So, the functions of e-government are defined as follows:

Organization of public administration based on electronic means of processing, transmission and dissemination of information, provision of services by government bodies of all branches of government to all categories of citizens (pensioners, workers, businessmen, government employees, etc.) by electronic means, informing

I use the same means of citizens about the work of government bodies;

Information technologies in public administration;

State on the Internet;

A metaphor that means information interaction between government bodies and society using information and telecommunication technologies;

e-business ideas transformed for government and government organizations, in which the government acts as a type of corporate user of information technology;

Automated government services, the main functions of which are; ensuring free access of citizens to all necessary government information, collecting taxes, registering vehicles and patents, issuing the necessary information, concluding agreements and processing the supply of materials and equipment necessary for the state apparatus;

The use of new technologies, including Internet technologies, in government bodies.

The introduction of e-government technologies can lead to lower costs and savings for taxpayers on maintaining and financing the activities of the government apparatus, increasing the openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies.

Electronic government allows, among other things, to solve three main problems of the authorities: introduce electronic document management, which will reduce bureaucratic delays and speed up decision-making, transfer electronic communication between citizens and businesses with the authorities on the principle of one window (government portal) and, in addition, make state and municipal government more transparent, bureaucratize power and bring it closer to citizens.

E-government gives citizens more opportunities to influence the life of the country by providing them with the opportunity to express their point of view through Internet technologies. At the same time, the Internet allows government bodies to increase their importance and influence by providing new services that are maximally adapted to the consumer. It is important to note that e-government is not the automation of existing processes, not the electronic duplication of off-line activities, but the creation of new processes and new relationships between the “governed and the ruling,” aimed at increasing the efficiency of the state as a whole.

Thus, e-government is the concept of a new state management system, an element of a large-scale information transformation of society. Changes in the regulatory framework, educational priorities, principles of budget formation and expenditure, environmental guidelines, redistribution of areas of priority competence of state and public structures, shifting emphasis in the economy, updating and expanding value structures, shifting emphasis in the economy, updating and expanding the value paradigms of society - all this, together with many other components of the life of society, is the basis for the reengineering of public administration based on the creation and functioning of the principles of e-government.

The introduction of e-government in the country harmonizes the relationship between the authorities and the population, reduces dissatisfaction with the authorities, and softens political confrontation thanks to constructive electronic dialogue between the entire society and the authorities. As a result, a new paradigm of public administration is being formed, based on interaction through the Internet of all structures and institutions of society: civil servants, business, active citizens, educational and research institutions, public groups, civil organizations.

2. Three stages of e-government

Typically, there are three stages in the process of implementing e-government.

Stage 1 ( publicity). At this stage, ICT tools expand and make faster and more targeted access of citizens, organizations and enterprises to government information. To implement this stage, authorities create their own websites on which legislative and other regulations, forms of necessary documents, statistical and economic data are posted. The main element of this stage is the speed of updating information and the presence of a government web portal that integrates all government information resources and provides access to them “through one window.” This stage in Belarus is actually implemented by the president’s website, supplemented by the websites of the government, ministries, executive committees and other government bodies.

Stage 2 ( online transactions). At the second stage, government services (registration of real estate and land plots, filling out tax returns, filing applications for permits) are provided online. The transition to this stage makes it possible to optimize bureaucratic and labor-intensive procedures and reduces the scale of corruption (virtual contact with an official reduces his ability to extort bribes). The implementation of this stage allows authorities to provide services in electronic form (e-services) to the population and firms 24 hours a day and 7 days a week through a “one window” (the government portal mentioned above).

Stage 3 ( participation). At the third stage, public participation in public administration is ensured by ensuring interactive interaction between citizens and firms with politicians and officials throughout the entire cycle of developing public policy at all levels of government. It is implemented through web forums where draft normative and legislative acts are discussed and proposals are accumulated. A typical example of a web forum was organized quite recently in Belarus on issues of Belarusian state ideology.

3. Ten priority measures to build e-government

1. Systematically announce all government meetings. Communicate the time, place, agenda, and opportunities for citizens to submit proposals, participate, or observe (virtually) proceedings.

2. Place a “democracy button” on the home page of the website, which opens the user to a special section about the purpose and mission of government agencies and organizations, about key government officials, links to major laws, budget details and other government accountability information. Publish information about how citizens can most effectively influence institutional policy. This may contain links to relevant national/local parliamentary committees and bodies.

The implementation of ES initiatives will be ensured through the use of structured, systematic approaches to the planning and implementation of these initiatives, based on the development and implementation of a unified ES architecture.

The unified ES architecture (hereinafter referred to as EA) is a structure that reflects the relationships between all elements of the ES and should allow one to identify and systematize the existing needs of various ministries and departments for the use of ICT, opportunities to reduce existing redundancy, and also determine the areas in which they have homogeneous requests for investment in ICT.

The unified electronic architecture, being a reference model of processes and structures of public administration, represents the methodological basis of implemented ICT projects and activities. In this capacity, EA is intended to provide:

support for the correctness of the goals of individual projects,

coordination of projects among themselves,

assessment of the effectiveness of individual projects,

optimizing the use of funds by eliminating duplication of work,

investing in promising technologies and compatible systems.

The key role of the EA is clearly demonstrated by the example of interdepartmental projects, where the EA acts as a single “framework”, which is used both as a set of criteria for evaluating projects and as one of the mandatory normative and methodological tools for selecting, implementing and monitoring the effectiveness of projects.

EA is a holistic view of what government and individual agencies do, how they work, and how ICT provides the support they need to do it. Without such a systematic approach, the implementation of an e-government initiative will inevitably be associated with a large number of problems and ineffective costs.

The general structure of the EA consists of three architectural layers related to the requirements for meeting the needs (Figure 13):

activity architecture;

system architecture;

technical architecture,

as well as two “end-to-end” architectural components, which have their own reflections in each of the three previous layers:

business continuity and security architecture;

performance (efficiency) architecture.

The architecture of activities should be based on a model for describing the activities of state and local authorities in terms of functions and processes for implementing these functions. This model should describe the mutual obligations of public authorities, as well as their obligations towards citizens and businesses.

System architecture reflects the primary relationships between the services offered by state and local governments and the application architectural components that support those services using application-level ICT. It contains standards and recommendations for the development of information systems of state and local authorities that ensure the implementation of government functions, as well as basic components and elements of electronic signatures that should be used centrally or repeatedly by many departments: electronic signature portal, certification center, national identification system.

Technical architecture reflects the capabilities of basic information and communication technologies as a means of organizing the interaction of application components of the system architecture with each other, with data sources and with users of information systems. This architecture includes standards and recommendations for hardware and software used in the state, communications, technology standards and protocols, as well as a methodology for describing and standardizing data from state information systems and a metadata standard.

The architecture of business continuity and security is intended to plan, support the implementation and control at the architectural level of complexes of actions and tools designed to ensure the continuity of the activities of authorities and electronic systems with specified parameter values ​​and ensure information security.

Figure 13. Unified ES architecture.

The architecture of performance (efficiency) of the electronic system and its components is a system of balanced indicators and general metrics for assessing the values ​​of productivity, effectiveness and efficiency of electronic components throughout the vertical - from individual information systems and business processes to the main operating results and their strategic impacts (consequences).

The main components of the electronic infrastructure include (Figure 14):

Figure 14. General diagram of the electronic infrastructure.

• 1. Electronic portal, providing a single entry point to departmental information systems aimed at providing interactive services to citizens and business structures.
• 2. A certification center, which is a component of the public key infrastructure, which is the basis for ensuring secure information exchange, authorized access to services provided by departmental information systems, as well as confirmation of the authorship of electronic documents.
• 3. National identification system, which allows identifying subjects of interaction.
• 4. A unified secure transport environment that ensures the functioning and interaction of internal information systems, and secure access to public telecommunications.
• 5. Information systems of departments and local authorities - providers of electronic services.

EP portal

Government interaction with citizens and businesses should be organized through the electronic portal, which represents a “single point of access” to all electronic services and public information resources of government agencies.

At first, it is necessary to determine a set of electronic services that allow citizens and organizations to receive samples of all documents (forms) that need to be filled out when contacting government agencies, instructions for filling them out and printing them, mechanisms for searching documents according to specified criteria and full-text search. This approach will allow departments to standardize electronic document forms in advance, design their appearance and field structure so that they are correctly displayed on the terminal screen.

It is necessary to develop means of authentication and personalization of users, to provide access to information resources and electronic services using all available means of communication (Internet, e-mail, WAP mobile protocol, etc.).

It is necessary to organize interaction with the payment system of the Republic of Kazakhstan to carry out financial transactions.

The consistent launch of electronic services must be ensured in accordance with the chosen strategy and priorities, taking into account electronic services, the implementation of which requires the interaction of information systems of various departments.

Integration and interaction of various services and information systems of various departments can be carried out both through web services and message routing functions.

The functions of routing messages between information systems of various departments, as well as transforming these messages based on appropriate XML schemas in order to ensure compatibility of information systems, should be provided through the Government Gateway, which is the interface between the portal and information systems of departments and local authorities.

The main components of such an interface are:

An environment for guaranteed delivery, transformation and routing of messages based on standard Internet protocols.

A communicative XML format that serves as a means of describing and organizing information interaction between the electronic portal and departmental information systems. In this case, the data can still be stored in application systems and databases in its internal format, but if it needs to be sent to another application, it will be transformed into the XML format, as an intermediate format that is understood by all systems.

It should be based on a metadata base that describes the composition and properties of data stored in departmental information systems and methods of access to them. Metadata that ensures the efficiency of information retrieval (on the portal), description of semi-structured information (documents), creation of archives with records of electronic documents.

The use of a communicative XML format already at the design stage will allow developers of departmental information systems to systematize, unify and standardize, to a certain extent, the properties of departmental data.

The functions of continuous support and development of the communicative XML format, based on the description of departmental information systems in the ITR Register, must be assigned to the national operator in the field of informatization, CJSC National Information Technologies.

The development of the portal, taking into account the pace of formation and readiness of electronic infrastructure elements, is an evolutionary process. Its implementation should occur in stages.

To implement an electronic signature portal, it is advisable to purchase standard, well-debugged software that implements most of the functions described above.

Verification Center

The certification center is designed to support user authentication procedures on the digital signature portal, providing confirmation of the compliance of the public key with the electronic digital signature isi the private key of the electronic digital signature, as well as to confirm the authenticity of the registration certificate of the portal user. The Certification Authority is contacted only when the user accesses a service that requires confirmation of access rights to it. After the first request, electronic documents generated by the portal user in this work session are automatically signed with his electronic digital signature and acquire legal status.

The task of the Certification Center is also to ensure secure electronic document flow between government bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Electronic documents signed in the process of work acquire legal status in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 7, 2003 No. 370-II “On Electronic Documents and Electronic Digital Signatures”.

The work of the Certification Center should be based on a public key infrastructure, the creation and full use of which will allow the government to guarantee a high level of information security, ensure compliance with the constitutional rights of citizens to confidentiality in their interaction with the state, the rights of commercial structures to protect trade secrets, which will lead to an expansion of the circle of consumers e-government services.

User authentication technology should allow the use of specialized personal devices as carriers of key information that exclude the possibility of counterfeiting/replication, such as smart cards. The specific choice of device must be determined at the technical design stage.

An important task of maintaining personal records is to determine whether key information on electronic media belongs to a given individual. A solution here could be the use of identification methods based on measuring biometric indicators (fingerprints, iris patterns, etc.).

National identification system

One of the main functional components of the electronic signature is the national identification system, which provides procedures for identifying subjects of information exchange.

Currently, registration and identification of individuals and legal entities is carried out at the departmental level. The existence of various identification numbers, such as social individual code (SIC), taxpayer registration number (TRN) and others, complicates the integration of information systems. The electronic signature concept requires a single identification number. The solution is to create unified registers of individuals and legal entities that, at the transitional stage, have departmental identification numbers as additional attributes.

An individual identification number must be assigned from the moment of registration of birth, or acquisition of citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and at the transition stage - when issuing an identity card. The identification number must be affixed and used in all documents received by a person throughout his life. It must ensure the integration of data about an individual from different information systems and satisfy the following requirements: immutability throughout the citizen’s life, the minimum possible length, noise immunity, and the possibility of automatic generation in a decentralized mode.

To improve the quality of services provided by the government to citizens and businesses, it is necessary to develop measures for the introduction of identity cards based on microprocessor electronic technologies containing a registration certificate of a public key of an electronic digital signature, intended for passing the authentication procedure on the electronic digital signature portal. In addition, such ID cards may contain additional personal information (driver's license, medical and payment cards, etc.) and should in the future become a critical element of the e-government infrastructure.

The implementation of unified personalized accounting will be carried out through the formation of the State Database “Individuals”.

The State Database “Legal Entities” is designed to ensure unified accounting of legal entities and should ensure the integration of departmental registers of legal entities, such as the register of taxpayers, the register of legal entities of statistical bodies, the register of the Ministry of Justice. The implementation of this database should ensure a single centralized registration of legal entities.

The Address Register SDB should serve as the only source of address information for information systems and software of the National Information Infrastructure. This register must contain toponymic and geonomic information about all settlements, streets, buildings, apartments and other real estate objects. The address register also records changes in the status of address information (renaming of settlements, streets, etc., introduction or termination of toponyms and geonyms). It should be based on a single regulatory and reference address information for all participants in the information space.

Unified transport environment of government agencies

Currently, government agencies are building their information and communication systems (ICS) independently and in isolation from each other, focusing solely on their own needs.

In particular, when implementing integrated distributed multi-level systems (tax and customs administration, treasury and pension systems), the lack of a unified transport environment for government agencies led to the creation of corporate communication networks. With this approach, significant financial and material resources are scattered, there is no unified security policy, and the organization of interdepartmental interaction at any level of the administrative-territorial structure of the state is problematic.

The solution is to create a unified multi-service secure transport environment of government agencies (hereinafter referred to as the UTS GO RK) with the participation of telecom operators based on modern technologies, which will allow:

• - organize a unified information protection and security policy;
• - combine existing and developing departmental information systems of government bodies;
• - create virtual private networks;
• - reduce the costs of operating departmental networks of government agencies and interdepartmental information exchange networks.

The creation of the UTS GO RK based on modern technical solutions should ensure the organization of a reliable public secure data transmission network with the provision of services of guaranteed quality of service for the transmission of heterogeneous traffic (video, voice, data) based on modern data transmission technologies.

Information systems of departments and local authorities

Departmental information systems reflect the specifics of the work of a particular department related to its functional purpose. Currently informatization of departments is mainly focused on automating internal business processes. In accordance with this concept, the architecture of departmental information systems should be revised and supplemented taking into account the provision of electronic services to citizens and business structures. In pursuance of this provision, each department must adopt its own industry informatization program.

Within the framework of departmental information systems, the components of the “Resources of Kazakhstan” database are being formed, which are many independent databases, such as: natural and mineral resources and subsoil, national oil and gas data bank, library collections, etc.

The Real Estate Register is an integral part of the “Resources of Kazakhstan” database, and it is a single protected source of information about all real estate objects on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including buildings, structures, apartments.

The land cadastre is designed to store accounting information about land plots.

Departmental information systems that implement electronic services must be developed independently in accordance with a unified ES architecture.

The main service providers within the framework of the concept are information systems of local authorities, providing such services as registration at the place of residence, payment of utility bills, etc.

Information systems that implement electronic services at the local level are developed centrally, tested in pilot zones and replicated in the regions.

The services of the government-to-government sector are provided by such integrated information systems as a unified electronic document management system, a standard information support system for the administrative and economic activities of government bodies. Also here we can note such departmental systems as the information system for the formation of the republican budget and the Situational system of public administration of the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the integrated information system of the treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the implemented electronic public procurement system of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for public procurement, etc.

Introduction
1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society
1.1. Electronic government as a concept of public administration inherent in the information society
1.2. Regulatory and legal framework of e-government of the Russian Federation
2. International experience in implementing e-government
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

The development of the e-government system as part of public administration, through the introduction of information computer technologies, taking into account the administrative transformations taking place in Russia, is an indispensable requirement for entering the global information society.

The relevance of the topic is caused, first of all, by the rapid development of modern information and communication technologies and the general growth of information interaction based on electronic information exchange. Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” is a program for the development and financing of public administration reform measures. It carries out administrative reform projects to solve problems of interdepartmental interaction in the provision of public services and the performance of other state functions, as well as the creation of a “single entry point” for obtaining information about the structure and functions of government bodies and government agencies. Contributes to increasing the information openness of state authorities and local self-government for society, increasing the efficiency of their interaction with citizens and improving the quality of services they provide to citizens and organizations.

1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society

1.1. Electronic government, as a concept of public administration, inherent in the information society.

By historical standards, the lifespan of information computer technology (hereinafter referred to as ICT) on the planet is a moment. But humanity has already managed to determine the path of development of civilization - the information society. According to modern views, the information society is a society in which the production and consumption of information is the most important activity, and information is recognized as the most significant resource, new information and telecommunication technologies and equipment become basic technologies and equipment, and the information environment, along with the social and environmental - new human habitat.

Today, all developed countries of the world are moving to an information society, the formation of which is recognized as an inevitable stage in the development of mankind. For more than twenty years, the formation of the information society has been the subject of program development at the national, international and regional levels. These developments are aimed at identifying and implementing effective ways for countries to move towards the information society, as well as making full use of the opportunities and advantages that arise for these countries as they move along the chosen path.

The process of formation of the information society occurs in different countries with different intensity and characteristics. In the most general form, two models of such development can be distinguished: “Western” and “Eastern”.[i] In the “Western” model, the main role is given to the liberalization of the information superhighway market and their universal service. In the “eastern” culture, more attention is paid to cooperation between the state and the market; there is a desire to establish a connection between traditional cultural values ​​and social changes, inevitable with the formation of a global information society. At the same time, within each of these models there are differences, which are largely determined by the level of economic and socio-political development of a particular society. Today it becomes clear that not all countries are yet ready to cross a new stage in the evolution of human society or even approach it, however, if we evaluate world development as a whole, the process of formation of a global information society seems irreversible.

The implementation of the information society is impossible without the introduction of e-government. Electronic government – This is a concept for the implementation of public administration inherent in the information society. The components of high-quality public administration are: accountability (responsibility), transparency (openness) of government bodies, efficiency of decision-making.

Currently it is possible to distinguish 4 main models of “electronic government”, which have received practical implementation in the USA, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region and Russia. Conventionally, they can be called like this

continental European model;

Anglo-American model;

Asian model;

Russian model, which is presented in the targeted federal program “Electronic Russia (2002–2010)”

The connection between e-government and administrative reforms, in the most general form, is expressed in the fact that, firstly, it serves as a reform tool, secondly, it renews interest in administrative reform, thirdly, it highlights internal inconsistencies in public administration, fourth, it forces governments to commit to better governance, fifth, it increases the legitimation of government activity, and sixth, it speaks to the government's willingness to change in accordance with the needs of today.

Electronic government in foreign countries is part of administrative reforms, while in Russia, in parallel, the principles of electronic government and administrative reform are being introduced. Only on paper, the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” carries out administrative reform projects to ensure the rights of citizens and organizations when informatizing the processes of providing public services and performing other functions of the state, including obtaining information about the structure and functions of government bodies and government institutions, as well as the creation of “ one entry point" for electronic interaction between citizens and the state. At the moment, running programs in parallel slows them down, and coordination takes too much time.

Often, ICTs are already operational in the state, but there is no administrative regulation. It turns out that computers were introduced, but for citizens everything remained as it was. You have to bring documents in their paper counterpart, find out all the necessary information directly on the spot and run around to different authorities as before. Ideally, administrative reform should precede the introduction of ICT. That is, first it would be necessary to regulate what and how it should work, and then carry out technical work using ICT. For now, everything is the other way around. First they do it, and then they regulate it, it turns out to be double work.

Improving public administration is a serious problem that stands in the way of the state. Electronic governance will allow Russia to keep up with other countries that have long been dealing with this problem with varying degrees of success.

The concept of e-government covers a wide range of activities and actors and yet three clear sectors can currently be identified. These are: government-to-government (G2G), government-to-business (G2B) and government-to-citizens (G2C). Each of these sectors represents a different combination of motivational forces and initiatives. The invasion of the state into the field of business relations on the Internet was initially manifested in the emergence of new terms and conditionally structural directions of online transactions. The pioneers of the development of e-government concepts (which, as in the case of many other web initiatives, were the Americans) first of all introduced into the Internet notation system, in addition to the already established symbols B (business) and C (customers), the concept of G (government), reducing the formalization (or rather, formulation) of the task of building e-government in a simplified form to the expression G2G+G2B+G2C, where the first term means the line of communication between different functions, bodies and levels of government throughout its vertical, the second - the totality of contacts between the government and business, and the third is the relationship between the state and the population (C = not only customers, but also citizens).

Sector public administration-government (G2G).

In many ways, the G2G sector represents the backbone of e-government. Speaking about e-government and in particular about the implementation of the G2G sector, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about the informatization of all management processes in government bodies of all levels, the informatization of interdepartmental relationships, the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all functions of interaction of these bodies with population and business structures. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an internal government transaction is carried out electronically, paperless, if the departments do not automate the corresponding process or do not have electronic document management. Individual transactions, say, sending a document by e-mail, which the addressee prints out again for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic.

It would seem that in this case we are dealing with a purely technical issue: there are certain Internet technologies (information sites, e-mail, electronic payment systems, etc.) and the use of these technologies by the government can significantly expand the state’s ability to perform its functions. However, the essence of the problem is that often the simple implantation of e-government elements into existing public administration systems does not increase their functionality, but only gives the appearance of “modernization”, in fact representing a source of useless and outdated information, automation of unnecessary procedures, simulation of interaction between authorities and society, etc. A lot of information has been accumulated, but it often lies as “dead weight” and is not used in the decision-making process. The passive nature of information accumulation is a characteristic feature of the traditional e-government implementation strategy.

When implementing tasks to bring functions and processes into line with the goals stated by the administrative reform, the following open standards can be used:

1. Improving goal-setting processes - IT Governance Implementation Guide, COBIT, COSO Internal Control, Australian standard AS 8015;

2. Management of creation/acquisition/outsourcing and implementation projects – ISO 12207, ISO 15504, TickIT, CMMI, Bootstrap, GOST 34.601, GOST 34.602, PMBOK, PRINCE2, APMs;

3. Effective organization of operation - BS 15000, ISO 20000, COBIT, MOF, ITIL;

4. Information security management, – ISO 13335, ISO 13569, ISO 17799, BS 7799-2, NIST standards, GOST R 51275-99, ACSI-33, COBIT Security Baseline, ENV12924, ISF Standard of Good Practice;

5. Risk and Business Continuity Management AS/NZS 4360, COSO Enterprise Risk Management, PAS-56, AS/NZS 4360, HB 221-2004

6. Independent audit and monitoring – ISO 19011, COBIT Audit Gudelines

7. Quality management of public services - ISO 9001, EFQM, Baldrige National Quality Plan, ISO/TO 10006:1997

The effectiveness of using standards lies in saving significant material and time resources due to the absence of the need to re-invent what has already been invented and repeatedly tested, and in the ability to use other people's experience and best practices to solve problems.

Also, among the measures that need to be taken to improve the quality of public administration, special mention should be made of the disclosure of government information to organizations and citizens.

Disclosure of government information automatically ensures increased government transparency. A functioning information disclosure system reduces opportunities for corruption and abuse by preventing agencies responsible for collecting and storing “commercially valuable” information from making it subject to bargaining. In addition, disclosed information means the opportunity to reduce the time costs of obtaining information upon request and searching for it in official publications.

Government-to-business sector (G2B).

The term G2B (Government-to-Business, or “Government for Business”) outlines the area of ​​interaction between the state and business with an emphasis on the active side of government structures. The goal of G2B services is to increase the efficiency of interaction between the state and business through the active use of ICT, as well as to increase the openness of the state for business. The use of G2B services gives administrations the opportunity to provide services and information to citizens around the clock, regardless of their location.

The use of the Internet by government authorities as one of the opportunities to increase the efficiency of government authority causes special attention to initiatives in the field of building electronic relations between the state and business on the part of the business community. The G2B sector includes both the sale of surplus government goods to the public and the procurement of goods and services. Although not all are directly dependent on the use of information technology, a number of different procurement methods are used in relation to the G2B sector. Performance-based contracting is a method in which the payment made to the contractor is based on the actual objectives and results of the work. Savings-sharing contracts are contracts in which the contractor pays the costs of the project, such as installing a new computer system, and is paid from the savings generated by switching from the previous system to the new one. Reverse auctions, on the other hand, are based on the use of information technology and could become a frequently used method for acquiring goods that are standardized and easily priced for quality, such as legacy technology components and office equipment purchases. Conducted over the Internet, reverse auctions involve companies publicly bidding against each other in real time to win a government contract. The purpose of reverse auctions is to bring prices down to market levels. Due to the emphasis on price, reverse auctions are the most suitable solution in cases where the quality and expected performance of the product is clear and easily assessed.

Government-Citizens (G2C) sector.

The third sector of e-government is government-to-population (G2C). G2C initiatives are designed to facilitate the interaction of the population with government bodies. The goal of these initiatives is to try to make transactions such as renewing licenses and certificates, paying taxes and filing for benefits less time-consuming and easier. G2C initiatives also often aim to increase access to government information through the use of information dissemination tools such as websites and/or kiosks.

The simplification of public services, which all citizens of the country are looking forward to, was supposed to be achieved through the implementation of the “one window” concept. The “one window” principle is part of the administrative reform, the essence of which is to simplify the procedure for issuing various documents to citizens and organizations. The implementation of this project means saving time and effort for the applicant, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. “One window” is certainly a step forward for both authorities and entrepreneurs. Business supports the idea of ​​administrative reform aimed at saving time and effort, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. But in the form in which this system operates today, it does not quite correspond to the meaning intended by the creators and developers.”

The essence of the “one window” mode is as follows: in order to obtain the necessary document (certificate, permit, documentation, extract, copy, etc.), the applicant - citizen or organization - is obliged to submit to the relevant executive authority or city organization only documents that are directly related to the applicant (application, copy of passport, certificate, etc., copies of constituent documents, registration certificate) or the provision (issuance) of which are the responsibility of federal authorities. All other documents not directly related to the applicant, but necessary for preparing the requested certificate (permit, etc.), will be collected independently by the executive authority or city organization responsible for issuing this document. The applicant must contact the executive authority issuing the final document. Preparation, approval and issuance of the document is carried out by city executive authorities free of charge. Only if the preparation of the requested document requires any work (for example, examination of the project, taking measurements, etc.), or the law provides for the collection of a fee (for example, state duties), the document will be issued on a reimbursable basis.

Depersonalization of interaction between civil servants and citizens and organizations through the introduction of a “single window” system and electronic information exchange is, first of all, a regime of regulated information processes, certainly based on formalized administrative technologies. For implementation in this case, ICT alone is not enough; it is necessary to change the regulatory framework in order to remove contradictions and prevent duplication of various accounting systems in existing systems. The technology for solving the problem of public services using a “one window” is too compromising. This is both an attempt to get rid of manifestations of corruption, and, at the same time, a hidden opportunity to preserve the traditional bureaucratic structure. The problem is the reluctance of departments to work with other government bodies that may be interested in information processed by one structure in the interests of another.

1.2. Regulatory and legal framework of e-government of the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation, the legal basis for ensuring transparency of government, effective information interaction between citizens and authorities, and expanding citizens' access to global information resources is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other legal acts regulating the development of informatization and the use of information technologies.

The most significant legal acts at the federal level include:

Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection”;

The Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on September 9, 2000
No. Pr-1895.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2002 No. 65 “On the federal target program “Electronic Russia”
(2002 – 2010)”; (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia”)

Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2004 No. 1244-r “On the concept of using information technologies in the activities of federal government bodies until 2010”;

Federal target program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".

The Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” has been implemented since 2002 and is valid until 2010. The program is being implemented in accordance with the procedure for the development and implementation of federal target programs and interstate target programs in the implementation of which the Russian Federation participates, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 26, 1995 No. 594 “On the implementation of the Federal Law “On the supply of products for federal state needs” "

The state customer - coordinator of the Program is the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation.

State customers for individual activities of the Program are the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Information Technology, the Federal Agency for Education, and the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.

The first edition of the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” was approved by the government in 2002. The main goals of the project were the development of information and communication technologies in the field of public administration, as well as improving legislation in the field of ICT, developing a system for training ICT specialists, creating e-commerce and much more. Over the next 9 years, it was planned to allocate 39 billion rubles from the federal budget for its implementation. However, the program stalled. Representatives of various ministries and departments have repeatedly expressed the opinion in the media that the task of the program is too global: building an information society in Russia requires no less than global informatization, increasing computer literacy of the population, and budget-intensive scientific research.

In 2006, the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” underwent significant changes. There has been a change of course: from carrying out “informatization for the sake of informatization” to the unification and effective use of information systems. The federal program has become directly linked to administrative reform and has become one of the main tools for its implementation. The program aims to improve public administration through the introduction of e-government.

The Program provides for the implementation of activities in 6 main areas:

The goal of the direction is to increase the efficiency of the use and implementation of information and communication technologies in the activities of public authorities based on the formation of a unified system of organizational and technical standards, requirements, principles, regulations and methodological materials that ensure the effective creation and coordinated development of state information systems and information technology infrastructure in accordance with the priorities of modernizing the public administration system.

2. Ensuring effective interdepartmental information interaction based on information and communication technologies and integration of government information systems.

The goal of implementing the activities in this area is to increase the efficiency of public administration by ensuring prompt interdepartmental information interaction of public authorities in electronic form as part of the performance of their functions.

3. Ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between government bodies and the population and organizations based on information and communication technologies.

In order to increase the efficiency of interaction between public authorities and citizens and organizations through the creation of information systems that support the provision of legally relevant and reference information and directly the public services themselves, including using the capabilities of the Internet.

4. Introduction of information systems for managing the activities of government bodies.

In order to create conditions for promptly improving the quality of preparation of management decisions by public authorities based on the introduction of modern information and communication technologies, as well as the effective performance of their functions, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of appropriate information and analytical systems.

5. Creation of standard software and hardware solutions to support the activities of government bodies.

The goal of the activities in this area is to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures on the implementation of information technologies in the activities of public authorities through the centralized creation, development and subsequent replication of software and hardware solutions to support the implementation of functions and tasks typical for public authorities.

6.Management of the implementation of Program activities.

The purpose of the activities in this area is to ensure the necessary quality of management of the implementation of the Program’s activities, achieving the planned results of its implementation, determining the mechanism for implementing the Program, including the procedure for interaction between government bodies responsible for its implementation.

To carry out effective management and control of the implementation of the Program, the state customer - the coordinator of the Program and its state customers determine the officials and relevant units responsible for the implementation of the Program. The heads of the state customer - coordinator of the Program and its state customers appoint a person responsible for the implementation of the Program, as a rule, at the level of the deputy federal minister (deputy head (director) of a federal service or federal agency), approve the internal regulations for managing the implementation of the areas assigned to this state customer and Program activities.

It is planned that as a result of the implementation of the program, there will be an increase in the efficiency of budget expenditures on the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public authorities by 10%, a reduction in the costs of public authorities for organizing the exchange of information at the interdepartmental level by 25%, a reduction in the number of forced appeals of citizens to public authorities to receive government services and required waiting time by 10%.

So the big problem is the question “How to store electronic documents?” Until now, not a single law has been created that would fully regulate the procedure for storing electronic documents. Not only documents from government organizations, but also private ones can be accepted for archival storage. For example, when liquidating the latter, organizational and administrative documentation and documents on personnel should be received in the state archives. There have been cases where, during the liquidation of some organizations, the noted types of documents were found exclusively in electronic form. In accordance with the “List of standard management documents generated in the activities of organizations, indicating storage periods,” in the absence of originals, certified copies of documents are accepted for storage. Typically, archival authorities force liquidation commissions to print out and certify orders, instructions, personal accounts, personal cards of employees, etc. However, from the point of view of the authenticity of documents, there is no difference between transferring such information onto paper and recording it on an electronic medium that does not allow data to be changed. The whole problem lies in the unpreparedness of state and municipal archives to receive and ensure the safety of documents on electronic media. Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated October 22, 2004 N 125-FZ “On Archiving in the Russian Federation” only states that electronic documents can be deposited. Their further fate is unfortunately unknown.

It is also unclear how the authorities will protect information from unauthorized access from the outside; even the best security system cannot provide one hundred percent protection. And since at the moment government bodies have accumulated a large amount of personal data in their databases, with unauthorized access it is possible to change them and use them for purposes contrary to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Personal Data”, if illegal actions with personal data are detected, the operator is obliged to eliminate the violations within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of such detection. If it is impossible to eliminate the violations committed, the operator is obliged to destroy the personal data within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of discovery of illegal actions with personal data. The operator is obliged to notify the subject of personal data or his legal representative about the elimination of violations or the destruction of personal data, and if the appeal or request was sent by the authorized body for the protection of the rights of personal data subjects, also the specified body.

The subject of personal data has the right to protect his rights and legitimate interests, including compensation for losses and (or) compensation for moral damage in court.

Persons guilty of violating the requirements of this Federal Law bear civil, criminal, administrative, disciplinary and other liability provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The Law on Personal Data, while prescribing the existence of liability for violation of the requirements of the law, does not determine the type of liability for violation of articles of the law. An additional regulation should be created that would clearly establish for what type of violation of articles of the law a particular punishment is determined, ranging from administrative liability to criminal liability.

We can say that laws and other regulations are being actively developed, but they are often imperfect, since they do not cover all the problems that stand in their way, on the one hand, and on the other hand, they often duplicate each other.

2. International experience in implementing e-government

The introduction of the “electronic state” begins with the public administration reforms of the 1990s. Today, in the practice of implementing e-government projects in different countries, priority is given to the development of the so-called “one-stop, non-stop” concept (that is, a single system operating in a non-stop mode) - the stage-by-stage construction of government information portals that provide wide access to information and services falling within the competence of government bodies and public administration. Through these portals and intranet communications, information connections are created between government entities at the federal and regional levels, that is, the exchange of economic, legal, statistical and other information “vertically” is organized. In addition, within the framework of state information portals, an electronic market for goods and services is being created in the interests of providing government agencies with additional opportunities to implement their functions: interested businesses are invited to participate in tenders for the implementation of government orders and various social programs. The next stage in the development of government portals is their advancement towards “electronic democracy”, the creation of new forms of relationships, information exchange and feedback between citizens and the state, the population and all branches of government, the electorate and the deputy corps, up to the introduction of an electronic election system.

Among the most feasible and in demand functions of government portals today is, of course, the organization of a single entry into the very numerous information resources of various government bodies and public administration, aimed at a wide audience, “scattered” across departmental servers. Simplifying public access to these resources, which provide the population with information about the activities of government institutions, and creating the most user-friendly interface to ensure computer communication between society and the state can in itself indicate the seriousness of the government’s intentions to build an e-government system and help increase the public authority of the government.

Behind the multifunctional e-government portals are hidden management automation systems for government agencies, allowing for openness of structures for citizens and quick access to solutions, as well as saving taxpayers money. Today, there is no single template that could meet all the conditions and solutions to the problem of forming an electronic government. Each country has a unique combination of circumstances, priorities and available resources.

Let's look at examples from a number of countries:

Great Britain.

The UK Central Government Portal (http:// www.ukonline.gov.uk) provides general government information. It brings together information and consulting services from various sources.

Very often, information and services related to one “life episode” are provided by different government agencies and are not available elsewhere from a single source. Grouping online services around specific life events is intended to make it easier for citizens to communicate with the government. The portal also introduces an advanced search service called Quick find, making it easier to navigate through the sea of ​​government information. The central government portal ukonlinegov.uk also provides descriptions and links to the range of government services that are currently available to citizens and businesses.

As the portal evolves, it will include new links to other government Web sites, descriptions, and links to services and information. Ukonline.gov.uk also provides an opportunity for citizens to discuss various issues through a section called Citizen Space. The section informs about plans for changes in public life and gives citizens the opportunity to express their point of view.

The central government portal, ukonline.gov.uk, is very clearly positioned as the natural entry point to all other government information and services, where citizens can also interact with government.

The UK has followed the path of careful and gradual construction of the foundation of e-Government. The essence of this approach is to build the basic infrastructure building blocks first before launching new services. The infrastructure is provided through the so-called Government Gateway (http://www.gateway.gov.uk), which provides opportunities for further expansion of services. This site provides centralized registration services to perform secure transactions with the government.

The Ukonline.gov.uk central government portal project and the Government Gateway are two key initiatives of the UK e-government concept. The central government portal Ukonline.gov.uk is seen as a key element in transforming the way services are organized and delivered to citizens, a means of ensuring better integration of government services and a means of bringing together all government information for online presentation.

To achieve this, it is intended that Ukonline.gov.uk provide: a central entry point for citizens in terms of obtaining government information and government services, access for interactive interaction with the government through different channels, partnership opportunities for public and private organizations to provide in terms of service delivery, a secure execution environment in which citizens can transact with the government.

The role of the Government Gateway is to ensure that different government departments can be brought together so that the end result is an integrated and transparent service to the citizen. The gateway provides the necessary routing and integration of services, as well as the necessary security and authentication controls. The UK places great emphasis on standards and protocols to ensure the interoperability of government systems and technologies.

In the USA, e-government is implemented on the basis of individual state governments. Projects for informatization of general federal functions, such as the presidential function, work independently: http://www.whitehouse.gov. From here, the average American can access the websites of individual federal departments. The experience of the state of Florida (http://www.myflorida.com) can be cited as an exemplary option for implementing the idea of ​​e-government. There is not only information about the state itself (history, culture), information necessary for life (disaster forecasts, instructions for actions during hurricanes, which are so frequent in this state), but also many other important data and functions. For example, an online check of the validity of a driver’s license (enter the number in the form - you will receive an answer), a certificate of licensing for architects in the state of Florida and the corresponding forms to fill out in PDF format (it is not possible to obtain a license online or at least pay the fee via the Internet).

If for some reason a person needs to independently appear before the authorities, he can easily find the desired address, indicate his status (US citizen, immigrant, guest), the purpose of the visit (from changing his name or address to passing a written motorcycle driving test) - and find out the time of the audience. However, such a high level of service is by no means a panacea: it is enough to remember that the counting of votes in Florida became the cause of the scandal during the elections that brought George Bush to the White House.

The authorities of the United States (which, in contrast to the British, consider themselves the initiators and pioneers of the development and implementation of e-government ideas) have begun to implement the last of the planned stages in the development of the federal government portal http://www.firstgov.gov, around which 27 million people are united government units related to the provision of public services. Among their main achievements, the organizers of American e-government include the fact that, according to their data, in 2006, 15% of all taxes levied in the country (more than $600 billion) were conducted via the Internet. However, even despite such impressive figures, Accenture experts today place the United States only in third place in the world in terms of the level of network communication between the state and the population: according to analysts, in this aspect the United States is now inferior to Canada and Singapore.

A significant step towards the creation of an electronic government in France was the construction in 2000 of a centralized administrative-state Internet portal, which gave users access through a single network window to 2.6 thousand web sites of the country’s legislative, executive and judicial authorities of all levels, as well as more than 2 thousand web resources of the European Union and its individual member states. It is interesting that in just the first year of the portal’s operation, over 600 thousand French citizens used its services, despite the fact that the total number of Internet users in the country by that time had reached 6 million people.

The French e-government portal (http://www.service-public.fr) offers the user three interaction options, depending on the role in which he accesses the site: just a resident, a specialist (the section is dedicated to professional issues), and a citizen. The site is mainly of an informational nature and contains information about the necessary documents and procedures (for example, registering a marriage with a prenuptial agreement), tariffs and taxes. From any thematic section, links lead to the websites of the relevant ministries, where the set of functions may differ depending on the area of ​​activity.

Behind these opportunities lies a lot of work done. Currently, most French government agencies operate on the basis of internal networks, and work is underway to create a network connecting all departments. Filing tax returns for businesses and individuals can be done online now.

There are a number of obstacles to expanding the French e-government user base. According to the Capgemini study, the main barriers remain the preference for “human” contacts over “electronic”, which is traditionally given by many representatives of certain segments of the civilian population, as well as serious concerns about respect for the rights to confidentiality and privacy of data circulating on the Internet. At the same time, the potential for developing and improving the structures of “electronic government” in France remains unusually high: 71% of the country’s citizens consider electronic services to be the main tool for drawing the attention of the state administration to the needs of the population, and 65% call these services a determining factor in saving public funds, i.e. taxpayers' money.

Germany.

The state program for building “Electronic government” in Germany is one of the largest in Europe: the costs of its implementation at the federal level alone have exceeded 1.5 billion euros to date. The strategic goal of this program was formulated extremely fully and exclusively figuratively in 2000 by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder: “Data, not people, should run.” The result of the process of electronization of the public administration system was, in particular, significant budget savings: in 2006 alone, the cost of maintaining the administrative apparatus in the country was reduced by almost 400 million euros.

The main web resource providing German citizens and businesses with online access to government structures and services is the portal (http://www.bund.de), which is currently associated with 900 federal departments, institutions and organizations and concentrates information on 3 thousand topics from economic, industrial, legal, medical, educational and many other spheres of society. The number of daily hits to this portal reaches 60 thousand. According to the German Federal Statistical Office, during 2006, 35% of German companies used government websites and the services they provide, of which 84% received official forms of state registration and financial reporting in this way, 74% asked for background information and organizational and administrative documentation, 71% provided feedback on economic and legal issues with the relevant authorities, and 17% participated in various online competitions for government orders.

A key element of the master plan for reforming the German state on the basis of modern information technologies was the BundOnline 2005 program. This program outlined the intentions of the German government by 2005 to implement on the Internet the maximum possible number of functions and services of government authorities of a national scale, as well as together with the administrations of all 16 The federal states are looking for ways to introduce electronic services at the regional and local levels. As part of the BundOnline program, a number of projects have been developed aimed at improving the relationships of administrative structures with each other (Administration-mit-Administration, A-A), with private business companies (Administration-mit-Business, A-B) and with ordinary citizens of the country (Administration- mit-Staatsburger, A-S). At the first stage of the program, services were implemented that can be classified as purely informational. Among them are the services of the website of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit), which provided certificates on the conditions for opening private enterprises, or the website of the Federal Bureau of Antimonopoly Policy (Bundeskartellamts), which provided access to information on mergers and acquisitions of companies.

However, the number and variety of web resources of the German federal government increased quite quickly, and very soon they included those that offered both corporate and individual users extremely valuable and highly relevant services, such as issuing identity cards in electronic form, filling out tax returns via the Internet or online business financial statements.

If the traditional procedure for German citizens to register their personal documents required repeated visits by a person to government departments and usually required a three- or four-week wait, then online the registration procedure is much simpler and faster. Now the Federal Printing Office (Bundesdruckerei) service provides citizens with the opportunity to order the required document on the Internet: immediately after registering the application, this document is created in electronic form, and if its eligibility is officially confirmed, after a few days a fully executed “hard copy” of the document will be waiting for its owner in relevant administrative agency. The Federal Printing House provides this service to residents of all regions and regions of the country whose local authorities have expressed their readiness to use this service.

South Korea.

When forming the “electronic democracy” model, the South Korean government placed its main emphasis on meeting the information needs of the population and introducing information and communication technologies into the system of culture and education. The successful development of “electronic democracy” has allowed South Korean citizens to internalize the idea of ​​their own importance and the possibility of truly influencing the affairs of the state and society. An important and useful aspect of the Korean experience is the meaningful and far-sighted policy of the state in the development of electronic communication. The creation of a single information space throughout the country not only strengthens the position of the state, but also puts into practice the basic principle of democracy: the people are the source and bearer of power.

Today, unlimited traffic access to the Internet via a telephone modem costs a South Korean user only 5–7 dollars per month, a dedicated high-speed line costs about 20 dollars (for reference: the average salary in the country is approximately 1,600 dollars, and in large cities up to 2,000 dollars ). And therefore it is not surprising that the highest percentage of consumers of network information and services falls on the student community (96.2%). Among office workers and ordinary engineering and technical personnel, there are noticeably fewer regular Internet users (69%), and the smallest share of them are among peasants and fishermen (4.1%). The social composition of the audience of the South Korean Network initially determined both its thematic focus and the main functions of the country's e-government. However, recently, in the development of these functions, a course has been shown to maximally satisfy the needs of older citizens - that is, that part of the population that is most in need of facilitating and simplifying the receipt of public services.

Experts at Brown University, led by Professor Darrell West, believe that the current successes of South Korea's e-government are a natural result of vigorous actions by government authorities aimed at stimulating the development of telecommunications. To some extent, however, this is also the merit of South Korean propaganda, whose efforts are concentrated on proving to the world that their country has entered the top ten leading industrial powers, and attracting the attention of fellow citizens to those areas of economic development that are currently considered a priority. At the same time, unlike other industrial topics, telecommunications and computer science are interpreted in a much broader context - not simply and not even so much as one of the directions of industrial and technological development, but as one of the fundamental foundations of the future society, the main criterion of its civilization, the most important factor in the country's economic competitiveness.

It is also necessary to take into account that among the countries that have currently reached the highest level of development of e-government structures, states with a federal structure predominate. Another characteristic feature is that, due to the specific structure of information technology, the problem of centralization of state power can be solved anywhere on the planet, provided that the state is large and the regions are isolated. The third feature is the constant desire of the countries participating in the process to ensure the efficiency and accessibility of the work of central and local authorities. At the same time, the use of information technologies for general cultural purposes is mainly limited to educational and development programs. And finally, another characteristic feature is the focus of states that are seriously developing electronic administrative technologies to create a compatible system that will allow them to participate on equal terms in the process of information globalization.

Conclusion

The federal target program “Electronic Russia” (2002-2010) underwent significant changes during the implementation process. From the implementation of tasks in the field of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the economy, public administration and local self-government through the introduction and mass distribution of ICT, creating technological prerequisites for the development of civil society by ensuring the rights to free access to information, expanding the training of information technology specialists and qualified users to the implementation of tasks in the field of improving the quality and efficiency of public administration based on the organization of interdepartmental information exchange and ensuring the effective use of information and communication technologies by public authorities, expanding the ability of citizens to access information to exercise their constitutional rights. The main focus of the program was the construction of electronic government.

During the study, the following problems were identified:

–imperfection of legislation, which manifests itself in the lack of its complexity;

Digital Divide;

Large geographical area;

The parallel progress of administrative reform and the Electronic Russia program, which slows down the process of their implementation, since approval takes too much time and they often duplicate each other;

The use of electronic document management in government agencies, ranging from employee training and implementation of software products to the storage of electronic information;

Departmental inconsistency;

The problem of disclosing government information does not allow the principle of open government to be implemented;

Insufficient funding for the program;

Information security and information protection;

Lack of a unified approach to the development of software and hardware systems.

Recently, a technological breakthrough has been made, but inequality in access to information and information and communication technologies among different groups of the population and regions still remains. Or the so-called “digital inequality”, which is increasingly becoming a factor hindering the socio-economic development of society.

At the moment, we can say that the “Electronic Russia” program is being implemented taking into account the realities of each region and their own regional programs are being created on its basis. It is necessary to use an integrated approach, otherwise it turns out that each region is introducing ICT, but they are often incompatible with each other.

List of used literature

1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1997.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1 dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004) and part 2 dated January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004.
3. About information , information technologies and information protection: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ.
4. On personal data: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ.
5. About electronic digital signature: Federal Law of January 10, 2002. No. 1-FZ.
6. On communications: Federal Law of July 7, 2003 No. 126-FZ (as amended on July 27, 2006).
7. About languages peoples of the Russian Federation: Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991. No. 1807-1 (as amended and supplemented on July 24, 1998, December 11, 2002).
8. On state secrets: Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993. No. 5485-1 (as amended and supplemented on August 22, 2004).
9. On trade secrets: Federal Law of July 29, 2004 No. 98-FZ.
10. On the procedure for considering citizens' appeals: Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ.
11. On archiving in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 22, 2004. No. 125-FZ.
12. On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003. No. 131-FZ.
13. About the state language of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of June 1, 2005. No. 53-FZ.

Theoretical foundations of the organization of electronic government.

Experience of foreign countries in creating e-government

Practical aspects of organizing e-government in Ukraine

Today there are many different definitions of this term. As briefly as possible, “electronic government” can be described as “automation of the process of providing public services.” Gartner Group defines e-government as the continuous optimization of service delivery, citizen political participation and governance by changing internal and external relationships using technology, the Internet and modern media.

The e-government model identifies four clearly defined areas of relationships: between government services and citizens (G2C - government-to-citizen), government and private companies (G2B - government-to-business), government organizations and their employees (G2E - government-to-employee) and, finally, between various government bodies and levels of government (G2G - government-to-government).

In this article we will consider the role of “electronic government” mainly in the area of ​​​​relationships between government services and citizens, on which the introduction of the ES model, according to many experts, will have the most beneficial impact.

According to American and European experts, the primary task of the state is to provide certain services to the population using taxpayers' money. Consequently, the population has the right to demand from the state high-quality and fast execution of these services, which is directly ensured by the G2C sphere and indirectly by G2E, since the quality and speed of execution of services also depend on the efficiency of the internal work of government agencies.

The history of the creation of electronic governments goes in parallel with the development of information technology. Experts believe that the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) into public administration will accelerate economic development, reduce the costs of bureaucratic procedures, increase the efficiency and productivity of government departments, and expand the population’s ability to form a civil society by improving access to various types of information. , creating more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.

“Electronic government” implies the use of information technologies, in particular the Internet, as the most accessible means of electronic interaction in order to convey government information and inform government agencies and government bodies. Thus, the EP has the following main goals:

Optimizing the provision of government services to the public and business; increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and governance of the country;

Support and expansion of self-service opportunities for citizens;

Increased technological awareness and qualifications of citizens;

Reducing the impact of geographic location factors.

Thus, the creation of an electronic signature should provide not only more efficient and less costly administration, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between society and the government. Ultimately, this will lead to improved democracy and increased responsibility of the government to the people.

Fundamental principles of electronic digital organization

To achieve maximum benefits, citizens must realize the fundamental principle that government should be accessible to everyone, anywhere, at any time. “Electronic government” should provide citizens with interaction with the government and access to government services 24 hours a day, seven days a week, regardless of geographic location and time of year.

Currently, the delivery of information to citizens is, as a rule, passive and irregular in nature and is mainly limited to its dissemination through the media. People learn about new laws and government regulations from newspapers, television, etc., but they do not have the opportunity to review these documents when they really need to.

When contacting, for example, a passport office or BTI, you first of all face the problem of finding information on the provision of services (forms, procedures for providing services, etc.). This information can not always be found on the bulletin board, and citizens have to seek advice from employees who are not always inclined to communicate with clients. After satisfying your “information hunger,” you are faced with the problem of low availability of services, expressed in the form of one or several long queues in which you need to stand. And finally, the third problem is paying for government services, which forces you to stand in another line, this time at Sberbank.

Due to the inaccessibility of information and the disinterest of government employees in providing services, a citizen may not even know that, according to the law, he is entitled, for example, to some benefits or compensation. People do not know about their rights and therefore often become victims of the dishonesty of officials and law enforcement officers.

To solve such problems, a list and description of all services of a government agency, regulatory and legal information must be available to everyone at any time. As part of the formation of an electronic community in the country, such information should be standardized and published, for example, on the same Internet sites, including self-service for citizens.

However, electronic communication begins not with the functioning of the information exchange system via the Internet, but with the provision of services by the state through this system.

Not everyone has the opportunity to visit offices. Receiving a service via the Internet is undoubtedly better than sitting in lines waiting for an appointment.

The emergence of electronic legislation is, to a certain extent, a response to the emerging expectations of citizens in response to the obligations assumed by the authorities.

“Electronic government” should ensure direct and open dialogue between citizens and the authorities, various social services, committees and departments, and ultimately, with each specific boss of any rank and status, which will make “electronic government” not only accessible, but also interactive.

In essence, the creation of an electronic signature is a way to bring an official closer to a citizen, while reducing the influence of the subjective factor. Impersonal communication between an official and a citizen, which is placed under control and allows the citizen to monitor the process of resolving his requests - this is the ultimate goal of creating an electronic signature and the dream of taxpayers. The minimum benefit that society receives is a reduction in corruption and bribery.

EP technologies

Modern information technologies provide a rich selection of tools for organizing “electronic government”, developed both at the conceptual and practical levels.

Let's consider the e-government model as an ideal integrated information system (IS) - on what software technologies it should be based.

Document-oriented technologies

One of the fundamental infrastructure components of the electronic document management system is electronic document management systems (IDM - Integrated Document Management), known on the Russian market under the abbreviation SADD, which emphasizes the paperwork orientation of the system. Indeed, ES involves working primarily with documents - with citizens’ statements, certificates, letters, etc. In the public sector, a document is both the goal of activity and a means of production. There are many aspects associated with documents: they need to be stored, searched, collectively processed, transferred from paper to electronic form and vice versa. For the public sector, the following typical tasks can be identified that must be solved when building an electronic document management system:

Office automation. Mainly, here we are talking about the processing of incoming, outgoing and internal documents, accounting for draft documents, approval, control of the execution of documents, etc.;

Serving citizens and organizations. This is, first of all, mass processing of applications from citizens and organizations received through customer reception points or the Internet;

Business management. During the processing process, many others are added to the original document that need to be filed. Such documents, the essential mass of documents are still in paper form, and it is precisely such documents that have legal force, then we are talking about the use of Record Management (RM) class systems, which allow organizing synchronized accounting of both paper and electronic copies of the document, as well as automating functions of withdrawal and return of cases.

But SADD alone is not enough to organize a developed ES. Modern reality makes us think no longer about a simple IDM system, but about a full-fledged information resource management (ECM) system, grown on the foundation of IDM and BPM (Business Process Management).

The European Commission's survey states that great strides have been made in the implementation of e-government in Europe since the last survey in October 2001. The accessibility and interactivity of public services on the Internet increased from 10 to 55 points (in percent).

The survey states that more than 80% of public services are online - an increase of 6.5%.

Erkki Liikanen, EU Representative on Enterprise and the Information Society, argues that moving public services online is not enough to provide an effective advantage. As in the private sector, changes in public services are paralleling the reorganization of core work and investment in human capital.

The review noted differences between types of public services. Thus, among all the services studied, 12 are for citizens and 8 are for business. On average, services for businesses are more developed than for residents (68% vs. 47%), and they are progressing quickly. Among the categories of public services, the most developed are those related to tax collection - 79%, followed by registration services (cars and new companies) and public protection. Services related to the issuance of documents and permits (driving licenses, passports, etc.) are the least developed - 41%. And although all countries are trying, the difference between the most and least advanced is very large - from 22 to 85%. Online services grew the most in Sweden and Belgium, both by 20% (points) over 6 months, in Norway little changed at 63%, and in Finland up 70%.

The review concludes by stating that the simplest services, often provided at the local government level, such as public libraries, are easily and well implemented in the form of user-oriented portals. More complex types of services, for example, social payments and payments, require more significant efforts and reorganization of the activities of the government agency to carry out work in an interactive mode.

Public services involving complex procedures and provided at the local level, such as environmental permits, are largely in the information-only phase. Some progress has been made in the use of portal solutions in combination with centralization of information and forms. Only by supporting them with appropriate re-engineering processes will it be possible to bring these services to the transaction level.

A survey of twenty basic public services in 15 EU countries and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland was carried out in April 2002 as part of the EU project Benchmarking eEurope. The representative sample included more than 10 thousand public service providers in 18 countries. The conclusions are as follows: the most effective “electronic government” was created in Ireland. It was rated by European Commission experts at 85%, with Sweden in second place with 81%, and Norway in third with 70%. The average score across all countries is 54%.

At the end of the year, officials in 11 Belgian municipalities will test electronic identification cards. Through these cards, the relationship between citizens and officials will be established and access to online government services will be allowed. If this six-month pilot project is successful, the ID cards will be introduced in 589 Belgian municipalities. The card will be valid for 5 years and cost E10.

The card, the size of a regular bank credit card, will contain the same identification parameters as usual, but the microchip will add the owner's address, an electronic signature, and security features to protect stored information, including a PIN code.

The British central government already provides 54% of its services online. The goal is to increase this figure to 75% by the end of this year. Security and user authentication issues remain a stumbling block to further development. The head of the government security service, Dr. Stephen Marsh, stated that most of these services perform a purely informational function, so their users are not identified. But agencies like the Internal Revenue Service will use password protection to verify authenticity in electronic correspondence. Non-state firms providing authentication services must have official permission. So far there are only two of them - the “Royal Bank of Scotland’s Trust Assured Service” and the “Trusti’s Certificate Factory”.

Electronic government in countries of the world: UN ranking

Research in the field of e-government was carried out by the United Nations Division of Public Economics and Governance (UNDPEPA) based on data from last year. When compiling the rating, the so-called “E-gov index” was used, which takes into account several factors. In particular, UNDPEPA experts assessed the presence of authorities of a particular country on the Internet, the degree of development of telecommunications and the general level of “Internet education” of the population.

According to research results, the United States took first place in terms of the pace of implementation of the idea of ​​“electronic government” among 190 countries of the international community (3.11 points according to the UNDPEPA rating). Followed by: Australia (2.6), New Zealand (2.59), Singapore (2.58), Norway (2.55), Great Britain (2.52), Canada (2.52), Netherlands (2.52), 51), Denmark (2.47) and Germany (2.46).

E-government structure

Electronic government is a communication environment where government structures and civil society interact. It reflects the objective processes of political management of modern society in various directions.

The structure of e-government includes the following modules:

· interaction between government agencies and citizens (G2C);

· interaction between government agencies and private business (G2B);

· interaction of government bodies with public organizations and local governments (G2G);

· interaction of government agencies with partners and suppliers of necessary services (G2B);

· interaction of government bodies with each other (between the legislative, executive and judicial powers; between ministries and departments of the central government; between central and local authorities; between individual civil servants (politicians) (G2G);

· interaction of government bodies of a certain country with foreign entities (foreign citizens, businesses, governments of other countries and international organizations) (G2G).

In its most general form, the structure of e-government can be presented in Figure 1:

Figure 1. Electronic government modules.

So, the first component is the Government-to-Government module - interaction between various branches of government. In general, the functions of the “government to government” service can be characterized as reducing the cost of government work, speeding up the passage of documents through its structures, increasing the ability to control the activities of individual bodies and employees, increasing competition between employees and improving their qualifications, and most importantly, preventing corruption.

Electronic government transforms not only the relations between citizens and government agencies, but also the relations within the government - between its individual branches, levels, and divisions. Moreover, not only the network infrastructure of the executive branch is subject to change, but in general the entire infrastructure of state power and management. That is, from this point of view, e-government would be more accurately called an electronic state, an electronic state apparatus, an electronic infrastructure of the state, and a state of the Information Society.

Electronicization of government communications between departments and agencies, between central and local governments, and between individual politicians provides a number of benefits, such as increasing the reliability of data and the efficiency of its application, reducing the cost of transactions, improving the use of knowledge bases and improving the government.

Speaking about e-government and in particular about the implementation of the G2G module, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about the informatization of all management processes in government bodies of all levels, the informatization of interdepartmental relationships, the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all functions of interaction of these bodies with population and business structures. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an internal government transaction is carried out electronically, paperless, if the departments do not automate the corresponding process or do not have electronic document management. Individual transactions, say, sending a document by e-mail, which the addressee prints out again for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic. For example, the project “Electronische Akt” (ELAK) is one of the central elements of the program for creating “electronic government” in Austria throughout the federal administration and is used in 12 federal ministries.

When introducing e-government in this module, there is a shift in emphasis from vertical to horizontal connections within the government, between its different divisions and branches of government. By creating an intragovernmental information network and transferring into it the main and specific databases with which different parts of the government structure work, the forced duplication of functions and information, parallel control and supervision of the work of individual bodies and the implementation of individual works are eliminated.

Open information resources accessible to every participant in the intragovernmental network make it possible to avoid situations where, at a certain stage of the passage of information through the levels of the government hierarchy, it is deliberately distorted, some facts are concealed and others are falsified. The possibility of such falsification today is often the reason for the spread of corruption - due to the desire of some officials to hide certain facts or to achieve a decision that is beneficial to them.

Another immediate consequence of the introduction of the G2G service is a complete transition to electronic document management of all government structures, which provides significant savings in consumables and junior staff time, which is still spent on transmitting, duplicating, searching and distributing documents.

The second module of e-government is the Government-Business (G2B) relationship, which describes the relationship between the state and the private economy, based on the use of modern information and communication technologies. The state has a large number of diverse connections not only with individual citizens, but also with legal entities representing the economy, entrepreneurship and business. The use of electronic means and technologies facilitates the design and implementation of various business processes. Examples of such relationships include conducting public auctions or tenders via the Internet or electronic submission of applications for various changes.

At the G2B/B2G level, the implementation of e-government makes it possible to reduce the costs of government agencies through the optimal use of outsourcing technologies and create a more transparent public procurement system (eProcurement).

A unified system of electronic public procurement involves the creation of a portal where government agencies must announce tenders and the conditions for their conduct, which has already been successfully implemented in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This will solve the problem of free competition in government procurement and avoid market distortion that occurs as a result of giving preference to certain manufacturers.

For business organizations that spend an inordinate amount of time submitting reports to regulatory government agencies, e-government will allow the following operations to be transferred online: payments to social insurance funds for employees; payment of VAT (declaration, notification of the results of verification of declarations); registration of new companies; provision of information to statistical authorities; filing customs declarations, etc.

The third module is Government-to-Citizen, interaction between the state and citizens. The functioning of G2B and G2C services means, first of all, the creation of appropriate network resources, on the basis of which the services themselves are built.

Currently, information is communicated to citizens mainly through the media and is irregular. People do not have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the necessary documents as needed. The e-government system provides citizens with the following opportunities:

Reducing the time for applying for services and the time for providing services by government agencies. Citizens will be able to access government websites and fill out forms, make appointments, purchase licenses and permits, submit tax returns and applications for social benefits (apply for unemployment benefits, child benefits, etc.), search for work through services employment, draw up personal documents (passport, driver’s license), register vehicles, certificates (birth, marriage), apply for admission to higher education institutions, inform about a change of residence, etc. Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, the electronic tax declaration service is already available using the website of the certification center of the Republican Unitary Enterprise “Information and Publishing Center for Taxes and Duties”.

Service delivery through more efficient collaboration between different government agencies. Citizens will not need to carry certificates from one department to another - an online application will be sufficient, in which all further exchange of documents and information will take place within the e-government within a fixed time frame.

The public will be better informed about government laws, regulations, policies and services. Access to a variety of information will be simplified: bills, materials of committee hearings and budget documents. It will be possible to monitor the actions of their elected representatives, create pressure groups and express their opinions in real time. The vast majority of sites offer department phone numbers (70%) and postal addresses (67%). Nearly 71% of government websites worldwide offer various document publications to citizens, and 41% provide databases. Almost 42% have links to external non-governmental sites where a citizen can turn for additional information.

Electronic government implements the concept of transparent government, or so-called electronic democracy (e-democracy). Increasing the degree of transparency in the work of government agencies should improve public control over the work of the government and reduce the level of corruption. Citizens will be able to more effectively influence management decisions in the state. Government projects will be based more on priorities determined by citizens rather than solely by government.

People living abroad will be able to participate in the affairs of their homeland. The introduction of e-government will contribute to the development of existing online civil forums (online citizens" forums) and the practice of electronic petitions (e-petitions). The Internet will be more widely used for organizing elections (online voter registration, publication of results, use of the Internet to simplify the voting process). Online The elections will allow people to vote virtually anywhere, using the device that is most convenient for them, through the Irish government website.

Thus, G2B and G2C services are aimed at a wide audience, at representatives of all social groups who in one way or another find themselves in the sphere of influence of these services. The professional elite of the information technology industry only coordinates and adjusts the process of forming the information society and implementing the e-government project. All social groups are gradually becoming users of e-government services, since the goal of creating e-government is to optimize social, political and economic processes related to power.

Based on the aspects considered, we can say that the organic interaction of government, business and citizens within the framework of the e-government project allows accelerating the development of the economy, reducing the costs of bureaucratic procedures, increasing the efficiency and productivity of government departments, expanding the opportunities of the population in the formation of civil society through improving access to various types of information, creating more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.