GENERAL THEORY

DOCUMENTS and BOOKS

Tutorial

Moscow Kyiv

"Fishermen" "Knannya"

UDC 002.2(075.8)

Reviewers:

S.G. Kuleshov, Head of the Records Science Department of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Archiving and Records Science, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor;

^ II.P. Kushnarenko, vice rector but scientific work Kharkiv State Academy of Culture, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor;

G.V. Silkova, Head of the Department of Documentary Communications, Rovepe State University for the Humanities, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor

^ Shvetsova-Vodka G.N.

Sh35 General theory of documents and books: textbook. allowance / G.N. Shvetsova-Vodka. - M.: Rybari; K.: Knowledge, 2009. - 487 p.

ISBN 978-5-93763-008-7 ("Fishermen", Russia) ISBN 978-966-346-518-0 ("Knowledge", Ukraine)

The manual reveals the main theoretical issues of general document management - from the definition of a "document" to classification printed publications. The presentation of the educational material reflects the author's concept, consistent with the widespread ideas about the document and the book, as well as with the research of various scientists who have studied the problems of document science and book science. The manual contains theoretical materials corresponding to the program of the course "Document Science". The manual consists of two parts: "Fundamentals of the theory of the document" and "The book as a type of document".

The manual is intended for students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of documentation, book science and library science specialties of universities and academies, library and information faculties of universities of culture and arts.

BBC 73.031+76.110ya73

© Knowledge Publishing House

ISBN 978-966-346-518-0 ("Knowledge", Ukraine)

Foreword ................................................................ .................nine

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF DOCUMENT.................................13

Topic 1. The concept of "document": the historical development of its meanings........14

1.1. Empirical ideas about the document .......... 14

1.2. Meanings of the term "document"..................................17

1.3. The origin of the term "document" and the development of its meanings ............... 37

Findings................................................. ......................41

.41

Topic 2. The functional essence of the concept of "document" 43

2.1. The concept of "information" from the point of view of the theory of information communication. The structure of the information and communication system..44

2.2. The structure of the social communication process 48

2.3. The concept of "social information". Correlation of information and knowledge 49

2.4. Functional definition of the concept "document" .............................................. 52

Findings................................................. ......................56

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................................... 57

Topic 3. Definition of Document IV....................................58

3.1. Document definition in standards and dictionaries

On office work and archival business .............................. 58

3.2. Modern definitions of a document in informatics (in various areas of information activity). Document IV as "recorded information" ............................................. ......66

3.3. The definition of a document in librarianship. Document as an object of librarianship......74

Findings................................................. ......................80

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................................... 81

Topic 4. Functions, properties and features of the document .......... 82

4.1. The concept of "document functions". The main (essential) function of the document and its derivatives .............................................................. .................83

4.2. Other general document functions. The concept of special and specific functions of documents .............................................................. .................87

4.3. Document Properties..............................................99

4.4. Document Features..............................................113

Findings................................................. .........................115

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................... 116

Topic 5. Information component of the document ..... 117

5.1. The concept of social information...................118

5.2. Structure and properties of social information... 12 4

5.3. Requirements for social information ............... 130

5.4. Classification of social information (its types) ........................... 133

Findings................................................. ...................143

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................... 143

Topic 6. Significant and material components

Document IV................................................... 145

6.1. The Sign Component of Document IV....................146

6.2. The material (physical) basis of Document IV 153

6.3. Form (design) of the information carrier

Document IV..............................................156

6.4. Document structure .................................158

Findings................................................. ...................160

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................................... 161

Topic 7. Classification of Document IV....................................163

7.1. Tasks and features of the classification of documents .................... 165

7.2. Classification of Document IV according to the features characterizing the sign system of recording information .............................................. ....168

7.3. Classification of Document IV according to the features characterizing material carrier document.......................................181

7.4. Classification of a document according to its information component ... 184

7.4.1. Types of document according to the sphere of occurrence of information and the object of reflection ..186

7.4.2. Understanding Primary and Secondary Documents..............................188

7.5. Classification of Document IV according to the circumstances of its existence in the external environment ....... 193

7.5.2. Documents - Originals and Copies..............................200

7.5.3. Authentic (genuine) and false (fake) documents .... 202

Findings................................................. ...................203

Questions and tasks for self-control .............................. 206

Topic 8. Documentation as a science .......................... 208

8.1. The main stages of development and the main concepts of document management ........ 208

8.2. Object, subject and structure of documentation management 215

8.3. The place of documentation in the system of sciences .......... 227

8.4. Record keeping methods....................................236

Findings................................................. ...................245

Questions and tasks for self-control .............................. 246

^ PART. BOOK AS A TYPE OF DOCUMENT .....................247

Topic 9. Definition of a book........................................248

9.1. Differentiation of the concept of "book" according to the characteristics of the material carrier of information .... 249

9.2. Differentiation of the concept of "book" according to the features of the sign form and the way of perception by a person ...............252

9.3. The place of the book in the social communication and information process .............................................. 255

9.4. Correlation of the book with original and archival documents ..........................................................259

9.5. Correlation of the concepts "document", "book", "edition", "print work", "literature", "publication" .......................260

Findings................................................. ...................265

Questions and tasks for self-control .............................. 266

Topic 10. Functions and properties of the book..............................267

10.1. Comparison of Document and Book Functions.............268

10.2. Comparing document and workbook properties.......................272

10.3. Specific Functions and Features of the Book .....................281

Findings................................................. ...................291

Questions and tasks for self-control .............................. 294

Topic 11. General concepts book typology.....................295

11.1. The concept of book typology....................................295

11.2. Ways of typological knowledge of the book ........ 299

11.5. Principles of book typology..............................316

Findings................................................. ...................317

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................................... 318

Topic 12. Types and genres of literature.............................319

12.1. The concept of "types of literature" .................................... 319

12.2. Types of Literature for Social Purposes....................................322

12.3. Types of Literature by Additional Features.............................................333

12.4. Genres of literary works: general characteristics .......... 337

12.5. Genres of political primary sources ........... 345

12.6. Genres of Legal Primary Sources...............346

12.7. Genres of fiction .............................. 354

12.8. Genres of non-fiction literature ...................... 358

12.9. Genres of mass information literature... 364

12.10. Genres of memoir literature ........................... 368

12.11. Genres of research literature... 372

12.12. Genres of popular science literature ........... 376

12.13. Genres of educational literature..............................376

12.14. Genres of industrial literature .............. 376

12.16. Genres of scientific information literature...383

12.17. Genres of Reference Literature ........................... 392

12.18. Types and genres of religious (spiritual) literature...............................393

12.19. Genres of entertainment literature ...................... 396

Findings................................................. ...................398

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................... 399

Topic 13. Types of printed publications.................................400

13.1. Classification of all publications

According to certain signs .............................. 403

13.2. Types of non-periodical publications ............................... 420

13.3. Types of Periodicals and Continuing Publications....................................425

13.4. Revision of Standards for Types of Publication..............................431

Findings................................................. ...................445

Questions and tasks for self-control ............................................... 446

List of references to help the study of the course .............................. 447

Appendix. Possible ways of developing the terminological system of document management……………………457

Name index .............................................................. ......472

Subject index.................................................475

FOREWORD

The concept of "document" is one of the most common in professional activity specialists in the documentary and information sphere of society. It is discussed when considering the main processes that make up the work of a librarian, bibliographer, employee of a scientific information institution, archive, museum and many others. social institutions documentary and information support of society.

The definition and classification of documents acquire not only scientific, but also purely practical value. Ordinary, everyday ideas about the document and its types are insufficient for organizing the activities of information institutions. A scientific analysis of both the very concept of "document" and closely related concepts denoting the processes and operations of creating, processing and using documents in various areas of social activity is needed.

Therefore, in our time, great importance is given to the development and teaching of general professional discipline to employees in the field of social information communications.

"Document Science", capable of providing unity in solving many issues related to the definition, classification and characteristics of documents.

The obligatory introductory part of document management should be the section "Fundamentals of the theory of the document". The general theory of the document is actively developing at the present time, there are various approaches and views on many scientific concepts, terms, concepts of document management. One of the tasks of the discipline "Document Science" is to acquaint students with them, to help determine the most acceptable, reasonable concepts, and draw appropriate conclusions. It is the fundamentals of the theory of the document that are the most general content of this discipline, necessary for training not only librarians-bibliographers, but also students of other specialties.

A significant component of the foundations of the theory of the document is the typology of the document. Typology is "the doctrine of types", as well as the definition of the main concepts (categories) that relate to the document and its types; about different ways of classifying documents; about the relationship between different types of document, etc.

For library science and bibliography it is also important to determine the relationship between the categories "document" and "book", the possibilities of their application in relation to the phenomena that a librarian or bibliographer deals with. Therefore, the second part of the course is the section "Book as a type of document". The construction of the second part of the course to a certain extent corresponds to the construction of the first part - from the general to the particular.

It should be noted that the characteristics of the book from the standpoint of document management are also needed by all employees associated with information support society, because it is in the book (according to its interpretation adopted in this manual) that the largest amount of publicly available information is located.

The content of the manual is limited to the main theoretical issues of document management: from the definition of a document to the classification of printed publications. Of course, outside the manual there are many problems, both theoretical and purely practical, relating to the characteristics certain types, types, genres of documents. The author is aware that this manual does not cover all the issues of document management. Even the description of the book is not complete here, since the manual does not contain a description of non-text printed works and other types of publications, except for printed ones (in particular, electronic, audio, screen). But the general theory of the document and the book, presented in the manual, makes it possible to correctly orientate in all the variety of existing documents, using different sources to familiarize yourself with them.

The proposed manual aims to be a theoretical introduction to documentation and book science, to provide a unified approach to the classification of documents in general and books in particular. It reflects the author's concept, based on his own scientific research and consistent with common ideas about a document and a book, as well as with the research of many scientists who have studied the problems of document science and book science. The manual introduces the achievements of modern documentation science, discussions on documentary problems, offers alternative approaches to their solution, which should stimulate independent creative activity of students. The didactic potential of the manual lies in the sequence of presentation of the material (from general issues to private), its division into specific topics, the presence of conclusions, questions and tasks for self-control on each topic.

This publication is a translation of the textbook "Documentation", published in Ukrainian, with some changes and additions. The changed name is more consistent with its content, which reflects not all document management, but only its introductory part. The absence of a detailed description of certain types of documents in this manual is explained by the need to create a system of document management academic disciplines and their corresponding educational and methodological support. Such academic disciplines as "Management Document Science", "Electronic Document Science", "Cinema Photo and Phono Document Science" and others devoted to different types documents. In addition to those listed, this system should also include such academic disciplines as "Social Communications", "Document Resource", "Document Streams and Arrays", etc.

^ BASICS OF THE THEORY OF THE DOCUMENT

THE CONCEPT "DOCUMENT": HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ITS VALUES

The concept of "document" in our time is the most common in the sciences that study different ways storage and transmission in society of knowledge (or information). There are many definitions of a document that have fixed ideas about it.

First of all, we consider it necessary to consider empirical ideas about the document, historical roots the term "document" and the gradual development of its meanings until the 20th century; summarize the definitions of the document available in the literature; show the relationship between the meanings of the concept "document" that exist in our time.

1.1. Empirical ideas about the document

Empirical ideas arose as a consequence or as a result of observations, as a generalization of many real phenomena, but not as a consequence of theoretical knowledge, which requires certain methodological principles, a theory that would explain the meaning and origin of the phenomenon.

Empirically, the document is presented, firstly, as a certain thing, as a "material object" or "substantial" (material, as opposed to energy) carrier information. In other words, a document is a thing that can be seen, touched or felt by other senses.

Secondly, a document is such a thing that carries a certain information that is, it can convey something (some information, knowledge) to someone who will get acquainted with the document, study it, read it, or otherwise “consume information”. First of all, a person needs a document precisely in order to get acquainted with this information.

On the other hand, a document is created by a person (more precisely, by society) in order to preserve a certain knowledge in time and transfer it to other people (consumers of information).

In order to convey information using a document, a person uses different means. First, he chooses material objects, things that can be a "material carrier" of information. Secondly, it establishes how you can "fix information" on a given medium. Thirdly, it develops ways to extract information from this medium.

All of these document properties are reflected in its definitions. For example, in such: "a document is a material object containing information in a fixed form"; "a document is a material object containing fixed information, specially designed for its transmission in space and time and used in public practice"; "a document is a material object containing information in a fixed form and specially designed for its transmission in time and space"; "a document is a material object containing fixed information and specially designed for its transfer and use" 1 ; "documentary interprets a document in a broad sense as information recorded on a material carrier..."; a document is "information fixed on a carrier that allows its transmission .... A document is information embodied in a physical form."

Some scientists in the definitions of the document emphasized that it is created and used by a person, that is, society, and therefore does not contain any information, namely "social" or "noo-information". For example: "a document is any material carrier on which social information is recorded (fixed)" 4 ; "a document is any noo-information fixed in space and time (information created by the human mind; in contrast to information fixed in natural phenomena, biology, etc.)" 5 ; "A document is any noo-information(information created by the human mind, as opposed to information recorded in the phenomena of inanimate nature, or biology), fixed on a special material carrier for the purpose of its use, transfer and storage. Any form and method of fixation are allowed here, that is, on paper, film, in the form of a code, tape, disk, etc. "6 (Highlighted by the author). In relation to the last two definitions, it should be noted that social or noo-information that is transmitted in society, that is, from person to person, can be recorded not only "on a special material carrier", but also on objects belonging to the sphere of inanimate nature (for example, stones in the mineralogical museum), and even on representatives of wildlife (animals in the zoo). The statement that "any form and method of fixation is allowed here" is refuted by the following list, which indicates that the materials and forms of the information carrier are meant, adapted only for recording information.

Of course, the clarifications regarding the fact that the document conveys social or noo-information are correct, but in reality they do not change anything in the above-mentioned interpretation of the document, because in any case, it is precisely such material objects that are used to transmit noo-information (as information, available only to the human mind) or "social information", if it is understood as any information that is created and transmitted in human society.

Along with such definitions of "document", which cover a very wide range of phenomena, there are other interpretations that connect the concept of "document" with certain limitations of its material or symbolic form, as well as functions.

presiding: Brizhatyuk I.A. Case No. 33-5094/2014

APPEALS DETERMINATION

Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Omsk Regional Court consisting of:

presiding Osadchey E.A.,

Judges of the regional court: Polygi V.A., Kutyrevoy O.M.,

At the secretary: Sauer Yu.V.,

Considered at the hearing on August 06, 2014 the case on a private complaint Shvetsova C.N., Shvetsova N.A. to the decision of the Pervomaisky District Court of Omsk dated June 27, 2014, which ruled:

“To replace the claimant of CJSC Banca Intesa in civil case No.<...>in the case on the claim of KMB BANK (Closed Joint Stock Company) against Shvetsov S. N., Shvetsova N. A. for the recovery of debt, foreclosure of pledged property, its successor - a company with limited liability"Collection agency "Assistance" in the order of procedural succession".

Having heard the report of the judge of the regional court Kutyreva O.M., the panel of judges

SET UP:

LLC “Collection agency “Sodeistvie” applied to the court with a statement of procedural succession, indicating that by the decision of the Pervomaisky District Court of Omsk dated<...>in case no.<...>with Shvetsova S.N., Shvetsova N.A. the debt under the loan agreement was collected, the costs of paying the state duty, the mortgaged property was foreclosed. The court issued writ of execution. Collection Agency Sodeistvie LLC (applicant) and Bank Intesa CJSC (successor of KMB Bank CJSC) entered into an assignment agreement dated<...>, according to which the bank assigned in favor of the applicant all the rights of claim against the defendants arising from the loan agreement dated 14.03.2008, concluded with IP Pavchun S.N., as well as the rights ensuring the fulfillment of obligations under the loan agreement. Thus, the rights of claim were transferred to LLC Collection Agency Assistance.

The applicant asked to issue a judicial act to replace the recoverer CJSC “Bank Intesa” with the successor LLC “Collection Agency “Sodeistvie”, to issue a writ of execution to recover from Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. loan debt from<...>, as well as expenses for the payment of state duty in favor of LLC Collection Agency Assistance.

The representative of the applicant LLC "Collection Agency" Assistance ", Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. did not participate in the hearing.

Representative Shvetsova S.N., Shvetsova N.A. Konstantinova K.S. objected to the replacement of the recoverer, referring to the fact that the enforcement proceedings were completed<...>, due to the lack of property debtors.<...>the three-year deadline for presenting a writ of execution has expired. The Shvetsovs were not notified of the transfer of claims. IP Pavchun S.N. declared bankrupt, in relation to it by definition arbitration court Omsk region from<...>competitive proceedings are completed. In fact, the applicant asks to adopt a new judicial act on the recovery in his favor of the debt under the loan agreement.

Persons participating in the case - CJSC Bank Intesa, Pavchun S.N. did not appear at the hearing.

The Court upheld the above ruling.

In a private complaint, Shvetsov C.N., Shvetsova H.A. they ask the court ruling to be canceled, referring to the fact that the court went beyond the application, since the applicant did not specify which writ of execution and in which case he requests a replacement. The assignment agreement indicates the assignment of the right to claim under the loan agreement dated<...>, but no court decision has been issued in respect of this agreement. Debtor - IP Pavchun S.N. entered into a loan agreement with the bank<...>. Indicates that bankruptcy proceedings have been initiated against the debtor. The complainants are not listed in the register of debtors to the assignment agreement, the rights under the agreements concluded between them and the bank have not been transferred. It is impossible to establish whether the applicant paid the assigned rights to the bank. They refer to the fact that the writ of execution was returned to the claimant<...>, the deadline for presentation to the debtor has expired. Pay attention to judicial practice and the fact that the applicant actually asks to adopt a new judicial act on the collection of debt under a loan agreement from<...>

Similar provisions are enshrined in Art. 52 federal law from 02.10.2007 No. 229-FZ "On Enforcement Proceedings".

Within the meaning of Art. Art. 21, 22 of the Federal Law "On Enforcement Proceedings", the limitation period is the period during which the recoverer has the right to resort to measures for the enforcement of his right to claim the debtor for payment of money, for the transfer of property, for certain actions or for refraining from their commission, confirmed executive document. After the expiration of this period, the creditor loses this opportunity.

According to Part 1 of Art. 23 of the above Law, a recoverer who has missed the deadline for presenting a writ of execution or a court order for execution, has the right to apply for the restoration of the missed deadline to the court that adopted the relevant judicial act, if the restoration of the specified period is provided for by federal law.

It follows from the materials of the case that by the decision of the Pervomaisky District Court<...>from 17.09.2009 claims of KMB BANK (Closed Joint-stock company) to Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. on the collection of debt under the loan agreement are satisfied. The decision of the court entered into force on November 11, 2009.

Based on the above decision, the bailiff-executor of the OSB for the CAO UFSSP of Russia for the Omsk Region<...>enforcement proceedings were initiated No.<...>, № <...>that are over<...>, due to the lack of property, which may be levied, the enforcement documents returned to the recoverer.

<...>between Bank Intesa CJSC (the assignee of CJSC Small Business Credit Bank, in connection with the reorganization) and Collection Agency Assistance LLC concluded an assignment agreement (on assignment of the right (claim)) No.<...>, in accordance with which the rights of the creditor on the claims to Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. were transferred to CJSC Bank Intesa. under a loan agreement<...> № <...>.

According to Part 3 of Art. 22 of the Federal Law of 02.10.2007 N 229-ФЗ “On Enforcement Proceedings” in the event that the executive document is returned to the recoverer due to the impossibility of its execution, the period for presenting the executive document for execution is calculated from the date the executive document is returned to the recoverer.

Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. objected to the satisfaction of the application for the replacement of the party by the successor, referring to the above rule of law and indicating that the deadline for presenting the executive document had expired.

At the same time, the reasons for missing the deadline for presenting the enforcement document for execution were not the subject of research in the court of first instance.

A petition for the restoration of the procedural term was not filed by LLC Collection Agency Assistance.

By virtue of paragraph 3 of part 1 of Art. 31 of the Federal Law "On Enforcement Proceedings", the bailiff within three days from the date of receipt of the executive document to him makes a decision to refuse to initiate enforcement proceedings if the deadline for presenting the executive document for execution has expired and has not been restored by the court.

Restoration of the missed deadline for the presentation of a writ of execution for execution is carried out in the manner regulated by Part 1 of Art. 23 of the Federal Law "On Enforcement Proceedings", part 2, 3 of Art. .

Thus, the establishment of procedural succession does not prejudge the issue of initiating enforcement proceedings.

Currently, Collection Agency Assistance LLC, being a material successor in legal relations between Bank Intesa CJSC (formerly KMB BANK (Closed Joint Stock Company)) and Shvetsov S.N. and Shvetsova NA, deprived of the right to restore the missed deadline for the presentation of the executive document for execution.

The replacement of a party does not violate the rights of the debtors in the case, however, it allows the material successor to resolve issues on the presentation of a writ of execution, subject to the provisions of the above rules of law.

The arguments of the complaint that the assignment agreement and its annex contain a reference to the loan agreement dated<...>, however, IP Pavchun S.N. did not conclude a loan agreement with CJSC KMB Bank on the specified date, she concluded a loan agreement<...>, where the Shvetsovs acted as guarantors, and decisions to collect debts in relation to these persons under a loan agreement dated<...>not accepted are to be rejected.

The above is a typo, since in addition to the date, the annex to the assignment agreement indicates the number of the loan agreement - No.<...>, which was concluded with IP Pachun S.N.<...>.

Based on the above, guided by Article.Article. , Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Omsk Regional Court

DETERMINED:

The decision of the Pervomaisky District Court of the city of Omsk of June 27, 2014 is left unchanged, the private complaint of Shvetsov S.N., Shvetsova N.A. - without satisfaction.

presiding

Court:

Plaintiffs:

Respondents:

Judges of the case:

100 great secrets of World War II Nepomniachtchi Nikolay Nikolayevich

THE STRANGE FATE OF GENERAL SMYSLOVSKII (According to N. Shvetsov)

THE STRANGE FATE OF GENERAL SMYSLOVSKII

(According to N. Shvetsov)

On the night of May 3, 1945, a group of people in German uniform appeared near the border of tiny Liechtenstein. The border guards were about to repel the attack of uninvited guests, when a man jumped out of the German car and shouted: "Don't shoot, there is a Russian general."

As it soon became clear, the military unit that came from Austria was part of the Wehrmacht and consisted of Russian white émigrés and Soviet prisoners of war who had gone over to the side of the Nazis. They were commanded by Major General Arthur Holmston. But in fact he was Russian, his last name was Smyslovsky. There, on the border, all the soldiers dressed in German uniforms were disarmed and interned.

Smyslovsky is not Vlasov, little is known about him in Russia. He was one of the first to write about him in the recently published book in Russia “Unknown Liechtenstein” former ambassador in Switzerland and part-time in Liechtenstein A. Stepanov.

But in the West, the writing public paid a lot of attention to Smyslovsky. Of particular interest was the book published in 1996 by the Swiss historian Peter Geiger and the Austrian publicist Manfred Schlapi, which is called “Russians in Liechtenstein. Flight and internment of the Holmston Wehrmacht army. 1945-1948". In Belgium in 1993, a film by Robert Enrico “Wind from the East” was shown on television, dedicated to the appearance in Liechtenstein of the Smyslovsky detachment, played by Malcolm McDowell.

Count Boris Alekseevich Smyslovsky was born in 1897 in Finland, at that time part of the Russian Empire. His mother Eleonora Malakhova was the godmother of one of the emperor's sisters. Grandfather - Infantry General Malakhov, who in 1905 commanded the troops of the Moscow Military District. Solzhenitsyn mentions Smyslovsky's father, a "short, bearded officer" in the tsarist army, in his book August 14th.

Our hero was also a tsarist guards officer, during the years of the Civil War he fought on the side of the White Guards and then left Russia. It was established that in the 1920s he was associated with German intelligence. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, he headed the reconnaissance and sabotage service, whose agents, in particular, were used for subversive work in the rear of the Soviet troops.

At the beginning of 1945, Smyslovsky, having become a major general, under the pseudonym Arthur Holmston, led the 6,000th "1st Russian National Army", all command posts in which were occupied by emigrants. But for all the hostility to the USSR, he was quite prudent, quickly figured out that Germany was facing an inevitable defeat, and therefore, he had to think about his own salvation. But where to hide after the war? Smyslovsky understood that if he ended up in the location of the troops of the Western allies, then there was still a risk of being extradited Soviet Union. Therefore, I decided to look for a neutral state, and one where its appearance would be hardly noticeable. The choice fell on Liechtenstein.

Together with Smyslovsky, about 500 people ended up in the principality, including 30 women and two children. Most of them were Soviet citizens who at one time were captured by the Germans. It is interesting that, according to the recognition of Baron von Falz-Fein, who now lives in Liechtenstein, who, by the will of fate, turned out to be a participant in the events then taking place, Prince Vladimir Kirillovich Romanov, the son of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, was in the Smyslovsky group before it entered Liechtenstein. He also fled from persecution by the allies, especially the French. There were reasons for this.

During the occupation of France, Vladimir Kirillovich continued to stay in this country. Moreover, the Nazis, as a sign of special attention, assigned guards to him, which, of course, could serve as a pretext for subsequent accusations of the prince of collaborationism. Therefore, when the allies landed in France, the head of the Romanov dynasty left it in exile, filling the car with royal attributes taken with him. Once in Austria, he met Smyslovsky there and went with him to Liechtenstein. But they didn't let him in. Only the military were subject to internment, and the Liechtenstein authorities refused to accept all civilians, including the prince and his entourage. Vladimir Kirillovich continued to stay in Austria, where he met with Petain and Laval, whom he then betrayed to the allies ... Later he ended up in Spain, still calling himself the heir to the Russian throne.

The fate of those who, together with Smyslovsky, came to Liechtenstein, was being decided over the course of several years. Already in August 1945, representatives of the Soviet military mission appeared in the principality, who were instructed to achieve the repatriation of members of the Smyslovsky group to the Soviet Union. Difficult negotiations were held with representatives of the Liechtenstein government. The same von Faltz-Fein told about them.

I was attracted to the negotiations as a person who knew German and Russian well, - said Eduard Aleksandrovich. - I participated in them as an interpreter. Negotiations went on with raised voices. The Russians wanted all Soviet citizens, along with Smyslovsky, to be handed over to the USSR. Moreover, these demands were often accompanied by words that I did not dare to translate into German.

Members of the mission met with the internees, did not skimp on assurances that no one would threaten those who returned to their homeland. A festive evening was even arranged, during which Russian songs were sung and toasts were made for the return to their homeland. Many have decided to return. Some of them worked for Liechtenstein farmers. When parting, the Liechtensteiners asked to write how they got there, how they settled down. “But, as far as I know,” Eduard Aleksandrovich finished his story, “not a single letter has arrived.”

However, von Faltz-Fein is not the only living participant in those dramatic events. The editors of Trud received a letter from P. Astakhov, who lives in Pereslavl-Zalessky, who from August to November 1945 worked as an interpreter for the Soviet repatriation commission. According to Astakhov's memoirs, at first the internees greeted the Soviet military coldly, with remarks like: “Stop agitating, gentlemen! Look for volunteers elsewhere. One of the internees bluntly stated: “Know, we served in the Red Army, we love our homeland - Russia, we love our people, loved ones left there. But also know that as long as Stalin and a clique of his henchmen exist in the USSR, our return to Russia will not take place.

There were other opinions as well. A certain person by the name of Ankudinov spoke in favor of returning home. “Let it be difficult for us,” he said, “a devastated country awaits us, but we are its citizens, we will return to our native land, where everything is close and expensive. I'm not the only one who thinks so." Already in August, the return of internees to the Soviet Union began. As Astakhov writes, E.A. participated in the preparation of their departure. von Faltz-Fein. “On the day of departure, each departing person was “offered” a glass of vodka filled to the brim with the wish of a good trip.”

Not everyone left. Some still did not dare to return to their homeland, believing that they would not be met there with flowers. After all, they were not only captured, but also put on German uniforms and even fought against their country. The authorities of Liechtenstein did not feel very comfortable either, realizing that the remnants of the Wehrmacht army were located on the territory of their state. This, of course, caused an unpleasant international outcry. Therefore, the local authorities not only did not detain Smyslovsky's people, but also unambiguously hinted to them that their presence here was undesirable.

Smyslovsky himself, despite the demands of the Soviet side for his extradition, remained in Liechtenstein until August 1947, when, together with a group of his former subordinates, he moved to Argentina, where he became an adviser to President Peron "on the fight against terrorism." At the same time, he was very successful in business. But he did not like life in Argentina. In a letter to von Faltz-Fein, he said that he missed Liechtenstein. The accumulated capital allowed Smyslovsky to return in 1966 and finally settle in his dear principality. Here he died in 1988, at the age of 91.

Why did Smyslovsky manage to avoid the fate of Vlasov, Kaminsky, Krasnov, Semyonov, Shkuro and others who fought on the side of the Nazis against their country? With such a question, I turned to the author of "Unknown Liechtenstein" A. Stepanov.

Smyslovsky, - said Andrei Ivanovich, - of course, was lucky that he took refuge in Liechtenstein, which, although it was a tiny country, remained neutral during the war. Many in the principality still believe that by hosting Smyslovsky and his group, their country has clearly demonstrated to the whole world how much human rights are respected here. After all, it saved from the Stalinist camps and even the death of hundreds of people. It is no coincidence that in 1980, in the presence of Smyslovsky, the 35th anniversary of the internment was solemnly celebrated in the capital of the principality of Vaduz, and in 1995, the 50th anniversary of this event was celebrated with the same pomp.

But, according to A. Stepanov, there is a more important reason why Smyslovsky calmly lived to a ripe old age. During the war years, the count was closely associated with the military counterintelligence operating on the territory of the Soviet Union. What he knew was of great interest to the Western intelligence services, because they were not interested in extraditing him to the Soviet Union. It can be said that Smyslovsky was under their tacit patronage throughout his post-war life. Communication with foreign intelligence did not prevent him from often declaring his patriotism, his love for Russia. But for all Russians, Smyslovsky will forever remain a stranger - a man in a fascist military uniform ...