Classification of product quality indicators

The entire set of product quality indicators can be classified according to the following criteria:

v the number of characterized properties (single and complex);

v in relation to various product properties (indicators - reliability, manufacturability, ergonomics, etc.);

v definition stages (design, production and operational);

v determination method (calculated, experimental, expert);

v the nature of use to assess the level of quality (basic and relative);

v method of expression (indicators expressed in dimensionless units, such as points, percentages, and dimensional);

When assessing the technical level and quality of products, the following main groups of quality indicators are used:

v indicators of purpose, characterizing the beneficial effect of the operation and use of products and determining the scope of its application;

v indicators of reliability and durability of products under specific conditions of use;

v indicators of manufacturability, characterizing the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products;

v indicators of standardization and unification, characterizing the degree of use of standardized products in products and the level of unification of the component parts of the product;

v ergonomic indicators characterizing the “person - product - environment” system and taking into account the complex of hygienic, psychological, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological properties of a person, manifested in production and household processes;

v aesthetic indicators characterizing such properties of products as expressiveness, originality, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style;

v patent and legal indicators characterizing the degree of patent protection of a product in the country and abroad, as well as its patent purity;

v economic indicators reflecting the costs of development, production and operation (consumption) of products, as well as the economic efficiency of its operation.

Currently, when assessing the technical level and quality of products, in addition to the listed traditional groups of indicators, environmental indicators, indicators of safety and transportability of products, and indicators of their homogeneity are also used.

Effective management also involves the use of general indicators that characterize the quality of products, regardless of their type and purpose. These may include, in particular:

v volume and share of production of certain types of progressive, highly efficient products in the total output of products of this group;

v economic effect from using products of improved quality;

v grading indicators for products from a number of industries.

Generalized quality indicators are used in the plans of enterprises, research and development organizations. Based on the level of these indicators, one can judge the quality of products as a whole in an enterprise or industry.

Product purpose indicators

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of a product, determining the main functions for which it is intended to perform, and determine the scope of its application. Purpose indicators are divided into indicators:

v functional and technical efficiency (for example, machine performance, fabric strength, etc.);

v structural (for example, overall dimensions, prefabrication factor, interchangeability factor, etc.);

v composition and structure (for example, the percentage of one substance in another, the concentration of impurities in solutions, alloys, etc.).

Purpose indicators relate to operational indicators (indicators of technical level), which, in turn, are included in the group of technical indicators of product quality. Purpose indicators characterize the degree of compliance of the product with its intended purpose, design and main dimensions, resistance to external influences (mechanical, thermal, climatic etc.), to loads, etc.

Product purpose indicators are closely interrelated with other indicators that determine its quality (economic, ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability, safety, etc.). If the required values ​​of interrelated quality indicators are not provided, then it is sometimes very difficult for products to effectively fulfill their purpose.

When choosing a nomenclature of purpose indicators for assessing the quality of the usual, the following are taken into account:

v the purpose of assessing product quality;

v purpose of products;

v conditions of operation (consumption) of products.

v Purpose indicators play an important role in assessing quality, and they are often based on criteria for optimizing the product quality management process, used to make the best management decisions.

Product reliability indicators

Reliability is the ability of a product to perform specified functions while maintaining the value of its performance indicators over time. From the definition it follows that the reliability of a product is closely related to its performance.

The main reliability indicators include:

v reliability;

v durability;

v maintainability;

v persistence.

The nomenclature of reliability indicators, the main methods of their calculation and experimental determination are regulated by relevant standards.

Reliability is the property of a product (machine, unit, etc.) to perform specified functions, maintaining its performance indicators within specified limits for the required period of time or required operating time in specific conditions and operating modes of this product.

Reliability indicators are:

v probability of failure-free operation;

v average time to first failure;

v mean time between failures;

v failure rate;

v warranty period.

The durability of a product characterizes its service life, taking into account physical and moral wear and tear until the first major overhaul, modernization and decommissioning.

The main indicators of durability include:

v average service life;

v service life until the first major overhaul;

v service life between overhauls;

v service life before write-off;

v service life until the first major overhaul.

Maintainability is a property of a product that consists in its adaptability to preventing, detecting and eliminating failures and malfunctions during maintenance and repair.

Maintainability indicators include:

v probability of recovery at a given time;

v average recovery time;

v average and specific labor intensity of maintenance;

v average labor intensity of repairs;

v indicators of the average and relative cost of maintenance and repairs.

Storability is the property of a product to maintain specified performance indicators during and after the storage and transportation periods established in the technical documentation.

Indicators of persistence are:

v shelf life;

v average shelf life.

In addition to the considered indicators, such concepts as serviceability, malfunction, operability, failure, restoreability, etc. are closely related to product reliability.

One of the important indicators of the operational reliability of many types of products being repaired is also the consumption of replacement parts per unit of work performed by these types of products.

Indicators of product manufacturability

Indicators of product manufacturability characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products.

Classification of product manufacturability indicators can be carried out according to the following criteria:

v the number of manufacturability properties (single, complex);

v stages of determination (design, production, operational);

v areas of analysis (technical, techno-economic);

v assessment system (basic, design being developed, relative);

v significance (basic, additional).

v The main indicators of product manufacturability include:

v labor intensity of manufacturing (determined by the total labor intensity of technological processes for manufacturing products, for industrial products it is expressed in standard hours);

v technological cost (determined by the amount of costs for producing a unit of production without taking into account purchased products);

v level of design manufacturability in terms of manufacturing labor intensity (determined by the ratio of the manufacturing labor intensity of the product in question to the basic labor intensity indicator);

v the level of manufacturability of the design in terms of manufacturing cost (determined by the ratio of the manufacturing cost of the product in question to the basic cost indicator);

The main indicators of the manufacturability of industrial products include:

v coefficient of prefabrication (blockiness) of the product;

v coefficient of use of rational materials;

v specific labor intensity;

v specific material consumption, etc.

The following are used as additional technical and economic criteria for product manufacturability:

v relative and specific labor intensity of preparing the product for operation;

v relative and specific labor intensity of preventive maintenance of the product;

v relative and specific labor intensity of product repair;

v relative and specific cost of preparing the product for operation;

v relative and specific cost of preventive maintenance of the product;

v relative and specific cost of product repair.

Indicators of standardization and unification of products

Indicators of standardization and unification of products characterize the degree of use of standardized parts, assembly units, blocks and other components in a specific product, as well as the level of unification of the component parts of the product (standardized, unified and original).

These indicators make it possible to determine the degree of structural uniformity of the product. They indicate the possibility of using the minimum required number of standard sizes of product components in order to improve product quality and production efficiency.

Standardized components include product components manufactured in accordance with international, state and industry standards.

Unified components include components of the product that:

v are manufactured according to the standards of the leading enterprise in the industry, and are used in at least two standard sizes or types of products produced by this or a related enterprise;

v the enterprise receives components that are in mass production in finished form as components;

v previously designed as original for a specific product and then used in at least two standard sizes or types of products.

Original components include product components designed only for this product.

The main indicators of standardization and unification are:

v coefficient of applicability by standard sizes;

v coefficient of applicability by component parts of the product;

v repeatability factor;

v cost coefficient of applicability.

Among the indicators of standardization and unification of products, the coefficient of inter-project unification of a group of products can also be used.

Correct determination of standardization and unification indicators is necessary both to assess the level of product quality and to justify the effectiveness of planned standardization and unification measures.

Ergonomic indicators of product quality

Ergonomic product quality indicators are used to determine whether a product meets various ergonomic requirements. These requirements may apply to the size of the product, its shape, functional characteristics, piecework structural elements and their relative position.

The compliance of the product with ergonomic indicators is determined by ergonomist experts using a specially developed rating scale in points. Ergonomic indicators are used in the development and creation of interior equipment and workplaces, control and monitoring panels, various instruments and alarms, machine controls, industrial and household furniture, etc.

The following ergonomic indicators are combined into separate subgroups:

v hygienic;

v anthropometric;

v physiological;

v psychophysiological;

v psychological.

Hygienic indicators characterize the product’s compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and recommendations. Hygienic indicators include levels of temperature, pressure, humidity, dust, ventilation, illumination, radiation, toxicity, magnetic and electric field strength, vibration, noise, as well as gravitational overload and acceleration.

Anthropometric indicators characterize the compliance of the product with the size and shape of the human body and its individual parts. Anthropometric indicators include such indicators as compliance of the product with the size of a person, the shape of the human body, and the distribution of human body weight.

Physiological indicators characterize the compliance of the product design and its individual elements with the physiological properties of a person. Physiological indicators include such indicators as compliance of the product with the strength, speed and energy capabilities of a person.

Psychophysiological indicators characterize the compliance of the product design and its individual elements with the characteristics and capabilities of the human sensory organs. Psychophysiological indicators include such indicators as compliance of the product with the visual, auditory, tactile (tactile), gustatory, and olfactory capabilities of a person.

Psychological indicators characterize the compliance of the product with the psychological capabilities and characteristics of a person. These indicators may include criteria such as the product’s compliance with a person’s fixed and newly formed skills, as well as a person’s ability to perceive and process information.

Due to the increasing complexity of product designs and the increasing intensity of work of machines and equipment, ergonomic quality indicators are now being given increasing importance.

Aesthetic indicators of products

Aesthetic indicators characterize various aesthetic properties of products: expressiveness, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style, coloristic design, etc. Aesthetic indicators in general can be attributed to social characteristics that express the social value of manufactured products.

In the general set of aesthetic indicators, the following subgroups are distinguished:

v indicators of the rationality of the form;

v indicators of information expressiveness;

v indicators of composition integrity;

v indicators of excellence in production execution.

The rationality of the form is expressed by indicators of expediency and functional-constructive fitness. In this case, the feasibility indicator determines the characteristics of a person’s work with a product, characterized by the method and ease of its operation. The indicator of functional and constructive adaptability characterizes the reflection in the form of a product of its main functions, design solutions, features of the materials used and the manufacturing technology of the product.

Information expressiveness is determined by the shape of the product and can be characterized by the following single quality indicators:

v originality;

v iconicity;

v correspondence to fashion;

v style matching.

The integrity of the composition can be characterized by such indicators as:

v organization of the volumetric-spatial structure;

v plasticity;

v graphic design of the form and elements;

v color scheme.

The perfection of the production execution of a product can be assessed by such quality indicators as:

cleanliness of connections of individual parts of the product;

thoroughness of coating and finishing of surfaces;

clarity of execution of brand names, marks of conformity and accompanying documentation, etc.

Specific aesthetic indicators are developed in relation to a specific type of product and are recorded in industry quality standards and in other regulatory and technical documentation for industry purposes. Aesthetic indicators are determined organoleptically and by experts and are assessed in points.

Patent and legal indicators of product quality

Patent legal indicators of product quality characterize the degree of patent protection of a product in the Russian Federation and abroad, as well as the level of patent purity of the product.

Based on these indicators, the level of patent legal protection of the product is determined, which is calculated on the basis of dimensionless indicators of patent protection and patent purity.

The indicator of patent protection of a product is defined as the ratio of the number of component parts of a product protected by patents and certificates in the country to the total number of components in a given product. Moreover, depending on the purpose and nature of a particular product, all its component parts can be divided into several groups of significance and each component part of the product is assigned a weight coefficient.

The indicator of patent purity of a product is determined as the difference between one and the achieved value of the patent protection indicator of the product. This indicator allows us to answer the question of how unimpeded the sale of a product is possible within the country and abroad. A product may be patent-free in relation to any country if it does not contain technical solutions covered by patents, certificates of exclusive rights to inventions, utility models, industrial designs and trademarks registered in a given country.

Checking the patent purity of a product is carried out, as a rule, in relation to the countries of intended export and the leading countries in its production. Due to the territorial nature of the patent, the indicator in question must be determined separately for the Russian Federation and for each country of intended export.

In addition to the considered indicators, an indicator of the territorial distribution of the patent clearance of a given product is also used, defined as the ratio of the number of countries in which the product has patent clearance to the number of countries where the product is likely to be exported or licenses can be sold.

Economic indicators of products

Economic indicators characterize not the quality of the product itself, but the costs of its development and manufacturing associated with improving the parameters of the product. They also characterize the economic efficiency of product operation.

The economic indicators, in particular, include: the cost of a unit of production or work performed using a product (machine) of improved quality, individual items of operating costs (wages of maintenance personnel, the cost of consumed electricity, depreciation amounts, etc.) .

The considered indicators allow us to give an economic assessment of the product at all stages of its life cycle, including development, manufacturing, circulation and sale, operation or consumption, as well as the restoration (repair) stage.

From the total set of economic indicators, the most frequently used when planning to assess the quality of products are usually distinguished:

v cost of production;

v product price;

v reduced costs per unit of production;

v a relative economic indicator of product quality, determined by the ratio of the costs of the base sample to the corresponding costs of the evaluated product.

Economic indicators must be considered as a special type of indicators when assessing the level of product quality, since they are closely interrelated with almost all classification groups of indicators.

Economic indicators are taken into account when determining complex (integral) quality indicators (for example, cost or price per unit of the main parameter of a product). Economic indicators play an important role in determining and detailed analysis of the costs of ensuring product quality at different stages of its life cycle. Economic indicators are also used to justify the price level for products of a certain level of quality, as well as to assess the economic efficiency of various options for increasing, ensuring and maintaining product quality.

Additional product quality indicators

Currently, product quality indicators that reflect the safety of its consumption or operation, compliance with environmental standards and requirements, suitability for transportation without operation or consumption, as well as indicators of homogeneous products are becoming especially important. These indicators are not secondary in planning and assessing product quality and are called additional only because they began to be studied and developed somewhat later than the previously discussed groups of indicators regulated by the relevant state standards.

Safety indicators characterize the features of a product related to ensuring safe conditions for its production, circulation, consumption (operation) and restoration (repair).

Safety indicators may include:

v the likelihood of an emergency;

v response time of protective devices;

v electrical insulation resistance of live parts of the product;

v number of degrees of protection against counterfeiting, etc.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful impact on the environment of manufactured and consumed (operated) products. These include:

v the likelihood of harmful emissions into the environment;

v level of radiation during production, storage, transportation and consumption (operation) of products, etc.

Indicators of product transportability characterize its ability to move in space (without operation or consumption) using various modes of transport (road, rail, water, air). These include:

v permissible temperature during transportation;

v permissible humidity during transportation;

v permissible pressure during transportation;

v acceptable transportation time;

v permissible level of vibration during transportation;

v the amount of material, labor and financial costs per unit of product during its transportation;

v weight of the product;

v overall dimensions of the product.

In mass, large-scale or serial production, the achieved values ​​of quality indicators of homogeneous products are determined by the totality of its main statistical parameters. The stability of the main product parameters is assessed in this case by the quantitative values ​​of their dispersion. To characterize the dispersion of product quality indicators, homogeneity indicators are used:

v standard deviation;

v dispersion;

v coefficient of variation.

A quality indicator is a quantitative expression of one or more characteristics or properties of an object in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation.

Measures aimed at improving product quality must be comprehensive and cover measures to improve the quality of raw materials and starting materials, improve technology, and after-sales service.

Methods for quantitative assessment of quality indicators constitute the content of the science of qualimetry, which deals with the development of rules and techniques for collecting and processing data when determining quantitative indicators.

In qualimetry, methods of mathematical statistics are widely used, which explains the probabilistic nature of many quality indicators.

Product quality indicators, depending on the objectives of assessing its level, are classified:

P about the application– basic, single.

The basic indicator is the quality of the product, taken as the initial one in comparative assessments. A relative indicator is an indicator that represents the ratio of a single indicator of product quality to the corresponding basic indicator, and the determining indicator is the indicator of product quality by which its quality is assessed. The most widely used in the practice of assessing the quality level are single indicators related to one of the properties (characteristics) of quality products. Single indicators are easy to compare and control. Let's consider the classification of single indicators.

All individual indicators are divided into economic and technical, and the latter, in turn, are divided into operational and production-technological.

Performance indicators include:

Destination indicators;

Reliability indicators;

Ergonomic indicators;

Aesthetic indicators;

Environmental indicators;

Patent and legal indicators;

Production and technological indicators include the following:

• labor intensity,
• material consumption,
• energy intensity,
• standardization and unification
• blockiness.

Economic indicators include capital investment in production, capital investment in operation, unit cost of production, selling or market price.

Indicators of purpose characterize the degree of compliance of the object with its intended purpose, design, and resistance to external influences. These include, for example, the efficiency of the machine, productivity, power consumption, degree of automation, etc.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the “machine-human” system as a whole and take into account the anthropometric, biomechanical, engineering and psychological properties of a person that manifest themselves during the operation of an object or in the production process.

The requirements of technical aesthetics are characterized by the compositional integrity of the form, the functional expediency of the form (for example, streamlining), and the presentation of the object.

Patent legal indicators characterize the number and weight of new inventions and patents implemented in the object. The patent purity of an object today is an important factor in the competitiveness of products in international markets.

A set of individual production and technological indicators directly determines the amount of production costs in the cost of production, and therefore the economic indicators of its quality.

Various types of products can be characterized by the following quality indicators:

• indicators of purpose that determine the properties of the product and its scope of application, as well as the functions for which it is intended;
• indicators of reliability and durability;
• indicators of manufacturability, characterizing the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products;
• ergonomic indicators;
• indicators of standardization and unification, characterizing the degree of use of standardized products in products and the level of unification of the component parts of the product;
• patent legal indicators characterizing the degree of patent protection of a product in Russia and abroad;
• economic indicators reflecting the costs of development, manufacturing and operation or consumption of products, as well as the economic efficiency of operation;
• safety indicators.

The main directions for determining the composition and structure of the characterized properties are reflected in the classification of indicators used in assessing the level of product quality.

By way of expression they can be in natural units (kilograms, meters, points, dimensionless), as well as in cost units.

According to quality level assessment - basic, relative indicators.

By stage of determination - predicted, design, production, operational indicators.

By characterized properties they can be single and complex (group, generalized, integral).

Single and complex quality indicators can be combined into different groups depending on the relationship of the object (system) with the external environment that interests you. An example of such a grouping is shown in the table:

When analyzing groups of indicators, you can notice a certain correlation between them. For example, such an indicator of the level of manufacturability of production as the energy intensity of products is closely related to groups of economic and environmental indicators.

Product quality is assessed based on quantitative measurements of its defining properties. Modern science and practice have developed a system for quantitative assessment of product properties, which provide quality indicators. A widespread classification of the properties of objects (goods) into the following groups, which give the corresponding quality indicators:

Product destination indicators,

Reliability indicators,

Manufacturability indicators,

Indicators of standardization and unification,

Ergonomic indicators,

Aesthetic indicators,

Transportability indicators,

Patent legal indicators,

Environmental indicators,

Safety indicators.

Destination indicators characterize the beneficial effect of using the product for its intended purpose and determine the scope of application of the product. For industrial and technical products, the main indicator can be productivity. For products of mechanical and instrument engineering, electrical engineering and other design indicators characterize the useful work performed by the product.

This indicator allows you to determine what volume of products can be produced using the products being assessed or what volume of production services can be provided over a certain period of time.

The group of purpose indicators includes the following subgroups: classification, functional And technical efficiency, constructive, and composition and structure.

Classification indicators characterize whether a product belongs to a certain classification group. Classification indicators, for example, include: electric motor power; excavator bucket capacity; gear ratio; tensile strength of cardboard for shoes; carbon content in steel, etc.

Indicators of functional and technical efficiency characterize the beneficial effect of the operation or consumption of products and the progressiveness of technical solutions incorporated into the product. These indicators for technical objects are called operational.

Indicators of functional and technical efficiency include:

an indicator of machine productivity that determines the number of products manufactured over a certain period;

indicator of the accuracy and speed of operation of the measuring device;

indicator of fabric accuracy for garments;

specific energy intensity of an electric fireplace, determined by electricity consumption per unit of heat generated;

indicator of waterproofness of fabric for a raincoat;

calorie content of food products, etc.

Design indicators characterize the main design solutions, ease of installation and installation of products, the possibility of their aggregation and interchangeability. Design indicators, for example, include: overall dimensions; connecting dimensions; the presence of additional devices, for example, the presence of a signal and a calendar in a wristwatch, etc.

Indicators of composition and structure characterize the content of chemical elements or structural groups in products.

Indicators of composition and structure, for example, include:

mass fraction of components (alloying additives) in steel;

concentration of various impurities in acids;

mass fraction of sulfur and ash in coke;

mass fraction of sugar, salt in food products, etc.

Reliability indicators . Reliability is one of the main properties of industrial products. The complexity and intensity of operating modes of various products is constantly increasing, and the responsibility of the functions performed is increasing. The more important the functions, the higher the reliability requirements should be. Insufficient reliability of machines and devices leads to high costs for repairs and maintaining their operability in operation. The reliability of products largely depends on operating conditions: temperature, humidity, mechanical loads, pressure, radiation, etc.

Terms and definitions in the field of reliability refer to technical objects, which are understood as an object of a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, research and reliability testing, handling, and operation. Objects can be products, systems and their elements, in particular, structures, installations, devices, machines, equipment, instruments and their parts, assemblies and individual parts.

Reliability - this is the property of an object to preserve over time, within established limits, the values ​​of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in given modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation.

Product reliability is a complex quality property that depends on the reliability, maintainability, storage, properties and durability of the product. Depending on the characteristics of the product being evaluated, all four or some of these indicators can be used to characterize reliability.

Reliability- the property of the reliability of a product to remain operational for a certain operating time in hours without forced breaks.

Reliability indicators include:

probability of failure-free operation;

average time to first failure, time between failures;

failure rate;

failure flow parameter;

include warranty operating time (GOST 27.004.-85 “Reliability in technology, technological systems, terms and definitions”).

Reliability is the property of an object to continuously maintain an operational state for some time or some operating time. Reliability is characteristic of an object in any mode of its operation. It is this property that constitutes the main meaning of the concept of reliability. However, it does not exhaust the entire content of reliability. Any, even the highest, level of system reliability does not provide an absolute guarantee that a failure will not occur. Moreover, the consequences of a failure in most cases depend not on the fact of its occurrence, but on how quickly the lost functionality of the object can be restored, i.e. Failure resolved. In this regard, all objects are divided into two groups - objects that can be restored or repaired and objects that cannot be restored.

Maintainability- property of an object, which consists in adapting to preventing the causes of failures, damage and maintaining and restoring an operational state through maintenance and repairs.

Maintainability is affected by the design features of machines, mechanisms and components; access to control units and adjustment points; completeness of accompanying documentation. Maintainability is closely related to constructability and manufacturability. Maintainability indicators include: the probability of restoration to a working condition; average time to restore working condition; average labor intensity of repair and maintenance.

The maintainability of an object is assessed by the availability factor (technical use), which is determined by the formula

where, To is the average time between failures of the restored object, h; T in - average time to restore an object after a failure, hours.

It is clear from the formula that the availability factor simultaneously characterizes two different properties of an object - reliability and maintainability.

Storability- the property of an object to maintain the values ​​of indicators of reliability, durability and maintainability during and after storage or transportation. The main indicator of shelf life is the average shelf life.

The shelf life is the calendar duration of storage or transportation of an object, during and after which the values ​​of reliability, durability and maintainability indicators are maintained within established limits. The preservation of the quality properties of an object characterizes the percentage of decrease in the most important indicators of purpose, reliability, ergonomics, environmental friendliness, aesthetics (design), and patentability as the object is used.

Each indicator has its own function and, accordingly, the share of reduction in the initial indicators. In general, this function looks like this:

Rice. 1 Function of preservation of quality indicators of an object as it is used (stored)

F shape of the curve in Fig. 1 shows that during the first time of using the object (T n), its quality indicators do not deteriorate. And then the annual decrease (deterioration) in quality indicators begins, and the longer the service life (use) of the object, the greater the share of the annual decrease. Unfortunately, there is currently little research in this area. Information is available only on some properties of some objects. For example, the productivity of tractors decreases by 2-5% annually after 2-3 years, and of metal-cutting machines - by 2-3%.

Depending on the characteristics and purpose of the object, its shelf life before commissioning may include the shelf life in packaging or in preserved form, the installation period and the storage period in another packaged or preserved more complex object.

Durability- the property of an object to maintain an operational state until a limit state occurs with an established maintenance and repair system. Durability characterizes the property of reliability from the position of the maximum duration of maintaining the operability of an object, taking into account interruptions in work (in Fig. 1, this is the period Tpr). Maintaining the operability of an object within the service life or the period until the first major overhaul depends not only on the mode and organizational and technical conditions of work, restoration measures carried out at this time, but also on the ability to maintain these properties over time.

Indicators of the durability of an object include the standard service life (storage life), service life until the first major overhaul, service life before write-off, as well as other indicators (GOST 27.002-83).

Manufacturability indicators characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products, it is with the help of manufacturability that mass production of products is ensured, rational distribution of costs of materials, labor and time during technological preparation of production, manufacturing and operation of products.

The main indicators of the manufacturability of structures include the following:

coefficient of inter-design unification (borrowing) of structural components;

coefficient of unification of technological process components;

specific gravity of machined parts;

coefficient of progressivity of technological processes.

These indicators have a direct impact on the weight of the product, the coefficient of material utilization, the labor intensity of technological preparation of production, in-house production, preparation for operation, maintenance and restoration of the facility, costs by stages of the life cycle.

Coefficient of inter-project unification (borrowing) of object design components:

Where Nzaim is the number of names of products, parts, components of the object, borrowed from other projects,

N - the total number of names of parts and other components of the object, including borrowed and original ones.

Coefficient of unification (borrowing) of technological processes for manufacturing an object:

Where N s.t.p. - number of names of existing technological processes borrowed for the production of a new object,

N etc. - the total number of names of technological processes for manufacturing a new object, including borrowed and newly developed ones.

Specific gravity of machined object parts:

Where N fur is the number of items of object parts, the labor intensity of mechanical processing of which is higher than 10% of the total labor intensity of their production.

Progressivity coefficient of technological processes for manufacturing an object:

Where N pr.t.p. - the number of names of progressive technological processes for manufacturing an object depends on the production program of the object of labor, the age of the technology and the manufacturing method.

The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of product design, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of product, type of production and stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

Indicators of standardization and unification - this is the saturation of products with standard, standardized and original components, as well as the level of unification in comparison with other products. All parts of the product are divided into standard, unified and original. The higher the percentage of standard and standardized parts, the better for both the product manufacturer and the consumer.

Standardization and unification provide for a rational reduction in the number of standard sizes of components in designed and manufactured objects.

The indicators of standardization and unification include the following:

a) object standardization coefficient

where, N st - the number of standard sizes (names) of the component parts of the object, produced according to state, republican standards, company (enterprise) standards, except for standard fasteners; N - the total number of standard sizes of the component parts of the object (without standard fasteners)

b) coefficient of inter-project unification of object construction kits

Nzaim - the number of names of parts and other components of the object (without standard fasteners), borrowed from other projects;

c) coefficient of repetition of the component parts of the object

where n is the total number of component parts of the object (without standard fasteners), pcs.

Based on the results of a study of the influence of the level of unification of an object on individual technical and economic indicators, it is possible to draw only partial conclusions and find reserves for improving these indicators, provided that other indicators (quality, consumer costs) do not deteriorate.

Ergonomic indicators reflect the interaction of a person with a product, its compliance with the hygienic, physiological, anthropometric, and psychological properties of a person that manifest themselves when using the product. Such indicators include, for example, the effort required to control a tractor, the location of the handle near the refrigerator, the air conditioner in the cabin of a tower crane or the location of the handlebars near a bicycle, lighting, temperature, humidity, dust, noise, vibration, the concentration of carbon monoxide and water vapor in combustion products.

Ergonomic quality indicators are used to determine the compliance of an object with ergonomic requirements, for example, to the size, shape, color of the product and its structural elements, to the relative position of elements, etc.

Ergonomic quality indicators cover the entire area of ​​factors affecting the working person and the products being used. In particular, when studying a workplace, not only a person’s working posture and his movements, respiratory functions, perception, thinking, memory are taken into account, but also the dimensions of the seat, the parameters of tools, means of transmitting information, etc. Terms and definitions for ergonomic quality indicators of industrial products are established by GOST 16035-70.

Ergonomic indicators of products are classified into:

a) hygienic - indicators used to determine the compliance of a product with the hygienic conditions of human life and performance when interacting with the product.

The hygienic group includes indicators characterizing the level of illumination, temperature, humidity, pressure, magnetic and electric field strength, dust, radiation, toxicity, noise, vibration, overload (acceleration).

b) anthropometric - indicators used in determining the conformity of a product to the size and shape of the human body and its individual parts;

The anthropometric group includes indicators characterizing:

compliance of the product design with the dimensions of the human body and its individual parts;

compliance of the product design with the shape of the body and its individual parts that come into contact with the product;

compliance of the product design with the distribution of human weight.

c) physiological and psychophysiological - indicators used in determining the compliance of a product with the physiological properties (requirements) of a person and the functioning of his senses (speed and power capabilities of a person, as well as thresholds of hearing, vision, tactile sensation, etc.);

The group of physiological and psychophysiological indicators includes indicators characterizing:

compliance of the product design with human strength capabilities;

compliance of the product design with human speed capabilities;

compliance of the product design (size, shape, brightness, contrast, color and spatial position of the object of observation) with the visual psychophysiological capabilities of a person;

compliance of the design of the product containing the source of sound information with the auditory psychophysiological capabilities of a person;

compliance of the product (shape and location of the product and its elements) with the tactile capabilities of a person;

compliance of the product with the taste and olfactory capabilities of a person.

d) psychological - indicators used in determining the compliance of a product with the psychological characteristics of a person, which are reflected in the engineering and psychological requirements, the requirements of labor psychology and general psychology for industrial products.

The psychological group includes indicators characterizing:

compliance of the product with the capabilities of perception and processing of information;

compliance of the product with the fixed and newly formed human skills (taking into account the ease and speed of their formation) when using the product.

The level of ergonomic indicators is determined by experts - ergonomists specializing in a given industry using a developed special rating scale in points.

Transportability indicators characterize the adaptability of products to transportation without use or consumption.

Transportability indicators include:

average duration of preparation of products for transportation;

average labor intensity of preparing products for transportation;

the average duration of installation of products on a vehicle of a certain type;

coefficient of utilization of the volume of the means of transportation;

the average duration of unloading a batch of products from a certain type of transportation means.

To assess transportability indicators, it is necessary to have initial data characterizing the transportation process, such as: mass and volume of a unit of product, indicators of physical and mechanical properties, overall dimensions of the product, indicators of product preservation, maximum permissible values ​​of transportation modes (maximum speed of transport, inertial overloads and t, p.), norms of loading and unloading operations, the coefficient of the maximum possible use of the capacity or carrying capacity of a vehicle when transporting a given product, the susceptibility of transported goods to thermal and mechanical external influences, etc.

Transportability is most fully and comprehensively assessed by cost indicators that allow one to simultaneously take into account material and labor costs, qualifications and the number of people involved in transportation work, as well as the time factor.

Patent and legal indicators characterize patent protection and patent purity of products and are a significant factor in determining competitiveness. When determining patent legal indicators, new technical solutions in products should be taken into account, as well as solutions protected by patents in the country, the presence of registration of an industrial design and trademark, both in the manufacturing country and in the countries of intended export.

The patent-legal level of an industrial product is assessed using two dimensionless indicators: the indicator of patent protection (or patentability) and the indicator of patent purity.

The official document indicating patent protection and patent purity of a product is a patent form, executed in accordance with GOST 2.110-68.

The patent protection indicator characterizes the number and weight of new domestic inventions implemented in a given product (including those created during its development), that is, it characterizes the degree of protection of the product by copyright certificates owned by domestic companies in the country and patents abroad, taking into account the significance of individual technical solutions.

The indicator of patent purity characterizes the possibility of unhindered sales of goods in the domestic and foreign markets.

A product has patent clearance in relation to a given country if it does not contain technical solutions covered by patents, certificates of exclusive rights to inventions, show models, industrial designs and trademarks registered in this country.

When determining the indicator of patent purity of a product, it is necessary to take into account that goods produced for sale only within the country must not violate existing patents of exclusive rights issued in the Russian Federation (USSR), and products that may become exported must not violate existing patents of third parties. persons issued in the intended countries of export.

For newly developed products, this requirement can be met by providing them with patent clearance in relation to countries that occupy leading positions in the world in this field.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. Indicators of the environmental friendliness of a product are one of the most important properties that determine the level of its quality.

To justify the need to take into account environmental indicators when assessing the quality of products, an analysis of the processes of its operation or consumption is carried out to identify the possibility of chemical, mechanical, light, sound, biological, radiation and other impacts on the natural environment. When identifying the harmful effects of these factors on nature, a group of environmental indicators must be included in the range of indicators used to assess the level of product quality.

Environmental indicators include:

probability of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation, operation or consumption of products

radioactivity of the functioning of nuclear power plants and other objects related to the research, “taming” and use of atomic energy

level of noise, vibration and energy impact of vehicles for various purposes and other machines and units.

When choosing environmental indicators, requirements must be reflected, the fulfillment of which ensures the maintenance of rational interaction between human activity and the environment, as well as the prevention of direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of operation or consumption of products on nature.

Accounting for environmental indicators should ensure:

limiting the flow of industrial, transport and domestic wastewater and emissions into the natural environment to reduce the content of pollutants in the atmosphere, natural waters and soils to quantities not exceeding maximum permissible concentrations;

conservation and rational use of biological resources;

the possibility of reproduction of wild animals and maintaining their habitat conditions in a favorable condition;

preservation of the gene pool of flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species.

All environmental indicators for various objects are regulated in the relevant regulations and documents (laws, standards, building codes, instructions, etc.).

Currently, a number of international organizations (UN, IAEA, ISO, IEC, etc.) constantly monitor the functioning of individual facilities, changes in environmental parameters of the natural environment, and the health of the animal world. In recent years, industrialized countries have sharply tightened requirements for the environmental friendliness of facilities. However, this work has not yet produced significant final results on a global scale. Environmental indicators of the globe continue to deteriorate.

In the Russian Federation, on the basis of the Law “On Environmental Protection”, adopted on December 19, 1991, a system of legal and regulatory support for environmental problems is being formed.

Safety indicators characterize the features of products that ensure the safety of humans (operating personnel) during operation or consumption of products, installation, maintenance, repair, storage, transportation from mechanical, electrical, thermal influences, toxic and explosive vapors, acoustic noise, radioactive radiation, etc.

Safety indicators must reflect the requirements that determine measures and means of human protection in an emergency situation that is not authorized and not provided for by the operating rules in a zone of possible danger.

To characterize the dispersion of actual values ​​of a certain quality indicator among different units of the same type of product, homogeneity indicators are used, which are used to assess the stability of quality indicators in conditions of mass and serial production of products.

The better the production is organized, the more homogeneous the raw materials and components used, the more stable the production conditions, including climatic ones, the smaller the spread of possible values ​​of quality indicators characterizing the product.

Indicators of homogeneity, for example, include: standard deviation of quality indicator values, range - the difference between the maximum and minimum results.

The choice of quality indicators establishes a list of names of quantitative characteristics of product properties that are part of its quality and provide an assessment of the level of product quality.

The justification for choosing a range of quality indicators is made taking into account:

purpose and conditions of use of products;

analysis of consumer requirements;

product quality management tasks;

composition and structure of characterized properties;

basic requirements for quality indicators.

The main directions for determining the composition and structure of the characterized properties are reflected in the classification of indicators used in assessing the level of product quality.

By characterized properties They may be single And comprehensive(group, generalized, integral).

By way of expression they may be in natural units (kilograms, meters, points, dimensionless), as well as in cost units.

According to quality level assessment - basic, relative indicators.

By stage of determination - forecasted, design, production, operational indicators.

By characterized properties The following groups of indicators are used: appointments; economical use raw materials, materials, fuel and energy; reliability(reliability, durability, maintainability, maintainability); ergonomic, aesthetic; technological; transportability; standardization And unification; patent law; environmental; security.

Quality indicators must meet the following basic requirements :

help ensure that product quality meets the needs of the national economy and population;

be stable;

contribute to a systematic increase in production efficiency;

take into account modern achievements of science and technology and the main directions of technical progress in sectors of the national economy;

characterize all the properties of a product that determine its suitability to meet certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

The procedure for selecting a range of product quality indicators involves determining:

type of product group;

the purposes of using the nomenclature of product quality indicators, the initial nomenclature of groups of quality indicators;

the initial nomenclature of quality indicators for each group;

method for selecting a range of quality indicators.

The type (group) of products is established on the basis of interindustry and sectoral documents that classify products according to purpose and conditions of use.

The goals of using the nomenclature of product quality indicators are established in accordance with the objectives of product quality management. Depending on the specific features of the product and the conditions of its manufacture and use, some of the indicated groups of product quality indicators may be absent. If necessary, additional groups of indicators specific to the products in question are introduced.

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of a product, determining the main functions for which it is intended to perform, and determine the scope of its application. For products of mechanical engineering and instrument making, electrical engineering and other indicators of purpose characterize the useful work performed by the product.

For conveyors of different types, the purpose indicators are productivity, length and height of transportation, etc.; for measuring instruments - accuracy indicators, measurement limits, etc.

To the group destination indicators include the following subgroups: classification, functional And technical efficiency, constructive, and composition And structures.

Classification indicators characterize whether a product belongs to a certain classification group. TO classification indicators, for example, include: electric motor power; excavator bucket capacity; gear ratio; tensile strength of cardboard for shoes; carbon content in steel, etc.

Indicators of functional and technical efficiency characterize the beneficial effect of the operation or consumption of products and the progressiveness of technical solutions incorporated into the product. These indicators for technical objects are called operational.

TO indicators of functional and technical efficiency relate:

an indicator of machine productivity that determines the number of products manufactured over a certain period;

indicator of the accuracy and speed of operation of the measuring device;

indicator of fabric accuracy for garments;

specific energy intensity of an electric fireplace, determined by electricity consumption per unit of heat generated;

indicator of waterproofness of fabric for a raincoat;

calorie content of food products, etc.

Design indicators characterize the main design solutions, ease of installation and installation of products, the possibility of their aggregation and interchangeability.

For products for which design documentation has been developed, the use of design indicators when assessing the quality level is mandatory.

To constructive indicators, for example, include: overall dimensions; connecting dimensions; the presence of additional devices, for example, the presence of a signal and a calendar in a wristwatch, etc.

Indicators of composition and structure characterize the content of chemical elements or structural groups in products.

To indicators of composition and structure, for example, include:

mass fraction of components (alloying additives) in steel;

concentration of various impurities in acids;

mass fraction of sulfur and ash in coke;

mass fraction of sugar, salt in food products, etc.

Indicators of economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy characterize the properties of a product, reflecting its technical excellence in terms of the level or degree of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy consumed by it.

Such indicators in the manufacture and operation of products, for example, include:

specific consumption of main types of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy (per unit of the main quality indicator);

specific gravity of the product (per unit of the main quality indicator);

coefficient of utilization of material resources - the ratio of useful consumption to the cost of producing a unit of output;

efficiency, etc.

Reliability indicators. Reliability is one of the main properties of industrial products. The complexity and intensity of operating modes of various products is constantly increasing, and the responsibility of the functions performed is increasing. The more important the functions, the higher the reliability requirements should be. Insufficient reliability of machines and devices leads to high costs for repairs and maintaining their operability in operation. The reliability of products largely depends on operating conditions: temperature, humidity, mechanical loads, pressure, radiation, etc.

Terms and definitions in the field of reliability refer to technical objects, which are understood as an object of a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, research and reliability testing, handling, and operation. Objects can be products, systems and their elements, in particular, structures, installations, devices, machines, equipment, devices and their parts, assemblies and individual parts.

Reliability - this is the property of an object to preserve over time, within established limits, the values ​​of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in given modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation. The reliability of an object, depending on the purpose and conditions of its use, includes failure-free operation, durability, maintainability and storability. For specific objects and the conditions of their operation, these properties have different relative importance. For example, for some non-repairable objects the main property is non-failure operation, for those being repaired - maintainability. Parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions include kinematic And dynamic options, indicators of operational accuracy, productivity, speed And. etc. Over time, the values ​​of these parameters may change. When changes exceed permissible limits, the object goes into an inoperable state. The reliability of an object is assessed quantitatively using indicators that are selected and determined taking into account the characteristics of the object, the modes and conditions of its operation and the consequences of failures.

Reliability - the property of an object to continuously maintain an operational state for some time or some operating time.

Reliability indicators include: probability of failure-free operation; mean time between failures; failure rate; failure flow parameter.

Durability - the property of an object to maintain an operational state until a limit state occurs with an established maintenance and repair system. An object can go into a limiting state while remaining operational if, for example, its use becomes unacceptable according to the requirements of safety, efficiency and harmlessness. TO durability indicators include: average resource; resource between medium (overhaul) repairs; resource before write-off, average service life, etc.

Maintainability - property of an object, which consists in its adaptability to preventing and detecting the causes of failures, damage and maintaining and restoring an operational state through maintenance and repairs.

Maintainability is affected by the design features of machines, mechanisms and components; access to control units and adjustment points; completeness of accompanying documentation. Maintainability is closely related to constructability and manufacturability. TO maintainability indicators include: the likelihood of restoration to a working state; average time to restore working condition; average labor intensity of repair and maintenance.

Storability - the property of an object to maintain the values ​​of indicators of reliability, durability and maintainability during and after storage or transportation. The main indicator of shelf life is the average shelf life.

Shelf life - this is the calendar duration of storage or transportation of an object, during and after which the values ​​of reliability, durability and maintainability indicators are maintained within established limits. Indicators of the persistence of technical objects include the gamma percentage shelf life, i.e. the shelf life achieved with a given gamma probability, expressed as a percentage. The preservation of materials, products and substances is mainly associated with changes in their physicochemical properties.

The preservation of an object is characterized by its ability to withstand the negative impact of conditions and duration of storage and transportation on its reliability, maintainability and durability. Storability is presented in the form of two components, one manifests itself during storage, and the other during use of the object after storage or transportation.

It is obvious that long-term storage and transportation under the required conditions for many objects can negatively affect not only their behavior during storage or transportation, but also during the subsequent use of the object. The second component of preservation is essential. It is necessary to distinguish between the preservation of an object before commissioning and the preservation of an object during operation during interruptions in work. In the second case, the shelf life is included in the service life.

Depending on the characteristics and purpose of the object, its shelf life before commissioning may include the shelf life in packaging or in preserved form, the installation period and the storage period in another packaged or preserved more complex object.

The reliability indicator quantitatively characterizes one or more properties that make up the reliability of an object. The reliability indicator may have a dimension (for example, time between failures) or not (for example, the probability of failure-free operation). Reliability indicators can be single or complex. Unit reliability indicator characterizes one of the properties, A complex - several properties, making up the reliability of the object.

Examples of single reliability indicators: time between failures of a radio receiver, characterizing its reliability; gamma percentage life of the car before major repairs, characterizing its durability; the average time to restore the radio receiver to an operational state, characterizing its maintainability; the designated shelf life of the battery, characterizing its shelf life.

A comprehensive reliability indicator quantitatively characterizes at least two main components, for example, reliability and maintainability. An example of a complex reliability indicator is availability factor, the value of which in some cases is determined by the formula:

Where T-product time between failures (failure-free operation indicator);

TV- average recovery time (repairability indicator).

It is clear from the formula that the availability factor simultaneously characterizes two different properties of an object - reliability and maintainability.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the convenience and comfort of consumption (operation) of a product at the stages of the functional process in the “person-product-environment of use” system.

The development and complication of technology required optimal coordination of product designs with human performance characteristics. This is how the science of ergonomics arose, which deals with the comprehensive study and design of work activities to optimize products, working conditions and processes. The environment of use is understood as the space in which a person carries out functional activities, for example, a tractor cabin, a passenger car interior, a workshop room, etc.

The effectiveness of human interaction with a product can be characterized, for example, by indicators of productivity, accuracy, error-free operation, and human fatigue. Increasing the efficiency of human interaction with a product is achieved by improving working conditions.

The classification and nomenclature of economic indicators includes:

1. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for working posture, reach zones, hand grip, including compliance of the product and its elements:

the size and shape of the human body and its parts;

distribution of human body weight.

2. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for the volume and speed of human working movements, its strength, conditions for receiving, processing and issuing information, including indicators of product compliance:

strength, energy and speed capabilities of a person;

the capabilities of the human visual organs, the size, shape, brightness, contrast, color and spatial position of the object of observation;

the capabilities of the human hearing organs containing sources of sound information;

the capabilities of the human taste and smell organs;

tactile capabilities of a person.

3. Indicators characterizing the degree of product compliance with ergonomic requirements for means of information interaction between a person and a product, as well as the formation of skills, including indicators of product compliance management:

human capabilities for perception, storage and processing of information;

fixed and newly formed human skills (taking into account the ease and speed of their formation).

4. Indicators characterizing the direct influence of the environment of use and the indirect influence of the product through the environment on the efficiency of human activity:

level of microclimatic factors (temperature, humidity, pressure):

lighting characteristics;

noise, vibration and overload levels;

radiation level;

level of mobility and changeability of air flow;

air mixture composition;

level of intensity of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic fields.

An ergonomic product quality indicator quantitatively characterizes one or more ergonomic properties of a product used to determine its compliance with ergonomic requirements. An example of an ergonomic indicator is the force on the handle of a mechanism. The set of ergonomic indicators may change as scientific and technological progress develops, new properties of the products being evaluated are identified and studied.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the aesthetic properties of products: informational expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production execution.

Information expressiveness is determined by the shape of the product and is characterized by such single quality indicators as iconicity, originality, style compliance, and fashion compliance. The iconicity of a product influences social and aesthetic ideas and perceptions of society. The presence of originality, originality and other characteristics in the form of products distinguishes this product from similar ones and at the same time corresponds to the main compositional design. The correspondence of stable features of the form to the level of social and cultural development of consumers is determined by the indicator of the quality of style matching. The property inherent in the product and reflecting the existing aesthetic views of society is characterized by an indicator of compliance with fashion. It should be borne in mind that fashion and views on the artistic forms of products are very changeable.

The rationality of the form is expressed by indicators of functional-constructive fitness and expediency. Functional and constructive adaptability is associated with the reflection in the form of a product of the functions it performs, design solutions, features of manufacturing technology and materials used.

The integrity of the composition, which characterizes the relationship between the compositional properties of the product, includes the following quality indicators: organization of the volumetric-spatial structure, tectonicity, plasticity, graphic detailing of the form and elements, color scheme. The organization of the volumetric-spatial structure expresses how fully the laws of logic are used in the form of the product. This quality indicator can also take into account proportions, scale, rhythm and other constructive and artistic means of product composition. The actual structure of the product and its design solutions, reflected in the form, are assessed by the tectonicity indicator. Plasticity determines the expressiveness of the volumetric and elemental form of a product. The specificity of the outlines of the volumetric and elemental form is expressed by the indicator of the graphic depiction of the form, and the relationship and combination of colors of the product is expressed by the color scheme.

The perfection of the production execution of a product is determined by the following quality indicators: thoroughness of coating and surface finishing; cleanliness of joints, roundings and mating surfaces; the clarity of the execution of brand names, signs, packaging and accompanying documentation, i.e. these indicators characterize the presentation of the product.

The assessment of aesthetic quality indicators of specific product samples is carried out by an expert commission. The criterion for aesthetic evaluation is a ranked (reference) series of products of a similar class and purpose, compiled by experts on the basis of basic samples submitted to the commission by the manufacturer and selected by experts.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of the composition and structure or design of a product, which determine its adaptability to achieving optimal costs in production, operation and restoration for given values ​​of product quality indicators, the volume of its output and the conditions of work.

TO manufacturability indicators include: specific labor intensity of product manufacturing; specific material consumption of the product; material utilization rate; specific energy intensity of the product; average one-time operational labor intensity of maintenance (repair) of this type; average one-time operational duration of maintenance (repair) of this type, etc.

Specific labor intensity of product manufacturing determined by the formula:

Where T- total labor intensity of manufacturing products;

IN - determining parameter of the product.

Total labor intensity calculated by the formula:

Where t1 - labor intensity for individual workshops, areas or types of work included in the technological process of manufacturing a given product;

k - number of workshops, sections or types of work.

Specific material consumption of products determined by the formula:

Where M- total material consumption of products;

IN - defining parameter of the product.

Total material consumption of products determined by the formula:

An important indicator of manufacturability, characterizing the efficiency of using material resources in the manufacture of products, is material utilization rate and is determined by the formula:

K i. m=Mg/Mv

Where Mg- quantity (weight) of material in the finished product, kg;

MV - quantity (mass) of material introduced into the technological process, kg.

The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of product design, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of product, type of production and stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

The number of indicators should be minimal, but sufficient to assess manufacturability.

Transportability indicators characterize the adaptability of products to transportation without using or consuming them.

Transportability indicators include:

average duration of preparation of products for transportation;

average labor intensity of preparing products for transportation;

the average duration of installation of products on a vehicle of a certain type;

coefficient of utilization of the volume of the means of transportation;

the average duration of unloading a batch of products from a certain type of transportation means.

Preparatory operations preceding transportation include packaging, sealing, loading, depreciation, installation, securing, etc. Preparation for transportation of products may also contain some operations for preparing the corresponding vehicles.

Transportation costs include costs associated with the operation of vehicles and operations to care for products during transportation.

Final operations include unloading the product, unpacking it, etc. This may also include some operations to transfer vehicles to their original state.

Transportability is most fully and comprehensively assessed by cost indicators that allow one to simultaneously take into account material and labor costs, qualifications and the number of people involved in transportation work, as well as the time factor.

To assess transportability indicators, it is necessary to have initial data characterizing the transportation process, such as: mass and volume of a unit of product, indicators of physical and mechanical properties, overall dimensions of the product, indicators of product preservation, maximum permissible values ​​of transportation modes (maximum speed of transport, inertial overloads and etc.), norms of loading and unloading operations, the coefficient of the maximum possible use of the capacity or carrying capacity of a vehicle when transporting a given product, the susceptibility of transported goods to thermal and mechanical external influences, etc.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment that arise during the operation or consumption of products.

When choosing environmental indicators, requirements must be reflected, the fulfillment of which ensures the maintenance of rational interaction between human activity and the environment, as well as the prevention of direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of operation or consumption of products on nature.

Accounting for environmental indicators should ensure:

limiting the flow of industrial, transport and domestic wastewater and emissions into the natural environment to reduce the content of pollutants in the atmosphere, natural waters and soils to quantities not exceeding maximum permissible concentrations;

conservation and rational use of biological resources;

the possibility of reproduction of wild animals and maintaining their habitat conditions in a favorable condition;

preservation of the geophone of flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species.

To justify the need to take into account environmental indicators when assessing the quality of products, an analysis of the processes of its operation or consumption is carried out to identify the possibility of chemical, mechanical, light, sound, biological, radiation and other impacts on the natural environment. When identifying the harmful effects of these factors on nature, a group of environmental indicators must be included in the range of indicators used to assess the level of product quality.

TO environmental performance include: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment; the likelihood of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation, operation or consumption of products.

When assessing the level of product quality taking into account environmental indicators, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements (standards) for environmental protection. These requirements and standards are determined by:

accepted international technical regulations and standards;

a system of state standards in the field of protection and improvement of the use of natural resources and other regulatory documents in this area.

Safety indicators characterize product features that ensure human safety (operating personnel) during operation or consumption of products, installation, maintenance, repair, storage, transportation from mechanical, electrical, thermal influences, toxic and explosive vapors, acoustic noise, radioactive radiation, etc. .

Safety indicators must reflect the requirements that determine measures and means of human protection in an emergency situation that is not authorized and not provided for by the operating rules in a zone of possible danger.

To characterize the dispersion of actual values ​​of a certain quality indicator among different units of the same type of product, homogeneity indicators are used, which are used to assess the stability of quality indicators in conditions of mass and serial production of products.

The better the production is organized, the more homogeneous the raw materials and components used, the more stable the production conditions, including climatic ones, the smaller the spread of possible values ​​of quality indicators characterizing the product.

TO homogeneity indicators , for example, include: standard deviation of quality indicator values, scope- the difference between the maximum and minimum results.

When assessing the level of product quality, it is necessary to take into account economic indicators characterizing the costs of development, production, operation or consumption of products.

Examples of economic indicators are the costs of manufacturing and testing prototypes, the cost of manufacturing products, and the costs of consumables during the operation of technical facilities.

Economic indicators are a special type of indicators for assessing the level of product quality, since they are practically interconnected with all classification groups of indicators (purpose, reliability, manufacturability, etc.).

The national economic effect of improving the quality of products is determined by summing up the total savings over the entire service life that the use of products of improved quality and savings in their production gives in the national economy.

Using state standards of class GOST 4. – System of product quality indicators, quality indicators are selected for the designed facility.

In the list of product quality indicators, destination indicators come first. Moreover, in some cases, purpose indicators are divided into main, basic and auxiliary. For example, the main parameter (the purpose indicator with a numerical criterion becomes a parameter) of a lathe is the dimensions of the workpiece (diameter and length), the main ones are productivity and accuracy, the auxiliary ones are weight, occupied area, etc.

Indicators and parameters determine, as well as other indicators of product quality, a niche in the sales market and the competitiveness of products. Therefore, special attention is paid to their selection.

When designing an object, it is necessary to set quality indicators and ensure their compliance.

Assessment of the technical level and quality of industrial products is based on a comparison of the totality of quality indicators of the products being assessed with the corresponding values ​​of the quality indicators of the base sample.

GOST 22851-77 establishes the following nomenclature of the main 10 groups of quality indicators according to the product properties they characterize:

1. Destination indicators characterize the properties of the product, determining the main functions for which it is intended to perform, and determine the scope of its application.

2.Reliability indicators characterize the properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and storage.

Reliability– the ability of a product to remain operational for some time or operating time.

Durability– the property of a product to maintain operability to its limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair.

Maintainability– the ability of the product to be repaired.

Storability– the property of products and products to maintain a serviceable and usable condition during the storage and transportation period established in the technical documentation, as well as after it.

3.Ergonomic indicators characterize the “person-product” system and take into account the complex of human properties manifested in production and everyday processes. These include hygienic(light, temperature, pressure, humidity), anthropometric(clothes, shoes, furniture, control panels) and psychophysiological(speed and power capabilities, thresholds of hearing, vision, etc.).

4.Aesthetic indicators characterize information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production execution, stability of presentation (characteristics of artistic styles, shades, smells, harmony, etc.).

5.Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of products that determine the optimal distribution of costs of materials, time and labor during technical preparation of production, manufacturing and operation of products. These are indicators of labor intensity, material and capital intensity, and product cost. Both general (total) and structural, specific, comparative or relative indicators are calculated.

6.Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, standardized and original parts, as well as the level of unification with other products.

The main indicators of unification are the coefficients of applicability, repeatability, mutual unification for groups of products, the proportion of original parts (assemblies). All parts of products manufactured in accordance with state and industry standards are standard.

7.Patent and legal indicators characterize the degree of updating of technical solutions used in products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in our country and abroad (the number or proportion of patented or licensed parts (assemblies), etc.).

8.Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. For example: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment, the likelihood of the release of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and use of products, the level of maximum permissible concentrations.

9.Safety indicators characterize the features of the product that determine human safety during its operation or consumption. They reflect the requirements for standards and means of protecting people in a zone of possible danger in the event of an emergency, and are provided for by the system of state standards for occupational safety, as well as international standards.

10.Economic indicators characterize the costs of development, production, operation or consumption of products, taken into account in the integral indicator of product quality (various types of costs, cost, price, etc.), when comparing different product samples - technical and economic indicators.

Economic indicators constitute a separate group of indicators and are taken into account when assessing the technical level and quality separately, when the beneficial effect of operating the product and the total costs of its costs and operation have been established.

The choice of the nomenclature of quality indicators establishes a list of names of quantitative characteristics of product properties that constitute its quality and provide the possibility of adequately assessing the level of product quality. When justifying the choice of a range of quality indicators for industrial products, the following are taken into account:

Purpose and conditions of use (operation) of products.

Consumer requirement.

Ensuring solutions to product quality management problems.

Composition and structure of characterizing properties.

Basic requirements for quality indicators.

The composition and structure of quality indicators are determined in accordance with the full classification of quality indicators used in assessing the quality level of industrial products. An example of a typical nomenclature of quality indicators is given in Appendix A.

3.2 Failure Risk Analysis (FMEA)

The method of analyzing the types and consequences of potential defects (FMEA) is an effective tool for improving the quality of developed technical objects, aimed at preventing defects or reducing the negative consequences of them. This is achieved through the anticipation of defects and/or failures and their analysis, carried out at the design stages of structures and production processes, to refine and improve designs and processes put into production.

The FMEA method allows you to analyze potential defects, their causes and consequences, assess the risks of their occurrence and non-detection at the enterprise and take measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood and damage from their occurrence. This is one of the most effective methods for refining the design of technical objects and their manufacturing processes at such important stages of the product life cycle as its development and preparation for production. The application of the FMEA method is based on the following principles: Teamwork. The implementation of the FMEA method is carried out by a specially selected cross-functional team of experts. Hierarchy. For complex technical objects or processes of their manufacture, both the object or process as a whole and their components are analyzed; component defects are considered according to their effect on the object (or process) in which they are included. Iterativeness. The analysis is repeated for any changes to the object or requirements for it, which may lead to a change in the complex risk of a defect. Registration of FMEA results. The relevant reporting documents should record the results of the analysis and decisions on necessary changes and actions.

In the FMEA process, the following tasks are solved:

Compile a list of all potentially possible types of defects of a technical object or its production process, taking into account both the experience of manufacturing and testing of similar objects and the experience of real actions and possible personnel errors in the production process, operation, maintenance and repair of similar technical objects;

Determine possible adverse consequences from each potential defect, conduct a qualitative analysis of the severity of the consequences and quantitative assessment of their significance;

Determine the causes of each potential defect and evaluate the frequency of occurrence of each cause in accordance with the proposed design and manufacturing process, as well as in accordance with the expected operating, maintenance, and repair conditions;

Assess the sufficiency of the operations provided for in the technological cycle aimed at preventing defects in operation, and the sufficiency of methods for preventing defects during maintenance and repair; quantitatively evaluate the possibility of preventing a defect through the provided operations to detect the causes of defects at the stage of manufacturing the object and signs of defects at the stage of operation of the object;

The criticality of each defect (with its cause) is assessed quantitatively by the priority number of the risk of PPR and, with a high PPR, the design and production process, as well as the requirements and operating rules, are refined in order to reduce the criticality of this defect.

The operating algorithm of the FMEA command is presented in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 - Algorithm of the FMEA command

As part of the course work, the following steps must be completed:

1. Conduct an analysis of possible failures of the object.

2. Draw up an Ishikawa diagram for the identified failures (Figure 3.2).

3. Determine the basic PPR of the product.

4. Determine the PFC for level 2 factors and the average PFC for the analyzed failures.

5. Construct a Pareto diagram for 1st level factors.

6. Identify the most significant failures, the elimination of which should be addressed with special attention at the design stage.

Figure 3.2– Ishikawa diagram of factors causing vehicle failure

Each design parameter is assessed according to three criteria:

Significance (S);

Probability of Occurrence (O);

Probability of detection (D).

After receiving expert assessments S, O, D, the priority number of the PHR risk is calculated using the formula:

PCHR =S x O x D (1)

The basic PPR is calculated for an object based on statistical data:

PCHR =S x O x D=5 x 3 x 3=45 (2)

Table 3.4 - PFR for factors of the 2nd level and average PFR for the analyzed failures