Raising pigs shows sustainable development and exists in the positions of the leading branch of the world animal husbandry. The livestock is regularly increased, which leads to a constant increase in production. The last 8 years have been marked by an increase in pork output by 18%.

Pig breeding is one of the most rapidly developing areas of animal husbandry. With a constant increase in the number of animals, the rate of production of meat products increases. For 2015, total production was based on 118 million tons, and then increased by another 2.6 million tons, which was a percentage of 2.3%.

The development of pig breeding in the world is uneven. China is confidently at the forefront of pork producers. In 2015, China produced 57.6 million tons of pork. During this period, the total production of Chinese pork in the world field was 49% and increased by another 4% in a year.

Pig farming in China shows an increase in quantitative (growth in the number of animals) and qualitative indicators of farming. The latter is a regular increase in slaughter weight. These achievements became possible thanks to more intensive fattening of animals, work to improve the breeding and productive properties of various breeds of pigs, which was achieved as a result of crossing individuals of the domestic market and import representatives. Chinese breeds of pigs are distinguished by their multiparity and milkiness, while breeds imported into the country from the USA (in particular, Hampshire, Duroc, Yorkshire and others) and other countries (Chester White, Landrace) as characteristic features have a large weight and a tendency to intensive growth.

Among the largest producers of pork, the second place belongs to the United States of America. The annual level of pork meat produced is 10.5 million tons, which occupies 9% of the world market. The United States specializes in breeding local and hybrid breeds of pigs. The most common are the local Hampshire, Duroc and Landrace.

Following China and the United States are Germany with a production volume of 5.5 million tons, Spain (3.5 million tons), Vietnam (3.4 million tons), Brazil (3.1 million tons). Russia closes the list of leaders with a gross volume of 3 million tons. These five countries together account for 16% of the global pig production market. The European market, with a constant decrease in the number of livestock, shows regular figures in terms of production volumes. This is achieved by increasing the slaughter weight, which became possible after working on technologies for hybridization, crossing and improving animal feeding.

The top ten pork producers based on slaughtered livestock at the moment are as follows:

• Chinese company WH Group (48.3 million heads);
• JBS Foods International from Brazil (28 million heads);
• Smithfield Foods of the USA (27.9 million heads);
• JBS USA also from USA (22.3 million heads);
• Danish Crown company (22 million heads);
• Another US representative Tyson Foods Inc. (19.9 million heads);
• German Tonnies (17.5 million heads);
• Chinese producer Yurun Group (16.6 million heads);
• Vion Food Group Ltd. from the Netherlands (15.7 million heads);
• Shuanghui Development from China (15 million head).

For the period of 2015, the total volume of world exports amounted to 11 million tons of meat. This figure is 3.6% more than in the previous period. Export accounted for 9% of this volume. The leading exporters were Germany (1.78 million tons of meat), the USA (1.53 million tons), Spain (1.25 million tons), Denmark (1.1 million tons), the Netherlands (0.95 million tons), Canada (0.87 million tons) and Belgium (0.7 million tons). These countries accounted for 75% of the world's total pork exports. Spain showed the largest increase in exports - over the period of 2015, the country made a jump in pork exports by a total of 17%.

As the largest pork producer, China occupies a rather modest niche in world exports - about 0.7% for the period of 2015. The vast majority of the products produced are sold domestically. Compared to China, the largest pork exporters supply a third or more of their production to foreign markets, and Denmark exports more than 74% of the total pork production in the country.

Denmark shows a high level of pig breeding. The most common breed of pigs is Landrace. In Denmark, centralized breeding work has been established, which is carried out through the National Committee for the Breeding of Pigs. In the country, pork production is carried out by small farms and big companies, all of them exist in the status of a private business.

Although the pig industry in the world is quite developed, a number of countries are in dire need of importing meat for domestic market. This is due to the high demand for it from consumers. The size of world pork imports is about 10.4 million tons of meat in 2015. This is 2% more than the previous year. The top five importers include the following countries:

• Italy (up to 1 million tons per year);
• Germany (about 0.9 million tons);
• Japan (about 800 thousand tons);
• China (770 thousand tons);
• Mexico (720 thousand tons).

These countries account for about 40% of the total pork imports in the world. Over the past year, the demand for pork from Italy has been stable, while Germany and Japan reduced their requests by 7% and 4.7%, respectively.

Trade restrictions that exist on the world pork market are introduced in the form of import tariffs on imported meat and are associated with the desire of governments to support national meat producers by restricting its import from abroad. Duty-free pork trade is carried out within the framework of the European Union.

For example, the largest importer of pork in the world, Italy, has introduced the following rates for the import of meat:

• Carcasses, half carcasses: $300 per ton for meat imported from Peru, $256 per ton from Central America, $600 per ton for other countries, including China and the United States;
• Hams, shoulder blades, cuts from them: $435 per ton from Peru, $373 from Central America, $871 - other countries;
• Other parts: $336 per ton for Peru, $287 for Central America, $673 per ton for other countries.

The US fees are as follows:

• Carcasses, half carcasses: $55 per ton when imported from Cuba or Korea;
• Hams, shoulder blades, cuts from them: $72 for Cuba, Korea, $14 for other countries, excluding Mexico, Canada, Chile, Australia, Peru and others.

Import to other countries is not subject to duty.

The global pig industry is developing steadily and is the most important livestock sector. The number of pigs is increasing, which gives a stable increase in world pork output - over the past eight years it has increased by 18%.

In 2015, global pork production was 118 Mt, an increase of 2.6 Mt (or 2.3%) over the last year.

Pork production in the world by country

1. China (57.6 Mt)
2. USA (10.5 Mt)
3. Germany (5.5 Mt)
4. Spain (3.5 Mt)
5. Vietnam (3.4 Mt)
6. Brazil (3.1 Mt)
7. Russia (3 mmt)

Pig breeding develops unevenly in different regions. The largest pork producer in the world is China (57.6 million tons in 2015), which accounted for 49% of the global pork output. In 2015, pork production in China increased by 4%.

China's pig breeding is undergoing both quantitative (an increase in the number of pigs) and qualitative changes (in recent years, an increase in slaughter weight has been characteristic). This was achieved by intensifying fattening and improving the productive and breeding qualities of pigs, namely by crossing domestic and imported individuals. Domestic Chinese breeds are characterized by milkiness and multiple pregnancies, while those imported from the USA (Duroc, Hampshire, Yorkshire breeds) and other countries (Chester White and Landrace breeds) have a large carcass weight and more intensive growth.

The second place among the largest producers of pork was occupied by the USA (10.5 million tons) with a share of 9% in the world output. In the USA, mainly local and hybrid breeds are grown. The most popular local breeds are Duroc, Landrace and Hampshire.

The other largest producers were Germany (5.5 Mt), Spain (3.5 Mt), Vietnam (3.4 Mt), Brazil (3.1 Mt) and Russia (3 Mt). These five countries combined accounted for 16% of global pork output. In Europe, pork production remains stable with a reduction in the number of pigs. This was achieved due to the growth of slaughter weight as a result of improved crossing, hybridization and feeding technologies.

Top 10 pork suppliers in the world

1. WH Group (China)
2. JBS Foods International (Brazil)
3. Smithfield Foods (USA)
4. JBS USA
5. Danish Crown (Denmark)
6. Tyson Foods Inc. (USA)
7. Tonnies (Germany)
8. Yurun Group (China)
9. Vion Food Group Ltd. (Netherlands)
10. Shuanghui Development (China)

The top ten suppliers of pork (by slaughtered livestock) in the world market are represented by the following companies: WH Group - 48.3 million heads (China), JBS Foods International - 28 million heads (Brazil), Smithfield Foods - 27.9 million heads and JBS USA - 22.3 million heads (USA), Danish Crown - 22 million heads (Denmark), Tyson Foods Inc. - 19.9 million heads (USA), Tonnies - 17.5 million heads (Germany), Yurun Group - 16.6 million heads (China), Vion Food Group Ltd. - 15.7 million heads (Netherlands) and Shuanghui Development - 15 million heads (China).

World pork exports amounted to 11.0 million tons in 2015 - 3.6% more than a year earlier. Thus, about 9% of world output was exported. The largest volume of pork was supplied from Germany (1.78 million tons), USA (1.53 million tons), Spain (1.25 million tons), Denmark (1.13 million tons), the Netherlands (0.94 million tons) , Canada (0.87 million tons) and Belgium (0.72 million tons). These countries accounted for 75% of the world's total pork exports. The most noticeable increase in exports in 2015 was in Spain (+17%).

Even though China is the world's largest pork producer, the country's exports are negligible, accounting for only 0.7% of global exports in 2015. Almost the entire output is directed to domestic consumption. Unlike China, large European producers - Germany and Spain - exported more than a third of their own production, and in Denmark, exports accounted for 74% of production.

In Denmark, pig breeding is characterized by a high level of development. The most common breed in the country is the landrace. A feature of the industry in the country is centralized system breeding management through the National Pig Breeding Committee. In addition to small farms, there are also large productions based on private capital.

Despite the development of pig production in various regions, some countries are experiencing the need to import pork to meet growing demand. The volume of world pork imports was estimated at 10.4 million tons, which was 2% more than in 2014. The top five countries in terms of import volumes included Italy (1.02 million tons), Germany (925 thousand tons), Japan (791 thousand tons), China (778 thousand tons) and Mexico (723 thousand tons), ranking in total 41% of world imports. Shipments to Italy have been relatively stable over the past year, with Germany and Japan declining by 7.0% and 4.7%, respectively.

In terms of trade restrictions, countries impose import tariffs on imported pork to maintain national production and limit the flow of imported meat to the market. Between European countries, a regime of duty-free trade in pork has been introduced.

According to the latest data, Italy, the largest importer of pork, has different tariff rates:

• for carcasses and half carcasses - 300.23 USD/t for Peru, 256.54 USD/t for Central American countries; 600.46 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 435.78 USD/t for Peru, 373.05 USD/t for Central American countries; 871.56 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for other parts - $336.08/t for Peru, $287.91/t for Central American countries; 673.27 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China.

The US has the following restrictive duties: for carcasses and half carcasses - $55/t for Cuba and Korea, for other countries - zero tariffs; for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 72 USD/t for Cuba and Korea, 14 USD/t for other countries except Mexico, Canada, Australia, Chile, Colombia, Peru and a number of other countries.

The number of cows is strictly taken into account in our country and abroad, as these animals are of particular value in agricultural activities. In many states, the cultivation of cattle occupies a leading position in agriculture. From the main products obtained - meat and milk - you can get secondary ones - such as sour cream, cheese, butter, kefir, sausages. This list is far from complete. The demand for such products is quite large and continues to grow along with the number of livestock in the world.

World cow population statistics

Almost all countries of the world are engaged in animal husbandry - someone is more active, and someone is not very active. Animals such as yak, Indian buffalo and other lesser-known species can also be attributed to the livestock of cattle. They have similar physiology and different countries domesticated species of bulls are called cattle.

Animal tour spawned modern look KRS. It is very difficult to answer the question of how many cows there are in the world according to the latest data, since this figure is changing rapidly. At the beginning of 2017, there were approximately 1.3 billion heads.

The domestication of animals began in Asian countries, and specifically in Northern India. Domestication of cows in Europe occurred much later. It wasn't easy. Compared to goats and sheep, aurochs were difficult to succumb to man. KRS was a "supplier" of milk and meat.

Country ranking

The leader in the number of cattle is India, but beef production is not developed there, since religion prohibits the use of cows for food. Despite everything, it is noticeably the leader in the world ranking - over 50 million heads. The cow in this country is a sacred animal, but some residents eat beef. In addition, dairy breeds are bred.

In the European Union, the livestock is 23.5 million, and it is in second place. But here the population is much smaller. Brazil came in third. This is approximately 20.7 million heads of livestock. Every year there is a noticeable increase. In this country, many farmers breed cows, and special farms are opened to raise calves.

Fourth place

The United States can be put in fourth place in terms of the number of cattle - 9.3 million. The main number of farms is located in the western part. They pay attention to the production of meat and skins. Huge herds find their food on pastures and only in the cold season receive additional food in the form of feed. China claims the fifth place. There are approximately 8.7 million heads here. The reason for the low position in the ranking is that the country prefers small cattle, and cattle are mainly used as draft animals.

And although the first place is given to India, there cows mostly just live near people. And the huge livestock is due only to the ban on killing cows. Obtaining milk and related products is the predominant activity in the country associated with cattle. While, for example, in America, cows are kept specifically for the production of beef and skins. Animals occupy large tracts of land and gather in huge herds. But in some Asian countries, cattle are used as pack and draft animals.

Russian statistics

Russian animal husbandry is strengthening its position thanks to the commercial sector. Compared to previous years, the volume of agricultural products in 2017 increased markedly. The livestock of cattle in Russia is made up of dairy and milk-meat breeds. However, in recent years there has been a serious reduction in this category, while there has been an active increase in the number of beef cattle.

In the Russian Federation, the following leaders in terms of livestock in the field of cattle breeding are noted:

• Bashkortostan (last year 2016 showed the largest livestock, as a percentage of the whole country it is 5.8%);
• Tatarstan (the number of heads has increased markedly and in 2016 amounted to 5.3% of the total cattle in the country);
• Dagestan (slightly behind the second place and gaining 5.2%);
• Altai Territory breaks away a little, but gains 2.7% for 2016;
• The Rostov region accounted for 3.1% of the total livestock in Russia.

Other regions

All other regions of the country are also actively engaged in animal husbandry, but the top five have been the largest leaders for several years. However, the lag in other regions is not too large. The smallest percentage for 2016 is the Irkutsk region - 1.6%.

The density of distribution of cows in Russia, given its vast territory, is not the same. These animals are not at all adapted to living in the regions of the Far North. The main herds live in the south of the country, as well as in its central and Far Eastern parts. It is there that the most juicy grasses and water meadows are located. Accordingly, the livestock in these areas is the largest.

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Specialists of the Expert-Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center" www.site prepared another. Below are some excerpts from the study.

Pig breeding in Russia in 2016 showed a positive trend in the growth of livestock and meat production.

Pigs

The number of pigs in Russia in farms of all categories as of January 1, 2017 totaled 22,033.3 thousand heads. In relation to January 1, 2016, the livestock increased by 2.4% or by 526.8 thousand heads, by January 1, 2015 - by 2.9% or by 614.1 thousand heads, by January 1, 2014 - by 12.7% or 2,487.2 thousand heads.

In the structure of the pig population, 83.4% accounted for agricultural organizations, 14.6% - for households, 2.0% - for peasant farms.

An analysis of long-term trends shows an increase in the number of pigs over 5 years by 27.7%, over 10 years - by 36.1%.

In 2016, the number of pigs in Russia reached the level of 1995, while in relation to 1990, there is a decrease in the number of livestock - by 42.5%. At the same time, due to improved quality indicators (such as herd turnover), pork production during this period (when comparing data for 1990 and 2016) decreased slightly.

The number of pigs by region. Rating 2016

The Belgorod region is the leader in the number of pigs as of January 01, 2017 - 4,137.4 thousand heads. A year earlier, this figure was 3,954.4 thousand heads. The share of the Belgorod region in the total number of pigs in the Russian Federation is 18.8%.

IN Kursk region On January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 1,480.9 thousand heads (6.7%), which is 8.1% or 111.1 thousand heads more than on January 01, 2016.

The third place is occupied by the Tambov region - 990.8 thousand heads, which is 9.1% or 82.9 thousand heads higher than the same date in 2016. The share of the region in the total Russian livestock was 4.5%.

In the Chelyabinsk region, as of January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 751.1 thousand heads. For comparison, on January 01, 2016 - 676.1 thousand heads. The share of the region in the total population of the Russian Federation was at the level of 3.4%.

6. Voronezh region - 713.7 thousand heads, share in the all-Russian livestock - 3.2%.

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory - 618.7 thousand heads, 2.8%.

8. Lipetsk region - 567.3 thousand heads, 2.6%.

9. Altai Territory - 561.4 thousand heads, 2.5%.

10. Tver region - 525.7 thousand heads, 2.4%.

11. Omsk region- 506.0 thousand heads, 2.3%.

12. Republic of Tatarstan - 465.1 thousand heads, 2.1%.

13. Republic of Bashkortostan - 450.5 thousand heads, 2.0%.

14. Rostov region - 411.2 thousand heads, 1.9%.

15. Kemerovo region - 410.1 thousand heads, 1.9%.

16. Stavropol Territory - 395.5 thousand heads, 1.8%.

17. Novosibirsk region - 379.3 thousand heads, 1.7%.

18. Orel region - 374.8 thousand heads, 1.7%.

19. Krasnodar Territory - 365.2 thousand heads, 1.7%.

20. Tyumen region - 342.4 thousand heads, 1.6%.

The number of pigs as of January 1, 2017 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 totaled 6,748.0 thousand heads (30.6% of the total number of pigs in Russia).

Pork production in Russia in 2016

In 2016, Russia produced 3,388.4 thousand tons of pork in terms of slaughter weight (4,346.1 thousand tons in live weight). Over the year, the volume of production in slaughter weight increased by 9.3% or 289.7 thousand tons, over 5 years - by 39.6% or 960.8 thousand tons, over 10 years - by 99.4% or by 1,689.2 thousand tons. The volumes of 2016 exceeded the volumes of 1991 and almost equaled those of 1990.

The structure of pork production in 2016 was distributed as follows: 80.5% fell on agricultural organizations, 18.2% - on households, 1.3% - on peasant farms.

Pork production by region. Rating 2016

The main pork producer in 2016 is the Belgorod region. The volume of production in the region in 2016 amounted to 613.9 thousand tons in slaughter weight (787.4 thousand tons in live weight). The share in the all-Russian pork production is 18.1%. In relation to 2015, production increased by 5.1% or 29.6 thousand tons.

The Kursk region in 2016 is in second place with a share of 6.6% of the total pork production in Russia (225.0 thousand tons in carcass weight). During the year, production increased by 11.1% or 22.4 thousand tons.

In 2016, the Tambov region produced 156.8 thousand tons of pork in slaughter weight (201.1 thousand tons in live). The share of the region in the total volume of production is 4.6%. For comparison, in 2015, the region produced 147.4 thousand tons of pork.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions in 2016 was occupied by the Pskov region, where they produced 119.3 thousand tons in slaughter weight (153.0 thousand tons in live), which is 45.9% or 37.5 thousand tons more than than in 2015. The share of the Pskov region in the total Russian pork production was at the level of 3.5%.

The share of the Voronezh region in the total volume of pork production in 2016 amounted to 3.4% or 114.2 thousand tons in carcass weight (146.5 thousand tons in live). During the year, production increased by 31.2% or 27.2 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions, the TOP-20 largest regions of pork producers in farms of all categories in 2016 included:

6. Chelyabinsk region (production volume - 108.0 thousand tons in slaughter weight, share in total pork production - 3.2%).

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory (92.2 thousand tons, 2.7%).

8. Lipetsk region (88.9 thousand tons, 2.6%).

9. Altai Territory (81.4 thousand tons, 2.4%).

10. Tver region (80.8 thousand tons, 2.4%).

11. Omsk region (76.4 thousand tons, 2.3%).

12. Republic of Tatarstan (75.8 thousand tons, 2.2%).

13. Republic of Bashkortostan (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

14. Krasnodar Territory (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

15. Tyumen region (61.2 thousand tons, 1.8%).

16. Udmurt Republic (55.8 thousand tons, 1.6%).

17. Rostov region (54.9 thousand tons, 1.6%).

18. Novosibirsk region (54.6 thousand tons, 1.6%).

19. Sverdlovsk region (53.7 thousand tons, 1.6%).

20. Stavropol Territory (53.0 thousand tons, 1.6%).

The total pork production in 2016 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 amounted to 1,089.0 thousand tons in carcass weight (32.1% of the total pork production).

Animal husbandry is the second main industry of the world Agriculture, comparable in value to crop production, and in many countries and regions surpassing it. In the structure of this industry, it is customary to distinguish several sub-sectors: cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pigs, sheep, goats, buffaloes, horses, camels, deer, yaks, donkeys, mules, as well as poultry farming, beekeeping and sericulture.

Rice. 97. World livestock

Table 132

NUMBER OF THE MAIN CATTLE SPECIES IN THE WORLD AND IN ITS LARGE REGIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

* Without CIS countries.

The main quantitative indicator by which the development of animal husbandry and its sub-sectors is usually judged is the number of livestock. The total world number of all types of livestock now reaches 4.5 billion, i.e., on average, there are one and a half head of livestock per two inhabitants of the Earth. Figure 97 gives an idea of ​​how this population is distributed among the three main types of livestock. The sizes of the livestock of other types of livestock are as follows: there are 800 million goats, 170 million buffaloes, 65 million horses, 45 million donkeys, and 20 million camels. and mules - 15 million heads. The global poultry population is an order of magnitude larger: it is 14-15 billion. The above figures are fairly stable, and if they change, then not so quickly. Nevertheless, there is still a gradual reduction in the number of draft livestock (horses, buffaloes, donkeys, mules, camels). This is due to the mechanization of agriculture, which swept many developing countries during the era of the Green Revolution. At the same time, poultry farming is growing quite rapidly, and to a lesser extent, pig farming.

Statistics show that the distribution of livestock between developed and developing countries is formed with a significant preponderance of developing countries. The same conclusion can be reached when analyzing data for large regions of the world. (Table 132).

Table 133

TOP TEN COUNTRIES BY CATTLE SIZE IN 2005

* Without buffalo - 222 million.

From the data in Table 132 it follows that foreign Asia has the largest livestock of cattle, sheep with goats, and pigs (buffaloes, donkeys and mules can also be added to this list). This region is followed by Latin America and Africa in terms of total livestock size, while the regions of foreign Europe, North America, Australia and the CIS do not occupy the first place in any of the types of livestock included in the table.

Approximately the same picture emerges when looking at the distribution of the main types of livestock in the leading countries. This is evidenced by the data in Table 133 and Figure 98.

Table 133 shows that the top 10 countries in terms of cattle stock include eight developing countries, which also generally occupy the leading positions in it. And Figure 98 shows that although there are only eight developing countries in the top 20 pig populations, China alone accounts for half of the world's pig population. Of the 20 major sheep-producing countries in developing countries, 13. In the world poultry population, China also ranks first (more than 5 billion heads), Brazil and Indonesia are third and fourth (1.2 billion each), while the United States is in second place, and fifth – India. More than half of the world's poultry population is concentrated in these five countries.

But it's all pure. quantitative indicators, which are important and interesting, but do not reflect the efficiency, marketability, profitability of animal husbandry, methods of its management, links with crop production, and many other important criteria. However, if we take into account these quality criteria, then the ratio between developed and developing countries will be completely different.

In the economically developed countries of the West, animal husbandry prevails over agriculture in terms of production value, and often quite significantly. In addition, agriculture itself is to a large extent focused on the needs of animal husbandry, or, as they say, works for it. This is expressed in the fact that it is agriculture that supplies for animal husbandry both fodder crops (corn, barley, oats), grasses (alfalfa, clover), and root crops (fodder beets, potatoes). Suffice it to say that in the United States, about 1/2 of all agricultural land, and in Western Europe, even 4/5 of it is associated with animal husbandry. It is impossible not to mention also the high level of mechanization, electrification, and in Lately also electronization and automation of many livestock processes. That is why animal husbandry in the Western countries, even with a more or less stable population, gives a significant increase in production, completely meeting their own needs and opening up opportunities for export.

Rice. 98, a. World number of pigs, million heads

Rice. 98b. World number of sheep, million head

Of course, differences in natural conditions and labor skills of the population lead to the fact that animal husbandry in developed countries has different directions.

This is most clearly seen in the example of cattle breeding. Breeding of cattle can have a dairy specialization, in which the share of milk in livestock production exceeds 70%, which is especially typical for the northwestern part of Europe and the US Lake District. It may have a mixed dairy and meat specialization, the distribution area of ​​​​which is even wider. Both of these specializations are distinguished by a high level of intensity: for example, the average annual milk yield in Western Europe is 5000–7000 kg, and in the USA even 3500 kg. To an even greater extent, this applies to poultry and pig farming, which are especially drawn to suburban areas. In the United States, poultry farming is already virtually complete, and in Western Europe it is almost entirely carried out by industrial methods; this applies to both broiler chicken and egg production.

But in developed countries there are also very high-commodity livestock industries that are conducted not by intensive, but by extensive methods. First of all, this is typical for countries specializing in beef cattle breeding, such as the USA, Australia, and South Africa, where beef cattle are raised on vast natural pastures with very low labor intensity. This type of economy, found primarily in arid regions, is called cattle breeding on a ranch. Such ranches happen to have an area of ​​tens of thousands of hectares; however, then the young animals grown on them are sent for fattening to other grain-producing regions. Sheep breeding is carried out in extensive ways almost everywhere.

In contrast, in developing countries, livestock production is mostly of secondary importance and, moreover, has little connection with agriculture. It is carried out extensively, gives (except for plantations) a small yield of marketable products, and in its structure the main place is occupied by low-bred and draft cattle. A significant role in these countries is still played by the most extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry, which focuses on the use of scarce natural fodder resources and on the most unpretentious types of livestock (camels, sheep, goats). However, extensive sheep breeding is also characteristic of a number of developed countries, for example, Australia. Of the individual areas of sheep breeding, the most widely represented in the world are fine-wool, developing in semi-desert and steppe regions (1/4 of the world's sheep population), and semi-fine-wool meat and wool in areas with better moisture and a milder climate (also about 1/4 of the world's livestock). The rest of the sheep population falls on coarse-wooled, meat-fat and karakul sheep breeding.

In addition, in Asia, Africa and Latin America There is a relatively small group of countries for which it is animal husbandry that has become the main branch of agricultural specialization. Examples of such countries are Chad, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Botswana, Namibia in Africa, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina in South America, Mongolia, Afghanistan in Asia. Numerical indicators, especially per capita, related to these countries, sometimes turn out to be downright record-breaking. Uruguay, for example, has an average of 3,200 cattle per 1,000 inhabitants, while Botswana, Namibia, Paraguay, and Argentina have 1,700 cattle. In terms of the number of sheep per 1,000 inhabitants, Uruguay also stands out (8,200), second only to New Zealand (14,800!). In Mongolia, this figure is 6200, in Mauritania - 2200, in Namibia - 1800. But in terms of the number of pigs per 1000 people, the world record holder Denmark (2100) is followed by the small island states of Oceania - Tonga, Tuvalu, Western Samoa (1000-1500 ).

Rice. 99. Main livestock areas

In its most generalized form, with a subdivision into only two main types, the distribution of world animal husbandry is shown in Figure 99. M. B. Wolf and Yu. can be distributed as follows.

TO first type include areas with a high density of both population and livestock (100–200 heads or more per 100 hectares of agricultural land), with high productivity of animal husbandry and its specialization in intensive sub-sectors: dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, and poultry farming. IN overseas Europe the area of ​​the first type covers Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Switzerland, some other countries, in North America - the North-East of the USA. Animal husbandry in them will give 60-80% of all marketable agricultural products.

Co. second type include areas with an average level of intensity and productivity of agriculture. It also corresponds to the average (30–60 heads) density of livestock. Examples of this kind can be Southern and Eastern Europe, the southern and central states of the United States, and some areas in Latin America.

TO third type include areas with a low density of both population and livestock (5-10 heads), with a predominance of the least intensive sub-sectors and directions of animal husbandry, extensive livestock keeping on vast natural pastures and relatively low productivity. Examples of this kind are: most of Australia, Patagonia in Argentina, Angola, some countries of Western and North Africa(Mauritania, Chad, Algeria). As a rule, animal husbandry in them sharply prevails over crop production and serves as the main branch of the economy.

Finally, to fourth type include areas with a high population density, including rural, with a high density of livestock (60-200 heads), but with low productivity and the predominance of low-intensity sub-sectors and directions in animal husbandry. On the whole, animal husbandry plays a subordinate role in these regions and produces little marketable output. Examples of this kind are India, Sri Lanka, the countries of Southeast Asia. In developing countries, centers of low-productive animal husbandry are most often territorially separated from consumer and commercial crop production.

Russia as part of the USSR had a fairly developed animal husbandry. In the mid 1980s. the number of cattle in it was 60 million heads, pigs - about 40, sheep and goats - almost 65 million heads. However, in the 1990s First of all, due to the lack of feed, the livestock decreased several times - to 28.5 million heads, 17.5 million and 15.5 million heads, respectively, in 1998. The relatively low productivity of animal husbandry is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the average annual milk yield per cow is 3000 kg. Nevertheless, animal husbandry continues to be an important branch of the country's economy. In terms of output (in value terms), it is almost as good as crop production. The basis of animal husbandry in Russia is the breeding of cattle - dairy in the northern and central regions of the European part of the country, dairy and meat in most of its territory, and meat and dairy in the steppe zone. In the second half of the 1990s. began to take measures to increase animal husbandry, but their implementation will require a considerable period of time.