Text shortening, i.e. reducing its volume, very often becomes an important part of literary editing. By reducing the volume of material, the editor, as a rule, pursues another goal - to improve its literary qualities.

However, editing-reduction can also be caused by purely technical reasons: the material does not fit on a newspaper or magazine page; the author has exceeded the volume of the manuscript specified in the contract; the presented material does not correspond to the genre, style chosen by the author. Often there may be other reasons, such as an outdated author's concept, the mention of inappropriate facts, events, unwanted references to certain persons, etc.

Unlike editing-proofreading, editing-reduction requires the editor's direct intervention in the text of the manuscript, and this can directly affect its content and composition. Depending on the changes proposed by the editor, there are: 1)

reduction of the text in parts (this excludes a paragraph, fragment or even a chapter); 2)

intratext abbreviations that affect individual sentences, their parts, certain words that generate speech redundancy. In the first case, compositionally and syntactically designed semantic blocks, examples of the same type, irrelevant details are excluded from the text, which does not present any particular difficulties for the editor. It is only important that the abbreviations do not distort the meaning, do not violate the author's style. The editor must ensure that the coherence of the presentation is not lost. To do this, when editing, you should take care of connecting the parts that are next to each other after the reduction of individual fragments of text. The destruction of the architectonics of the whole work during editing and reduction is unacceptable.

Sometimes the semantic connection between the individual links of the text is so strong that it is impossible to discard one or another large part from the manuscript without violating the coherence of the presentation. Then the editor resorts to inline abbreviations. This edit requires more serious intervention in the text. The editor strives to choose more economical and precise wording, cuts down on verbosity and inappropriate descriptiveness; replaces complex syntactic constructions with simple ones, refuses a detailed enumeration, introductory words, phrases, etc. If these abbreviations are due to the desire to improve the literary side of the text, then editing-abbreviation practically develops into editing-processing, which we will discuss below.

Before proceeding with the reduction of the text, it is necessary to carefully study it. Reading the manuscript, you need to formulate its main idea. Each sentence should be highlighted information centers, keywords. A thoughtful consideration of the topic will allow you to highlight the sub-themes of the text and briefly formulate them. Having done all these operations, you can proceed to editing-reduction.

Let's consider a simple example. We were asked to shorten the following text:

Memory is different. There is a memory of feelings, in which joys and sorrows are stored. There is a memory of the mind that preserves what has been considered and understood. You can remember the taste of the melon you ate a month ago because you have a memory for taste sensations. There is also a memory for smells. Help people in everything different types memory. But so that they for real rescued, they need to be taken care of: trained. In other words, memory must be developed.

Let's single out information centers of sentences and keywords in it:

Memory is different. There is a memory of feelings, in which joys and sorrows are stored. There is a memory of the mind that preserves what has been considered and understood. You can remember the taste of the melon you ate a month ago because you have a memory for taste sensations. There is also a memory for smells. Different types of memory help people in everything. But in order for them to really help out, they need to be taken care of: trained and developed.

Now it is easy to indicate the subtopics of the text: 1) memory is different; 2)

different types of memory help people; 3) memory can and should be trained. The main idea of ​​the text - Any kind of memory must be trained and developed.

And now we can offer an abbreviated version of the text:

Memory is different: the memory of feelings, smells, taste sensations, and finally, the memory of the mind. All types of memory are needed by a person. But in order for them to help us, we need to train and develop them.

Often the editor has to shorten the text, "adjusting" its length to the space allotted for it on the newspaper page.

Then the work begins with the fact that information centers and those parts in which there is no information important for readers are highlighted in the text. The latter are excluded, and in the remaining text the editor seeks to simplify the syntactic constructions as much as possible, as well as to remove unnecessary clarifications. Let's consider such an edit-reduction.

The editor had to shorten the text, reducing its volume by 1/2. A cut-edit looks like this: Unedited text

The Italian company Fiat, widely known in the world for its scientific and technical achievements, has built a high-speed train that will shorten the five-hour journey from the eternal city of Rome to Milan by more than an hour. On the turns of a rather difficult and winding track, the entire train tilts slightly so that the centrifugal force does not throw passengers against the walls. The speed of this new wonderful train reaches up to 350 km/h on certain sections of the track.

Abbreviated text

The Italian firm Fiat has built a high-speed train that will cut travel time from Rome to Milan by more than an hour. At the turns of the track, the train tilts slightly for the safety of passengers. Its speed in some areas reaches 350 km / h. Not always the reduction of the text contributes to its improvement, clarifies the author's idea, freeing it from unnecessary detail. Here is an example of such an unsuccessful edit-reduction:

Abbreviated text

A deep and comprehensive study of scientific literature played a huge role in the work of science fiction writer Jules Verne.

Unedited text

Science fiction writer Jules Verne spent many hours studying non-fiction, which explains the novelist's surprising knowledge of readers in the most diverse fields of science and technology.

Jules Verne, as it were, was an institute of scientific information of contemporary knowledge. The 20,000 cards compiled by him could be the envy of the scientific community.

It is easy to see that the abbreviation has greatly impoverished the text: an important part of the information has been lost, the abbreviated text is devoid of expressive coloring, and it should even be strengthened during editing. Let's offer another variant of literary editing that combines reduction with text processing:

Jules Verne spent many hours a day reading scientific literature and had an encyclopedic knowledge. His card index consisted of 20 thousand cards. Broad erudition was necessary for a science fiction writer, who often anticipated scientific discoveries.

Sometimes the editor performs editing-reduction in several stages. So, there was a need to edit and shorten the text:

Does a cat have whiskers?

The question is not as simple as it might seem, because it turns out that a cat does not have a real mustache. They are replaced by vibrissae - long stiff sensitive hair. They look like whiskers, but they are not, they have a special function: with them the cat perceives information about the world around. There are vibrissae on the sides of the cat. They look like other hairs and are almost invisible.

At the first stage, the following editing option was proposed:

Cats don't have real whiskers. And what we call whiskers are vibrissae - sensitive hard hair through which a cat perceives information about the world around it. On the sides of the cat, too, there are vibrissae, they are similar to the rest of the hairs and are almost invisible.

The shorter, second and final edit looks like this:

A cat perceives information about the world around it through vibrissae, which we call "whiskers". On the sides of the cat, too, there are vibrissae, they are invisible and look like ordinary hairs.

In the unedited text, in addition to verbal redundancy, there are many shortcomings. So, the inappropriate influence of scientific style is noticeable, and after all, the text is intended for a newspaper! It affected the use of book words (are, function, etc.), short forms of adjectives, some complexity of syntax (the first and second sentences are not distinguished by “lightness”).

In the next, intermediate, version, these shortcomings are eliminated, however, it also seems verbose. Working on a further reduction of the text, the editor gets rid of the repetition of words, reworks the second, rather complex sentence. It would be possible to shorten the text further by replacing the word cat in the second sentence with a pronoun (on her sides) and removing the last five words. But the editor did not dare to take such a "hard" treatment of the text, which would depersonalize the author's style and give it an unjustified "telegraphic laconicism".

Editing is one of the ways and main means of realizing the creative activity of the editor. The main tasks of editing are to eliminate errors that have survived after the author's revision, inaccuracies in language and style, errors in the use of factual material; achieve clarity and clarity of the compositional structure of the manuscript; carry out its editorial and technical processing.

Editing-Proofreading

Proofreading is the editorial and technical processing of all materials of the publishing original in preparation for its delivery to the printing house.

Proofreading - grammatical and editorial and technical processing of the original publication prepared by the editor for typesetting (elimination of spelling, punctuation errors, typos; selection of such an option for punctuation marks and such a graphic form of words, in which the meaning of the text is grasped faster and easier; identification of discrepancies in repetitive elements and etc.)

Reading tasks:

• eliminate spelling and punctuation errors;
• to achieve uniformity (unification) of the spelling of titles, surnames, abbreviations, references and other elements of the text, as well as uniformity in the form of presentation of tables, formulas, figures, captions, elements linking the text of the work and the apparatus of the publication;
• check the rubrication system, all font selections, links, numbering of sections, tables, formulas, figures, etc.;
• explain to the employees of the printing house an element of the work (letters, numbers, signs) with a similar style or incomprehensible in any respect (for example, the top and bottom of the picture);
• to draw the editor's attention to the factual, logical and stylistic errors noticed.

This type of editing is applied to publications, the text of which does not undergo any changes. This means that the task of a proofreader-proofreader is to ensure that the proofread text fully corresponds to the original with which it is identified. These are primarily reprints of classical works, as well as any other literature without additions and revisions. These are also documentaries.

It is clear that in the process of publishing and republishing, the compiler-textologist and editor discover some factual inaccuracies, gaps, obsolete normative settings, and stylistic errors. How to be with them? In such cases, it is necessary to give explanations in footnotes or in comments, notes at the end of the book. If the book is republished with additions and revisions with a living author, then all types of editing can be applied to it.

Proofreading is performed by a proofreader-proofreader or editor. The editor who edited the work completes the proofreading. He looks through the notes of the proofreader and makes the necessary corrections on the issues raised.

Edit-cut

While working on a manuscript, the editor often encounters many irrational digressions, with the presentation of material that is not directly related to the topic. It often happens when the author returns to the same thought several times, retelling it in different words. Finally, in syntactic constructions there may be lexemes that do not carry any semantic meaning, sometimes making it difficult to understand the statement. Of course, that all such excesses should be reduced in the editing process.

Often the editor is faced with a situation where the actual volume exceeds the planned one. To publish a book with an overestimated volume means to incur additional cash costs. Therefore, it needs to be reduced. But what if the work is written briefly, concisely, compactly, and all the costs of its publication are compensated? If the editor is convinced of this, he will obtain permission from the management of the publishing house to release the book in a larger volume.

But an editor working in a periodical, a newspaper, will be in a more difficult position. No matter how compact an article is written, it must be reduced in length only because the newspaper space is constant. Therefore, editing-reduction requires great skill and art from the editor.

It is clear that when making a correction-reduction, the editor is obliged to coordinate all changes in the text with the author, to prove to him what caused them.

Editing-Processing

This is the most common, universal form of editorial editing. It includes elements of editing-proofreading, editing-abbreviations and is aimed at analyzing and processing factual material, at eliminating violations of logical connections in the text, at improving the lexical and grammatical-stylistic means of the manuscript language. the main task, which the editor sets himself, using editing-processing, is to prepare the original for delivery to production that meets all the requirements. At the same time, the editor should not forget that the individual style of the author must be preserved in full.

Edit-remake

Editing-altering is a specific form of processing the factual material submitted to the publishing house. It is the factual material, and not the manuscript, since the manuscript must be done, written. It is clear that the person who submitted the material needs a co-author or literary performer. AT modern conditions edit-alteration is rarely used. It is widely distributed in periodicals - in the departments of letters.

Editing translated from Latin means "putting in order." This is the genus professional activity related to the release printed publications, an integral part of the publishing process, which includes work on the manuscript of a work, most often together with the authors, in order to improve it from a scientific, literary point of view. This is a diverse creative literary work on the text. One of the most important tasks of editing is to help the author in his work.

It is customary to divide the work on the manuscript into two large stages: the first includes acquaintance with the manuscript, the second - its direct editing.

1) The tasks of the first stage include acquaintance with the manuscript. This reading is uncorrected, except for the correction of grammatical errors and some pencil marks in the margins. The purpose of the first reading is to comprehend and critically evaluate the text, note any ambiguities and establish the nature of future revisions. On the first reading, mistakes should not be corrected, as this will not only distract from the need to objectively evaluate the text, but may also lead to serious miscalculations. Manuscript editing is a single multifaceted process that covers all aspects of working on a text. It includes both the content of the manuscript and questions of composition, language, and style.

2) There are four types of edits: edit-proof, edit-reduce, edit-process, and edit-remake.

Editing-Proofreading is reading the text "through". Proofreading establishes uniformity of spelling and punctuation, symbols and terms.

Target cut-edits - reduce the amount of text, bring it to a given size. The editor crosses out part of the text and puts the material in a strictly allotted number of lines or sheets, while retaining everything essential. In the rest of the text, either no changes are made, or minor stylistic corrections are made, the purpose of which is to restore the links between the parts of the text that were broken during the reduction.

There are abbreviations of the text in parts and intratext abbreviations. The former are used when editing textbook works republished for individual reader groups, for example, for children and adolescents. The editor leaves only what concerns the given topic. The latter are used, for example, when editing a popular brochure, when the editor leaves only the most convincing evidence out of a lot of evidence, removes lengths and repetitions. Reduction is necessary when the work is stretched, cluttered with the same type of examples and data. In such cases, the content is drowned in verbosity. The greatest cuts are made to newspaper and magazine articles, which are being worked on with a certain speed, which often affects the quality. Editing-reduction in such cases goes into editing-alteration.

Treatment - the most common type of editing. Its task is to prepare the final version of the text for publication. The purpose of editing-processing is the literary finishing of the text, form, and design. The editor does not go beyond the boundaries of the author's text, he only helps the author to eliminate errors in language and style, everything that is unconvincing in argumentation and illogical in composition. The editor will help replace unsuccessful words and phrases, eliminate ambiguities and confusion. But he will keep individual characteristics the author's style and will not fit the author's text to his stencil. Ideally, the editor should not correct the manuscript himself, he should convince the author to do so. The editor himself processes the manuscript only when dealing with the work of a practicing author who does not have the skills of literary craftsmanship.

Edit-remake used in preparing for printing manuscripts of authors who have poor command of the literary language. The purpose of editing-altering is to create a new version of the text based on the material provided by the author. Strictly based on the facts, the editor gives the author's thoughts a literary form. Editing-altering provides for the possibility of changing the genre structure, tone and style of the material. The editor's work on the process of editing-altering differs little from independent creativity. In order not to distort the facts and thoughts of the author, the editor must know well the field to which the work is devoted.

Working on the text, the editor in without fail checks if it satisfies the requirements of the logic. Text built without logical errors is easy to edit. However, very often there are cases when the phrase is constructed correctly, without errors, but the text needs to be improved, as it contains contradictions with the previous chapters, the conclusions of the author are absent or not supported by evidence. This means that the author is at odds with the laws of logical thinking.

The logical analysis of the text provides for two operations: the mental division of the text into parts and the study of the links between these parts. Experienced editors already at the first reading pay attention to unions. The first sign of the author's illogical thinking is the incorrect use of the conjunctions "because", "because", "because", "hence", "but".

By fulfilling the four laws of logic - identity, contradiction, logical thinking, sufficient reason - the editor achieves certainty, consistency, consistency, reasonableness of thinking. In other words, clarity, clarity, and argumentation of all the provisions and conclusions given by the author are achieved.

Among the most common are four types of logical errors:

1) Displacement of the plan of presentation. (“Excellent conditions for students’ recreation have been created in Sadovka. But this is in summer. But in winter you won’t go to Sadovka, in winter we have to study. It’s good at our recreation center on a clear sunny day, and in rainy weather, because the Volga and a pine forest are nearby” .).

2) Approval of mutually exclusive concepts. (“The horses returned without a master and stood intact, only blood was dripping from the head of one of them”).

3) Comparison (opposition) of logically heterogeneous concepts (“Despite her youth, she was no older than us, she studied well and was a leader in the group”).

4) Wrong setting causation("I have interesting job so in my free time I also teach.

Reasoning-proofs require special attention of the editor. This type of text should be clearly argued, contain a logically correct conclusion. The editor makes sure that there is nothing superfluous in the chain of the author's arguments, so that they are enough to prove the thesis put forward.

The definition should be proportionate, clear, not contain a “circle” like: “A red table is a red table”.

5 rules that are necessary when building a logical proof:

1) The thesis should be a clear and well-defined statement.

2) The thesis must remain unchanged throughout the proof.

3) Provisions that themselves require proof cannot be cited as an argument.

4) The argument must be a sufficient basis for the thesis.

5) The truth of the arguments must be confirmed independently, regardless of the thesis.

The compositional structure of the article must meet a number of requirements. It should, first of all, ensure that the article fulfills its intended purpose and that the reader can easily and accurately perceive the information contained. Importance has the creation of preconditions for effective use articles in the system scientific communications, meaning its subsequent analytical and synthetic processing and inclusion in information funds, automated databases, etc.

When considering the composition of the article, it is advisable to subdivide it into its component parts - main, introductory and final . One of the main tasks is to evaluate the construction of the main part. When solving it, the editor should rely on semantic aspects. They can serve as the basis for compiling a working plan for the article, which makes it possible to consider each of the selected sections of the manuscript in terms of their proportion and place for the general purpose of the article, assess their interrelationships and interdependence, correlate the volumes of sections, taking into account their content significance.

Evaluating the composition, take into account the structural features of the texts: narrative, descriptive and based on reasoning. When evaluating narratives and descriptions, the main attention is paid to how successfully the key facts are highlighted, whether their essence is clear, whether the necessary sequence of presentation is maintained, whether the connection of one phenomenon with another is clear.

When analyzing reasoning, emphasis is placed on the structural relationship between their premises and conclusions. If something is proved in the argument, the truth value of the arguments is checked. In descriptive and narrative texts, checking the factual material is crucial. constituent parts, in reasoning, an assessment of whether some judgments follow from others.

Formal-logical methods used in the editorial analysis of the composition of texts equip the editor with objective criteria for evaluating the manuscript and simplify editing tasks.

The structure of works of non-fiction is distinguished by the sequence of presentation of the material, the logic of relationships and the proportionality of its various parts. It is determined by the nature and internal logic of the development of the subject, the genre features of the work, as well as the author's style of presentation.

Using the division of the article into its constituent parts, the editor has the opportunity to more purposefully approach the consideration of its composition.

Introduction should prepare the reader for the perception of the material. Here the author forms the theme of the work, indicates the aspects of its consideration. The editor must ensure that this part does not repeat in a compressed form the main content of the work. The content of the introductory part should create a certain setting for reading, arouse the reader's purposeful interest in the work.

Main part is designed to reflect the author's concept in full, to fully reveal the theme of the work, to realize its idea. This structural part serves to form new knowledge about the subject or phenomenon based on the analysis and synthesis of the research material presented by the author.

Final part plays the role of an ending, necessary from the point of view of the logic and psychology of the reader's perception. Here the scientific research is summed up, the main conclusions are formulated, recommendations are given, possible ways of further research of the issue are outlined. It is the conclusion that should consolidate the author's views on the solution of a scientific problem, summarize them in the scientific knowledge of a particular object or phenomenon.

Editing in the preparation of TV TV materials: Editor - organizer of the creative process of preparing programs. Editing on TV begins with the drafting of heading plans, and sometimes its concept, with the selection of authors - the executors of the editor's intention (this is close to the function of the so-called producer, usual for Western TV), and ends with the correction of the live broadcast script or the filmed and edited video material in accordance with the creative tasks of the rubric. Editing a news release is radically different from the work of an editor on a "magazine" type show, such as once a month; a TV movie editor works very differently from his colleague in charge of organizing a talk show. But in any case, the literary worker of TV deals not only with the word, but also with the screen, and therefore, first of all, he cares about the dramaturgy of the television spectacle, which is any program. A TV editor is not only a literary worker, but, first of all, an organizer of “extraction” and design of a screen “picture” - visual information in all its diversity. If the news is backed up by deliberately old footage, the TV message is “undocumented”. It is absolutely unacceptable that news reports (in “video reviews”) look like a montage of an old newsreel. An editor who substitutes an undated image for a fact with just a "fitting picture" fails to understand the true nature of television journalism. The news editor is endowed with great rights in relation to reporters. He may require the reporter to cut or rearrange the story; the editor, finally, may not air the reporter's work at all.

Editorial corrections, as K. M. Nakoryakova notes, do not contradict either the positive assessment of the text or the psychological characteristics of the creative process of creating a literary work.

During stylistic editing, inaccuracies, speech errors in the manuscript, “roughness” in style are eliminated; when shortening the text, everything superfluous is removed that does not correspond to the genre, functional affiliation of the work; during compositional editing, parts of the test are moved, missing links are inserted that are necessary for coherence, a logical sequence of presentation.

Edit- this is one of the main means of realizing the creative capabilities of the editor. With a proper understanding of its functions, the editor manages to make a necessary and interesting book out of the author's manuscript.

Main editing tasks:

eliminate the errors that remained after the revision of the manuscript by the author;

achieve clarity and clarity of each wording;

check the factual material and rid the manuscript of inaccuracies;

eliminate shortcomings in structure, language and style;

conduct editorial and technical processing of the manuscript.

In the editing methodology, it is customary to distinguish four types of editing: proofreading , edit-cut , editing-processing and editing-alteration .

The aim of the editorial proofreading - reading the text "through", it involves comparing the text with a source that deserves absolute trust, eliminating technical errors and, if necessary, choosing an editing option. It is used at the final stage of the passage of the manuscript through editorial processing.

Usually, proofreading is entrusted to an experienced editorial worker, but in no case should he replace the editor who prepared the material. Even with highly qualified proofreader lead editor participates in this process by removing questions.

The proofreader's duties include checking the spelling of geographical names, names and surnames; citation accuracy; comparison of numbers and dates.

Often there are eye errors: substitution of letters with a similar spelling or letters located next to each other on the keyboard; permutation of adjacent letters or syllables; omission of letters and syllables; extra letters; no spaces between words, etc.

The proofreader makes corrections with a black, blue or purple pen, making corrections to the right margin.

Target cut-edits aimed at achieving the brevity of the presentation possible under the given conditions without prejudice to the content; improvement of the literary qualities of the work.

It can be caused by technical reasons: the material does not fit in the allotted space, the author has exceeded the volume of the manuscript, the material does not correspond to the genre or style.

This is already a direct intervention in the text, so the editor must take into account the peculiarities of its semantic and syntactic structure. When shortening the text, the editor should always carefully ensure that episodes and facts excluded in the editing process are not indirectly mentioned in the subsequent presentation.

The following abbreviation is distinguished:

1. reduction of the text in parts (this excludes a paragraph, fragment, chapter);

2. intratext abbreviations that affect individual sentences, their parts, certain words that generate speech redundancy.

In the first case, compositionally and syntactically designed semantic blocks, examples of the same type, and irrelevant details are excluded from the text.

The editor tends to choose more economical and precise wording, cuts down on verbosity and inappropriate descriptiveness; replaces complex syntactic constructions with simple ones, refuses a detailed enumeration, introductory words, phrases, etc.

Performing editing-reduction it is necessary:

1. study the text;

2. form the main idea;

3. in each sentence, information centers should be identified, keywords should be named;

4. highlight the topics and subtopics of the text and briefly formulate them.

Sometimes, when processing a manuscript, the task is to fit the material into a strictly prescribed number of sheets, lines, characters. First of all, we are talking about the preparation of reference and encyclopedic publications, in which the volume of each article or note is set in advance and deviations from it, as a rule, are not allowed. In this case, references to special reference articles and various types of conditional abbreviations and abbreviations are often used, for example aug. - August; Austrian- Austrian; state- state; university-university; Yu.-V.-southeast; Scientific and technical revolution - scientific and technological revolution, etc. Finally, in order for the text to take up as little space as possible, it is given without paragraphs, fonts of smaller sizes are used, etc.

Edit-remake used in preparing manuscripts for publication by authors with poor literary skills. Its purpose is to create a new version of the text based on the material presented by the author. Often they resort to alteration, preparing readers' letters for printing. Strictly based on facts, they clothe the author's thought in a literary form. A change in the genre structure of a work, text processing in case of a change in its intended purpose is also carried out by editing-altering.

The editor has to eliminate logical errors, inconsistency and unsubstantiated statements. The author's material may not take into account the age of the reader, his profession.

Editing-alteration is often needed when an editor is working on a translated edition. Literary recording is close in methodology to editing-altering - a specific type of creative cooperation between the editor and the author.

Editing-Processing is a complex process in which errors in the composition are eliminated, factual data are clarified, logical errors, stylistic and grammatical errors are corrected.

Treatment- the most common type of editing. Its task is to prepare for publication the final version of the text, which fully takes into account the results of the editorial analysis. The purpose of processing is the literary finishing of the text, the improvement of its form, the clarification of the author's idea, his intention. The changes made to the text in this case are varied: abbreviations, addition of individual fragments, replacement of words and turns of speech. Features of the author's style and manner of presentation, editing-processing should not change his style.

The division of editing into types according to its goals is largely arbitrary. It would seem strange to attempt in each specific case to limit the task of editing the text to any one (with the exception of proofreading) of its type. The text editing process is unified, and the editor's professionalism manifests itself in the skillful combination of various editing techniques, their diversity, and the ability to apply these techniques expediently.

Distortions of the author's thought during editing are not at all uncommon. The editor needs to learn one condition - to edit himself only if there is no other way out, to try to use the slightest opportunity for the author to make corrections. It is best to point out to the author an error or reserves to improve the text. Suggest an edit.

If, nevertheless, for some reason the editor has to edit, then it is advisable to observe the following conditions.

1. Do not start editing without reading the entire text.

2. Edit only after the reason for the unsatisfactory text is established and precisely formulated.

3. When editing, do not go beyond the permissible editorial interference in the author's text.

4. Make a minimum of amendments, trying to move away from the author's text as little as possible, and use the author's speech means for amendments.

5. Do not get stuck for a long time in difficult places, but return to them after editing the text is completed.

6. Subject to sharp criticism, question their own proposals and amendments. To fulfill this condition, two technical reception, which it is desirable to turn into skills.

First reception- compare each corrected (corrected) phrase with the original one, checking whether it has lost any semantic shades after editing, whether it has acquired a meaning that should not be.

Second reception- be sure to read each corrected phrase in context, comparing the corrected text with the surrounding - previous and subsequent.

Depending on how the text changes as a result of editing, there are types of editing: editing-proofreading, editing-reduction, editing-processing, editing-alteration.

1. When proofreading the task of the editor is to compare the text with the trustworthy original and to correct technical errors in the text. This type of editing is used when editing: 1) official materials of different levels; 2) works of classical literature; 3) book reprints; 4) editions of historical documents.

When preparing documentary or definitive texts for publication, first of all, attention should be paid to the exact correspondence of the republished text to the original, the original, the text of the previous edition.

Only errata in the previous edition, both those noted in the list of errata and newly discovered ones, are subject to correction. Spelling mistakes and misspellings that do not have a semantic meaning are corrected in the text without reservations. Correction of errors and omissions that distort the meaning must be commented in footnotes. Unfinished words are added, abbreviations are deciphered, and the added and deciphered parts of the words are taken in square brackets. The text of historical documents or works is transmitted in modern graphics. But the stylistic features, phraseological turns and specific expressions characteristic of a particular era or environment are completely preserved.

When editing and proofreading, special attention should be paid to more accurate transcription of proper names and geographical names. On the title page and cover, you should correct the edition number, check the headings of the text with the table of contents, check the numbering of chapters, sections, paragraphs, the correctness of references, the numbers of tables, graphs and formulas. Be sure to pay attention to the sequence of prefaces, if there are several. The preface to this edition is placed first, then to the previous one. The last, therefore, will be the preface to the 1st edition. All imprints of the previous edition must be crossed out.

Editorial proofreading should not replace proofreading, which involves checking the image of all letters and signs of the manuscript, correcting missed errors, unifying the designation and abbreviations of references and footnotes, ensuring that the headings in the text correspond to the content.

2. When edit-cut The main task of the editor is to shorten the text (without compromising the content), which can be caused by:

1) the need to meet a certain number of printed sheets, in a newspaper - a certain number of lines. When publishing dictionaries, reference books, various catalogs, encyclopedic publications, references, abbreviations of names, terms, various explanatory words are widely used;

2) the targeted tasks of the publication (for which reader the book is intended). For example: publishing houses for children publish works of classics of Russian and modern literature with certain abbreviations necessary for this work to be understandable to schoolchildren. In addition, editing-abbreviation can also be applied when publishing collections, anthologies, which do not include whole works, but only those parts that seem most necessary for this publication;

3) such shortcomings of the text as stretching, repetitions, clutter with unnecessary details, and so on. In this case, the reduction is necessary condition improving text quality.

3. Most widely used in editorial practice editing-processing , during which the editor replaces unsuccessful words and phrases, achieves accuracy of wording, consistency in the construction of the text, compliance of the text with a certain genre and style. But at the same time, the editor should try to preserve the features of the individual style of the author.

4. Edit-remake is used in cases where the editor is working on the manuscript of authors who have poor command of the literary language. This type of editing is used when publishing various kinds of memoirs, articles, brochures, the authors of which are not professional writers, philologists, journalists (military leaders, workers in science and technology, etc.). However, in this case, it is necessary to preserve the specifics of the author's style.