administrative, etc.). Territory Russian state increased significantly due to the annexation of the fertile southern lands - the Crimea, the Black Sea region, as well as the eastern part of the Commonwealth, etc. The population increased from 23.2 million (in 1763) to 37.4 million (in 1796), Russia became the most populated European country (it accounted for 20% of the population of Europe). As Klyuchevsky wrote, “The army from 162 thousand people was strengthened to 312 thousand, the fleet, which in 1757 consisted of 21 battleships and 6 frigates, in 1790 counted 67 battleships and 40 frigates, the from 16 million rubles. rose to 69 million, i.e. more than quadrupled, the success foreign trade: Baltic; in an increase in import and export, from 9 million to 44 million rubles, the Black Sea, Catherine and created - from 390 thousand in 1776 to 1900 thousand rubles. in 1796, the growth of domestic turnover was indicated by the issue of a coin in 34 years of the reign for 148 million rubles, while in the 62 previous years it was issued only for 97 million.

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The Russian economy continued to be agrarian. The share of the urban population in 1796 was 6.3%. At the same time, a number of cities were founded (Tiraspol, Grigoriopol, etc.), iron smelting increased by more than 2 times (in which Russia took 1st place in the world), and the number of sailing and linen manufactories increased. In total, by the end of the XVIII century. there were 1200 in the country large enterprises(in 1767 there were 663). The export of Russian goods to European countries has increased significantly, including through the established Black Sea ports.

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Favoritism accompanied the predecessors and successors of Catherine and was a kind of calling card of the absolute monarchy. But neither before Catherine, nor after her, debauchery reached such a wide scale and did not manifest itself in such a frankly defiant form. Much later, being at an advanced age, the Empress once stated that Russia should be grateful to her for the favorites, whom she considered her students, who, under her leadership, mastered the wisdom of governing the state. In fact, from her entire male “harem”, she prepared only the only sensible politician - Grigory Potemkin, but even in that man’s dignity, they accidentally combined with the abilities of a statesman. As for the other favorites, as we will see below, they were unremarkable people, for the most part thieves, who cared about personal interests, and not about the good of the state. Consequently, all Catherine's theories about the benefits of favoritism must be considered a cover for voluptuousness, an attempt to elevate debauchery to the rank of public policy. She had the longest relationship with G. G. Orlov, a rapprochement with whom occurred even before Catherine's accession to the throne.

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Catherine's commitment to the ideas of the Enlightenment determined the nature of her domestic policy and the direction of reforming various institutions of the Russian state. The term "enlightened absolutism" is often used to characterize the domestic policy of Catherine's time. According to Catherine, based on the writings of the French philosopher Montesquieu, extensive Russian spaces and the severity of the climate determine the regularity and necessity of autocracy in Russia. Based on this, under Catherine, the autocracy was strengthened, the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the country was centralized and the system of government was unified.

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An attempt was made to convene the Legislative Commission, which would systematize the laws. The main goal is to clarify the people's needs for comprehensive reforms. Dec 14 1766 Catherine II published a manifesto on the convocation of a commission and decrees on the procedure for elections to deputies. Nobles are allowed to elect one deputy from the county, townspeople - one deputy from the city. More than 600 deputies took part in the commission, 33% of them were elected from the nobility, 36% - from the townspeople, which also included the nobles, 20% - from the rural population (state peasants). The interests of the Orthodox clergy were represented by a deputy from the Synod. As guidance document Commission in 1767, the Empress prepared "Order" - a theoretical justification for enlightened absolutism. The first meeting was held in the Faceted Chamber in Moscow. Due to the conservatism of the deputies, the Commission had to be dissolved.

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Soon after the coup, the statesman N.I. Panin proposed the creation of an Imperial Council: 6 or 8 higher dignitaries rule together with the monarch (as the conditions of 1730). Catherine rejected this project. According to another project of Panin, the Senate was transformed - 15 Dec. 1763 It was divided into 6 departments, headed by chief prosecutors, the prosecutor general became the head. Each department had certain powers. The general powers of the Senate were reduced, in particular, it lost the legislative initiative and became the body of control over the activities of the state apparatus and the highest judicial authority. The center of legislative activity moved directly to Catherine and her office with secretaries of state. N. I. Panin

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On November 7, 1775, the "Institution for the administration of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire" was adopted. Instead of a three-tier administrative division - province, province, county, a two-tier administrative division began to operate - province, county (which was based on the principle of taxable population). Of the former 23 provinces, 50 were formed, each of which had 300-400 thousand residents. The provinces were divided into 10-12 counties, each with 20-30 thousand d.m.p. Governor-General (governor) - kept order in local centers and 2-3 provinces, united under his authority, were subordinate to him. He had extensive administrative, financial and judicial powers, all military units and teams located in the provinces were subordinate to him.

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Governor-General (governor) - kept order in local centers and 2-3 provinces, united under his authority, were subordinate to him. He had extensive administrative, financial and judicial powers, all military units and teams located in the provinces were subordinate to him.

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Governor - was at the head of the province. They reported directly to the emperor. Governors were appointed by the Senate. The provincial prosecutor was subordinate to the governors. Finance in the province was handled by the Treasury, headed by the vice-governor. Land management was carried out by the provincial land surveyor. The executive body of the governor was the provincial government, which exercised general supervision over the activities of institutions and officials. Schools, hospitals and orphanages were administered by the Order of Public Charity ( social functions), as well as class judicial institutions: the Upper Zemstvo Court for the nobility, the Provincial Magistrate, which considered litigation between the townspeople, and the Upper Punishment for the trial of state peasants. The Chamber of Criminal and Civil judged all classes, were the highest judicial bodies in the provinces

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Captain police officer - stood at the head of the county, leader of the nobility, elected by him for three years. It was the executive body of the provincial government. In the counties, as in the provinces, there are estate institutions: for the nobility (county court), for the townspeople (city magistrate) and for state peasants (lower punishment). There was a county treasurer and a county land surveyor. Representatives of the estates sat in the courts. A conscientious court is called upon to stop strife and reconcile those who argue and quarrel. This court was without class. The Senate becomes the highest judicial body in the country. Since the cities - the centers of counties were clearly not enough. Catherine II renamed many large cities into cities rural settlements making them administrative centers. Thus, 216 new cities appeared. the population of the cities began to be called philistines and merchants. The city was brought into a separate administrative unit. At its head, instead of the governor, a mayor was appointed, endowed with all rights and powers. Strict police control was introduced in the cities. The city was divided into parts (districts), which were supervised by a private bailiff, and the parts were divided into quarters controlled by a quarter warden.

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Carrying out the provincial reform in the Left-bank Ukraine in 1783-1785. led to a change in the regimental structure (former regiments and hundreds) to a common administrative division for the Russian Empire into provinces and counties, the final establishment of serfdom and the equalization of the rights of the Cossack officers with the Russian nobility. With the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Treaty (1774), Russia received access to the Black Sea and Crimea. In the west, the weakened Commonwealth was on the verge of partition.

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Thus, the further need to maintain the presence of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks in their historical homeland for the protection of the southern Russian borders has disappeared. At the same time, their traditional way of life often led to conflicts with the Russian authorities. After repeated pogroms of Serbian settlers, and also in connection with the support of the Pugachev uprising by the Cossacks, Catherine II ordered the Zaporizhzhya Sich to be disbanded, which was carried out on the orders of Grigory Potemkin to pacify the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks by General Peter Tekeli in June 1775. Grigory Potemkin

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The Sich was bloodlessly disbanded, and then the fortress itself was destroyed. Most of the Cossacks were disbanded, but after 15 years they were remembered and created the Army of the Faithful Cossacks, later the Black Sea Cossack Army, and in 1792 Catherine signs a manifesto that gives them the Kuban for perpetual use, where the Cossacks moved, having founded the city of Ekaterinodar. The reforms on the Don created a military civil government modeled on the provincial administrations of central Russia.

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The Baltic states as a result of the regional reform in 1782 - 1783. was divided into 2 provinces - Riga and Revel - with institutions that already existed in other provinces of Russia. In Estonia and Livonia, the special Baltic order was abolished, which provided for more extensive rights than the Russian landowners had for local nobles to work and the personality of the peasant.

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Siberia was divided into three provinces: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. The reform was carried out by the government without taking into account the ethnic composition of the population: the territory of Mordovia was divided between 4 provinces: Penza, Simbirsk, Tombov and Nizhny Novgorod.

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The reign of Catherine II was characterized by the development of the economy and trade. By decree of 1780, factories and industrial plants were recognized as property, the disposal of which does not require special permission from the authorities. In 1763, the free exchange of copper money for silver was banned so as not to provoke the development of inflation. The development and revival of trade was facilitated by the emergence of new credit institutions (the state bank and the loan office) and the expansion of banking operations (since 1770, deposits were accepted for storage). A state bank was established and for the first time the issue of paper money - banknotes - was launched.

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Of great importance was the introduction by the Empress state regulation the price of salt, which was one of the country's most vital commodities. The Senate legislated the price of salt at 30 kopecks per pood (instead of 50 kopecks) and 10 kopecks per pood in the regions of mass salting of fish. Without introducing a state monopoly on the salt trade, Catherine counted on increased competition and, ultimately, improving the quality of the goods. The role of Russia in the world economy has increased - in England it has become large quantities Russian sailing fabric was exported, exports of cast iron and iron to other European countries increased (the consumption of cast iron on the domestic Russian market also increased significantly). Under the new protectionist tariff of 1767, the import of those goods that were produced or could be produced within Russia was completely prohibited. Duties from 100 to 200% were imposed on luxury goods, wine, grain, toys ... Export duties amounted to 10-23% of the value of imported goods.

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Silver ruble with the profile of Catherine II. 1774 Gold half for palace use with a profile of Catherine II. 1777 Gold 2 rubles for palace use with a profile of Catherine II, 1785. The image of the aging Empress Imperial Russian coin 10 rubles with a portrait of Catherine II, 1766

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Catherine the Great on a katenka - the royal hundred-ruble note 1898 and 1910 Catherine on five hundred Pridnestrovian rubles 2004

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In 1773, Russia exported goods worth 12 million rubles, which was 2.7 million rubles more than imports. In 1781, exports already amounted to 23.7 million rubles against 17.9 million rubles of imports. Russian merchant ships began to sail in the Mediterranean Sea]. Thanks to the policy of protectionism in 1786, the country's exports amounted to 67.7 million rubles, and imports - 41.9 million rubles. At the same time, Russia under Catherine went through a series of financial crises and was forced to make external loans, the amount of which by the end of the reign of the Empress exceeded 200 million silver rubles.

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In 1768, a network of city schools was created, based on the class-lesson system. Schools began to open. Under Catherine, the systematic development of women's education began, in 1764 the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the Educational Society for Noble Maidens were opened. The Academy of Sciences has become one of the leading scientific bases in Europe. An observatory, a physics office, an anatomical theater, a botanical garden, instrumental workshops, a printing house, a library, and an archive were founded. The Russian Academy was founded in 1783.

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In the provinces there were orders of public charity. In Moscow and St. Petersburg - Orphanages for homeless children (currently the building of the Moscow Orphanage is occupied by the Military Academy named after Peter the Great), where they received education and upbringing. To help widows, the Widow's Treasury was created.

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Compulsory smallpox vaccination was introduced, and Catherine was the first to make such an inoculation. Under Catherine II, the fight against epidemics in Russia began to take on the character of state events that were directly within the responsibilities of the Imperial Council, the Senate. By decree of Catherine, outposts were created, located not only on the borders, but also on the roads leading to the center of Russia. The "Charter of border and port quarantines" was created.

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In 1763-1764 Catherine published two manifestos. The first - "On allowing all foreigners entering Russia to settle in which provinces they wish and on the rights granted to them" called on foreign citizens to move to Russia, the second determined the list of benefits and privileges for immigrants. Soon the first German settlements arose in the Volga region, allotted for immigrants. The influx of German colonists was so great that already in 1766 it was necessary to temporarily suspend the reception of new settlers until the settlement of those who had already entered. The creation of colonies on the Volga was on the rise: in 1765 - 12 colonies, in 1766 - 21, in 1767 - 67. According to the census of colonists in 1769, 6.5 thousand families lived in 105 colonies on the Volga, which amounted to 23.2 thousand people]. In the future, the German community will play a prominent role in the life of Russia. By 1786, the country included the Northern Black Sea region, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine, the lands between the Dniester and the Bug, Belarus, Courland and Lithuania. The population of Russia in 1747 was 18 million people, by the end of the century - 36 million people. In 1726, there were 336 cities in the country, by the beginning. XIX century - 634 cities. In con. In the 18th century, about 10% of the population lived in cities. In rural areas, 54% are privately owned and 40% are state-owned.

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21 Apr. In 1785, two charters were issued: "Charter for the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble nobility" and "Charter for the cities." Both letters regulated the legislation on the rights and obligations of the estates.

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Complaint to the nobility: Already existing rights were confirmed. the nobility was exempted from the poll tax from the quartering of military units and teams from corporal punishment from compulsory service the right to unlimited disposal of estates was confirmed; the right to own houses in cities; the right to start enterprises on estates and engage in trade; it was forbidden to confiscate the estates of nobles for criminal offenses; estates were to be passed on to legitimate heirs. the nobles have the exclusive right to own land, but the "Charter" does not say a word about the monopoly right to have serfs. the Ukrainian foreman was equalized with the Russian nobles. a nobleman who did not have an officer's rank was deprived of the right to vote. only nobles whose income from estates exceeds 100 rubles could hold elected positions.

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Diploma on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire: The division of the urban population into 6 categories: nobles, officials and clergy ("real city dwellers") - can have houses and land in cities without engaging in trade. merchants of all three guilds (the lowest amount of capital for merchants of the 3rd guild is 1000 rubles) artisans registered in workshops. foreign and out-of-town merchants. eminent citizens - merchants with a capital of over 50 thousand rubles, rich bankers (at least 100 thousand rubles), as well as urban intelligentsia: architects, painters, composers, scientists. townspeople, who "feed on fishing, needlework and work" (having no real estate in the city). the right of the top merchants not to pay the poll tax was confirmed. replacement of recruitment duty with a cash contribution. Representatives of the 3rd and 6th categories were called "philistines" (the word came from the Polish language through Ukraine and Belarus, originally meant "resident of the city"). Merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds and eminent citizens were exempted from corporal punishment. Representatives of the 3rd generation of eminent citizens were allowed to file a petition for the nobility.

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Serfdom: The Decree of 1763 laid the maintenance of the military teams sent to suppress peasant uprisings on the peasants themselves. By decree of 1765, for open disobedience, the landowner could send the peasant not only into exile, but also to hard labor, and the period of hard labor was set by him; the landlords also had the right to return the exiled from hard labor at any time. The decree of 1767 forbade the peasants to complain about their master; the disobedient were threatened with exile to Nerchinsk (but they could go to court), the peasants could not take the oath, take payoffs and contracts. Trade in peasants reached a wide scale: they were sold in the markets, in advertisements on the pages of newspapers; they were lost at cards, exchanged, given, forcibly married. The decree of May 3, 1783 forbade the peasants of the Left-bank Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine to pass from one owner to another.

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The widespread idea that Catherine distributed the state peasants to the landowners, as has now been proven, is a myth (peasants from the lands acquired during the partitions of Poland, as well as palace peasants, were used for distribution). The zone of serfdom under Catherine spread to Ukraine. At the same time, the position of the monastery peasants was alleviated, who were transferred to the jurisdiction of the College of Economy along with the lands. All their duties were replaced by a cash quitrent, which gave the peasants more independence and developed their economic initiative. As a result, the unrest of the monastery peasants stopped. The clergy lost their autonomous existence due to the secularization of church lands (1764), which made it possible to exist without the help of the state and independently of it. After the reform, the clergy became dependent on the state that financed it.

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At the time of accession to the throne of Catherine II, the former Russian Emperor Ivan VI continued to remain alive in custody in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1764, Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich, who was on guard duty in the Shlisselburg Fortress, won over part of the garrison to his side in order to free Ivan. The guards, however, in accordance with the instructions given to them, stabbed the prisoner, and Mirovich himself was arrested and executed.

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In 1771, a major plague epidemic occurred in Moscow, complicated by popular unrest in Moscow, called the Plague Riot. The rebels destroyed the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin. The next day, the crowd took the Donskoy Monastery by storm, killed Archbishop Ambrose, who was hiding in it, and began to smash the quarantine outposts and the houses of the nobility. Troops under the command of G. G. Orlov were sent to suppress the uprising. After three days of fighting, the rebellion was crushed. Plague riot of 1771

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In 1773-1774 there was a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. It covered the lands of the Yaik army, the Orenburg province, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria, part of Western Siberia, the Middle and Lower Volga regions. During the uprising, the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs from all provinces where hostilities unfolded joined the Cossacks. After the suppression of the uprising, some liberal reforms were curtailed and conservatism intensified. Milestones: September 1773 - March 1774 March 1774 - July 1774 July 1774 - 1775 17 Sept. 1773 the uprising begins. Near the Yaitsky town, government detachments, marching to suppress the rebellion, go over to the side of 200 Cossacks. Without taking the town, the rebels go to Orenburg. Oct 5 - March 22, 1773-1774 - standing under the walls of Orenburg. March - July 1774 - the rebels seize the factories of the Urals and Bashkiria. Under the Trinity fortress, the rebels are defeated. Kazan is captured on July 12. On July 17 they were again defeated and retreated to the right bank of the Volga. 12 Sept. 1774 Pugachev was captured.

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The foreign policy of the Russian state under Catherine was aimed at strengthening the role of Russia in the world and expanding its territory. The motto of her diplomacy was as follows: "one must be on friendly terms with all powers in order to always retain the opportunity to take the side of the weaker ... keep one's hands free ... do not trail anyone with a tail."

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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth included Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus. The reason for intervening in the affairs of the Commonwealth was the question of the position of dissidents (that is, the non-Catholic minority - Orthodox and Protestants), so that they were equalized with the rights of Catholics. Catherine exerted strong pressure on the gentry in order to elect her protege Stanislav August Poniatowski to the Polish throne, who was elected. Part of the Polish gentry opposed these decisions and organized an uprising that was raised in the Bar Confederation. It was suppressed by Russian troops in alliance with the Polish king. In 1772, Prussia and Austria, fearing the strengthening of Russian influence in Poland and its success in the war with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), offered Catherine to divide the Commonwealth in exchange for ending the war, otherwise threatening war against Russia. Russia, Austria and Prussia brought in their troops. Stanislav August Poniatowski

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In 1772, the first partition of the Commonwealth took place. Austria received all of Galicia with districts, Prussia - West Prussia (Pomorye), Russia - the eastern part of Belarus to Minsk (provinces of Vitebsk and Mogilev) and part of the Latvian lands that were previously part of Livonia. The Polish Sejm was forced to agree to the partition and renounce claims to the lost territories: it lost 3,800 km2 with a population of 4 million people. Polish nobles and industrialists contributed to the adoption of the Constitution of 1791. The conservative part of the population of the Targowice Confederation turned to Russia for help.

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In 1793, the 2nd division of the Commonwealth took place, approved by the Grodno Seim. Prussia received Gdansk, Torun, Poznan (part of the land along the rivers Warta and Vistula), Russia - Central Belarus with Minsk and Right-Bank Ukraine. In March 1794, an uprising began under the leadership of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, whose goals were to restore territorial integrity, sovereignty and the Constitution on May 3, but in the spring of that year it was suppressed by the Russian army under the command of A.V. Suvorov.

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In 1795, the 3rd partition of Poland took place. Austria received Southern Poland with Luban and Krakow, Prussia - Central Poland with Warsaw, Russia - Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus. Oct 13 1795 - a conference of three powers on the fall of the Polish state, it lost statehood and sovereignty.

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An important direction of Catherine's foreign policy || were also the territories of the Crimea, the Black Sea and the North Caucasus, which were under Turkish rule. When the uprising of the Bar Confederation broke out, the Turkish sultan declared war on Russia (Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774), using as a pretext that one of the Russian detachments, pursuing the Poles, entered the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Russian troops defeated the Confederates and began to win one victory after another in the south. Having achieved success in a number of land and sea battles (the Battle of Kozludzhi, the battle of the Ryaba Mogila, the Cahul battle, the Largas battle, the Chesme battle, etc.), Russia forced Turkey to sign the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty, as a result of which the Crimean Khanate formally gained independence, but became de facto dependent on Russia. Turkey paid military indemnities to Russia in the order of 4.5 million rubles, and also ceded the northern coast of the Black Sea, along with two important ports. After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia's policy towards the Crimean Khanate was aimed at establishing a pro-Russian ruler in it and joining Russia. Under pressure from Russian diplomacy, Shahin Giray was elected khan. The previous khan - a protege of Turkey Devlet IV Giray - at the beginning of 1777 tried to resist, but it was suppressed by A. V. Suvorov, Devlet IV fled to Turkey. At the same time, the landing of Turkish troops in the Crimea was prevented, and thus an attempt to unleash a new war was prevented, after which Turkey recognized Shahin Giray as a khan. In 1782, an uprising broke out against him, which was suppressed by the Russian troops brought to the peninsula, and in 1783, by the manifesto of Catherine II, the Crimean Khanate was annexed to Russia. After the victory, the empress, together with the Austrian emperor Joseph II, made a triumphal trip to the Crimea.

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The next war with Turkey took place in 1787-1792 and was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain the lands that had gone to Russia during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, including Crimea. Here, too, the Russians won a number of important victories, both on land - the Kinburn battle, the Battle of Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov, the capture of Izmail, the battle of Focsani, the Turks' campaigns against Bendery and Akkerman, etc., and the sea ones - the battle of Fidonisi (1788), in the Kerch naval battle of 1790, at Tendra (1790) and at Cape Kaliakria (1791). As a result, the Ottoman Empire in 1792 was forced to sign the Iasi Peace Treaty, which secured the Crimea and Ochakov for Russia, and also moved the border between the two empires to the Dniester. The wars with Turkey were marked by major military victories by Rumyantsev, Suvorov, Potemkin, Kutuzov, Ushakov, and the assertion of Russia in the Black Sea. As a result, Russia ceded the Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the Kuban region, strengthened its political positions in the Caucasus and the Balkans, and strengthened Russia's authority on the world stage.

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Catherine II and the Georgian king Erekle II in 1783 concluded the Treaty of St. George, according to which Russia established a protectorate over the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom. The treaty was concluded in order to protect Orthodox Georgians, since Muslim Iran and Turkey threatened the national existence of Georgia. Russian government took Eastern Georgia under its protection, guaranteed its autonomy and protection in case of war, and during the peace negotiations, it was obliged to insist on the return of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of possessions that had long belonged to it, and illegally torn away by Turkey. Georgievsky treatise of 1783

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Taking advantage of the fact that Russia entered the war with Turkey, Sweden, supported by Prussia, England and Holland, unleashed a war with her for the return of previously lost territories. The troops that entered the territory of Russia were stopped by General-in-Chief V.P. Musin-Pushkin. After a series of naval battles that did not have a decisive outcome, Russia defeated the Swedes' battle fleet in the battle of Vyborg, but due to a storm that had flown in, suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of rowing fleets at Rochensalm. The parties signed the Treaty of Verel in 1790, according to which the border between the countries did not change.

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In 1764, relations between Russia and Prussia normalized, and an alliance treaty was concluded between the countries. This agreement served as the basis for the formation of the Northern System - the union of Russia, Prussia, England, Sweden, Denmark and the Commonwealth against France and Austria. Russian-Prussian-Austrian cooperation continued further. In the third quarter of the XVIII century. there was a struggle of the North American colonies for independence from England - the bourgeois revolution led to the creation of the United States. In 1780, the Russian government adopted the "Declaration of Armed Neutrality", supported by most European countries (ships of neutral countries had the right to armed protection when attacked by the fleet of a belligerent country).

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In European affairs, the role of Russia increased during the Austro-Prussian war of 1778-1779, when she acted as an intermediary between the belligerents at the Teschen Congress, where Catherine essentially dictated her terms of reconciliation, restoring balance in Europe]. After that, Russia often acted as an arbitrator in disputes between the German states, which turned to Catherine directly for mediation. One of Catherine's grandiose plans in the foreign policy arena was the so-called Greek project - the joint plans of Russia and Austria to divide Turkish lands, expel Turks from Europe, revive the Byzantine Empire and proclaim Catherine's grandson Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich as emperor. According to the plans, the buffer state of Dacia is created on the site of Bessarabia, Moldavia and Wallachia, and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula is transferred to Austria. The project was developed in the early 1780s, but was not implemented due to the contradictions of the allies and the reconquest of significant Turkish territories by Russia on its own.

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In October 1782, the Treaty of Friendship and Trade with Denmark was signed. After the French Revolution, Catherine was one of the initiators of the anti-French coalition and the establishment of the principle of legitimism. She said: “The weakening of the monarchical power in France endangers all other monarchies. For my part, I am ready to resist with all my might. It's time to act and take up arms. However, in reality, she abstained from participating in hostilities against France. According to popular belief, one of the real reasons for the formation of the anti-French coalition was to divert the attention of Prussia and Austria from Polish affairs. At the same time, Catherine refused all treaties concluded with France, ordered the expulsion of all suspected sympathizers for the French Revolution from Russia, and in 1790 issued a decree on the return of all Russians from France.

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During the reign of Catherine the Russian Empire acquired the status of a "great power". As a result of two successful Russian-Turkish wars for Russia, 1768-1774 and 1787-1791. the Crimean peninsula and the entire territory of the Northern Black Sea region were annexed to Russia. In 1772-1795. Russia took part in the three sections of the Commonwealth, as a result of which it annexed the territories of present-day Belarus, Western Ukraine, Lithuania and Courland. The Russian Empire also included Russian America - Alaska and the West coast of the North American continent (the current state of California).

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Catherine belonged to a small number of monarchs who would communicate so intensively and directly with their subjects through the preparation of manifestos, instructions, laws, polemical articles and indirectly in the form of satirical writings, historical dramas and pedagogical opuses. In her memoirs, she confessed: "I cannot see a clean pen without feeling the desire to immediately dip it in ink." She had an extraordinary talent as a writer, leaving behind a large collection of works - notes, translations, librettos, fables, fairy tales, comedies "Oh, time!", "Mrs. “The Invisible Bride” (1771-1772), essays, etc., participated in the weekly satirical magazine “Various Things”, published since 1769. The Empress turned to journalism in order to influence public opinion, therefore the main idea of ​​​​the magazine was criticism of human vices and weaknesses. Other subjects of irony were the superstitions of the population. Catherine herself called the magazine: "Satire in a smiling spirit."

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Catherine considered herself a "philosopher on the throne" and favorably treated the European Enlightenment, was in correspondence with Voltaire, Diderot, d "Alembert. The Hermitage appeared with her. She patronized various areas art - architecture, music, painting. It is impossible not to mention the mass settlement of German families initiated by Catherine in various regions. modern Russia, Ukraine, as well as the Baltic countries. The goal was to “infect” Russian science and culture with European ones. Diderot

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Catherine was a brunette of medium height. She combined high intelligence, education, statesmanship and commitment to "free love". Catherine is known for her connections with numerous lovers, the number of which (according to the list of the authoritative Ekaterinologist P.I. Bartenev) reaches 23. The most famous of them were Sergey Saltykov, G.G. Potemkin (later prince), hussar Zorich, Lanskoy, the last favorite was the cornet Platon Zubov, who became a count of the Russian Empire and a general. With Potemkin, according to some sources, Catherine was secretly married (1775). After 1762, she planned a marriage with Orlov, but on the advice of those close to her, she abandoned this idea. Catherine II for a walk in Tsarskoye Selo Park

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It is worth noting that Catherine's "debauchery" was not such a scandalous phenomenon against the backdrop of the general licentiousness of the mores of the 18th century. Most kings (with the possible exception of Frederick the Great, Louis XVI and Charles XII) had numerous mistresses. Catherine's favorites (with the exception of Potemkin, who had state abilities) did not influence politics. Nevertheless, the institution of favoritism had a negative effect on the higher nobility, who sought benefits through flattery to a new favorite, tried to make “his man” into lovers to the empress, etc. Charles XII

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In 1873, in St. Petersburg, in the square in front of the Alexandrinsky Theater (now Ostrovsky Square), an impressive multi-figured monument to Catherine was erected, designed by M. O. Mikeshin by sculptors A. M. Opekushin and M. A. Chizhov and architects V. A. Schroeter and D. I. Grimm. The foot of the monument consists of a sculptural composition, the characters of which are outstanding personalities of the Catherine's era and associates of the Empress: Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova

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Ekaterina

Catherine the Great. The world. When Catherine II moved to Russia at the age of 14, Elizabeth Petrovna reigned here. The sharp and lively mind, the beauty of the German princess attracted the attention of the empress. Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna - the future Empress Catherine II. Years of reign 1762 - 1796. In 1782, a monument to Peter I - "The Bronze Horseman" was erected in St. Petersburg. Journey to St. Petersburg. Empress Catherine II sought to give St. Petersburg the character of a European city. Under Catherine II, the Hermitage was being built. Hermitage, front staircase Pavilion Hall of the Hermitage - Ekaterina.ppt

Russia under Catherine II

The image of Catherine II through the eyes of historians, artists and writers of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Levitsky D.G. Portrait of Catherine II. Annotation. Project goals. Fundamental question. How objective is the portrayal of a historical figure in different types artistic creativity? Problematic issues. What is the purpose of creating a formal portrait in the era of classicism? How do the features of the historical image of Catherine II correlate with the literary image? T e m e s o f resear ches. Catherine Corps. (virtual tour) presentation. Stages of project implementation. Bibliography. - Catherine II.ppt

Catherine II

Plan: The golden age of Catherine II. Personality of Catherine II. Educational activity. Changes in public administration. Letters of grant to the nobility and cities in 1785. Decrees of Catherine II on the enslavement of the peasants. Conclusion. Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress of All Russia. Born Sophie-Frederika-Amalie, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Personality of Catherine II. Fikke was a kind, patient, inquisitive student. Family. Wedding of Catherine II and Peter III. Catherine II. Peter III. Catherine had enough time to read many books. Count Alexei Orlov is one of the main participants in the conspiracy. - Catherine II.ppt

Catherine the Great

The name of Russia is Catherine the Great. Catherine II the Great (1729-1796) Sophia Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst. The coronation of Catherine II on September 22, 1762. Empress Catherine II with M.V. Lomonosov. Travel Palace. Summer Palace. “Well, brother, Let all the German blood out of me so that only Russian remains. I am proud that I am Russian.” - Catherine the Great.ppt

Empress Catherine II

The golden age of Catherine II during the reign of 1762-1796. Lesson topic. Lesson Plan: The Golden Age of Catherine II Personality of Catherine II. Educational activity. Changes in public administration. Letters of grant to the nobility and cities in 1785. Decrees of Catherine II on the enslavement of the peasants. Conclusion. Peter i. Catherine II is the successor of the ideas of Peter I. "To Peter the First - Catherine the Second." the inscription on the pedestal of the monument by E. Falcone. 1. Personality of Catherine II. Family. Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Anhal-Zerbst. Prince Christian-August of Anhal-Zerbst. Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress of All Russia. - Empress Catherine II.ppt

Empress Catherine 2

Rush hour with Catherine the Great. Step in the soul. Catherine II. Empress Catherine II. Prince Pyotr Fedorovich. Order of Empress Catherine II. Legislator. A.V. Suvorov. Russia. Motherland. Small home. Chepega Zakhary Alekseevich. Letter of Complaint. Letter of Companion from Empress Catherine II. Commendable behaviour. Expenses. Punishment. Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega. Icons of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Monument to Catherine II. Return of the monument to Catherine II. The head of administration. Relics of the Kuban Cossacks. The idea of ​​M.O. Mikeshin. The figure of a blind kobzar. Fragments of the monument. Signs of monarchical power. - Empress Catherine 2.pptm

Empress Catherine the Great

Presentation "Catherine the Great". Catherine the Great. Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna - the future Empress Catherine II. When Catherine II moved to Russia at the age of 14, Elizabeth Petrovna reigned here. The sharp and lively mind, the beauty of the German princess attracted the attention of the empress. Years of government: 1762 - 1796. Tasks of government: It is necessary to educate the nation, which should be ruled. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state. It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspire respect for its neighbors. St. Petersburg became the most populous city of the Empire. - Empress Catherine the Great.ppt

Biography of Catherine II

named after Catherine. Vocabulary. Icons of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Life of Saint Catherine. Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. Chronology of the life of Catherine. Grand Duke Pyotr Fedorovich. Shubin. Life of Catherine. Catherine II. Accession to the throne. Favorites of Catherine II. Empress Catherine. Letter of Complaint. Beginning of Yekaterinodar. Cossack regalia. Krasnodar. Back to the roots. Return of the Cossack regalia. The return of the name to the city. - Biography of Catherine II.ppt

History of Catherine 2

Catherine II. Targets: Portrait of Catherine II in a fur hat. Catherine II. Unknown artist (circle of Roslin-Rokotov). 18th century She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. Received home education. In 1744, Catherine II came to Russia at the invitation of Elizabeth Petrovna. Highlights of life. Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. She headed the Legislative Commission of 1767-1769. Black Sea coast, Crimea, Kuban region. She took Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). It seemed that the little princess had nothing to expect from fate. - History of Catherine 2.ppt

The reign of Catherine 2

The main measures of the policy of enlightened absolutism. Events in the interests of the nobility of Russia. The reign of Catherine II left a very significant imprint in the history of Russia. Either I die or I reign.” Under Ekaterina Alekseevna, the territory of Russia, the population (almost 75%), and incomes increased many times over. “I wanted to be Russian, so that the Russians would love me. Results of the board: But the position of the working strata of society was difficult. The people's war led by E. Pugachev is a black spot in Catherine's politics. - Catherine's reign 2.ppt

The reign of Catherine II

Catherine II. Promotion to the Russian throne. People are multifaceted and contradictory. Biography. The overthrow of Peter III. Captured power. Empress. Results of the first years of government. Favoritism. Orlov. Peasant War. Raising the wages of bonded peasants. Politics. The nobility was the backbone of the throne. Reforms. Fixed commission. It is necessary to be on friendly terms with all powers. foreign policy tasks. Effects. Ekaterina. Notes. Under Catherine II, Russia joined the Union of European States. - The reign of Catherine II.ppt

Russia under Catherine II

Catherine II. Catherine II. Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. She headed the Legislative Commission of 1767-1769. Black Sea coast, Crimea, Kuban region. She took Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). Corresponded with Voltaire and other figures of the French Enlightenment. Author of many fiction, dramaturgical, journalistic, popular science works, "Notes". Origin, upbringing and education. Life in Russia before accession to the throne. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. In the early 1750s. - Russia under Catherine 2.ppt

Golden age of Catherine 2

The golden age of Catherine II. Activities of Catherine II. Execution check homework. reign trends. enlightened absolutism. First reforms. Filling in the table. Fragments of prepared materials. Close a window. questions for the document. Internal reforms. Consolidation of the studied material. - Catherine's golden age 2.ppt

Favorites of Catherine II

Favorites of Catherine II. Catherine II. Purpose: Conclusion. Sometimes the face of the emperor was only a mask of the ruling favorite of the country. Portraits of favorites of Catherine II. G. Orlov. Lanskoy. Korsakov. Potemkin. Chronicle of humanity. - Favorites of Catherine II.ppt

Russia's foreign policy

Lesson: Russia's foreign policy. A lesson in studying new material in the course of the history of Russia in the 10th grade. Assessment of Russia's foreign policy: The main question of the lesson: Eastern policy. Far East policy. Lesson questions: The main directions of foreign policy. East. Far East. Western European. Fight against revolutionary France. The struggle for access to the "warm seas". Ensuring the security of the south of Russia. Accession of fertile lands. Accession of new territories. Strengthening positions in the region. "Greek project". "Northern Accord". foreign policy projects. Literacy and clarity of speech. - Russia politics.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

Catherine the Great. Goals. Origin, upbringing and education. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Life in Russia before accession to the throne. Soldiers from other regiments soon joined the rebels. Accession to the throne. The nature and form of government. In dealing with subjects, Catherine was, as a rule, restrained, patient, tactful. Attitude to religion and the peasant question. Domestic policy. In the last years of her life, Catherine continued to develop plans for major transformations. However, Catherine did not have time to complete her reform program. - Politics of Catherine II.ppt

Domestic policy of Catherine II. Lesson plan: Lesson objective: Prove that Catherine was indeed an "enlightened" empress? To prove that Catherine really was an "enlightened" empress? "Enlightened Absolutism". The beginning of Catherine's reign was marked by reforms, within the framework of the policy of "Enlightened absolutism". Catherine's policy ii. She tried to create new legislation and convened in 1767 the laid commission. Decree of 1767 “On the prohibition of peasants to complain about the landowners. Judicial system. - Ekaterina 2 politics.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

Foreign policy of Catherine II. Catherine II. The international position of the empire at the time of Catherine's accession to the throne. Directions of foreign policy. North. Southern. Polish. St. Petersburg was well aware of the long-standing aspirations of the Swedes and was ready to fight back. North direction. The alliance with Austria led Russia to clash with Prussia in the Seven Years' War. South direction. Polish direction. In 1762, Catherine decided to put her henchman on the Polish throne. I period of Catherine's foreign policy (1762-1774). The beginning of the war turned out quite well for Russia. - Politics of Catherine 2.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

Foreign policy of Catherine II. Directions of Russia's foreign policy under Catherine II. The southern direction of Russia's foreign policy under Catherine II. Conditions of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace. Establishment of the highest military award. Main events. Russian-Turkish war. Accession to Russia lands. Western direction. Suppression of the uprising T. Kosciuszko. Northwestern direction of foreign policy. - Catherine's foreign policy 2.pptx

The direction of the foreign policy of Catherine 2

Foreign policy of Catherine II. Workbook. Russian-Turkish wars. Aivazovsky. Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 Rumyantsev Pyotr Alexandrovich Spiridov Grigory Andreevich. Alexei Grigorievich Orlov. Engraving by S. Shiflyar. Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791. Suvorov's troops. Ushakov Fedor Fyodorovich Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich. Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin. - Direction of Catherine's foreign policy 2.ppt

Russian troops

The mighty foreign policy stride of the empire. O loud century of military disputes, Witness of the glory of the Russians! A.S. Pushkin. Problem task. 1. The political situation in Europe in the second half of the XVIII century. What foreign policy tasks faced the Russian Empire in the 18th century? How has the alignment of forces in the international arena changed? Which state became the main enemy of Russia on this stage? Russian-Turkish wars of the XVIII century. Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 Main events: The Turks agreed to sign a peace treaty. July 10, 1774 - Kyuchuk - Kaynarji peace. Basic conditions: - Russian troops.ppt

Azov-Mozdok defensive line

The need to create. The need to create a defensive line. Potemkin. The main provisions of the report. Special card. Fortress names. Project scheme. Chronicle of the construction of the line. Stavropol. Stavropol settlement. Alexander fortress. Grushevsky redoubt. The value of the defensive line. Check yourself. - Azov-Mozdok defensive line.ppt

Domestic policy of Catherine II

Domestic policy of Catherine II 1762-1796. "We are immortal forever, giants of Russia, Brought up in battles Amidst warlike bad weather." Local government reforms. 3. Change and streamlining of the administrative-territorial system of Russia. 1775 - "Institutions for the management of the provinces". Subordination of all military units of the province to the governor. provincial government system. Treasury Chamber. Governorate government. Order of public charity. Elected body of local government from representatives of the nobility, townspeople, state peasants. He was engaged in the creation and patronage of schools, hospitals, almshouses. - Domestic policy of Catherine II.ppt

Domestic policy of Catherine 2

Domestic policy of Catherine II. enlightened absolutism. The policy of a number of European monarchs with unlimited power. Fixed commission. Cities. The results of the work of the Legislative Commission. Provincial reform. Governor-General ("guardian of the law"). Social politics. 1785 - "Charter granted to the nobility". 1785 - "Charter to cities". The results of the domestic policy of Catherine II. The popular movement under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. - Domestic policy of Catherine 2.ppt

Reforms of Catherine 2

Domestic policy of Catherine II. Goals. Historical portrait of Catherine II. Goals of the reign of Catherine II. "Enlightened absolutism" - the policy of Catherine II. Transformations of Catherine II. The facts of the manifestation of the policy of "enlightened absolutism". Fixed commission. Catherine II submitted to the laid commission "mandate" - an essay. "Golden Age" of the Russian nobility. Provincial reform. The tightening of domestic policy in the 70-90s. Catherine II was awarded the title of "Great, Wise and Mother of the Fatherland". - Catherine's reforms 2.ppt

Pugachev Emelyan

Hero or antihero?! Emelyan Pugachev. Is Emelyan Pugachev a passionary? Reasons, goals, participants in the war. Main stages: Peasant War 1773-1775. Manifesto of Emelyan Pugachev. Announced to the public. Given on July 31st, 1774. Peter. Results and meaning. Conclusion: E. Pugachev is a hero and an anti-hero E. Pugachev is a passionary. Mari region and the Peasant War under the leadership of E. Pugachev. E. Pugachev. Reasons for the participation of the Mari people in the peasant war (1773-1775). The course of the uprising. Peasant War. The famous oak of Pugachev. Generals and atamans. Chiktaknur Grigory Vasiliev (Yanysh) - vil. - Pugachev Emelyan.ppt

Pugachev's Peasant War

Peasant war led by E. Pugachev. Topic questions. Causes of the peasant war. The strengthening of serfdom, the growth of duties and taxes provoked the resistance of the peasants. Flight was one form of peasant resistance. In 1730-1750. Robbery gangs of fugitive peasants began to organize. The uprisings of peasants and working people in the factories of the Urals and Karelia became active. P. Sokolov. Grass landowner bread on the Peasants' field. In 1771, a plague came to Moscow from the front of the Russian-Turkish war. Up to a thousand people died every day. Many rich people fled from Moscow, factories and shops were closed. - War of Pugachev.ppt

Pugachev's uprising

The uprising led by E.I. Pugachev. 1773 - 1775. "God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless" A.S. Pushkin. Uprising I.I. Bolotnikov. Uprising S.T. Razin. The uprising of Kondraty Bulavin. Diploma of Bulavin to the Belgorod governor D.M. Golitsyn. Reasons for the uprising. Sale of serfs. Could the uprising end with the victory of the rebels? I group. Ural Mountains. Composition of the rebels. Yaik Cossacks. Peasantry of the Volga region. Working people of the Urals. Non-Russian peoples of the Volga region, Bashkirs. stages of the uprising. Stage I - September 17, 1773 - March 1774 Stage II - April - July 1774 - Pugachev's uprising.ppt

Peasants' War

Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev. Hall 1 "Life of the population of the country in the 18th century". The punishment of the peasant by the rich in the presence of the landowner. Engraving from the early 19th century. Hall 1 "Life of the country's population in the 18th century." I.A. Ermenev. Peasant lunch. Watercolor. Hall 2 "Personalities of the 18th century". Pugachev E.I. Unknown artist of the 18th century. Hall 2 "Personalities of the 18th century". Catherine II. Hall 3 "Economic regions of the Urals in the 18th century". Avilov M.I. Ural workers bring guns to Pugachev. Hall 4 "Mari region during the Pugachev war". Pugachev's Oak in the National Park "Mari Chodra" of the Republic of Mari El. - Peasant War.ppt

Pugachev's Peasant War

Peasant War. The uprising of the Yaik Cossacks. Insurrection. Bashkirs. military defeat. Orenburg. Panorama of Orenburg. Army of Pugachev. Reinsdorp. The decision to defend. Pugachev's detachment. after taking the fortress. Part of the peasants. Court. Pugachev uprising. Cinema. - Pugachev's Peasant War.ppt

Resettlement of Greeks from Crimea

Odyssey of the Crimean Greeks. Did you know. Objective. Mariupol. Metropolitan Ignatius is the inspirer and organizer of the resettlement. Crimean Greeks. Map of the resettlement of Greeks from the Crimea to the Azov region. The Bible brought from the Crimea (from the funds of the Mariupol Museum). Sculpture of a Greek woman (from the funds of the Mariupol Museum). Reason for the need to relocate. -

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