Presentation on electrical safety in domestic premises. Presentation on the topic "basic rules of electrical safety"
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Class hour on the prevention of children's electrical injuries "Electrical safety at home and on the street"
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Goals class hour: 1. to generalize and expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about electricity; 2. form ideas about how electricity affects the human body; 3. fix the rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances.
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Guys! You know very well what an important role electricity plays in our lives. It gives us light, heat, sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human work. Electricity has taken such a strong place in our lives that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our indispensable assistant. But, providing great help to people, electricity is fraught with mortal danger for those who do not know or neglect the rules of electrical safety, handling household appliances, violates the rules of behavior near power facilities. Any electrical installation is a danger to human life. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. A person, touching the current-carrying parts of electrical installations and uninsulated wires under voltage, becomes involved in the electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts normal work body, which causes convulsions, breathing stops and the heart stops working. When overheating of certain parts of the body, severe burns occur. The person dies or becomes disabled. Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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The greater the amount of current flowing through the body, the more dangerous it is! The magnitude of the current is greater, the higher the voltage under which the person turned out to be. The safe voltage is 12 volts. Most widely used in industry agriculture and everyday life received electrical networks with a voltage of 220 - 380 volts (220 volts - for lighting and household appliances, 380 volts - for three-phase electric motors). This voltage is very dangerous for humans. The greatest number of deaths occurs with people who are under voltage of 220 - 380 volts. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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The effect of electric current on the human body The danger of electric current lies in the fact that a person does not have special sense organs to detect electric current at a distance. Electric current is odorless, colorless and operates silently. It is impossible to feel without special devices whether a given part of the electrical installation is energized or not. This leads to the fact that people often do not realize the real danger and do not take the necessary protective measures. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Electric current, passing through the human body, has a biological, electrolytic, mechanical and thermal effect. The thermal effect is manifested in the form of burns of the skin of the body, overheating of various organs, as well as ruptures of blood vessels and nerve fibers resulting from overheating. The electrolytic action is expressed in the decomposition of an organic liquid, including blood, which is accompanied by significant violations of their physical and chemical composition. The biological effect is manifested in irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, as well as in violation of internal bioelectric processes, which leads to involuntary convulsive muscle contractions, impaired nervous system, respiratory and circulatory organs. In this case, fainting, loss of consciousness, speech disorder, convulsions, respiratory failure (up to a stop) can be observed. The mechanical action is manifested in the occurrence of pressure in the blood vessels and tissues of the body when blood and other fluids are heated, as well as displacement and mechanical stress tissues as a result of involuntary muscle contraction and exposure to electrodynamic forces. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Of great importance in the outcome of the defeat is the path traversed by the current in the human body. The defeat will be more severe if the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord are in the path of the current. The most dangerous paths for the passage of current through a person are: arm-legs, arm-arm. Immediate causes of death of a person affected electric shock, is the cessation of the heart, respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the muscles of the chest and electric shock. The most unfavorable outcome of an electric shock to a person will be in cases where the touch occurred with wet hands in a damp or hot room. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Rules for handling electrical appliances at home ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Rules of conduct on the street near power facilities Power facilities are overhead and cable power lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points. Overhead power lines with a voltage of 35, 110 kilovolts and above are responsible for the power supply of cities and towns. Overhead and cable power lines with a voltage of 6, 10 kilovolts are responsible for power supply within cities and towns, as well as rural settlements. Power lines with a voltage of 380 volts provide electricity to apartment buildings, and 220 volts - individual apartments. Substations are divided into high-voltage substations - 35 kilovolts and above and transformer substations with a voltage of 6, 10 kilovolts. Substations are designed to reduce the voltage in the AC network and to distribute electricity. Transformer substations are located in each locality and due to their ubiquity, they pose a particular danger to the population! All power facilities carry a real danger to life! ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Warning signs about the danger of electric shock To prevent accidental entry into electrical installations, and thereby prevent electric shock to people, there are special warning signs and posters. They are hung out or applied to the supports of overhead power lines of any voltage, the doors of various electrical panels in which electrical equipment is located, on fences and fences that enclose electrical installations. The presence of such signs implies a ban on the entry of the population into electrical installations or climbing to the support of power lines. Signs warn a person about the danger of electric shock. It is unacceptable to neglect them, and even more so to remove and pluck them. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Warning signs about danger of electric shock Prohibiting posters Warning signs and posters Mandatory posters Index poster ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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A large number of electric shock accidents occur as a result of touching wires, including slack ones, and approaching or touching broken wires lying on the ground. Even after a break, the wire may be energized. At the same time, the electric current begins to "drain" into the ground, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe ground around the wire is under an electric potential, and the farther from the point of contact of the wire with the ground, the lower the potential. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGEROUS!
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Definition Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
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Causes of electric shock Touching live parts under voltage; Touching the disconnected parts of the equipment on which voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions service personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge into or near an electrical installation; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or associated electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfer to them from live parts (the occurrence of an emergency situation - a breakdown on the housing). Damage by step voltage or a person being in the field of electric current spreading, in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Releasing a stressed person.
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Causes of electrical injuries A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the current flow path, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only when touched, but also through the step voltage.
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The effect of electric current on the human body Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces a thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical effect. Common electrical injuries include an electric shock, in which the process of excitation various groups muscles can lead to convulsions, respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electric signs, skin plating, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (eye inflammation as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays electric arc).
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The nature of the impact of currents on the human body: ~ 50 Hz constant Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA Perceptible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA electrical circuit
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Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of contact voltage and current strength during emergency operation of electrical installations according to GOST 12.1.038-82: Type and frequency of current Norm. led. Remote control, at t, s 0.01 - 0.08 over 1 Variable f = 50 Hz UD ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Variable f = 400 Hz UD ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Constant UD ID 650 V - 40 at 15 mA
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Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE) Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; the presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Areas of increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors are present:- increased temperature air (t = + 35 C); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching at the same time to email. installation and to grounding or to two el. settings at the same time. Premises III class. Less dangerous areas. There are no features characteristic of the two previous classes.
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Grounding resistance according to PUE PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in installations U< 1000 В, если мощность источника тока (генератора или трансформатора) более 100 кВА – 4 Ом; в установках U < 1000 В, если мощность источника тока 100 кВА и менее, – 10 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with effectively earthed neutral (with low earth fault currents Iz< 500 А) – 0,5 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with isolated neutral - 250 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V with isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V).
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Grounding Grounding is designed to eliminate the risk of electric shock in case of a short circuit to the body of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the intentional connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a zero protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and contributes to the flow of high current through the network protection devices and to the quick disconnection of damaged equipment from the network.
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protective equipment The main insulating electrical protective equipment is capable of long time withstand the operating voltage of the electrical installation. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main isolating means. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands
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Posters and safety signs Warning: Stop! Tension, Don't get in! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People are working, Do not turn on! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, Work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescriptive: Work here, “Get in here; Forefingers: Grounded
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Electricity at home
AT Everyday life, in a cozy home environment, we sometimes forget that electricity can easily turn from a reliable friend into a mortal enemy, especially if we do not follow the rules of electrical safety. The most important condition for ensuring the electrical safety of citizens is the serviceability of the state of insulation of household electrical networks and electrical receivers. Since at present life is unthinkable without electricity, the population should be aware of the danger of electric current in case of careless or careless handling of it.
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Wiring
- In case of damage to the insulation of wires and the occurrence of short circuits, it is not allowed:
- paint over and whitewash cords and wires;
- hang something on the wires;
- lay wires and cords for gas and water pipes, for batteries of the heating system;
- allow contact of electrical wires with telephone and radio transmission wires, radio and television antennas, tree branches and roofs of buildings;
- seal open electrical wiring with paper, wallpaper, fix wires with nails.
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Household electrical appliances
Incandescent lamps
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Household electric heaters
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Types of electrical protection devices
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electrical safety
If you handle electrical appliances incorrectly, you are putting your life in danger!
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electric shock
The main factor of damage to the body is the strength of the current flowing through the body. It is determined by Ohm's law, and therefore depends on voltage and resistance.
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The human body is a conductor. Passing through it, an electric current can cause damage to vital organs, and sometimes death.
The main causes of electrical injury
1. Malfunction of devices.
2. Closing the wires.
3. Violation of safety regulations when handling devices and wires.
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The effect of electric current on the human body
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- Electric current, acting on the human body, can lead to various injuries: electric shock, burns, skin plating, electric sign, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia.
- Electric shock leads to excitation of living tissues; Depending on the pathological processes caused by electric shock, the following classification of the severity of electrical injuries during electric shock is accepted:
Electric injury of the 1st degree - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
electrical injury of the II degree - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness;
electrical injury of the III degree - loss of consciousness and impaired functions of cardiac activity or respiration (both are not excluded);
electrical injury IV degree - clinical death.
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electrical safety
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Electric shock
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10 electrical safety rules
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1. At the same time, along with the above measures, persons who are not involved in providing assistance to the victim must immediately:
- call a doctor in the medical unit or an ambulance;
- remove strangers from the place of assistance;
- create maximum lighting, as well as an influx of fresh air.
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Ways to remove the victim from the current source
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Providing first aid to the injured
- The danger of electric shock lies in the disruption of the respiratory organs and the cardiovascular system.
- First of all, it is necessary to do the following: lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; check if he has breathing and pulse;
- examine the pupil. (narrow or wide). A wide icon indicates a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain.
- After that, you need to start providing first aid:
if the victim is unconscious, but stable breathing and pulse have been preserved, he should be comfortably laid down, unfastened the collar, belt and clothes, provide fresh air and complete rest, give the victim to smell ammonia and sprinkle it with water;
if the victim is breathing poorly - rarely, convulsively, as if sobbing - it is necessary to do artificial respiration and heart massage.
5. In the absence of signs of life (breathing, heartbeat, pulse), the victim cannot be considered dead, since death is often imaginary. In this case, it is also necessary to do artificial respiration and heart massage.
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Do not forget!
Observe basic electrical safety rules at home and at work.
View all slides
Causes of electric shock Touching live parts under voltage; Touching the disconnected parts of the equipment on which voltage may occur: – in the event of a residual charge; - in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; – in the event of a lightning discharge into or near the electrical installation; - touching metal non-current-carrying parts or associated electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage has transferred to them from live parts (the occurrence of an emergency breakdown on the housing). Damage by step voltage or a person being in the field of electric current spreading, in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Releasing a stressed person.
Causes of electrical injuries A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the current flow path, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only when touched, but also through the step voltage.
The effect of electric current on the human body Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces a thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical effect. Common electrical injuries include an electric shock, in which the process of excitation of various muscle groups can lead to convulsions, respiratory arrest and cardiac activity. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electric signs, skin plating, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (eye inflammation as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
The nature of the impact of currents on the human body: ~ 50 Hz constant 1. Non-releasing mA mA 2. Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA 3. Perceptible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA 4. The current is considered acceptable, at which a person can independently break free from the electrical circuit
Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of contact voltage and current strength in emergency mode of electrical installations according to GOST: Kind and frequency of currentNorm. val.PDU, at t, s 0.01 - 0.08 over 1 Variable f = 50 Hz UDIDUDID 650 V 36 V 6 mA
Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE) Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; the presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Areas of increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased air temperature (t = + 35 C); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching both the electrical installation and to grounding or to two electrical installations at the same time Premises of the III class Less hazardous premises There are no features characteristic of the two previous classes. 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching at the same time to email. installation and to grounding or to two el. settings at the same time. Premises III class. Less dangerous areas. There are no signs characteristic of the two previous classes."> 
Grounding resistance according to PUE PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in U installations 1000 V with an effectively grounded neutral (with low ground fault currents I out of 1000 V with an isolated neutral - 250 / I out, but not more than 10 Ohm; in U installations > 1000 V with isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V). 1000 V with effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents Iz 1000 V with isolated neutral - 250/Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V with isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Iz, but not more than 10 ohms (or 4 ohms, if required for installations up to 1000 V)."> 
Grounding Grounding is designed to eliminate the risk of electric shock in case of a short circuit to the body of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the intentional connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a zero protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and contributes to the flow of high current through the network protection devices and to the quick disconnection of damaged equipment from the network.
Protective equipment The main insulating electrical protective equipment is able to withstand the operating voltage of the electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main isolating means. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands
Posters and safety signs Warning: Stop! Tension, Don't get in! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People are working, Do not turn on! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, Work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescriptive: Work here, Bury here; Forefingers: Grounded
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electrical safety
Hazards of electrical systems
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Definition
Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
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Causes of Electric Shock
Touching live parts under voltage; Touching the disconnected parts of the equipment on which voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge into or near an electrical installation; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or associated electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfer to them from live parts (the occurrence of an emergency situation - a breakdown on the housing). Damage by step voltage or a person being in the field of electric current spreading, in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Releasing a stressed person.
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Causes of electrical injuries
A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the current flow path, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only when touched, but also through the step voltage.
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The effect of electric current on the human body
Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical effects. Common electrical injuries include an electric shock, in which the process of excitation of various muscle groups can lead to convulsions, respiratory arrest and cardiac activity. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electric signs, skin plating, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (eye inflammation as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
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The nature of the impact of currents on the human body:
~ 50 Hz continuous Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA Sensible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA Current is considered acceptable, at which a person can independently free himself from the electrical circuit
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Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of contact voltage and current strength in emergency mode of electrical installations according to GOST 12.1.038-82:
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Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE)
Premises I class. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; the presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Areas of increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased air temperature (t = + 35 С); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching the electrical installation at the same time and to grounding or to two electrical installations at the same time Class III premises Low hazardous premises There are no features characteristic of the two previous classes.
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Current through a person in the presence of a ground electrode
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Current through a person in a system with isolated neutral
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Current spreading through the ground electrode
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Ground electrode resistance to current spreading
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Touch voltage
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Step voltage
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Touch and step voltages
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Grounding resistance according to PUE
PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in installations U 1000 V with an effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents I out of 1000 V with an isolated neutral - 250 / I out, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V with isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V).
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Zeroing
Zeroing is designed to eliminate the risk of electric shock in the event of a short circuit to the body of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the intentional connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a zero protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and contributes to the flow of high current through the network protection devices and to the quick disconnection of damaged equipment from the network.
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protective equipment
The main insulating electrical protective equipment is capable of withstanding the operating voltage of the electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main isolating means. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands
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Safety posters and signs
Warning: Stop! Tension, Don't get in! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People are working, Do not turn on! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, Work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescriptive: Work here, “Get in here; Forefingers: Grounded