Peru - officially the Republic of Peru - is a country in western South America. In terms of area, it is 6.5 times smaller than Brazil. The capital is Lima. The Peruvian territory was the birthplace of the Norte Chico, one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The Inca Empire also existed here - the largest state in America before Columbus. The Spanish Empire conquered the area in the 16th century and made it their colony. The country gained independence in 1821.

Peru today is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the rainforests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a cost of living of about 40%. Its main areas of activity include Agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population of 28 million (for example, Nigeria, which is smaller than Peru, has a population of 148 million), is multi-ethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide variety of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

Peru is one of the most visited countries Latin America- the territory of this country contains the largest number monuments of the ancient Inca Empire - Machu Picchu, Cusco and many others. Also in Peru are monuments of such ancient cultures as Nazca (Nazca lines, which are visible only from space), monuments of Chavin and Quechua cultures. Machu Picchu is an ancient city lost in the Andes, one of the most important monuments of the Inca civilization. Due to its strategic location in the Andes, the city was not captured by the Spanish conquistadors, which saved the city from sacking, and now it is completely preserved and the most important architectural monument of Peru.

On the coast of Peru, the climatic conditions are as follows: there is little precipitation here - about 200 mm per year in the north and 100 mm in the south, often in the form of garua (dense wet fog that envelops the entire city even in winter). Usually the reason for this is the warm El Niño current, which disrupts not only the weather in Peru, but also in other countries every 7 years.

"FRG" - Business card. In terms of hop harvesting, Germany ranks first in the world. Munich-1.3 million Human. Million Village. The role of cities in the country. Attractions. By size industrial production Germany ranks fourth in the world. And to the European Union since 1957. Geographical position. Area - 357 thousand km Population - 82.3 million people

"Country Greece" - The largest of them - Ioannina (22 km?). About 44% of the territory is under forest and shrubs. Attractions. Map of Greece. Greece. Lots of karst lakes. The majority of the population of Greece are Greeks (92%). Large river systems could not form on the narrow and mountainous Greek peninsula. The territory of Greece is divided into three parts.

"Cities in Germany" - Berlin Wall. Completed by a student of 7 "B" class Kazakova Olesya. World clock. Reichstag. Population - 3 420 786 people. Koln. Administratively divided into 43 districts and 118 urban districts. Red Town Hall. The population of Munich is 1,364,980 people. The population is 1.5 million. The capital of Germany is Berlin.

"London Palaces" - Sights of London. Trafalgar Square is named after the Battle of Trafalgar, which was fought by General Nelson, whose statue stands in the square. Paul is the seat of the Bishop of London and the spiritual center of the City. Buckingham Palace Is the residence of the Queen. Madame Tussauds and Planetarium Westmine Abbey.

"Holidays in China" - The cult of food among the Chinese is huge. On this day, they eat "yuanxiao" and admire the festive lanterns. The finished dish is cut right in front of you by a waiter in white gloves. The project was prepared by a student of grade 8 D Dergacheva Alexandra. … Peking duck is one of the traditional dishes. Many national minorities have kept their traditional holidays.

"People of Malaysia" - Moist evergreen forests. Nature. Malaysia has a complex ethnic composition. Length railways- 2.3 thousand km. Population. Federation of Malaysia. The length of roads is 17.6 thousand km. Malaysia. Rich in natural resources. Develop high tech. The area is 332.8 thousand km2. International trade.

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Class: 7

Presentation for the lesson

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Goals and objectives:

• educational: to reveal the originality of nature, population and economy of the country;
• developing: continue to form geographical skills to analyze maps of the atlas;
• educative: arouse interest in the country under study.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, projector.

Lesson type: learning new material

Used technologies: formation of methods of educational activity.

Forms: individual.

Methods: educational, practical.

During the classes

I. Orientation of students to the lesson.

II. new material.

1. General information about Peru. (slide 5)

2. Geographic location. (slide 6)

The area of ​​the country is 1.28 million square meters. km.

State in the western part of South America.

In the north it borders with Ecuador and Colombia, in the east - with Brazil and Bolivia, in the south - with Chile.

3. Natural conditions: relief, climate. (slide 7.8)

Relief

From north to south, the Andes mountain ranges stretch across the country - an area prone to earthquakes.

In the west along the Pacific coast, a narrow strip of coastal plains. In the east - the Amazonian lowland, turning in the south into the foothill plain (Montagna).

Climate. (slide 9,10)

In the west of Peru, a tropical desert type of climate prevails, in the east it is subequatorial.

The cold Peruvian current runs off the western coast of the country, because of this, the climate on the coast is arid.

During the year, only 10 to 50 mm of precipitation falls here. The driest and hottest time is from December to April.

The climate in the east is humid, with high rainfall. The average annual temperature is +26 - 28 C. From November to March - the rainy season.

4. The population of the country.(slide 10,11,12)

Ethno-racial composition: Indians 45%, mestizos 37%, whites 15%, blacks, Japanese, Chinese and other 3%. Determine the population density of the country on the map.

5. Economy of the country.(slide 13,14,15)

Peru is an agro-industrial country

Industry.

The leading industry is mining: tungsten, gold, platinum, indium, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, tin, mercury, lead, selenium, silver, tellurium, zinc

Oil is produced in the north of the country, on the west coast and east of the Andes.

Agriculture. (slide 16,17,18)

Plant growing.

The main agricultural crops of the coastal areas are rice, cotton and sugar cane, tobacco and fruits: guava, mango, papaya. In the mountains, the main crops are potatoes, corn, barley, cassava and yams.

Livestock.

Peru has developed fishing, meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, breeding of llamas and guinea pigs.

III. Summary of the lesson.

Reflection: In what mood did you study this material in comparison with the material of other lessons (it was interesting; not very interesting; not at all interesting)

IV. D.z. Prepare a report about interesting facts from the life of the country.

Republic of Peru The country's name comes from the Piru River, which means "river" in the language of the local Indians. Capital - Lima, Area sq. km., Population - 30.38 million people.

Republic of Peru Administrative division: the state is divided into 25 departments. Major cities: Callao, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo. Official language: Spanish. Religion: 90% Catholic.Catholic Ethnic composition: 50% Peruvian (Hispanic, Mestizo, Creole), 49% Indian.Hispanic Currency: New Sol = 100 centimos.

Climate The average temperature on the coast of Peru ranges from + 14°С to + 27°С, with precipitation up to 3000 mm per year, while in the highlands or in the sierra it is usually cool, sunny and dry for most of the year. From December to May in the Sierra, the rainy season, precipitation falls from 700 to 1000 mm per year. The jungle is hot and humid, °C. In the jungle, Lima suffers from a garua of dense, damp fog that envelops the entire city even in winter.

Flora Rare shrubs and cacti grow on the western slopes of the Andes, on the inner plateaus, in the east and north, high-mountain tropical steppes, and in the southeast, semi-deserts. On the eastern slopes of the Andes and on the plains of the selva, tropical rain forests grow with valuable tree species (rubber plants, cinchona, etc.).

Peru, or as this state is officially called the Republic of Peru, is one of the largest countries on the South American continent (in terms of area it is second only to Argentina and Brazil).

Despite the fact that the first mention of Peru dates back to 1525, civilization on the territory of this state began to develop as early as the 10th millennium BC, when the ancient people of Norte Chico lived here. They also dubbed these lands "Peru", which literally means "river".

Geographic characteristics

The territory of the Latin American republic in the world ranking takes 19th place. The total area of ​​the country is slightly less than 1,300 thousand m2. Peru is located almost on the coastline of the continent, which ensures its proximity to five states at once (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile) and the whole Pacific Ocean.

The population density in the country is quite high - here on one square meter 23 people live. Total population is almost 31 million people, with a third of the total population concentrated in the main city of Lima.

Nature

Peru is located in a very mountainous area. Despite the fact that there is a plain along the coastline, large mountains already rise a little to the east. There are about thirty peaks in total, the height of which exceeds 6000 meters. Mount Huascaran in the Andes, which is part of the Cordillera Blanca massif (6768 m), is considered to be the highest point in Peru.

Wanyunkunka rainbow mountains deserve special attention, the name of which is literally translated from the Quechua Indian language as “rainbow-colored mountains”. Many centuries ago, the red sandstone that covers the peaks began to change its color under the influence of wind and underground waters and began to turn into green, yellow, brown, blue and other colors. This miracle of nature is located in the province of Quispikanchis, 100 km from Cusco at an altitude of 5,200 meters. Conquering such a peak is not easy, but the editors of the National Geographic channel strongly advise you to at least try, and allocate a place in the list of those that must be seen during a lifetime ...

In this category, Peru can also be called a champion. In total, there are about twenty rivers and five large lakes in the country. Almost everyone has heard of the Amazon River and Lake Titicaca. Both of these aquatic ecosystems are among the most polluted, despite their size, every year more and more in need of purification.

The Amazon is the largest river after the Nile, it crosses the territory of five Latin American states and is included in the list of seven natural wonders of the world...

The Pacific Ocean is also included in the water ecosystem of Peru. The water area of ​​​​the ocean for Peru is not so important, but every year about 2 million tourists admire the ocean from the shores of this particular republic. Mining has been discovered here: ferromanganese nodules, as well as gas hydrates. In addition, fishing is quite well developed here, which works for the benefit of Food Industry and medicine...

Most of the territory of Peru does not have a permanent vegetation cover, which is explained by excessive aridity. The area near the Andes is famous for its densely planted subtropics and jungle. Here you can find very rare species of red and vanilla trees, as well as sarsaparilla and evergreen cacti.

The animal world is much richer. About 800 species of birds, 250 species of mammals and more than 1000 species of insects constantly inhabit Peru. Approximately 50 species (mysterious poison dart frog, yellow-faced parrot, Inca toad, etc.) are considered endemic and are of particular interest to zoologists and travelers...

Tropical desert and subequatorial climates prevail in the west and east of the country, respectively. When climbing to a height, the indicators may change. In general, dryness is characteristic of the entire territory due to the proximity of the cold Peruvian Current, it is especially difficult for local residents from December to April, then the amount of precipitation slightly increases.

Peru is characterized by sharp temperature changes, during the day the air warms up to about 40 degrees, and at night to 13 ...

Resources

The industry in Peru works in two directions: mining and manufacturing. Minerals are constantly being mined here: zinc, gold, natural gas, oil, lead, silver and more. The manufacturing industry works in the direction of automobiles, metals, textiles and food.

Agriculture here provides about 8.5% of the total GDP. Moreover, the emphasis is on the cultivation of grain crops, such as: potatoes, barley, corn. Industrial crops include cotton and sugar cane. In addition, Peru, which is traditional for Latin America, is actively engaged in the cultivation of coffee and cocoa beans. Many continue to illegally harvest coca bush...

culture

As for the ethnic composition of Peru, only half of the modern population here are Peruvians (Creoles, Mestizos), the remaining 50% are classified as Indians. And to this day, the culture of the ancient Incas lives here, who thousands of years ago were considered the ruling class. The Machu Picchu fortress testifies to the supremacy of this tribe in Peru. Now rare excursions and mysterious rites are held in the "lost city of the Sun".

In total, four tribes live on the territory of Peru, which continue to honor the traditions of their ancestors. The most numerous is the Quechua tribe (almost 12 million). Today they are engaged in agriculture and profess Catholicism, although they often use the techniques of shamanism and are engaged in sacrifice during field work ...