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Class hour on the prevention of children's electrical injuries "Electrical safety at home and on the street"

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Goals class hour: 1. to generalize and expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about electricity; 2. form ideas about how electricity affects the human body; 3. fix the rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances.

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Guys! You know very well what an important role electricity plays in our lives. It gives us light, heat, sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human work. Electricity has taken such a strong place in our lives that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our indispensable assistant. But, providing great help to people, electricity is fraught with a mortal danger for those who do not know or neglect the rules of electrical safety, handling household appliances, violates the rules of behavior near power facilities. Any electrical installation is a danger to human life. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. A person, touching the current-carrying parts of electrical installations and uninsulated wires under voltage, becomes involved in the electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts normal work body, which causes convulsions, breathing stops and the heart stops working. When overheating of certain parts of the body, severe burns occur. The person dies or becomes disabled. Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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The greater the amount of current flowing through the body, the more dangerous it is! The magnitude of the current is greater, the higher the voltage under which the person turned out to be. The safe voltage is 12 volts. Most widely used in industry agriculture and everyday life received electrical networks with a voltage of 220 - 380 volts (220 volts - for lighting and household appliances, 380 volts - for three-phase electric motors). This voltage is very dangerous for humans. The greatest number of deaths occurs with people who are under voltage of 220 - 380 volts. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Action electric current on the human body The danger of electric current is that a person does not have special sense organs to detect electric current at a distance. Electric current is odorless, colorless and operates silently. It is impossible to feel without special devices whether a given part of the electrical installation is energized or not. This leads to the fact that people often do not realize the real danger and do not take the necessary protective measures. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Electric current, passing through the human body, has a biological, electrolytic, mechanical and thermal effect. The thermal effect is manifested in the form of burns of the skin of the body, overheating of various organs, as well as ruptures of blood vessels and nerve fibers resulting from overheating. The electrolytic action is expressed in the decomposition of an organic liquid, including blood, which is accompanied by significant violations of their physical and chemical composition. The biological effect is manifested in irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, as well as in violation of internal bioelectric processes, which leads to involuntary convulsive muscle contractions, disorders of the nervous system, respiratory and circulatory organs. In this case, fainting, loss of consciousness, speech disorder, convulsions, respiratory failure (up to a stop) can be observed. The mechanical action is manifested in the occurrence of pressure in the blood vessels and tissues of the body when blood and other fluids are heated, as well as displacement and mechanical stress tissues as a result of involuntary muscle contraction and exposure to electrodynamic forces. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Of great importance in the outcome of the defeat is the path traversed by the current in the human body. The defeat will be more severe if the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord are in the path of the current. The most dangerous paths for the passage of current through a person are: arm-legs, arm-arm. The immediate causes of death of a person struck by an electric current are the cessation of the work of the heart, respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the muscles of the chest, and electric shock. The most unfavorable outcome of an electric shock to a person will be in cases where the touch occurred with wet hands in a damp or hot room. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Rules for handling electrical appliances at home ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Rules of conduct on the street near power facilities Power facilities are overhead and cable power lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points. Overhead power lines with a voltage of 35, 110 kilovolts and above are responsible for the power supply of cities and towns. Overhead and cable power lines with a voltage of 6, 10 kilovolts are responsible for power supply within cities and towns, as well as rural settlements. Power lines with a voltage of 380 volts provide electricity to apartment buildings, and 220 volts - individual apartments. Substations are divided into high-voltage substations - 35 kilovolts and above and transformer substations with a voltage of 6, 10 kilovolts. Substations are designed to reduce the voltage in the AC network and to distribute electricity. Transformer substations are located in each locality and due to their ubiquity, they pose a particular danger to the population! All power facilities carry a real danger to life! ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Warning signs on the danger of electric shock To prevent accidental entry into electrical installations, and thereby prevent electric shock to people, there are special warning signs and posters. They are hung out or applied to the supports of overhead power lines of any voltage, the doors of various electrical panels in which electrical equipment is located, on fences and fences that enclose electrical installations. The presence of such signs implies a ban on the entry of the population into electrical installations or climbing to the support of power lines. Signs warn a person about the danger of electric shock. It is unacceptable to neglect them, and even more so to remove and pluck them. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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Warning signs about danger of electric shock Prohibiting posters Warning signs and posters Mandatory posters Index poster ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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A large number of electric shock accidents occur as a result of touching wires, including slack ones, and approaching or touching broken wires lying on the ground. Even after a break, the wire may be energized. At the same time, the electric current begins to "drain" into the ground, and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe earth around the wire is under an electric potential, and the farther from the point of contact of the wire with the ground, the lower the potential. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!

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electrical safety

Hazards of electrical systems

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Definition

Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.

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Causes of Electric Shock

Touching live parts under voltage; Touching the disconnected parts of the equipment on which voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions service personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge into or near an electrical installation; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or related electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfer to them from live parts (the occurrence of an emergency situation - a breakdown on the housing). Damage by step voltage or a person being in the field of electric current spreading, in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Releasing a stressed person.

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Causes of electrical injuries

A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the current flow path, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only when touched, but also through the step voltage.

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The effect of electric current on the human body

Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical effects. Common electrical injuries include an electric shock, in which the process of excitation various groups muscles can lead to convulsions, respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electric signs, skin plating, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (inflammation of the eyes as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays electric arc).

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The nature of the impact of currents on the human body:

~ 50 Hz continuous Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA Sensible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA Current is considered acceptable, at which a person can independently free himself from the electrical circuit

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Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of contact voltage and current strength in emergency mode of electrical installations according to GOST 12.1.038-82:

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Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE)

Premises I class. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; the presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Areas of increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors are present:- increased temperature air (t = + 35 С); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching at the same time to email. installation and to grounding or to two el. settings at the same time. Premises III class. Less dangerous areas. There are no features characteristic of the two previous classes.

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Current through a person in the presence of a ground electrode

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Current through a person in a system with isolated neutral

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Current spreading through the ground electrode

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Ground electrode resistance to current spreading

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Touch voltage

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Step voltage

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Touch and step voltages

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Grounding resistance according to PUE

PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in installations U 1000 V with an effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents I out of 1000 V with an isolated neutral - 250 / I out, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V with isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V).

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Zeroing

Zeroing is designed to eliminate the risk of electric shock in case of a short circuit to the body of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the intentional connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a zero protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and contributes to the flow of high current through the network protection devices and to the quick disconnection of damaged equipment from the network.

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protective equipment

Basic insulating electrical protective equipment are able long time withstand the operating voltage of the electrical installation. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main isolating means. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands

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Safety posters and signs

Warning: Stop! Tension, Don't get in! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People are working, Do not turn on! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, Work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescriptive: Work here, “Get in here; Forefingers: Grounded

Guys! You are well aware of the important role played by electricity in human life. It gives us light, heat, sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human work.

With its help start space rockets, cars move, ships go to sea and big cities shine with thousands of lights.

Electricity has taken such a strong place in our lives that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our indispensable assistant.

Electrical energy is created POWER PLANTS .

hydroelectric power plants The energy of falling water is used to create electricity.

Thermal power plants- they use the energy of combustible coal, natural gas.

Thermal power plants- they create both electrical and thermal energy which people use for heating houses and supplying hot water.

KVGES

YAGRES

Like any power, electricity can be dangerous and even deadly. You need to handle it very carefully and skillfully.

Dear Guys!

In order not to put yourself in danger, remember the simple rules:

• NOT pull the plug from the socket by the wire;

• NOT handle the wires of electrical appliances with wet hands;

• NOT use electrical appliances in the bathroom;

• NOT use plugs that do not fit sockets;

• NOT use faulty wires and sockets

• NOT climb on electrical installations and in transformer booths

• NOT climb on supports and poles

• NOT come closer to broken wires closer than 8-10m

• NOT throw anything on the wires and don't play near them

These signs warn a person of the danger of electric shock.

It is unacceptable to neglect them, and even more so to remove them!

If you suddenly see broken or sagging wires, fallen poles, sparkling wire, in no case don't come close!

Call the indicated numbers immediately or ask your parents to do it!

01

112 – emergency and rescue service

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Slides captions:

ELECTRIC ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY Teacher of OBZH MKOU Gornobalykleyskaya secondary school: Kharlashin A.V.

Electricity at home

Thanks to electricity, a man flew into space

Thanks to the electric charge, the headlights and control devices of cars work.

Electricity is the engine of civilization development. This situation will continue in the future, although some methods of obtaining electrical energy and transmitting it over a distance will become more efficient, environmentally friendly and more convenient.

The phenomenon of static electricity has attracted the attention of people for many centuries.

In a thundercloud, an electric charge of enormous values ​​​​accumulates. Then there is a discharge in the form of a giant spark - lightning.

During a thunderstorm, in no case should you approach electrical objects. Often, during a strong wind, a lightning discharge breaks wires on power lines. REMEMBER! TO BROKEN WIRES ON THE GROUND, ON TREES, IN PUDDS DO NOT APPEAR CLOSE THAN 8 METERS!

POWER SUPPLY Power system

Transformer substations are used to increase and decrease the voltage.

Such information tells people about the danger to life that lurks behind the iron doors of substations.

The action of electric current has a detrimental effect on the work of all internal organs person. Leads to burns and other serious consequences.

A strong electrical discharge causes cardiac arrest.

Work in electrical installations does not tolerate negligence. Only specially trained electricians can carry out any work on the lines.

Power engineers work only in special dielectric gloves

REMEMBER! It is FORBIDDEN to touch bare wires with bare hands!!!

At home, faulty household appliances are not a toy. If you see bare wires, sparkling sockets, tell an adult immediately. Remember that electrical energy is fraught with a considerable danger to life!

Providing emergency assistance.

Observe electrical safety rules!

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Simple rules that everyone should know.

1. The most important rule is to remember that there is no safe electricity! Of course, you can not be afraid of toys that run on batteries, in which the voltage is only 12 volts. But in everyday life, electricity with a voltage of 220 - 380 volts has become most widespread.

2. If you are not a specialist, you cannot independently repair electrical wiring and household appliances connected to the network, open the back covers of TVs and radios, set bells, switches and sockets. This must be done by a qualified electrician!

3. Do not use switches, socket outlets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred and twisted cords. It is very dangerous! Never pull the plug out of the socket by the cord or use plugs that do not fit into sockets.

4. The rule is as old as the world, but for some reason many neglect it: do not handle electrical wires with wet hands and do not use electrical appliances in the bathroom. Remember also that in the event of a fire, under no circumstances should you extinguish live appliances with water.

5. If you feel “tingling” or “shaking” when touching the body of an electrical appliance, pipes and taps of water supply, gas, heating, bath and other metal objects, this means that this object is under voltage as a result of some kind of damage electrical network. This is a serious danger signal!

6. A broken power line wire lying on the ground or concrete floor is a great danger. Walking around the area around the wire, a person may be under the "step voltage". Under the action of the current, convulsions occur in the legs, the person falls, and the current circuit closes along his body through the respiratory muscles and heart. Therefore, when you see a broken wire lying on the ground, in no case approach it at a distance closer than 8 meters (20 steps). If you are still in the zone step voltage» you can not tear off the soles from the surface of the earth. You should move away from the wire with a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is attached to the toe of the other leg.

7. The wires of overhead lines located in the crown of trees or shrubs pose a great danger. Do not touch or shake such trees, especially in wet weather! Many people believe that a tree - a dielectric - does not conduct current, but, roughly speaking, there are drops of water on the foliage of a tree, and water is a conductor of electricity. In addition, it is very dangerous to fish under power lines. Carbon fiber rods also conduct current, which can occur if the wires are touched. Do not play near power lines, do not light fires under them, do not stack firewood, straw and other flammable objects nearby!

8. The first thing to do in case of electric shock to a person is to eliminate its source, while ensuring your own safety. You need to turn off the electricity. If a person touches a bare wire, you need to move the wire away from the victim with a non-metal stick, or cut the wire with an ax with a wooden handle, or wrap your hand with a dry cloth and drag the victim by the clothes.

9. If breathing and pulse are absent, give artificial respiration. If there is breathing, but there is no consciousness, you need to turn the victim on his side and call an ambulance. On the palms of a person who touched the wire, electrical burns remain - there are always two of them - places of entry and exit. Cool the burn area under cold water for at least 15 minutes, then apply a clean cloth bandage. It is not necessary to treat burns with an antiseptic!

The emergency number is 112.