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Foreword
PART ONE. BASICS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Chapter I. Information about metals and alloys
§ one. General concepts
§ 2. Internal structure of metals and alloys
§ 3. The process of crystallization
Chapter II. Properties of metals and their alloys
§ 4. Physical and Chemical properties
§ 5. Mechanical properties
§ 6. Technological properties
§ 7. Technological tests
Chapter III. Iron-carbon alloys
§ eight. General information about alloys. Getting pig iron
§ 9. Classification of cast irons
§ 10. Basic information about obtaining steel
§ eleven. General classification become
§ 12. carbon steels
§ 13. Alloy steels
§ 14. Steels with special properties
Chapter IV. Carbide
Chapter V. Non-ferrous metals and their alloys
§ 15. General concepts of non-ferrous metals and alloys. Copper and its alloys
§ 16. Aluminum and its alloys
§ 17. Magnesium and titanium alloys
Chapter VI. Basics of heat treatment
§ 18. General information
§ 19. Allotropic phenomena in metals
§ 20. Effect of heating and cooling on the structure and properties of metals
§ 21. Types of heat treatment. Annealing and normalization
§ 22. Hardening, heating rate, hardening media, hardening methods
§ 23. Surface hardening
§ 24. Tempering and aging of hardened steel
Chapter VII. Chemical-thermal treatment of steel
§ 25. Cementation
§ 26. Nitriding, cyanidation
§ 27. Diffusion metallization
Chapter VIII. Corrosion of metals and alloys
§ 28. The concept of corrosion, its types
§ 29. Protection of metals from corrosion
Chapter IX. Non-metallic materials
§ 30. Plastic masses
§ 31. Insulating materials
§ 32. Lining, sealing and stuffing materials
Chapter X. Abrasive Materials
§ 33. Types of abrasive materials
§ 34. Graininess of circles, bond materials
§ 35. Hardness and marking of abrasive wheels
Chapter XI. The main methods of manufacturing blanks
§ 36. General concepts
Section 37 Foundry
§ 38. Metal forming
Chapter XII. Welding and cutting of metals
§ 39. General information. Types of welded joints
§ 40. Classification of welding methods
§ 41. Electric welding
§ 42. Gas welding and cutting
Chapter XIII. Basics of measurement
§ 43. General information. Classification of measuring instruments
§ 44. Accuracy and measurement error. Instruments with direct reading of the measured size
§ 45. Caliper tools
§ 46. Micrometer instruments
§ 47. Templates. probes
§ 48. Special tools
§ 49. Plane-parallel end measures of length. Caliber
§ 50. Lever-mechanical devices
§ 51. Means of control of flatness, straightness and location of surfaces
§ 52. Tools for measuring angles
Chapter XIV. Tolerances and landings.
§ 53. Accuracy of processing. Surface roughness
§ 54. Interchangeability of parts
§ 55. Nominal, actual and limit sizes. The concept of admission
§ 56. Clearances and tightness
§ 57. Landings
§ 58. Tolerance systems, their designation on the drawings
§ 59. Accuracy classes
PART TWO. PLUMBING
Chapter XV. General information about plumbing
§ 60. The emergence of metalwork
§ 61. Organization of the workplace of a locksmith
Chapter XVI. Safety, fire prevention, industrial sanitation and personal hygiene
§ 62. Safety precautions when performing locksmith work
§ 63. Fire prevention measures. Industrial sanitation and personal hygiene
Chapter XVII. markup
§ 64. General concepts
§ 65. Devices for planar marking
§ 66. Tools for planar marking
§ 67. Preparation for marking
§ 68 Planar marking techniques
§ 69. Punching marking lines
Chapter XVIII. metal cutting
§ 70. General concepts of felling. The essence of the metal cutting process
§ 71. Cutting tools
§ 72. Cutting technique
§ 73. Cutting techniques
§ 74. Mechanization of felling
Chapter XIX. Editing and straightening of metal
§ 75. General information
§ 76. Editing technique
§ 77. Straightening machines
§ 78. Features of straightening of welded products
Chapter XX. metal bending
§ 79. General concepts
§ 80. Basic techniques for manual bending of sheet and strip metal parts
§ 81. Mechanization of bending works
§ 82. Pipe bending
Chapter XXI. metal cutting
§ 83. The essence of cutting
§ 84. Cutting with hand scissors
§ 85. Cutting with a hacksaw
§ 86. Cutting round metal with a hacksaw
§ 87. Cutting pipes with a hacksaw and a pipe cutter
§ 88. Mechanized cutting
§ 89. Special cases of cutting
Chapter XXII. filing
§ 90. Essence of filing. Files
§ 91. Classification of files
§ 92. Attachment of file handles
§ 93. Technique and methods of filing
§ 94. Types of filing
§ 95. Mechanization of filing work
Chapter XXIII. drilling
§ 96. The essence and purpose of drilling. Drill
§ 97. Sharpening twist drills
§ 98. Manual and mechanized drilling
§ 99. Drilling machines
$ 100. Installation and fastening of parts for drilling
§ 101. Fixing drills
§ 102. Drilling process
§ 103. Drilling holes
§ 104. Features of drilling difficult alloys and plastics
Chapter XXIV. Reaming. Countersinking and reaming
§ 105. Countersinking
§ 106. Countersinking
§ 107. Reaming holes
§ 108. Deployment technique
Chapter XXV. Threading
§ 109. The concept of carving. Formation of a helix
§ 110. Thread elements
§ 111. Thread profiles
§ 112 Thread systems
§ 113. Tools for threading
§ 114. Internal thread cutting
§ 115. External thread cutting
§ 116. Threading pipes
§ 117. Mechanization of thread cutting
§ 118. Methods for removing broken taps
Chapter XXVI. Klepka
§ 119. General information
§ 120. Types of rivets
§ 121. Types of riveted joints. Tools and fixtures for riveting
§ 122. Hand riveting
§ 123. Mechanization of riveting
§ 124. Machine riveting
§ 125. Minting
Chapter XXVII. Spatial markup
§ 126. Devices for marking
§ 127. Techniques and marking sequence
Chapter XXVIII. scraping
§ 128. Essence and purpose of scraping. Chabers
§ 129. Sharpening and finishing scrapers
§ 130. Basic methods of scraping
§ 131. Scraping of rectilinear surfaces
§ 132. Scraping of curved surfaces
§ 133. Sharpening and dressing triangular scrapers
§ 134. Mechanization of scraping
§ 135. Replacement of scraping with other types of processing
Chapter XXIX. Sawing and fitting
§ 136 Sawing
§ 137. Fitting
Chapter XXX. Lapping and polishing
§ 138. The essence of the process. Lapping materials
Section 139
§ 140. Lapping technique
Chapter XXXI. Soldering, tinning and gluing
§ 141. Payanne
§ 142. Fluxes
§ 143. Blowtorches
§ 144. Tools for soldering. Types of solder joints
§ 145. Soldering with soft solders
§ 146. Tinning
§ 147. Soldering with hard solders
§ 148. Bonding
Literature

FRAGMEHT TEXTBOOK (...) VS-UT glue is used for gluing parts, long time operating at temperatures up to 300 °C. It has high strength and resistance to kerosene, lubricating oils, water. Often this glue is attached to the lining of the brake pads of cars.
Glue VS-UT is produced in a ready-to-use form. Store it in an airtight container in a dark room. Within 6 months it retains its adhesive properties.
The glue is applied in liquid form in one or two layers. After application, the first layer is dried at normal temperature for 1 hour, and then the second layer is applied. After that, the parts are connected and dried at 140 ... ... 180 ° C for 1 ... 2 hours under a pressure of 50 ... 200 kPa (0.5 ..2 kgf / cm2).
Carbinol glue can be liquid or pasty (filled). The basis of this glue is carbinol syrup, to which benzene peroxide is added. The adhesive is suitable for joining steel, cast iron, aluminium, porcelain, ebonite and plastics and provides bonding strength only when used for
3...5 hours after preparation. The mechanical strength of the seams made with carbinol glue is maintained at temperatures up to 60 °C.
The glued parts are dried in air for 1 day. Carbinol glue is benzo- and oil-resistant, resistant to acids and alkalis, water, alcohol and acetone. It is used for gluing parts of carburetors, battery cans and other works.
Paste carbinol glue is used mainly for gluing marble, porcelain, porous materials, for sealing cracks, holes, etc. The disadvantage of these adhesive compounds is their low resistance to high temperatures.
Bakelite varnish - resin solution in ethyl alcohol. Details glued with bakelite varnish are dried at 140 ... 160 ° C. Store bakelite varnish in a sealed container at a temperature not exceeding 30 ° C in a dark place. Used for gluing linings on clutch discs.
Plastic and glass parts are glued with carbinol glue and bakelite varnish. Epoxy adhesives eliminate the need for heat treatment of the parts to be bonded.
For bonding, epoxy adhesive compositions are used, which harden at 18 ... 20 ° C. To prepare these compositions, a hardener, polyethylene-polyamine, is added to epoxy resins (ED-5, ED-6, ED-40) (approximately 10 wt. h. per 100 wt. h. epoxy resin), dibutyl-
phthalate (10 ... 15 mass hours per 100 mass hours of epoxy resin) and a filler, which is used as aluminum or bronze powder, steel or cast iron powder, Portland cement, carbon black, fiberglass, etc. Fillers increase viscosity epoxy composition and increase the strength of the adhesive joint. [
Heat-resistant adhesives are used for gluing parts made of various metals and non-metallic materials operating at high temperatures and vibrations. VK-32-200 glue is used to glue parts that operate continuously up to 300 hours at 200 °C and up to 20 hours at 300 °C. Glue is applied in two layers. After application, the first layer is kept
15...20 min at 20°С, the second layer - 15...20 min at 20°С and 90 min at 65°С. Materials connected with VK-32-200 glue can work in the temperature range from 60 to 120 °C. The glue is petrol, oil and water resistant. Within 4 months, materials bonded with this adhesive can operate in conditions close to tropical (at a humidity of 90% and a temperature of 50 °C) without noticeable reduction in bond strength.
Heat-resistant adhesives based on organosilicon resins are designed for bonding metal and non-metal materials. IP-9 glue forms seams of low strength, but provides high thermal and water resistance, as well as tightness.
IPE-9 glue connects metals, ceramics, rubber and other materials. The joints are very strong at 300°C.
Glue BFK-9 has high heat resistance; It is used to join metals with non-metals. The adhesive is applied to both surfaces in a thin layer and dried for 1 hour at 20°C and 15 minutes at 60°C. Then a second layer is applied and dried for the same time.
The technological process of gluing, regardless of the materials to be bonded and brands of adhesives, consists of the following stages: preparation of surfaces for gluing - mutual adjustment, cleaning from dust and grease and giving the necessary roughness; applying glue with a brush, spatula, spray gun; exposure after applying the adhesive (the exposure time, depending on the types of adhesive and the material of the parts to be glued, ranges from 5 minutes to 30 hours and more); hardening of the adhesive (using gas heated ovens, burners, installations with electric heaters, HDTV installations, etc.; temperature regime ranges from 25 to 250 °C and above); quality control of adhesive joints (using a magnifying glass, ultrasonic units, etc.).
Defects. The main defect that often occurs during gluing is the so-called “non-glued” (areas in which the gluing was not carried out).
Reasons for the fragility of adhesive joints: poor cleaning of the surfaces to be glued;
uneven application of the layer on the surfaces to be glued (some parts of the surface are not smeared with glue or smeared thickly); hardening of the adhesive applied to the surface until they are joined; insufficient pressure on the connected parts of the parts to be glued;
incorrect temperature conditions and insufficient drying time for the adhesive joint.
§ 93. MEANS OF MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL.
INSTRUMENTS FOR FLATNESS AND STRAIGHTNESS CONTROL
Means of measurement and control. Measurement is understood as a comparison of the same-name quantity (length with length, angle with angle, area with area, etc.) with a value taken as a unit.
All measuring and control tools used in plumbing can be divided into control and measuring tools and measuring instruments.
Control and measuring tools include:
tools for flatness and straightness control; plane-parallel end measures of length (tiles); line tools that reproduce any multiple or fractional value of a unit of measure within the scale (barbell tools, goniometers with vernier);
micrometric tools based on the action of a screw pair (micrometers, micrometric inside gauges and depth gauges). Measuring instruments include: lever-mechanical (indicators, indicator inside gauges, lever brackets, minimeters);
optical-mechanical (optimeters, instrumental microscopes, projectors, interferometers);
electrical (profilometers, etc.).
The above measuring instruments are precise and expensive instruments, therefore, when using and storing, it is necessary to follow the rules set out in the relevant instructions.
Tools for flatness and straightness control. The following briefly describes the device and the use of the most commonly used tools in plumbing work.
Curved rulers are made of three types: with a double-sided bevel (LD) 80, 125, 200, 320 and (500) mm long; trihedral (LT) 200 and 320 mm long; tetrahedral (LCh) 200, 320 and (500) mm long. Checking straightness with curved rulers is carried out according to the light gap method (through the light) or according to the trace method. When checking straightness using the light gap method, a curved ruler is applied with a sharp edge to the surface to be checked, and the light source is placed behind the ruler and the part. The ruler is held strictly vertically at eye level, observing the gap between the ruler and the surface in different places along the length of the ruler. The presence of a gap between the ruler and the part indicates a deviation from straightness. With sufficient skill, this method of control allows you to catch the gap from 0.003 to 0.005 mm (3 ... 5 microns).
When checking by the trace method, the working edge of the ruler is drawn along a clean surface to be checked. If the surface is rectilinear, it will leave a continuous trace; otherwise, the trace will be discontinuous (spots).
Straightedges with a wide working surface are made of four types (sections): rectangular SHP; I-beam SD; CMM bridges; angular trihedral UT.
Depending on the permissible deviations from straightness straightedges types ШП, ШД and ШМ are divided into three classes - 0.1 and 2, and rulers of the UT type are divided into 2 classes - 1 and 2. Rulers of the 0th and 1st classes are used for high-precision tests, and rulers 2- first class - for installation work average accuracy.
Straightness and flatness are checked with these rulers by linear deviations and by paint (stain method). When measuring linear deviations from straightness, the ruler is placed on the surface being checked or on two end blocks of the same size. The gaps between the ruler and the controlled surface are measured with a probe.
Accurate results are obtained by using strips of tissue paper, which are placed under the ruler at certain intervals. Pulling the strip from under the ruler, the pressing force of each of them is used to judge the deviation from straightness.
When checking for paint, the working surface of the ruler is covered with a thin layer of dye (soot, red lead), then the ruler is applied to the surface to be checked and smoothly moved along it without strong pressure. After that, the ruler is carefully removed and the straightness of the latter is judged by the location, number and size of spots on the surface. . With good flatness, paint spots are evenly distributed over the entire surface. How more quantity spots on the tested surface of a 25X25 mm square, the higher the flatness. Triangular straightedges are made with angles of 45.55 and 60°.
Surface plates are mainly used to check wide surfaces for paint, and are also used as accessories for various control work in the workshop. Plates are made of gray fine-grained cast iron. By accuracy working surface plates come in four classes - 0, 1, 2 and 3; the first three classes are surface plates, the fourth is marking plates. Checking for paint using surface plates is carried out as described above.
Plates are protected from impacts, scratches, dirt, after work they are thoroughly wiped, lubricated with mineral oil, turpentine or petroleum jelly and covered with a wooden shield (lid).
It is unacceptable to store the SD, SHM and UT rulers leaning against each other, against the wall at a certain angle, as they bend and become unusable.

] Textbook for training workers in production. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged.
(Moscow: Publishing House " graduate School", 1968)
Scan, processing, Djv format: Leonid Stankevich, 2013

• SUMMARY:
  Introduction (5).
  Part one. BASICS OF METAL SCIENCE
  Chapter I. The concept of the structure of metals and their alloys (9).
  Chapter II. Properties of metals and their alloys (14).
  Chapter III. Iron-carbon alloys (32).
  Chapter IV. Hard alloys (53).
  Chapter V. Non-ferrous metals and their alloys (55).
  Chapter VI. Fundamentals of heat treatment of steel (61).
  Chapter VII. Chemical-thermal treatment of steel (76).
  Chapter VIII. Corrosion of metals and alloys (83).
  Chapter IX. Non-metallic materials (87).
  Part two. PLUMBING
  Chapter X. Organization of the workplace and safety. Fire prevention measures (94).
  Chapter XI. Fundamentals of measurement (110).
  Chapter XII. Tolerances and landings (142).
  Chapter XIII. Markup (158).
  Chapter XIV. Cutting (171).
  Chapter XV. Straightening and bending (186).
  Chapter XVI. Cutting (198).
  Chapter XVII. Filing (213).
  Chapter XVIII. Sawing and fitting (241).
  Chapter XIX. Drilling (245).
  Chapter XX. Threading (288).
  Chapter XXI. Riveting (305).
  Chapter XXII. Spatial markup (319).
  Chapter XXIII. Scraping (330).
  Chapter XXIV. Lapping (349).
  Chapter XXV. Soldering and tinning (362).
  Chapter XXVI. Bonding parts (380).
  Chapter XXVII. General concepts of technological processes in mechanical engineering (384).
  Literature (393).

Publisher's note: The book describes locksmith operations, provides information about the purpose and use of equipment, tools and fixtures, outlines the techniques for performing locksmith work and methods for their mechanization. It also addresses issues rational organization workplace, safety and fire prevention measures; for each plumbing operation, the types, causes and measures to prevent marriage are considered.
A classification of measuring instruments used in metalworking is given, control and measuring instruments are described with an indication of the accuracy of measurement; measurement techniques and information about tolerances and landings are presented.
The book also contains information about the production of iron and steel, their physical, mechanical and technological properties, testing and heat treatment, as well as information about corrosion and how to deal with it. A separate chapter is devoted to plastics, insulating, cushioning, sealing and stuffing materials.
The basic concepts of the types of production, production and technological processes, technological discipline and documentation.
The book is intended as a textbook for individual and brigade training of locksmith workers trained in production, and can be used by students of vocational and technical schools.

The equipment, tools and fixtures, techniques for performing locksmith operations are described. Information is given on the types, causes of occurrence and methods of preventing marriage, organization of the workplace, labor safety and fire prevention measures (3rd edition - 1989). The textbook can be used vocational training workers in production. Makienko N. I - Practical work on plumbing Popov S. A. - Sharpening of cutting tools Maksimikhin M.A. - Soldering of metals in instrumentation V. E. Push, V. G. Belyaev. Metal cutting machines(Textbook) Naerman M. S. - Handbook of a young grinder Rodin P. R. - Metal-cutting tools Barbashov F. A. - Milling business. Tutorial Granovsky G.I. - Cutting metals (Textbook for mechanical engineering and instrumentation of specialized universities) V. Shmakov-Forge in modern economy Vinnikov I. Z. - Driller P. N. Orlov - Brief reference book for metalworker Beletsky D. G - Handbook of a universal turner Kuvshinsky V. V. - Milling Leon Sell - Plumbing in questions and answers. Per. from the 7th Polish. Ogloblin A.N. - Basics of turning business Kovshov A.N. - Machine operator-universal agricultural workshop Yusipov Z.I. - Manual forging Proc. for vocational schools Granovsky G.I. - Cutting metals (Textbook for mechanical engineering and instrumentation of specialized universities)