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Stages of the biography and creativity of N.V. Gogol Grade 10

N.V. Gogol (1809-1852) Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the greatest Russian writers. A whole period of Russian literature is named after Gogol, which testifies to the great significance of his work.

Quiz Where and when was Gogol born?

NIKOLAY VASILIEVICH GOGOL was born on March 20 (according to the new style - April 1), 1809 in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, future

Quiz What education did Nikolai Gogol receive?

Nizhyn is the city of Gogol's youth. Here he studied from 1818 to 1820. in the gymnasium of higher sciences of Prince A.A. Bezborodko.

Quiz What was the name of the gymnasium literary magazines organized by Gogol?

Magazines: Northern Dawn, Zvezda, Meteor of Literature

Gogol cannot be imagined without Petersburg, where he became a writer. For three months he had lived in the capital, but he did not look at the place. I had to “take up mind, fiction” - sit down at the table and pick up a pen ... In 1829, under the pseudonym V. Alov, his first work was published.

Quiz The plots of which works were suggested to Gogol by Pushkin?

Quiz What proverb did Gogol take as an epigraph to the comedy "The Government Inspector"?

“There is nothing to blame on the mirror if the face is crooked”

Quiz To which of the heroes of Gogol these words belong: “There were comrades in other lands, but there were no comrades like in the Russian land!”

The story "Taras Bulba" was written in 1835, was included in the collection "Mirgorod" and was the result of the writer's passion for history.

The central image of the story is Taras Bulba. He faithfully stands for the independence of the Motherland, valuing military brotherhood, honor and valor above all else. Gogol glorifies the heroic deeds of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, their courage, selflessness, devotion to the Motherland and a sense of camaraderie.

Quiz To whom these words belong: “... On the table, for example, there is a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles. Soup in a saucepan came from Paris right on the steamer ... "?

Khlestakov Ivan Andreevich

And submit Lyapkin-Tyapkin here! Alexander the Macedonian hero, but why break the chairs? Stupid as a gray gelding. God bless you, and it's not my fault. Catch phrases N.V. Gogol

There is still gunpowder in powder flasks Alive as life. Three bird. What are you laughing at? Laugh at yourself! After all, that's what you live for, to pluck the flowers of pleasure. And what Russian does not like to drive fast?

St. Petersburg novels by N.V. Gogol Petersburg was the city where the best works of Gogol were written. Here were born Notes of a Madman, Nevsky Prospekt, Inspector General, Nose, stories from Mirgorod, Dead Souls were started...

N.V. Gogol's St. Petersburg stories N.V. Gogol's St. Petersburg stories include stories written in 1834-1842. The collection "Arabesques" includes "Nevsky Prospekt", "Portrait", "Notes of a Madman" The story "The Nose" and the story "The Overcoat" complement the image of St. Petersburg.

The main themes of Petersburg stories The theme of Petersburg. Gogol's Petersburg is deceptive, deceitful, hostile to people. The theme of the "little man". This theme develops Pushkin's tradition of insignificant heroes. Gogol shows not only inner world heroes, but also his absence. He pays attention to any person, the “smallest” and in the spiritual sense (“Overcoat”, “Nevsky Prospekt”)

The main themes of Petersburg stories The theme of art. The question of the place and role of art in the corrupt world is solved by Gogol by various means, including satirical ones (“Nevsky Prospekt”, “Portrait”). The theme of the relationship between the ideal and reality and the discord between them. A person with lofty ideals perishes in Petersburg, people without a soul, without honor, without ideals survive. A person cannot fulfill a dream in real life. The dream is achieved in a dream or in the delirium of a madman, or behind the coffin, after death (“Notes of a Madman”)

One night, in the midst of religious contemplation, he was seized by religious fear and doubt that he had not so fulfilled the duty imposed on him by God; he woke up the servant, ordered him to open the chimney of the fireplace, and, taking the papers from the briefcase, burned them. The next morning, when his consciousness cleared up, he repentantly told Count Tolstoy about this and believed that this was done under the influence of an evil spirit; since then, he fell into a gloomy despondency, stopped eating and died a few days later, on February 21, 1852. According to one version, Gogol fell into a lethargic sleep, because after examining the remains of his body, it was clear that his body had moved from its place. The version of a lethargic dream is refuted by the memoirs of the sculptor Nikolai Ramazanov, who made Gogol's death mask. According to another version, Gogol's death was nothing more than a veiled suicide, interpreted by the church as a feat of spiritualism - the triumph of the spirit over the flesh

Gogol's grave at the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow

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The house in which Gogol Velikie Sorochintsy was born, Mirgorod district, Poltava province.

Father N.V. Gogol Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825), served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he quit and married Maria Ivanovna Kosyarovskaya, Gogol's mother

Mom N.V. Gogol Maria Ivanovna Kosyarovskaya was known as the first beauty in the Poltava region.

Vasilievka (Yanovshchina) The childhood years of the writer passed here

The family is large (six children), friendly, cultured: my father wrote comedies, they settled in the house theatrical performances to which guests were invited. Gogol himself wrote poetry in childhood, his mother took care of the religious education of his son In the house-museum in Vasilyevka

mother's room

Writer's room

Poltava district school Studied here from 1818 to 1819

Gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn Here Gogol is engaged in painting, participates in performances - as a decorative artist and as an actor, writes elegiac poems, tragedies, a historical poem, a story.

After graduating from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, he makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829, the poem "Italy" appears, and in the spring of the same year the poem "Hanz Kochelgarten", published under the pseudonym V. Alov. In July 1829, he burns unsold copies and leaves for Germany, from where he soon returns. N.V. Gogol. Rice. Vit. Goryacheva

At the end of 1829, he began to serve in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. From April 1830 to March 1831 he served in the department of appanages (first as a clerk, then as an assistant to the clerk) Fig. Vitaly Goryachev

Gogol in St. Petersburg At this time, Gogol was intensively engaged in literary work. 1830 prints "Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala". Acquaintance with Pushkin, Zhukovsky, P.A. Pletnev. The financial situation is difficult. To correct him, he gives lessons, then, at the request of P.A. Pletnev, he becomes a teacher of history at the Patriotic Institute.

During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. Gogol became famous.

1833 is the most intense year - the painful search for a further creative path. Engaged in the study of history - Ukrainian and world. In June 1834, he was appointed adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University. At the same time, in deep secrecy, he writes stories, which later compiled two of his collections, Mirgorod and Arabesques (1835).

In 1835, he finished teaching and was engaged only in literary work. In 1835 he began working on The Inspector General. The premiere of the play took place in Moscow, at the Maly Theatre. Gogol's drawing for the last scene of The Government Inspector

In June 1836 Gogol went abroad. He lived there for a total of 12 years. He lived in Germany, and in France, and in Italy. Abroad, Gogol is working on the poem "Dead Souls", the plot of which was prompted by Pushkin. In September 1839 he arrived in Moscow and began reading Dead Souls. There were 6 chapters in total. The enthusiasm was universal.

Then he leaves for Vienna, he suffers an attack of severe nervous illness. From late September 1840 to August 1841 Gogol lived in Rome, where he completed the first volume of Dead Souls. From 1842 to 1845 he lived abroad in Italy, working on the second volume of Dead Souls. In Rome

At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a new spiritual crisis. At the end of June or at the beginning of July 1845, in a state of sharp exacerbation of his illness, Gogol burned the manuscript of the second volume. In 1847, Selected passages from correspondence with friends were published in St. Petersburg.

The book "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" was heavily criticized. All these responses overtook the writer on the road to Germany: “My health ... was shaken by this devastating story for me about my book. I wonder, myself, how I am still alive.

Gogol is preparing for a pilgrimage to holy places. 1848 - Jerusalem. In the Holy City, Gogol spends the night at the altar at the Holy Sepulcher. But after Communion, he sadly admits to himself: “I did not become the best, while everything earthly should have burned out in me and only heaven remained.” Jerusalem Holy Sepulcher

1849-1850 - lives in Moscow. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to marry - he proposes to Anna Vielgorskaya, but is refused.

In June 1850 he visited Optina Pustyn for the first time. In total, Gogol visits Optina Pustyn three times, meets with the elders, and not for the first time in his life expresses a desire to "become a monk."

On January 1, 1852, Gogol announces that Volume 2 is finished. A new crisis in connection with the death of E. Khomyakova (N. Yazykov's sister), a person spiritually close to Gogol. E. M. Khomyakova

Gogol's friendship with the priest Matthew Konstantinovsky in the last years of his life is well known. Just before his death, in January 1852, Father Matthew visited Gogol, and Gogol read to him separate chapters from the 2nd part of the poem "Dead Souls". Father Matthew did not like everything, and after this reaction and conversation, Gogol burns the white manuscript of volume 2 of the poem in the fireplace. On February 18, 1852, Gogol went to confession, took unction and took communion. Three days later, in the morning before his death, in full consciousness, he said: “How sweet it is to die!”

Moscow, Nikitsky Boulevard, 7 N. V. Gogol lived in this house from 1848 to 1852, and here, in February 1852, he died. In the left wing of the house are the rooms in which Nikolai Vasilyevich lived: the bedroom where he worked, rewriting his works. Gogol worked standing up, rewrote works sitting down, knew all his major works by heart. Often one could hear him walking around the room and pronouncing his works.

Desk

Writer's inkwell

Writer's portfolio

The room where the writer died On February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in Talyzin's house in Moscow.

Gogol on his deathbed Gogol's death mask

The funeral of the writer took place with a huge gathering of people at the cemetery of the St. Danilov Monastery, and in 1931 Gogol's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery. The words from the prophet Jeremiah are written on Gogol’s grave: “I will laugh at my bitter word.” According to the recollections of people close to him, Gogol read a chapter from the Bible every day and always kept the Gospel with him, even on the road.

GOGOL Nikolai Vasilievich (1809 - 1852), Russian. Writer. Lit. fame G. brought Sat. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" (1831 - 32), rich in Ukrainian. ethnogr. and folklore material, marked romantic. mood, lyricism and humor. The stories from the collections "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques" (both 1835) open the realist. the period of G.'s work The theme of the humiliation of the "little man" was most fully embodied in pov. "The Overcoat" (1842), which is associated with the formation of the natural school. The grotesque beginning of "Petersburg stories" ("The Nose", "Portrait", etc.) was developed in the comedy "The Inspector General" (produced in 1836) as a phantasmagoria of bureaucratic bureaucracy. peace. In the poem-novel "Dead Souls" (1st volume - 1842) satirical. ridicule of landlord Russia was combined with the pathos of the spiritual transformation of man. Religious-journalistic. book. "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" (1847) caused criticism. letter from V. G. Belinsky. In 1852, G. burned the manuscript of the 2nd volume of Dead Souls. G. had a decisive influence on the approval of the humanistic. and democrat. principles in Russian. literature

Biography

He was born on March 20 (April 1, NS) in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a poor landowner. Childhood years were spent in the estate of parents Vasilievka, near the village of Dikanka, the land of legends, beliefs, historical traditions. In the upbringing of the future writer, his father, Vasily Afanasyevich, a passionate admirer of art, a theater lover, an author of poetry and witty comedies, played a certain role.

After home education, Gogol spent two years at the Poltava district school, then entered the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences, created on the basis of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum for children of the provincial nobility. Here he learned to play the violin, studied painting, played in performances, performing comic roles. Thinking about his future, he stops at justice, dreaming of "suppressing injustice."

After graduating from the Nezhin Gymnasium in June 1828, he went to St. Petersburg in December with the hope of starting a broad activity. It was not possible to get the service, the first literary tests were unsuccessful. Disappointed, in the summer of 1829 he went abroad, but soon returned. In November 1829 he received the position of a petty official. The gray bureaucratic life was brightened up by painting classes in the evening classes of the Academy of Arts. In addition, literature was powerfully attracted to itself.

In 1830, Gogol's first story, Basavryuk, appeared in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, later revised into the story The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala. In December, a chapter from the historical novel Hetman was published in Delvig's almanac "Northern Flowers". Gogol became close friends with Delvig, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, friendship with whom was of great importance for the development of social views and the literary talent of the young Gogol. Pushkin introduced him to his circle, where Krylov, Vyazemsky, Odoevsky, the artist Bryullov were, gave him plots for The Government Inspector and Dead Souls. “When I created,” Gogol testified, “I saw only Pushkin in front of me ... His eternal and immutable word was dear to me.”

Literary fame for Gogol was brought by "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" (1831-32), the stories "Sorochinsky Fair", "May Night", etc. In 1833 he came to the decision to devote himself to scientific and pedagogical work and in 1834 he was appointed adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University. The study of works on the history of Ukraine formed the basis of the idea of ​​"Taras Bulba". In 1835 he left the university and devoted himself entirely to literary creativity. In the same year, a collection of short stories "Mirgorod" appeared, which included "Old-world landowners", "Taras Bulba", "Viy" and others, and a collection of "Arabesques" (on the themes of St. Petersburg life). The story "The Overcoat" was the most significant work of the St. Petersburg cycle, read in draft to Pushkin in 1836, and completed in 1842. Working on stories. Gogol also tried his hand at dramaturgy. The theater seemed to him a great force of exceptional importance in public education. In 1835 The Inspector General was written and already in 1836 staged in Moscow with the participation of Shchepkin.

Soon after the production of The Inspector General, harassed by the reactionary press and "secular rabble," Gogol went abroad, settling first in Switzerland, then in Paris, and continued to work on Dead Souls, which had begun in Russia. The news of Pushkin's death was a terrible blow to him. In March 1837 he settled in Rome. During his visit to Russia in 1839-1840, he read to his friends chapters from the first volume of Dead Souls, which was completed in Rome in 1840-1841.

Returning to Russia in October 1841, Gogol, with the assistance of Belinsky and others, got the first volume printed (1842). Belinsky called the poem "a creation, deep in thought, social, public and historical."

The work on the second volume of "Dead Souls" coincided with a deep spiritual crisis of the writer and, above all, reflected his doubts about the effectiveness of fiction, which put Gogol on the verge of renunciation of his former creations.

In 1847 he published Selected passages from correspondence with friends, which Belinsky subjected to devastating criticism in a letter to Gogol, condemning his religious and mystical ideas as reactionary.

In April 1848, after traveling to Jerusalem, to the Holy Sepulcher, he finally settled in Russia. Living in St. Petersburg, Odessa, Moscow, he continued to work on the second volume of Dead Souls. He was increasingly seized by religious and mystical moods, his health was deteriorating. In 1852, Gogol began meeting with Archpriest Matvey Konstantinovsky, a fanatic and mystic.

February 11, 1852, being in a difficult state of mind, the writer burned the manuscript of the second volume of the poem. On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment on Nikitsky Boulevard.

Gogol was buried in the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery, after the revolution his ashes were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.

Birth name: Nikolai Vasilyevich Yanovsky Pseudonyms: V. Alov; P. Glechik; N. G.; OOOO; Pasichnik Rudy Panko; G. Yanov; N.N.; *** Date of birth: March 20 (April 1), 1809 () April 1, 1809 Place of birth: Bolshie Sorochintsy township, Poltava province, Russian Empire Bolshie Sorochintsy Poltava province Russian Empire Date of death: February 21 (March 4) 1852 () (42 years old ) March 4, 1852 Place of death: Moscow, Russian Empire Moscow Russian Empire Citizenship: Russian Empire Russian Empire Occupation: prose writer, playwright prose writer playwright Genre: drama, prose drama prose Language of works: Russian

In June 1836, Nikolai Vasilyevich went abroad, where he stayed intermittently for about ten years. 1836 In March 1837, he was in Rome, which he fell in love with and became like a second home for him. He was attracted by nature and works of art. Gogol studied ancient monuments, art galleries, visited the workshops of artists, admired folk life. In Rome, he worked hard: the main subject of this work was "Dead Souls". 1837 Rome Rome the eternal city N. V. Gogol in Rome

Memorial plaque installed on via Sistina in Rome on the house where Gogol lived. The inscription in Italian reads: The great Russian writer Nikolai Gogol lived in this house from 1838 to 1842, where he composed and wrote his main creation. The board was installed by the writer P. D. Boborykin Rome P. D. Boborykin

Monument to N. V. Gogol (sculptor N. A. Andreev 1909) 1909 Restored cross on the grave of N. V. Gogol at the Novodevichy cemetery year Novodevichy cemetery

Toponyms Streets in a number of cities are named after Gogol Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other republics of the post-Soviet space, as well as in Harbin (China). Russian Federation Ukraine Belarus Kazakhstan Harbin China A crater on Mercury and a ship are named after Gogol. Mercury steamship In Ukraine, the birthday of N.V. Gogol is celebrated by many citizens as a holiday of the Russian language and an occasion to remember the unity of the Slavic peoples

Some of Gogol's works Dead Souls The Government Inspector Petersburg Tales Nevsky Prospekt Nose Overcoat Notes of a Madman Carriage Carriage Marriage Marriage Evenings on a farm near Dikanka Mirgorod Viy The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich Old-world landowners Taras Bulba

Anton Antonovich Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, mayor Anton Antonovich Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky mayor Anna Andreevna, his wife Marya Antonovna, his daughter Luka Lukich Khlopov, superintendent of schools. His wife. Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin - Tyapkin, judge. Artemy Filippovich Strawberry, trustee of charitable institutions. Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, postmaster. Pyotr Ivanovich Dobchinsky, Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky city landowners. Pyotr Ivanovich Dobchinsky Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky Ivan Alexandrovich Khlestakov, an official from St. Petersburg. Ivan Alexandrovich Khlestakov Osip of Petersburg, his servant.

Characters (continued) Christian Ivanovich Gibner, district doctor. Fedor Ivanovich Lyulyukov, Ivan Lazarevich Rastakovskiy, Stepan Ivanovich Korobkin are retired officials, honorary persons in the city. Stepan Ilyich Ukhovertov, private bailiff. private bailiff Svistunov, Pugovitsyn, Derzhimorda policemen. Abdulin, merchant. Fevronya Petrovna Poshlepkina, locksmith. The wife of a non-commissioned officer. Mishka, servant of the mayor. Servant of the tavern. Guests and guests, merchants, petty bourgeois, petitioners

Premieres April 19, 1836 Alexandrinsky Theater: Gorodnichiy Sosnitsky, Anna Andreevna Sosnitskaya, Marya Antonovna Asenkova, Lyapkin - Tyapkin Grigoriev 1st, Strawberry Tolchenov, Bobchinsky Martynov, Khlestakov Dur, Osip Afanasiev, Poshlepkina Guseva. April 19, 1836 Alexandrinsky Theater Sosnitsky Sosnitskaya Asenkova Grigoriev 1st Tolchenov Martynov Dyur Afanasiev Guseva Nicholas I himself attended the St. Petersburg premiere.

Postage stamp of Russia, dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of N.V. Gogol, 2009 Comedy has had a significant impact on Russian literature in general and dramaturgy in particular. Gogol's contemporaries noted her innovative style, depth of generalization and convexity of images. Immediately after the first readings and publications, Gogol's work was admired by Pushkin, Belinsky, Annenkov, Herzen, Shchepkin Pushkin Belinsky Annenkov Herzen Shchepkin Phrases from the comedy became winged.

The plot of the "Inspector" Action 1 Ivan Alexandrovich Khlestakov, a petty low-ranking official (collegiate registrar, the lowest rank in the Table of Ranks), follows from Petersburg to Saratov with his servant Osip. He finds himself passing through a small county town. Khlestakov plays cards and is left without money. Just at this time, all the town authorities, mired in bribes and embezzlement of public funds, starting with the mayor Anton Antonovich Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, from the letter he received, learns about the arrival of the inspector incognito from St. Petersburg, and in fear awaits his arrival. The city landowners Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky, having accidentally learned about the appearance of the defaulter Khlestakov in the hotel, decide that this is the auditor, and report him to the mayor. A commotion begins. All officials and officials fussily rush to cover up their sins, Anton Antonovich himself is at a loss for some time, but quickly comes to his senses and understands that he himself needs to bow to the auditor.

Act 2 Meanwhile, hungry Khlestakov, settled in the cheapest hotel room, thinks about where to get food. He begs for a dinner of soup and roast from the tavern servant, and when he gets what he wants, he expresses dissatisfaction with the quantity and quality of the dishes. The appearance of the mayor in Khlestakov's room is an unpleasant surprise for him. At first, he thinks that the owner of the hotel denounced him as an insolvent guest. The mayor himself is frankly shy, believing that he is talking to an important metropolitan official who has come with a secret mission to revise the state of affairs in the city. The mayor, thinking that Khlestakov is an auditor, offers him a bribe. Khlestakov, thinking that the mayor is a kind-hearted and decent citizen, accepts a loan from him. “I gave him instead of two hundred and four hundred,” the mayor rejoices. However, he decides to pretend to be a fool in order to get more information about Khlestakov. “He wants to be considered incognito,” the mayor thinks to himself. “Okay, let’s let us cowards too, pretend we don’t know at all what kind of person he is.” But Khlestakov, with his inherent naivety, behaves so directly that the mayor is left with nothing, without losing his conviction, however, that Khlestakov is a “thin thing” and “you need to keep your eyes open with him.” Then the mayor has a plan to get Khlestakov drunk, and he offers to inspect the charitable institutions of the city. Khlestakov agrees.

Action 3 Further, the action continues in the mayor's house. Khlestakov, rather tipsy, seeing the ladies Anna Andreevna and Marya Antonovna, decides to "splurge". Showing off in front of them, he tells fables about his important position in St. Petersburg, and, most interestingly, he himself believes in them. He ascribes to himself literary and musical works, which, due to "uncommon lightness in thoughts", allegedly, "in one evening, it seems, he wrote, amazed everyone." And he is not even embarrassed when Marya Antonovna practically convicts him of a lie. But soon the language refuses to serve the rather tipsy metropolitan guest, and Khlestakov, with the help of the mayor, goes to "rest."

Act 4 The next day, Khlestakov does not remember anything, he wakes up not as a "field marshal", but as a collegiate registrar. Meanwhile, officials of the city "on a military footing" line up to give a bribe to Khlestakov, and he, thinking that he is borrowing (and being sure that when he gets to his village, he will return all debts), he accepts money from everyone, including Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky, who, it would seem, have no reason to bribe the auditor. Khlestakov even begs for money himself, referring to the "strange case" that "he was completely overwhelmed on the road." Further, petitioners break through to Khlestakov, who “beat the mayor with their foreheads” and want to pay him in kind (wine and sugar). Only then does Khlestakov realize that he was given bribes, and flatly refuses, but if he was offered a loan, he would take it. However, Khlestakov's servant Osip, being much smarter than his master, understands that both nature and money are still bribes, and takes everything from the merchants, citing the fact that "the rope will come in handy on the road." Having escorted the last guest out, he manages to look after his wife and Anton Antonovich's daughter. And, although they have known each other for only one day, he asks for the hand of the mayor's daughter and receives the consent of the parents. Osip strongly recommends that Khlestakov quickly get out of the city until the deception is revealed. Khlestakov leaves, finally sending his friend Tryapichkin a letter from the local post office.

Silent scene Act 5 The mayor and his entourage take a breath of relief. In his fantasies, the mayor already sees himself as a general, and lives in St. Petersburg. Having ascended to unattainable heights, he decides to "ask pepper" to the merchants who went to complain about him to Khlestakov. He swaggers over them and calls them last words, but as soon as the merchants promised a rich treat for the engagement (and later for the wedding) of Marya Antonovna and Khlestakov, the mayor forgave them all. He gathers a full house of guests to announce publicly about Khlestakov's engagement to Marya Antonovna. Anna Andreevna, convinced that she had become related to the big metropolitan authorities, was completely delighted. But then the unexpected happens. The postmaster of the local branch, on his own initiative, opened Khlestakov's letter and from it it is clear that the incognito turned out to be a dummy. The deceived mayor has not yet managed to recover from such a blow when the next news arrives. An official from St. Petersburg, who is staying at a hotel, demands him to come to him. It all ends with a silent scene...

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In the upbringing of the future writer, his father, Vasily Afanasyevich, a passionate admirer of art, a theater lover, an author of poetry and witty comedies, played a certain role. He served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married Maria Ivanovna Kosyarovskaya. According to legend, she was the first beauty in the Poltava region. She married Vasily Afanasyevich at the age of fourteen. In the photo: Portrait of Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825) - the father of the writer N.V. Gogol. Museum-Reserve N.V. Gogol in Ukraine.

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The herbarium collected by N.V. Gogol is an exhibit of the Gogol Museum-Reserve in Ukraine.

View of the village of Vasilievka (now Gogolevo) near Poltava, where N.V. Gogol spent his childhood and youth.

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Nizhyn. Gymnasium of higher sciences.

In 1818-19 Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then, in 1820-1821, took lessons from the Poltava teacher Gabriel Sorochinsky. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints, participates in performances - as a decorator and as an actor, and with particular success performs comic roles. He also tries himself in various literary genres (writes elegiac poems, tragedies, a historical poem, a story). Then he writes a satire "Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for fools."

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Public service. However, the idea of ​​writing has not yet “come to mind” to Gogol, all his aspirations are connected with the “state service”, he dreams of a legal career. Professor N. G. Belousov, who taught a course in natural law, had a great influence on Gogol's decision to make such a decision.

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After graduating from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, unsuccessfully fussing about the place, Gogol makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829, the poem "Italy" appears, and in the spring of the same year, under the pseudonym "V. Alov", Gogol prints "an idyll in pictures" "Hanz Küchelgarten". The poem evoked sharp and mocking reviews from N. A. Polevoy and later a condescendingly sympathetic review from O. M. Somov (1830), which intensified Gogol's heavy mood.

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At the end of 1829, he managed to find a job in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. From April 1830 to March 1831 he served in the department of appanages (first as a clerk, then as an assistant to the clerk). Staying in the offices caused Gogol a deep disappointment in the "service of the state", but it provided rich material for future works, depicting bureaucratic life and the functioning of the state machine. During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. They aroused almost universal admiration.

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The pinnacle of Gogol's fantasy is the "Petersburg story" The Nose (1835; published in 1836), an extremely bold grotesque that anticipated some of the art trends of the 20th century. The story “Taras Bulba” acted as a contrast in relation to both the provincial and metropolitan world, capturing that moment of the national past, when the people (“Cossacks”), defending their sovereignty, acted as a whole, together and, moreover, as a force that determines the nature of common European history.

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In the autumn of 1835, he set about writing The Inspector General, the plot of which was prompted by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he read the comedy at the evening at Zhukovsky's (in the presence of Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky and others), and in February-March he was already busy staging it on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater. The play premiered on April 19. May 25 - premiere in Moscow, at the Maly Theatre.

Handwritten drawing by N.V. Gogol to the last scene of The Government Inspector

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In June 1836 Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany. He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he takes up the continuation of Dead Souls. The plot was also prompted by Pushkin. The work began as early as 1835, before the writing of The Inspector General, and immediately acquired a wide scope. In St. Petersburg, several chapters were read to Pushkin, evoking in him both approval and at the same time a depressing feeling.

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In November 1836, Gogol moved to Paris, where he met A. Mickiewicz. Then he moves to Rome. Here, in February 1837, at the height of his work on Dead Souls, he received shocking news of Pushkin's death. In a fit of "inexpressible anguish" and bitterness, Gogol feels "the current work" as a "sacred testament" of the poet.

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In September 1839, accompanied by Pogodin, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began reading the chapters of "Dead Souls" - first in the Aksakovs' house, then, after moving to St. Petersburg in October, with Zhukovsky, with Prokopovich in the presence of his old friends. Total read 6 chapters. The enthusiasm was universal. In May 1842 "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" was published. After the first, brief, but highly commendable reviews, the initiative was seized by Gogol's detractors, who accused him of caricature, farce, and slandering reality. Later, N.A. Polevoy made an article that bordered on a denunciation.

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All this controversy took place in the absence of Gogol, who went abroad in June 1842. Before leaving, he entrusts Prokopovich with the publication of the first collection of his works. Summer Gogol spends in Germany, in October, together with N. M. Yazykov, he moves to Rome. Works on the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls", begun, apparently, in 1840; He spends a lot of time preparing his collected works. "The Works of Nikolai Gogol" in four volumes came out at the beginning of 1843, as the censorship suspended two volumes already printed for a month. The three-year period (1842-1845) that followed after the writer's departure abroad was a period of intense and difficult work on the 2nd volume of Dead Souls.

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In 1847, "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" were published in St. Petersburg. The book performed a dual function - both an explanation of why the 2nd volume has not yet been written, and some compensation for it: Gogol proceeded to present his main ideas - a doubt about the effective, teacher function of fiction, a utopian program for the fulfillment of one's duty by all "estates" and "ranks", from the peasant to the highest officials and the king.

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In mid-October Gogol lives in Moscow. In 1849-1850, Gogol read individual chapters of the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls" to his friends. General approval and delight inspire the writer, who now works with redoubled energy. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to arrange his family life- makes an offer to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused.

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In October 1850 Gogol arrived in Odessa. His condition is improving; he is active, cheerful, cheerful; willingly converges with the actors of the Odessa troupe. In March 1851 he left Odessa and, having spent the spring and early summer in his native places, returned to Moscow in June. A new circle of readings of the 2nd volume of the poem follows; I read up to 7 chapters in total. In October, he is present at The Inspector General at the Maly Theater, with S. V. Shumsky in the role of Khlestakov, and is satisfied with the performance; in November, he reads The Inspector General to a group of actors, and I. S. Turgenev was among the listeners.

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January 1, 1852 Gogol informs Arnoldi that the 2nd volume is "completely finished." But in last days months, signs of a new crisis were clearly revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, the sister of N. M. Yazykov, a person spiritually close to Gogol. He is tormented by a premonition of imminent death, aggravated by renewed doubts about the beneficence of his writing career and the success of his work. On February 7, Gogol confesses and takes communion, and on the night of 11 to 12 he burns the white manuscript of the 2nd volume

(only 5 chapters relating to various draft editions have been preserved in incomplete form; published in 1855). On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in Talyzin's house in Moscow.

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“I bequeath my body not to be buried until clear signs of decomposition appear. I mention this because even during the illness itself, moments of vital stupor found on me, my heart and pulse stopped beating ... ”Not heeding these words, they nevertheless buried him and buried him, as they say, alive. The famous poet A. Voznesensky in 1972 wrote a poem about this event “The Funeral of N.V. Gogol”, excerpts from which, it will be interesting to recall readers.

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You carried the living across the country. Gogol was in a lethargic dream. Gogol thought in a coffin on his back: .............................................. ........ “They stole the underwear from under the tailcoat. It blows into the crack, but you can't get through it. What is the torment of the Lord before waking up in the tomb. ................................................. ........ Open the coffin and freeze in the snow. Gogol, crouching, lies on his side. An ingrown toenail tore through the lining of the boot.

The presentation was prepared by a 9th grade student Roxana Smirnova