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First experiences with solar energy

In 1600, the first solar engine was created in France, which worked on heated air and was used to pump water.

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At the end of the XVII century. the leading French chemist A. Lavoisier created the first solar furnace, in which a temperature of 1650 ° C was reached and samples of the studied materials were heated in a vacuum and a protective atmosphere, and the properties of carbon and platinum were also studied.

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In 1866, the Frenchman A. Mouchot built several large solar concentrators in Algeria and used them to distill water and drive pumps.

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At the world exhibition in Paris in 1878, A. Mouchot demonstrated a solar oven for cooking, in which 0.5 kg of meat could be cooked in 20 minutes.

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In 1833 in the USA, J. Erickson built a solar air engine with a parabolic trough concentrator measuring 4.8 * 3.3 m. The first flat solar energy collector was built by the Frenchman Sh.A. Teller. It had an area of ​​20 m 2 and was used in a heat engine running on ammonia.

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In 1885 a plan was proposed for a solar installation with a flat collector for water supply, and it was mounted on the roof of an extension to the house. The first large-scale water distillation plant was built in Chile in 1871 by the American engineer C. Wilson. It has been in operation for 30 years, supplying drinking water for the mine.

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In 1890 Professor V.K. Tserassky in Moscow carried out the process of melting metals with solar energy focused by a paraboloid mirror, in the focus of which the temperature exceeded 3000 °C.

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Tower and modular power plants

Currently, solar power plants are built mainly of two types: SPP of tower type and SPP of distributed type.

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In tower SPPs, a central receiver is used with a field of heliostats, providing a degree of concentration of several thousand. The tracking system for the Sun is considerably complex, as rotation around two axes is required. The system is controlled by a computer. The main disadvantage of tower solar power plants is their high cost and large footprint.

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Distribution (modular) SES uses a large number of modules, each of which includes a parabolic-cylindrical concentrator of solar radiation and a receiver located at the focus of the concentrator and used to heat the working fluid supplied to the heat engine, which is connected to an electric generator. With a small capacity, SPPs of a modular type are more economical than tower ones. In modular solar power plants, linear solar energy concentrators are usually used with a maximum degree of concentration of about 100.

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Solar panels

The energy of solar radiation can be converted into direct electricity by means of solar cells - devices consisting of thin films of silicon or other semiconductor materials. The advantage of photoelectric converters (PVC) is due to the absence of moving parts, their high reliability and stability. At the same time, their service life is practically unlimited. They are light in weight, easy to maintain, efficient use both direct and diffuse solar radiation. The disadvantage of the solar cell is the high cost and low efficiency.

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The photoelectric effect occurs in a solar cell when it is illuminated with light in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum. Photons are absorbed in a solar cell made of semiconductor silicon with a thickness of 50 microns, and their energy is converted into electrical energy through a p-n connection.

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So far, solar batteries are used mainly in space, and on Earth only for power supply to autonomous consumers with a power of up to 1 kW, power for radio navigation and low-power radio-electronic equipment, and for driving experimental electric vehicles and aircraft. In a number of countries, solar energy installations are being developed using so-called solar ponds.

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Solar collectors and heat accumulators

The main structural element of a solar installation is a collector in which solar energy is captured, converted into heat, and water, air or any other coolant is heated. There are two types of solar collectors - flat and focusing.

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In flat collectors, solar energy is absorbed without concentration, and in focusing collectors - with concentration, i.e. with an increase in the density of the incoming radiation flux.

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Batteries can be classified according to the characteristics of physical and chemical processes occurring in heat storage materials (HAM): Capacitive type batteries, which use the heat capacity of the heated (cooled) storage material without changing its state of aggregation (natural stone, pebbles, water, aqueous salt solutions, etc. .); Accumulators of the phase transition of a substance, in which the heat of fusion (solidification) of a substance is used; Energy accumulators based on the release and absorption of heat in reversible chemical and photochemical reactions.

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Solar water heating installations

Solar water heating installations have become quite widespread due to the simplicity of their design, reliability, and quick payback. According to the principle of operation, solar water heating installations can be divided into two types: installations with natural and forced circulation of the coolant. In recent years, more and more passive water heaters have been produced that operate without a pump, and therefore do not consume electricity. They are simpler in design, more reliable in operation, require almost no maintenance, and in terms of their efficiency they are practically not inferior to solar water heaters with forced circulation.

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USING SOLAR ENERGY ON EARTH

Matveev Yuri, 9 "A" class

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The sun is the source of life for everything on earth.

The sun is the main source of energy on earth and the root cause that created most of the other energy resources of our planet, such as reserves of coal, oil, gas, wind energy and falling water, electrical energy, etc. The energy of the Sun, which is mainly released in the form of radiant energy, is so great that it is difficult even to imagine.

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In New York, even garbage collectors use solar energy. Here, in two districts, intelligent solar garbage containers - BigBelly - have been operating for a year and a half. Using the energy of light, converted into electricity by silicon photocells, they compact the contents.

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There are many sources of energy on Earth, but judging by how rapidly energy prices are rising, they are still not enough. Many experts believe that by 2020, three and a half times more fuel will be needed than today. Where to get energy?

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The latest technology for depositing a metal oxide film on a glass substrate makes it possible to create large thin-film solar modules. In America, only one project - the construction of a solar power plant in the Negev desert (Israel) - has been allocated 100 million dollars.

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An experimental area "City of the Sun" has been created near the Dutch town of Herhyugovard. The roofs of the houses here are covered with solar panels. The house in the picture generates up to 25 kW. The total capacity of the "City of the Sun" is planned to be increased to 5 MW. Such houses become autonomous from the system.

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The sun can also be used as a source of energy for vehicles.

In Australia, for 19 years now, the annual solar electric car race has been held on the track between the cities of Darwin and Adelaide (3000 km). In 1990, Sanyo built a solar-powered aircraft.

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Under the solar roof of the WORLD (energy stations and "solar houses")

A focused microwave beam can transmit the energy collected by solar panels to the Earth, or it can supply spacecraft with it. Unlike sunlight, this microwave beam will lose no more than 2% of energy during the “breakdown” of the atmosphere. The idea was recently resurrected by David Criswell.

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The use of solar energy on Earth Prepared by Filin Evgenia Student 8A MBOU secondary school No. 10 in Apatity

The use of solar energy on earth plays an important role in human life. With the help of its heat, the sun, as a source of energy, heats the entire surface of our planet. Thanks to its thermal power, winds blow, the seas, rivers, lakes heat up, all life on earth exists.

The light that the sun emits on earth, with the help of passive as well as active systems, is converted into thermal energy. Passive systems include buildings, the construction of which uses such building materials that most effectively absorb the energy of solar radiation. In turn, active systems include collectors that convert solar radiation into energy, as well as photocells that convert it into electricity.

In order to more effectively realize all solar energy, solar energy sources such as photovoltaic cells, or as they are also called, solar cells, are used. On their surface, they have semiconductors, which, when exposed to the rays of the sun, begin to move, and thereby generate an electric current. This principle of current generation does not contain any chemical reactions, which allows the photocells to work for a long time.

The advantages of solar installations are completely free and inexhaustible; have complete safety in use; autonomous; economical, since the funds are spent only on the purchase of equipment for installations; their use guarantees the absence of power surges, as well as stability in the power supply; durable; easy to use and maintain.

The use of solar energy with the help of such installations is gaining popularity every year. Solar batteries make it possible to save a lot of money on heating and hot water supply, besides, they are environmentally friendly and do not harm human health.

Thank you for your attention.

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