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Gogol was born third in a family of six girls and six boys. His first two brothers were stillborn, so he was the first surviving child. He received the name Nicholas in honor of the icon of St. Nicholas, who was in the local church.

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In 1824, the gymnasium authorities allowed the students to open their own theater. Gogol enthusiastically devoted himself to this undertaking: he himself painted scenery for performances, acted as a stage director and leading comic actor. He was especially successful in the roles of old men and old women, and once he captivated the audience with his masterful performance of the role of Prostakova in Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth".

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Already at the gymnasium, Gogol did not imagine his fate the way most people in his circle usually expected. He was sure that he was destined for a special fate, and spoke of the signs of providence, in which he believed. Indeed, mysticism haunted him all his life, which was reflected in the features of his work.

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Gogol was different large quantity eccentricities and oddities of character. He felt uncomfortable in the presence of strangers, he was afraid of thunderstorms. It was also unusual for him, like men, to be fond of needlework and cooking. But, despite the number of oddities, post-mortem psychiatric studies do not confirm the presence of any mental illness in him. Most likely, the brilliant writer was an eccentric and a hoaxer, sometimes subject to depression.

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The biographical fact that Gogol had a sweet tooth is widely known. He ingested sweets in incredible quantities, and always took away the sugar served with tea, so that later he would nibble it during the day.

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Gogol was embarrassed by his large, unusually shaped nose and, apparently, asked the artists to correct it a little in the drawings. Therefore, Gogol looks different in different portraits. Gogol's feelings about his own nose were so strong that they eventually resulted in the story "The Nose".

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The plot of The Inspector General was based on real events, and was prompted by the writer Pushkin. And it was Pushkin who persuaded him to continue working on The Inspector General when Gogol decided to end the work.

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The famous work of the writer "Viy" was most likely from beginning to end a fiction of Gogol himself. Although he claimed that he retold the folk legend word for word, the researchers failed to find any traces of the Viy plot in folklore.

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Gogol was not married. Also, history does not know anything about his novels and relationships with any women. The fact that he often lived with male friends, coupled with the absence of women in his life, has led some researchers to speculate about Gogol's latent homosexuality.

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At the end of life psychological condition Gogol deteriorated significantly, and he apparently fell under the power of his own fears. A few days before his death, he destroys the sequel to Dead Souls. He also ordered that his tombstone comply with Orthodox canons and ordered that the body not be buried until obvious signs of decomposition appeared on it.

GOGOL Nikolai Vasilyevich (1809 - 1852), Russian. writer. Lit. fame G. brought Sat. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" (1831 - 32), rich in Ukrainian. ethnogr. and folklore material, marked romantic. mood, lyricism and humor. The stories from the collections "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques" (both 1835) open the realist. the period of G.'s work The theme of the humiliation of the "little man" was most fully embodied in pov. "The Overcoat" (1842), which is associated with the formation of the natural school. The grotesque beginning of "Petersburg stories" ("The Nose", "Portrait", etc.) was developed in the comedy "The Inspector General" (produced in 1836) as a phantasmagoria of bureaucratic bureaucracy. peace. In the poem-novel "Dead Souls" (1st volume - 1842) satirical. ridicule of landlord Russia was combined with the pathos of the spiritual transformation of man. Religious-journalistic. book. "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" (1847) caused criticism. letter from V. G. Belinsky. In 1852, G. burned the manuscript of the 2nd volume of Dead Souls. G. had a decisive influence on the approval of the humanistic. and democrat. principles in Russian. literature

Biography

He was born on March 20 (April 1, NS) in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a poor landowner. Childhood years were spent in the estate of parents Vasilievka, near the village of Dikanka, the land of legends, beliefs, historical traditions. In the upbringing of the future writer, his father, Vasily Afanasyevich, a passionate admirer of art, a theater lover, an author of poetry and witty comedies, played a certain role.

After home education, Gogol spent two years at the Poltava district school, then entered the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences, created on the basis of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum for children of the provincial nobility. Here he learned to play the violin, studied painting, played in performances, performing comic roles. Thinking about his future, he stops at justice, dreaming of "suppressing injustice."

After graduating from the Nezhin Gymnasium in June 1828, he went to St. Petersburg in December with the hope of starting a broad activity. It was not possible to get the service, the first literary tests were unsuccessful. Disappointed, in the summer of 1829 he went abroad, but soon returned. In November 1829 he received the position of a petty official. The gray bureaucratic life was brightened up by painting classes in the evening classes of the Academy of Arts. In addition, literature was powerfully attracted to itself.

In 1830, Gogol's first story, Basavryuk, appeared in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, later revised into the story The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala. In December, a chapter from the historical novel Hetman was published in Delvig's almanac "Northern Flowers". Gogol became close friends with Delvig, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, friendship with whom was of great importance for the development of social views and the literary talent of the young Gogol. Pushkin introduced him to his circle, where Krylov, Vyazemsky, Odoevsky, the artist Bryullov were, gave him plots for The Government Inspector and Dead Souls. “When I created,” Gogol testified, “I saw only Pushkin in front of me ... His eternal and immutable word was dear to me.”

Literary fame for Gogol was brought by "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" (1831-32), the stories "Sorochinsky Fair", "May Night", etc. In 1833 he came to the decision to devote himself to scientific and pedagogical work and in 1834 he was appointed adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University. The study of works on the history of Ukraine formed the basis of the idea of ​​"Taras Bulba". In 1835 he left the university and devoted himself entirely to literary creativity. In the same year, a collection of short stories "Mirgorod" appeared, which included "Old-world landowners", "Taras Bulba", "Viy" and others, and a collection of "Arabesques" (on the themes of St. Petersburg life). The story "The Overcoat" was the most significant work of the St. Petersburg cycle, read in draft to Pushkin in 1836, and completed in 1842. Working on stories. Gogol also tried his hand at dramaturgy. The theater seemed to him a great force of exceptional importance in public education. In 1835 The Inspector General was written and already in 1836 staged in Moscow with the participation of Shchepkin.

Soon after the production of The Inspector General, harassed by the reactionary press and the "secular rabble," Gogol went abroad, settling first in Switzerland, then in Paris, and continued to work on Dead Souls, which had begun in Russia. The news of Pushkin's death was a terrible blow to him. In March 1837 he settled in Rome. During his visit to Russia in 1839-1840, he read to his friends chapters from the first volume of Dead Souls, which was completed in Rome in 1840-1841.

Returning to Russia in October 1841, Gogol, with the assistance of Belinsky and others, got the first volume printed (1842). Belinsky called the poem "a creation, deep in thought, social, public and historical."

The work on the second volume of "Dead Souls" coincided with a deep spiritual crisis of the writer and, above all, reflected his doubts about the effectiveness of fiction, which put Gogol on the verge of renunciation of his former creations.

In 1847 he published Selected passages from correspondence with friends, which Belinsky subjected to devastating criticism in a letter to Gogol, condemning his religious and mystical ideas as reactionary.

In April 1848, after traveling to Jerusalem, to the Holy Sepulcher, he finally settled in Russia. Living in St. Petersburg, Odessa, Moscow, he continued to work on the second volume of Dead Souls. He was increasingly seized by religious and mystical moods, his health was deteriorating. In 1852, Gogol began meeting with Archpriest Matvey Konstantinovsky, a fanatic and mystic.

February 11, 1852, being in a difficult state of mind, the writer burned the manuscript of the second volume of the poem. On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment on Nikitsky Boulevard.

Gogol was buried in the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery, after the revolution his ashes were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.

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N.V. Gogol believed that art is capable of recreating life according to the Christian ideal. "Poetry is an invisible step towards Christianity." The writer sees one way: it is the way of love. In Gogol's notebooks we read about the Russian people: "There is little light in it, but a lot of warmth." The question of light is the fundamental question for Gogol. “Spiritual blackness is terrible, and why is it seen only when the inexorable death is in front of the eyes,” the artist wrote in “Testament”. The theme of spiritual purity is the theme of “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “Terrible Revenge”, “Viya”, “Notes of a Madman”, “Dead Souls”. The main thing for Gogol is to convey to the reader the idea that to love people "black" means to save their souls.

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The heartfelt and sad story of the unfortunate lady, the poetic relationship between Levko and Hanna is fascinating. Several narrative plans are closely intertwined in the work: poetic, fantastic, real.

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“And in a few minutes everything was already asleep in the village; only one month floated just as brilliantly and miraculously floated in the vast deserts of the luxurious Ukrainian sky. "Don't be afraid, there is no one. The evening was warm."

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“Something inexplicably touching was heard in the speech of the Drowned Woman, and streams of tears rolled down her beautiful face” ... You read and involuntarily, like Levko, you are filled with compassion for the ruined youth and beauty of the lady. After all, she, too, could be loved and happy, like the clear-eyed Hanna, but her beauty has sunk to the bottom, and the lady is unhappy and lonely.

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The theme of sin and punishment for it. Man and his responsibility in the fight against evil. In the fight against evil, a person should not transgress Christian commandments. Don't repay evil with evil. Here are the main issues raised by Gogol in the story.

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How to defeat evil? Ivan's sin is that he did not forgive. And the Gospel teaches: forgive the sinner, the offender, your enemy. Ivan, in the fight against evil, crossed these commandments and became a sinner himself. “The fight against evil,” Gogol believes, “is a responsible matter.”

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The story "Viy" "Viy" is one of the most controversial creations of Gogol. Reality and fantasy, everyday life and symbols - everything is intertwined in the story. This is a philosophical work about the knowledge of the world, about life and death, about the power of dark forces over human destiny.

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The world, the pagans believed, was twofold. A world without end and without time. The image of the panna is twofold: it is a beauty - a panna and an old woman - a witch, the external and internal personality of a person. In daylight, she is a beauty with a magnificent plait, with long, like arrows, eyelashes. At night, she is a terrible, old, bony, like death, old woman. Khoma Brut didn't lose in single combat with Wiy. He defeated him, became a "Man-God", equal in strength to Wii. In the death of the philosopher and the tragedy, and the greatness of the feat. Khoma is a pagan who believes in the world of Fear and Chaos that has opened up to him, but does not believe in God. This is the reason for his death. And the second reason for his death is the price of knowledge. The price of courage is death. He got what he deserved: comprehended and perished.

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In the upbringing of the future writer, a certain role was played by his father, Vasily Afanasyevich, a passionate admirer of art, a theater lover, an author of poems and witty comedies. He served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married Maria Ivanovna Kosyarovskaya. According to legend, she was the first beauty in the Poltava region. She married Vasily Afanasyevich at the age of fourteen. In the photo: Portrait of Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825) - the father of the writer N.V. Gogol. Museum-Reserve N.V. Gogol in Ukraine.

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The herbarium collected by N.V. Gogol is an exhibit of the Gogol Museum-Reserve in Ukraine.

View of the village of Vasilievka (now Gogolevo) near Poltava, where N.V. Gogol spent his childhood and youth.

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Nizhyn. Gymnasium of higher sciences.

In 1818-19 Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then, in 1820-1821, took lessons from the Poltava teacher Gabriel Sorochinsky. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints, participates in performances - as a decorator and as an actor, and with particular success performs comic roles. He also tries himself in various literary genres (writes elegiac poems, tragedies, a historical poem, a story). Then he writes a satire "Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for fools."

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Public service. However, the idea of ​​writing has not yet “come to mind” to Gogol, all his aspirations are connected with the “state service”, he dreams of a legal career. Professor N. G. Belousov, who taught a course in natural law, had a great influence on Gogol's decision to make such a decision.

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After graduating from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, unsuccessfully fussing about the place, Gogol makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829, the poem "Italy" appears, and in the spring of the same year, under the pseudonym "V. Alov", Gogol prints "an idyll in pictures" "Hanz Küchelgarten". The poem evoked sharp and mocking reviews from N. A. Polevoy and later a condescendingly sympathetic review from O. M. Somov (1830), which intensified Gogol's heavy mood.

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At the end of 1829, he managed to find a job in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. From April 1830 to March 1831 he served in the Department of Appanages (first as a clerk, then as an assistant clerk). Staying in the offices caused Gogol a deep disappointment in the "service of the state", but it provided rich material for future works, depicting bureaucratic life and the functioning of the state machine. During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. They aroused almost universal admiration.

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The pinnacle of Gogol's fantasy is the "Petersburg story" The Nose (1835; published in 1836), an extremely bold grotesque that anticipated some of the art trends of the 20th century. The story "Taras Bulba" acted as a contrast in relation to both the provincial and metropolitan world, capturing that moment of the national past, when the people ("Cossacks"), defending their sovereignty, acted whole, together and, moreover, as a force that determines the nature of common European history.

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In the autumn of 1835, he set about writing The Inspector General, the plot of which was prompted by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he read the comedy at an evening at Zhukovsky's (in the presence of Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky and others), and in February-March he was already busy staging it on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater. The play premiered on April 19. May 25 - premiere in Moscow, at the Maly Theatre.

Handwritten drawing by N.V. Gogol to the last scene of The Government Inspector

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In June 1836 Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany. He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he takes up the continuation of Dead Souls. The plot was also prompted by Pushkin. The work began as early as 1835, before the writing of The Inspector General, and immediately acquired a wide scope. In St. Petersburg, several chapters were read to Pushkin, evoking in him both approval and at the same time a depressing feeling.

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In November 1836, Gogol moved to Paris, where he met A. Mickiewicz. Then he moves to Rome. Here, in February 1837, at the height of his work on Dead Souls, he received shocking news of Pushkin's death. In a fit of "inexpressible anguish" and bitterness, Gogol feels "the current work" as a "sacred testament" of the poet.

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In September 1839, accompanied by Pogodin, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began to read the chapters of "Dead Souls" - first in the Aksakovs' house, then, after moving to St. Petersburg in October, with Zhukovsky, with Prokopovich in the presence of his old friends. Total read 6 chapters. The enthusiasm was universal. In May 1842 "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" was published. After the first, brief, but highly commendable comments, the initiative was seized by Gogol's detractors, who accused him of caricature, farce, and slandering reality. Later, N.A. Polevoy made an article that bordered on a denunciation.

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All this controversy took place in the absence of Gogol, who went abroad in June 1842. Before leaving, he entrusts Prokopovich with the publication of the first collection of his works. Summer Gogol spends in Germany, in October, together with N. M. Yazykov, he moves to Rome. Works on the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls", begun, apparently, in 1840; He spends a lot of time preparing his collected works. "The Works of Nikolai Gogol" in four volumes came out at the beginning of 1843, as the censorship suspended two volumes already printed for a month. The three-year period (1842-1845) that followed after the writer's departure abroad was a period of intense and difficult work on the 2nd volume of Dead Souls.

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In 1847, "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" were published in St. Petersburg. The book performed a dual function - both an explanation of why the 2nd volume has not yet been written, and some compensation for it: Gogol proceeded to present his main ideas - a doubt about the effective, teacher function of fiction, a utopian program for the fulfillment of one's duty by all "estates" and "ranks", from the peasant to the highest officials and the king.

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In mid-October Gogol lives in Moscow. In 1849-1850, Gogol read individual chapters of the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls" to his friends. General approval and delight inspire the writer, who now works with redoubled energy. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to arrange his family life- makes an offer to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused.

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In October 1850 Gogol arrived in Odessa. His condition is improving; he is active, cheerful, cheerful; willingly converges with the actors of the Odessa troupe. In March 1851 he left Odessa and, having spent the spring and early summer in his native places, returned to Moscow in June. A new circle of readings of the 2nd volume of the poem follows; I read up to 7 chapters in total. In October, he is present at The Inspector General at the Maly Theater, with S. V. Shumsky in the role of Khlestakov, and is satisfied with the performance; in November, he reads The Inspector General to a group of actors, and I. S. Turgenev was among the listeners.

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January 1, 1852 Gogol informs Arnoldi that the 2nd volume is "completely finished." But in last days months, signs of a new crisis were clearly revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, the sister of N. M. Yazykov, a person spiritually close to Gogol. He is tormented by a premonition of imminent death, aggravated by renewed doubts about the beneficence of his writing career and the success of his work. On February 7, Gogol confesses and takes communion, and on the night of 11 to 12 he burns the white manuscript of the 2nd volume

(only 5 chapters relating to various draft editions have been preserved in incomplete form; published in 1855). On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in Talyzin's house in Moscow.

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“I bequeath my body not to be buried until clear signs of decomposition appear. I mention this because even during the illness itself, moments of vital stupor found on me, my heart and pulse stopped beating ... ”Not heeding these words, they nevertheless buried him and buried him, as they say, alive. The famous poet A. Voznesensky in 1972 wrote a poem about this event “The Funeral of N.V. Gogol”, excerpts from which, it will be interesting to recall readers.

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You carried the living across the country. Gogol was in a lethargic dream. Gogol thought in a coffin on his back: .............................................. ........ “They stole the underwear from under the tailcoat. It blows into the crack, but you can't get through it. What is the torment of the Lord before waking up in the tomb. ................................................. ........ Open the coffin and freeze in the snow. Gogol, crouching, lies on his side. An ingrown toenail tore through the lining of the boot.

The presentation was prepared by a 9th grade student Roxana Smirnova

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Stages of the biography and creativity of N.V. Gogol Grade 10

N.V. Gogol (1809-1852) Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the greatest Russian writers. A whole period of Russian literature is named after Gogol, which testifies to the great significance of his work.

Quiz Where and when was Gogol born?

NIKOLAY VASILIEVICH GOGOL was born on March 20 (according to the new style - April 1), 1809 in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, future

Quiz What education did Nikolai Gogol receive?

Nizhyn is the city of Gogol's youth. Here he studied from 1818 to 1820. in the gymnasium of higher sciences of Prince A.A. Bezborodko.

Quiz What was the name of the gymnasium literary magazines organized by Gogol?

Magazines: Northern Dawn, Zvezda, Meteor of Literature

Gogol cannot be imagined without Petersburg, where he became a writer. For three months he had lived in the capital, but he did not look at the place. I had to “take up mind, fiction” - sit down at the table and pick up a pen ... In 1829, under the pseudonym V. Alov, his first work was published.

Quiz The plots of which works were suggested to Gogol by Pushkin?

Quiz What proverb did Gogol take as an epigraph to the comedy "The Government Inspector"?

“There is nothing to blame on the mirror if the face is crooked”

Quiz To which of the heroes of Gogol these words belong: “There were comrades in other lands, but there were no comrades like in the Russian land!”

The story "Taras Bulba" was written in 1835, was included in the collection "Mirgorod" and was the result of the writer's passion for history.

The central image of the story is Taras Bulba. He faithfully stands for the independence of the Motherland, valuing military brotherhood, honor and valor above all else. Gogol glorifies the heroic deeds of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, their courage, selflessness, devotion to the Motherland and a sense of camaraderie.

Quiz To whom these words belong: “... On the table, for example, there is a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles. Soup in a saucepan came from Paris right on the steamer ... "?

Khlestakov Ivan Andreevich

And submit Lyapkin-Tyapkin here! Alexander the Macedonian hero, but why break the chairs? Stupid as a gray gelding. God bless you, and it's not my fault. Catch phrases N.V. Gogol

There is still gunpowder in powder flasks Alive as life. Three bird. What are you laughing at? Laugh at yourself! After all, that's what you live for, to pluck the flowers of pleasure. And what Russian does not like to drive fast?

St. Petersburg novels by N.V. Gogol Petersburg was the city where the best works of Gogol were written. Here were born Notes of a Madman, Nevsky Prospekt, Inspector General, Nose, stories from Mirgorod, Dead Souls were started...

St. Petersburg stories by N.V. Gogol The St. Petersburg stories by N.V. Gogol include stories written in 1834-1842. The collection "Arabesques" includes "Nevsky Prospekt", "Portrait", "Notes of a Madman" The story "The Nose" and the story "The Overcoat" complement the image of St. Petersburg.

The main themes of Petersburg stories The theme of Petersburg. Gogol's Petersburg is deceptive, deceitful, hostile to people. The theme of the "little man". This theme develops Pushkin's tradition of insignificant heroes. Gogol shows not only inner world heroes, but also his absence. He pays attention to any person, the “smallest” and in the spiritual sense (“Overcoat”, “Nevsky Prospekt”)

The main themes of Petersburg stories The theme of art. The question of the place and role of art in the corrupt world is solved by Gogol by various means, including satirical ones (“Nevsky Prospekt”, “Portrait”). The theme of the relationship between the ideal and reality and the discord between them. A person with lofty ideals perishes in Petersburg, people without a soul, without honor, without ideals survive. A person cannot fulfill a dream in real life. The dream is achieved in a dream or in the delirium of a madman, or behind the coffin, after death (“Notes of a Madman”)

One night, in the midst of religious contemplation, he was seized by religious fear and doubt that he had not so fulfilled the duty imposed on him by God; he woke up the servant, ordered him to open the chimney of the fireplace, and, taking the papers from the briefcase, burned them. The next morning, when his consciousness cleared up, he repentantly told Count Tolstoy about this and believed that this was done under the influence of an evil spirit; since then, he fell into a gloomy despondency, stopped eating and died a few days later, on February 21, 1852. According to one version, Gogol fell into a lethargic sleep, because after examining the remains of his body, it was clear that his body had moved from its place. The version of a lethargic dream is refuted by the memoirs of the sculptor Nikolai Ramazanov, who made Gogol's death mask. According to another version, Gogol's death was nothing more than a veiled suicide, interpreted by the church as a feat of spiritualism - the triumph of the spirit over the flesh

Gogol's grave at the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow