The share of oil in total energy consumption is constantly growing: if in 1900 oil accounted for 3% of world energy consumption, then by 1914 its share increased to 5%, in 1939 - to 17.5%, reached 24% in 1950, 41.5% in 1972 and approximately 65% ​​in 2000.

Approximately 3 thousand years BC. e. Residents of the Middle East begin to use oil as fuel, to make weapons, for lamps and building materials (bitumen, asphalt). Oil was collected from the surface of open reservoirs.

347 AD e. In China, for the first time, wells were drilled into the ground to produce oil. Hollow bamboo trunks were used as pipes.

7th century AD e. In Byzantium or Persia, a superweapon of that time was invented - “Greek fire”, made from oil.

1264 The Italian traveler Marco Polo, who passed through the territory of modern Azerbaijan, reported that local residents collected oil seeping from the ground. Around the same time, the beginning of oil trading was noted.

Around 1500. In Poland, oil was first used to illuminate streets. Oil came from the Carpathian region.

1848 The world's first modern oil well was drilled on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku.

1849 Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner was the first to obtain kerosene. In 1857, the kerosene lamp was invented. This invention saved the world's whale population as kerosene, which replaced whale oil, became a more popular and convenient source of energy for lighting homes. Before mass production of kerosene began, a gallon (about 4 liters) of whale oil cost about $1.77. After the introduction of kerosene lamps, the price dropped to $0.40 - kerosene was sold at $0.07 per gallon. The world whaling industry is in deep crisis.

1858 Oil began to be produced in North America (Canada, Ontario).

1859 Start of oil production in the USA. The first well (21 meters deep) was drilled in Pennsylvania. It allowed the production of 15 barrels of oil per day.

1962 The emergence of a new unit of volume, which measured the amount of oil - the “barrel”. Oil was then transported in barrels - railway tanks and tankers had not yet been invented. A barrel of oil is equal to 42 gallons (one gallon is approximately 4 liters). This volume of an oil barrel is equal to the officially recognized volume of a barrel for transporting herring in Great Britain (the corresponding decree was signed by King Edward the Fourth in 1492). For comparison, a “wine barrel” is 31.5 gallons and a “beer barrel” is 36 gallons.

1870 The first experience of creating an oil monopoly. John Rockefeller\J.D. Rockerfeller founded the Standard Oil company, which at the time of its creation controlled 10% of oil production in the United States. Two years later, Standard Oil's share increased to 25%, and after another five years - to 90%. Subsequently, Standard Oil's policies led to the adoption of the world's first antitrust legislation in the United States. In 1911, the US Supreme Court ordered the division of Standard Oil into 39 small companies to end the monopoly in the oil industry.

1877 For the first time in the world, Russia is beginning to use tankers to deliver oil from Baku fields to Astrakhan. Around the same year (data from various sources differ), the first railway tank for transporting oil was built in the United States.

1878 American inventor Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. The massive electrification of cities and the decline in kerosene consumption briefly plunged the global oil industry into a state of depression.

1886 German engineers Karl Benz and Wilhelm Daimler created a car that ran on a gasoline engine. Previously, gasoline was only a by-product formed during the production of kerosene.

1890 German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented a diesel engine capable of running on petroleum by-products. Nowadays, the industrialized countries of the world are actively limiting the use of diesel engines, which cause significant damage to the environment.

1896 Inventor Henry Ford created his first car. A few years later, for the first time in the world, he began to use the conveyor assembly method, which significantly reduced the cost of cars. This marked the beginning of the era of mass motorization. In 1916, there were 3.4 million cars in the United States; three years later, their number increased to 23.1 million. During the same time, the average car began to travel twice as far per year. The development of the automotive industry has led to a rapid growth in the number of gas stations. If in 1921 there were 12 thousand gas stations in the USA, then in 1929 there were 143 thousand. Oil began to be considered primarily as a raw material for the production of gasoline.

1903 The first flight of the aircraft. It was carried out by the Wright brothers\Wilbur and Orville Wright, considered the "fathers" of modern aviation. At the beginning of the development of aviation (until approximately 1917), there were no special requirements for aviation gasoline. In the 1920s, large-scale research began with the goal of creating especially clean aviation fuel - the flight performance of aircraft directly depended and continues to depend on this.

1904 The largest oil producing countries were the USA, Russia, modern Indonesia, Austria-Hungary, Romania and India.

1905 In Baku (Azerbaijan, then the Russian Empire), the first large-scale fire in non-oil mines occurred in world history.

1907 The British company Shell and the Dutch Royal Dutch merged to form Royal Dutch Shell

1908 The first oil fields were discovered in Iran. For their exploitation, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was created, which later became the British Petroleum company.

1914-1918. World War I. For the first time, the war was waged, among other things, to gain control over oil fields.

1918 For the first time in the world, Soviet Russia nationalized oil companies.

1924 The first "oil" scandal in big politics. US President Warren Harding entrusted the supervision of oil reserves intended to supply the navy to the head of the Department of the Interior, Albert Fall. Fall was responsible for overseeing the state of affairs at the Teapot Dome strategic oil storage facility, which is why the scandal got its name. The choice of suppliers to the Navy depended on Fall. Oil companies that were interested in government contracts managed to bribe the official. The audit showed that Fall not only received bribes, but also purchased petroleum products of poorer quality at higher prices. President Harding was investigated, but Harding died before the investigation was completed. His true role in the oil scandal remains unclear. Fall was jailed. The oil barons who gave him bribes were acquitted by the court.

1932 Oil fields have been discovered in Bahrain.

1938 Oil fields have been discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

1939-1945. The Second World War. Control over oil fields in Romania, Transcaucasia and the Middle East was a vital part of the strategy of the warring parties.

Nazi Germany and Italy were completely dependent on oil supplies from Romania. One of the goals of Germany's attack on the USSR was an attempt to gain access to Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus. The Nazi offensive on Stalingrad pursued similar goals. Rommel's African Expeditionary Force was supposed to defeat British forces in North Africa and close the Suez Canal, through which British troops in the Mediterranean were supplied with oil. Germany's larger plans included seizing the Middle Eastern oil fields. After Romania went over to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition and oil supplies to Germany stopped, the German army found itself practically without fuel. The offensive of German troops in the Ardennes against the armies of the Western Allies was undertaken with the aim of capturing fuel depots used by the Anglo-American-French troops. The offensive was successful, but the Allies managed to destroy fuel supplies.

For the first time in history, Germany made a significant effort to find a replacement for oil. German chemists were able to produce ersatz gasoline from coal. Subsequently, this technology was practically not used.

Japan received 88% of its oil from Canadian, Dutch (then controlled the territory of modern Indonesia) and American companies. Japan attacked the United States, among other reasons, because shortly before this the United States had imposed an embargo on oil supplies to Japan. This embargo was supported by Britain and the Dutch government in exile. Japan expected that its oil reserves would last 2-3 years of the war. Japan took over Indonesia (then a colony of the Netherlands) to gain access to oil fields.

1951 For the first time in US history, oil became the main source of energy, pushing coal to second place.

1956 Suez crisis. After the invasion of Anglo-French troops in Egypt, world oil prices doubled in a short time.

1956 Oil fields have been discovered in Algeria and Nigeria.

1959 The first attempt to create an international organization of oil suppliers. The Arab Petroleum Congress was held in Cairo (Egypt), the participants of which entered into a gentlemen's agreement on a joint oil policy, which was supposed to increase the influence of Arab states in the world.

1960 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting States (OPEC) was formed in Baghdad (Iraq). Its founders were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. OPEC currently includes 11 countries.

1967 Six Day War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. World oil prices increased by about 20%.

1968 Large oil fields have been discovered in Alaska.

1969 The first major environmental disaster caused by an oil spill. The cause was an accident on an oil production platform off the coast of California.

Oil fields were discovered in the North Sea, and their industrial development began in 1975.

1971 The first international agreement on a concerted increase in oil prices. Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Iraq agreed to raise oil prices from $2.55 to $3.45 per barrel.

1973 First oil embargo. On the eve of the Jewish holiday Yom Kippur, troops from Syria and Egypt, supported by the USSR, attacked Israel. Israel turned to the United States for help, which agreed to this request. In response, Arab oil exporting countries decided to reduce oil production by 5% monthly and completely ban oil exports to countries that supported Israel - the USA, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

As a result, world non-oil prices rose from $2.90 to $11.65. In the US, gasoline prices have quadrupled. The United States has introduced tough measures aimed at saving oil. In particular, all gas stations were not open on Sunday; one car refueling was limited to 10 gallons (about 40 liters). The United States began building an oil pipeline from Alaska. European countries and the United States have begun large-scale scientific research to find alternative energy sources. Since 1978, the US Department of Energy has annually invested more than $12 million in scientific research to find ways to economically use oil.

In 1974-1975, the countries of North America and Western Europe entered a period of severe economic crisis. In turn, the USSR received enormous revenues from the sale of oil (the USSR accounted for 15% of world production), which made it possible not only to stabilize the situation in the economy, but also to begin large-scale programs of military construction and support for friendly regimes and movements in Africa, Asia and in the Middle East. The crisis showed that oil has become as important to the global economy as the dollar.

1975 The US Congress decided to create a strategic oil reserve in the country in order to reduce the economy's dependence on exported oil in the future. Oil reserves are located in deep caves, their volume is estimated at 700 million barrels - as of the beginning of 2003, about 600 million barrels were stored in them. In addition, Congress decides to impose strict rules on energy conservation. All industrialized countries of the world are taking similar steps. In 1977, US President Jimmy Carter decided to create the National Energy Plan. Its goal is to reduce dependence on imported oil. The plan, in particular, provided for the introduction of fuel efficiency standards (miles per gallon of gasoline) for cars.

1979 A series of political events led to a sharp increase in oil prices - the Islamic revolution in Iran, after which American diplomats were taken hostage in Tehran, a large-scale incident with a nuclear power plant in the United States, Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq, Iraq's attack on Iran. In two years, oil prices rose from $13.00 to $34.00 per barrel.

1981 OPEC countries have reduced oil production by about a quarter compared to 1978. Oil prices have doubled.

1982 OPEC countries set oil production quotas for the first time. By 1985, oil production decreased even more: if in 1980 Saudi Arabia produced 9.9 million barrels per day, then in 1985 - 3.4 million. However, the advent of economical cars made it possible to mitigate this crisis.

1986 A sharp drop in world oil prices.

The Chernobyl accident.

1986 - 1987. "Tanker war" between Iraq and Iran - attacks by aviation and naval forces of the warring parties on oil fields and tankers. The United States has created an international force to protect communications in the Persian Gulf. This marked the beginning of the permanent presence of the US Navy in the Persian Gulf area

1988 The largest oil platform accident in history. The British North Sea platform Piper Alpha caught fire. As a result, 167 people out of 228 on board died.

1989 Through UN mediation, Iraq and Iran signed a ceasefire agreement.

The largest oil tanker accident in history, the Exxon Valdez, off the coast of Alaska. More than 2.1 thousand km. Alaska's coastline was polluted. Rescue efforts continued for almost two years. Despite all the efforts of rescuers, a huge number of sea inhabitants died (for example, the salmon population in the area decreased 10 times and has not yet recovered). Oil prices have increased slightly.

1990 Iraq captured Kuwait. The UN imposed sanctions against Iraq. World oil prices have doubled. During the period from the end of July to the end of August, world oil prices rose from $16 per barrel to $28. In September they reached $36.

1991 The troops of a coalition formed by 32 states defeated the Iraqi army and liberated Kuwait. The retreating Iraqis set fire to Kuwaiti oil wells. After the wells were extinguished, world oil prices fell sharply.

The war was accompanied by the largest environmental disaster in history. Up to 4 million barrels of oil spilled into the Persian Gulf. Since the fighting was ongoing, no one fought the consequences of the disaster for some time. Oil covered approximately 1 thousand square meters. km. surface of the bay and polluted about 600 km. coasts.

The collapse of the USSR, after which the supply of Soviet oil abroad sharply decreased.

1993 For the first time in history, the United States imported more oil than it produced.

1994 The first car using hydrogen as fuel was created - the VW Hybrid.

1995 General Motors has demonstrated its first electric car, the EV1.

1997 Toyota created the first mass-produced car that runs on gasoline and electricity, the Prius.

1998 Large-scale economic crisis in Asia. World oil prices have fallen sharply. The reason for this was an unusually warm winter in Europe and North America, an increase in oil production in Iraq, oil consumption by Asian countries and a number of other factors. If in 1996 the average price of a barrel of oil was $20.29, in 1997 - $18.68, then in 1998 it fell to $11. The fall in oil prices led to the largest financial crisis in Russia. To stop falling prices, OPEC countries reduced oil production.

A 50-year moratorium on oil development in the Antarctic region has been signed.

Major oil company mergers: British Petroleum acquired Amoco, and Exxon acquired Mobil.

1999 Merger of the largest French oil companies: Total Fina and Elf Aquitaine.

year 2000. Russia took third place in the world in terms of oil production, behind Saudi Arabia and the United States in first and second positions. Russia produced 9.1% of world oil, Saudi Arabia - 12%, USA - 10%. For comparison, according to the International Energy Agency, in 1973 the USSR accounted for 15% of world production. The majority of US oil imports came from Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico and Nigeria.

year 2001. Terrorist attack on the USA.

2002 As a result of the nationwide strike, Venezuela sharply reduced oil exports. According to the Energy Information Administration, in 2001 the main supplier of oil to the United States was Saudi Arabia. In 2002, Canada became the largest supplier of oil to the US market (1,926 thousand barrels per day). The top ten largest oil supply countries to the United States now include only two countries from the Persian Gulf - Saudi Arabia (1,525 thousand barrels) and Iraq (449 thousand barrels). The majority of US oil comes from Canada (1,926 thousand), Mexico (1,510 thousand), Venezuela (1,439 thousand), Nigeria (591 thousand), Great Britain (483 thousand), Norway (393 thousand) , Angola (327 thousand) and Algeria (272 thousand).

Construction of the Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline has begun.

The largest oil companies Conoco and Phillips merged.

The Prestige tanker sank off the coast of Spain, spilling twice as much fuel into the sea as in 1989 (Exxon Valdez).

Mass sales of cars running on alternative fuel have begun.

2003 The US started the war in Iraq. British Petroleum acquired 50% of the large Russian oil company THK. The US Senate rejected a proposal to begin oil development on the territory of the largest reserve in Alaska. World oil prices have increased significantly (the main reasons are the war in Iraq, the strike in Venezuela, the devastating hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico) and reached approximately $30 per barrel.

2004 Oil prices hit a record, exceeding $40 per barrel. The main factors are considered to be the US problems in Iraq and the increase in consumption of petroleum products in Asian countries, especially in China, which for the first time in history began to import oil. The world's top five oil importers include the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany and Italy.

Amoco analysts estimate that the Gulf states contain two-thirds of the world's oil reserves. The Persian Gulf states provided 22.8% of all oil imports to the United States in 2001. Oil fields have been explored in Iraq, containing 112.5 billion barrels of oil. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, Iraq has the second largest oil reserves in the world, second only to Saudi Arabia (261.8 billion barrels). Kuwait's reserves are estimated at 98.6 billion barrels, Iran - 89.7, Russia - 48.6. At the same time, the cost of Iraqi and Saudi oil is the lowest in the world.

Oil has been known to man since ancient times. People have long noticed the black liquid oozing from the ground. There is evidence that already 6,500 years ago, people living in the territory of modern Iraq added oil to building and cementing materials when building houses in order to protect their homes from moisture penetration. The ancient Egyptians collected oil from the surface of the water and used it in construction and for lighting. Oil was also used to seal boats and as part of a mummifying agent.

During the times of ancient Babylon, there was quite an intensive trade in this “black gold” in the Middle East. Some cities even then literally grew up on the oil trade. One of the seven wonders of the world, famous Hanging Gardens of Ceramide(according to another version - Hanging Gardens of Babylon), also could not do without the use of oil as a sealing material.

Not everywhere oil was collected only from the surface. In China, more than 2000 years ago, small wells were drilled using bamboo trunks with a metal tip. Initially, the wells were designed to produce salt water, from which salt was extracted. But when drilling to greater depths, oil and gas were extracted from the wells. It is not known whether oil found use in ancient China, only that gas was set on fire to evaporate water and extract salt.

About 750 years ago, the famous traveler Marco Polo, in his description of his travels to the East, mentions the use of oil by the inhabitants of the Absheron Peninsula as a cure for skin diseases and fuel for lighting.

The first mention of oil in Russia dates back to the 15th century. Oil was collected from the surface of the water on the Ukhta River. Just like other peoples, it was used here as a medicine and for household needs.

Although, as we see, oil has been known since ancient times, it has found rather limited use. The modern history of oil begins in 1853, when Polish chemist Ignatius Łukasiewicz invented a safe and easy-to-use kerosene lamp. According to some sources, he discovered a way to extract kerosene from oil on an industrial scale and founded an oil refinery in 1856 in the vicinity of the Polish city of Ulaszowice.

Back in 1846, Canadian chemist Abraham Gesner figured out how to produce kerosene from coal. But oil made it possible to obtain cheaper kerosene and in much larger quantities. The growing demand for kerosene, used for lighting, created a demand for the starting material. This was the beginning of the oil industry.

According to some sources, the world's first oil well was drilled in 1847 near the city of Baku on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Soon after, so many oil wells were drilled in Baku, then part of the Russian Empire, that it became known as the Black City.

However, 1864 is considered to be the birth of the Russian oil industry. In the fall of 1864, in the Kuban region, a transition was made from the manual method of drilling oil wells to the mechanical shock-rod method using a steam engine as a drilling rig drive. The transition to this method of drilling oil wells confirmed its high efficiency on February 3, 1866, when the drilling of well 1 at the Kudakinsky field was completed and a gush of oil began to flow from it. This was the first oil gusher in Russia and the Caucasus.

The date of the beginning of industrial world oil production, according to most sources, is considered to be August 27, 1859. This is the day when the first oil well in the United States, drilled by “Colonel” Edwin Drake, produced an influx of oil with a recorded flow rate. This 21.2-meter-deep well was drilled by Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania, where water drilling was often accompanied by oil shows.

News of the discovery of a new source of oil by drilling a well spread through the Titusville area like wildfire. By that time, processing, experience with kerosene and the appropriate type of lamp for lighting had already been developed. Drilling an oil well made it possible to gain fairly cheap access to the necessary raw materials, thus adding the final element to the birth of the oil industry.

Oil has long been transported from places of production to places of consumption.

Archaeologists have found that 6000 BC. There was an ancient oil field on the banks of the Euphrates in Idi. The extracted oil, in particular, was transported down the Euphrates to the city of Ur and used in construction. Special loading vessels were built to transport oil along the river. The carrying capacity of these ancient “tankers” reached 5 tons.

Since ancient times, oil has been stored and transported in special vessels. Thus, oil from the territory of the former Tmutarakan principality of Kievan Rus (Taman Peninsula) was exported by Byzantine ships in amphorae. It was Taman oil that was used by the Byzantines to make their formidable military weapon - “Greek fire”.

After the destruction of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the subsequent collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the demand for oil fell and the Tmutarakan fields were forgotten for a long time. Later, the Baku region became the main supplier of oil. They transported it on camels or carts in leather bags (waterskins) to various areas - to Shemakha, Gilan and even to Western Europe.

During the reign of Boris Godunov (1598...1605), oil was brought to Moscow from the Pechora forests from the Ukhta River in barrels. Barrels of various sizes served for a long time as containers for transported oil on highways and waterways both in our country and abroad.

The first instruction in Russia on the rules for transporting oil on ships along the Caspian and Volga was approved by Peter I in 1725. Dry cargo ships were used for these purposes - rowing, sailing and steam ships, onto which oil was loaded in amphorae or barrels. The first oil tankers, distinguished by the fact that their hold contained special tanks for loading oil, appeared at the end of the 19th century, when demand for it increased sharply. In 1873, the Artemyev brothers adapted the wooden sailing schooner "Alexander" for loading oil. And the world's first metal oil tanker was the steamship Zoroaster, built in 1878 according to a Russian design at a Swedish shipyard. To ensure fire safety, its cargo holds (tanks) were separated from the engine room by a double partition, into which water was poured. The steamer "Zoroaster" with a carrying capacity of 250 tons, sailing in the Caspian Sea, became the world's first tanker. In 1882, Russian engineers created the tanker "Savior", the engine room of which, for the first time in world practice, was moved to the stern - as is now done in modern tankers.

The outstanding Russian engineer V.G. played a major role in the development of the domestic oil tanker fleet. Shukhov. Under his leadership, the first river oil barges of the Russian design were built in Saratov. For the first time in the world, they were assembled from separate sections, which made it possible to reduce the time required to lower the barges from the stocks.

The railway tank was invented by the Americans. By the time the oil rush began, the United States was already covered by a network of railroads. Therefore, it is only natural that this network began to be used to transport oil. Russian railway owners have long resisted the use of railway tanks, on the one hand, rightly fearing the fire hazard of oil, and on the other, given that the efficiency of tanks is 50%, since cargo is transported only in one direction, and the tanks move empty in the opposite direction . However, their advantages - significant carrying capacity, the ability to quickly unload and fill tanks - ultimately did their job. In 1872, the workshops of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod Railway produced the first railway oil tanks in Russia.

In 1863 D.I. Mendeleev, who visited the oil refinery V.A. Kokoreva near Baku, proposed using a pipeline to pump oil from oil wells to the plant and from the plant to a pier on the Caspian Sea. Then his proposal was not implemented.

And in 1865, in the USA, the Standard Oil company built world's first oil pipeline with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 6 km. “The Americans seemed to have overheard my thoughts,” Dmitry Ivanovich later wrote with some bitterness.

The construction of the world's first oil pipeline was carried out in order to reduce high railway tariffs for oil transportation. The very idea of ​​transporting liquids through pipes was not new.

As early as the fifth millennium BC, the Chinese transported water through bamboo pipes to rice fields.

Currently, rail, water, road and pipeline transport are used to transport energy resources.

In the early days of the oil industry, oil was transported in wooden barrels. But oil companies soon realized that it was much more profitable to transport oil through pipelines.

Modern oil transportation is carried out by various types of transport:

• Pipeline
• · Railway
• · Water
• · Automotive
• · By air

The main advantage of pipeline transport is the low cost of pumping. But there are also disadvantages. The main disadvantage is the large one-time capital investments in construction, because Before you start using an oil pipeline, you need to build it from the starting point to the ending point.

In Russia, oil transportation is mainly carried out by pipeline transport - through oil pipelines. Transportation of oil and petroleum products is carried out by 2 companies:

JSC AK Transneft transports oil;

JSC AK Transnefteproduct transports petroleum products.

Water transport of oil can be divided into river and sea. Oil is transported along rivers and lakes in barges and river tankers. Marine transport of oil is carried out by sea tankers and supertankers. The carrying capacity of modern sea supertankers reaches one million tons. The world's largest oil supertanker Knock Nevis has a length of 458.4 meters. This is larger than the American Empire State Building, but smaller than the Ostankino TV Tower, if they are placed on their sides. Every day, about 30 million barrels of oil are in tankers en route to their destination. The total operating fleet of oil tankers in the world is about 3.5 thousand vessels.

Some oil and especially petroleum products are transported by rail. Transportation is carried out in special steel tank cars with a carrying capacity of 50, 60 and 120 tons. The advantage of railway transport is its versatility. Tanks can transport all types of oil and petroleum products. The disadvantages include rather high operating costs and low efficiency of using rolling stock, since the tanks return empty.

Road transport is used to transport oil and petroleum products only over short distances. It is used extremely rarely for oil transportation (usually within the oil field during pipeline construction). The main use of motor transport is for the delivery of petroleum products to places of their consumption (gas stations, plants, factories, etc.)

Air transport is practically not used for oil transportation due to its high cost. It is used only to supply oil products to individual points in the Far North, drifting stations and wintering grounds in the Arctic. As a rule, petroleum products are delivered by air in barrels.

Considering the importance of all this, this course project examines the operation of equipment at pump stations.

oil station water hammer

Oil is one of the main resources of the country in which it is produced. The history of the discovery of this amazing creation of nature is complex and contradictory, like earthen oil itself. The first mentions of flammable liquids are found in the Bible.

According to the Old Testament, during the migration to India, the ancient Jews hid a sacred sacrificial fire in a well, causing the water to become thick and blazing with a bright flame. According to legend, it was the black gold that Noah coated his ark with that helped the ship survive the uncontrollable flow of the Flood. The construction of the Tower of Babel was not without oil. Natural asphalt, obtained through the process of long-term weathering of a flammable substance, replaced the binding solution.

The healing power of oil

Historians claim that black gold was first mined 5-6 years BC. e. The most ancient deposits include the Middle East, the banks of the Euphrates, the Chinese province of Sichuan, the Dead Sea region, as well as the Kerch and Tasman peninsulas. Written sources from Ancient Egypt say that earthen oil was used in medicine and in the embalming of mummies. Oil “baths” helped to cure joint pain, and bitumen ointments were prescribed for abscesses and skin diseases.

Let there be light!

There is evidence that Prometheus’s fire was also half composed of oil. The peoples living on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea have long used flammable substances as a source of light for their homes. In the Middle Ages, oil helped light the streets in the cities of Southern Italy and the Middle East. In the 19th century, they learned to produce kerosene from it, which was used to fill lamps.

First oil well

At first, oil was extracted in small quantities from shallow wells. In the second half of the 19th century, with the advent of steam engines and the intensive development of industry, the need for light sources and reliable lubricants began to increase. For this reason, the date August 28, 1859 is known to the world as the beginning of oil production from the first well drilled by American Colonel Edwin L. Drake at a depth of 22 m.

The oil industry originated in the United States in Pennsylvania near the Oil Creek River. At that time there were no cars yet, so “rock oil” was actively used in pharmaceuticals. At that time, oil already had an impressive price of $40 per barrel. Today, earth oil and natural gas help maintain the global fuel and energy balance. It is impossible to imagine the activities of any industry without petroleum products. The significance of these natural resources greatly exceeds the value of gold of the highest standard.

The history of oil as a source of energy and its use is described in many including ancient writings. This is understandable because the production and evolution of the global oil industry was of great importance for world events, which in turn influenced technological development.

History of the world oil industry and oil as a source of energy

VI century BC e - the Achaemenid Empire that existed in the VI-IV centuries. BC e. (currently Iran), uses Absheron oil as a weapon to invade castles and cities.

When oil was discovered: in the 6th century. BC e on the Absheron Peninsula on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, now Azerbaijan

450g. BC. – Ancient Greek historian Herodotus described pits of liquid minerals near Babylon

325g. BC. – Alexander the Great uses liquid minerals as a source of energy in flaming torches to scare away enemies

100 AD – Ancient Greek philosopher Plutarch described a flammable product from the ground near Kirkuk in present-day Iraq

347 AD – The Chinese have reportedly drilled holes in the ground using bamboo to extract hydrogen sulfide

8th century AD - in Baku, people used earth soaked in oil as a source of energy for heating due to the lack of wood

9th century AD - Arab traveler Ahmed al-Belazuri describes in “The Conquest of Countries” that political and economic life in Absheron has long been associated with oil.

10th century AD - Arab traveler Abu Dulafa visits and describes Absheron with oil springs and notes that there are two main sources - a black and white substance. White oil was exported to Iran, Iraq and India as a valuable commodity

12th century AD – a unique medicinal oil from Naftalan (Azerbaijan region), was used to treat various health problems. It was transported in furs through the territory of modern Georgia to the shores of the Black Sea, and from there to other countries of the world

1273 – Marco Polo recorded, while visiting the Persian city of Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern Azerbaijan, that he saw a substance collected from seeping earth for use in medicine and lighting

1500 - Oil seeping from the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was used in street lamps to provide light in the Polish city of Krosno.

1568 - under the sponsorship of the Englishman Thomas Bannister and Geoffrey Duckett, an English trading company with a monopoly on trade with Russia visited Azerbaijan and wrote about Baku oil

1594 Allahyar Magomed manually dug an oil well (well) 35 meters in Baku (in the village of Balakhany);

1618 – Italian traveler Pietro Della Valle spoke about a large amount of fuel oil around Baku. It was cheap fuel that brought a lot of income to the Shah every year.

1637 – the history of oil notes that the Baku substance is marked as a terrible weapon in the list of shares of the Moscow state.

1647 – Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi analyzes and describes in detail the oil fields in Baku. According to him, Baku oil brought 7,000 tomans of annual income to the Shah of the Treasury and was exported to Persia, Central Asia, Turkey and India.

1666 - Dutch navigator and traveler Jan Straus (was captured in Iran and drew a map of the Caspian Sea) visited Azerbaijan and wrote in his work entitled “Journey” that there were wells built with stones inside and with white and black oil on the surface (now Siyazan region of Azerbaijan).

1723 - Peter the Great (1672-1725) issues special decrees on the procedure for oil production. In a letter to Major General Michael Matyushkin, who coordinates Baku, he demanded the direction of “one thousand pounds of white oil or as much as possible and look for an increase production." Peter's Persian campaign (1722-1723) on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea annexed Baku and Derbent to Russia.

1739 – German and subsequently Russian naturalist and physiologist Academician Josiah Weitbrecht publishes a treatise “on oil”, which contains a lot of data about Absheron oil.

1741 - director of the Russian trading company Jonas Hanway investigated the state of the oil fields of Baku and in 1754 published “Historical Essay on English Trade in the Caspian Sea” in London.

1771 - Academician Samuil Gmelin (1745-1774) visits Baku and confirms that white oil is sublimated to produce kerosene and describes the extraction technique through wells.

1781 – Marko Voinovich (1750-1807), head of the Caspian expedition, finds signs of flammable substances and gas at the bottom of the Caspian Sea near the island of Chilov, near the Absheron Peninsula. In 1781-1782 Voinovich outlined a detailed map of the Eastern part of the Caspian Sea

1836 – for the first time, Academician Gessi studied the natural gas of Absheron from a scientific point of view and determined its composition

1803 - the first industrial oil production in the Bibi-Heybat Bay of the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan) from two wells 18 and 30 meters from the coastline. The first oil field ceased to exist in 1825, when a huge storm destroyed all the wells in the Caspian region

1807 – London streets began to be illuminated with hydrogen sulfide products

1814 - One of the first oil wells to be drilled near Marietta, Ohio. Well, it was actually drilled for salt water, the oil was a useless by-product that was then used. In Ohio, the well was 150 meters deep and produced about a barrel of burning material per week, and cost 10-15 cents/liter

1818 - Oil production begins in Southeastern Kentucky. By 1820, oil from this well was shipped to Europe, as well as several other southern states. Thus, the American entrepreneur Beatty was the first to begin oil production in North America.

1816 - US gas industry begins production, formation of Baltimore Gas Company begins

1837 – France – first attempts from oil shale, mines were closed in 1957

1846 – Baku first well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for exploration of liquid minerals

1849 – Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner developed a method for distilling kerosene from crude oil

1857 – development of the kerosene lamp for light

1857 – First bending oil drilling, northeast of Bucharest, on the Romanian side of the Carpathians.

1858 – History of Petroleum: How North America's First Production Was Made in Ontario, Canada

1861 - oil was delivered between countries for the first time - from Pennsylvania to London on the sailing ship Elizabeth Watts

1862 – a four-stroke engine running on petroleum products was patented in France

1863 - John Davison Rockefeller founded an oil refining company in Cleveland

1878 – first oil well on Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela

1885 – this liquid mineral was discovered on the island of Sumatra (now part of Indonesia)

1893 – first well drilled in Los Angeles

1895 – extraction of bitumen from tar sand using hot water in California

1895 – invention of the internal combustion engine

1896 - Henry Ford made the first automobile

Development and history of petroleum and the petroleum industry since the 20th century

1903 - the Wright brothers' first flight powered by a petroleum engine.

1908 – Oil is discovered in Persia and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company is formed

1910 - First discovery of oil in Mexico in Tampico on the Gulf Coast

1914-1918 – World War I, the first conflict where control of oil supplies was really important for tanks, ships and aircraft. British troops captured Baghdad in 1917.

1916 – Naval oil shale reserves established in Colorado and Utah

1932 – Oil discovered in Bahrain

1933 – Saudi Arabia granted California oil concession

1934 – the first floating drilling rig in the Caspian Sea

1933 – Texas Company introduced the first drilling barge to be used in Louisiana

1938 – Mexico nationalizes foreign oil companies, all assets under the control of the Mexican state-owned oil, gas and petrochemical company

1938 – Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia

1939-1945 – World War II – control of oil supplies from Baku and the Middle East played a huge role in the events of the war and the final victory of the Allies. By cutting off oil supplies, the Allies significantly weakened Japan in the second half of the war.

1942 – Japan invaded Indonesia to gain access to their oil reserves

1948 – the largest oil field in the world was discovered in Saudi Arabia (about 80 billion barrels)

1950 – formation of the national oil company of Saudi Arabia “Aramco” in the world, now the largest in terms of oil production and the size of oil reserves

1951 – Anglo-Iranian Oil Company nationalized

1954 – Anglo-Persian Oil Company renamed British Petroleum

1955 – Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal

1956 – Suez crisis – England, France and Israel tried to regain control of the Suez Canal

1956 – oil discovered in Nigeria and Algeria

1959 – Natural gas discovered in the Netherlands

1959 – Arab Petroleum Congress in Cairo – “gentlemen's agreement” for oil-producing countries has greater influence on oil production and marketing so increases

1960 – OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is founded in Baghdad – from Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar

1964 - Launch of a shale project in Colorado, USA - to extract oil from immature rock sources

1967 – six days of war between Israel and the Arab world, the Suez Canal is closed

1967 – Great Canadian Oil Sands (later Suncor) discovered, tar sands production begins north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada – first commercial production of the world's largest oil resource

1968 – Oil discovered on Alaska's North Slope

1969 - Oil spill occurred in Santa Barbara, 6 miles offshore, California. There has been a major backlash from environmentalists against industry.

1971 -Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Iraq negotiate price increases from $2.55 to $3.45 per barrel

1971 – OPEC countries begin nationalizing oil assets – Libya nationalizes concessions

1971 – US oil production peaks

1972 – Iraq nationalizes concession (agreement)

1973 – Iran nationalizes oil assets

1973 – The Saudi government acquired 25% of oil shares

1973 - Arab oil embargo on oil exports to the US due to Israel, oil prices rise from $2.90 to $11.65

1975 – Venezuelan oil industry is nationalized

1975 – history of oil as the first oil production from the North Sea

1975 - Launched the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve to store emergency oil supplies in salt domes

1977 – construction of the oil pipeline to Alaska is completed

1979 – Shah of Iran overthrown, Ayatollah Khomeini takes power

1979-1981 – increase in oil prices from $13 to $34

1980 - The Saudis bought Aramco from American oil companies, realizing that oil was the main source of energy

1980 – Iraq begins war against Iran

1982 - first OPEC quotas

1986-87 – war between Iran and Iraq during which oil tankers are destroyed in the Persian Gulf

1991 – January – Gulf War – Operation Desert Storm, Kuwait oil fields arson

1997 – Qatar opens the world's first significant export of liquefied natural gas

1997 – Kyoto agreement proposes limiting greenhouse gases

1998 – Asian economic crisis

1998 – A 50-year moratorium on oil production and exploration in Antarctica is approved

1999 – US imposes sanctions against Libya

1999 – Panama Canal returns to Panama's control

2002 – construction of a pipeline bypass from Baku to the Mediterranean

2003 – September – Mikhail Khodorkovsky, General Director of Yukos, the largest Russian oil company, was arrested

2004 (October 25) – Record price of US$55.67 per barrel due to concerns over higher demand and possible disruptions in the Middle East and damage on the Gulf Coast from Hurricane Ivan.

2004 (December) - Rosneft acquired the largest division of Yukos OJSC due to bankruptcy due to non-payment of taxes.

2005 (March 31) – Price rises above US$58 per barrel as strong demand continues and supply concerns continue

2005 (August 29) – Hurricane Katrina hits the US Gulf Coast with devastating results.

2006 (September) – Russia influences many national oil companies – Shell, Exxon and ConocoPhillips

2008 (January 2) – WTI oil price exceeds US$100 per barrel due to supply issues and weak US dollar

2008 (March 18) – Venezuela announces plans to sell in euros to protect against the decline in the value of the US dollar

2008 (July 11) – Crude oil hits a record high of $147.27 per barrel and continued supply concerns and a weak US dollar.

2008 (November 20) – the price of oil falls below $50/barrel. Reduced in different technologies.

2009 (January) – gas exports to Europe significantly reduce supplies due to a dispute between Russia and Ukraine, this is the reason for the cessation of gas exports through Ukraine

2009 (Q1) – falling natural gas prices in North America cause a significant reduction in gas wells in Canada and the USA

2009 (October 20) – price above 80 US dollars per barrel – mainly due to the weakness of the US dollar

2010 (April 27) – Russia and Norway signed an agreement on the Barents Sea, which had been in dispute for more than 40 years. The area is considered to be very promising.

2011 – Rosneft studies the possibility of production for oil and gas in the southern Kara Sea of ​​the Russian Arctic

2011 – Unrest in various countries in the Arab world raises concerns about energy supplies and increases oil prices.

2011 (November 8) – Australian Parliament passes carbon legislation – forcing top 500 polluters to pay for carbon emissions

2011 (December 31) - US natural gas production in December 2011 at a record high, reducing the price to 1973

2012 (April 16) - Rosneft signed a deal to acquire a 30% stake in North America by Rosneft in exchange for access to Russian offshore holdings in the Arctic and Black Sea

2012 – forum of gas exporting countries – members: Algeria, Bolivia, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

2015 permanent OPEC meetings on limiting oil production

2016 – Rosneft purchased 100% of Bashneft shares

2016 - Rosneft buys back part of its shares from the state during privatization.

Who is who in the world of discoveries and inventions Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich

Who was the first to extract oil?

Who was the first to extract oil?

Crude oil, which is produced on the surface of the Earth, was known to ancient people. It was sometimes used in lamps and torches. In the United States, there are large deposits of oil in the Allegan Mountains region. In some places, oil lies so close to the surface of the Earth that it bursts out in a stream.

Crude oil was used as a medicine and soon there was a great need for it. But no one thought of drilling the surface of the earth to extract oil. The pioneer of the idea of ​​drilling for oil was New York lawyer Georg Bissell.

Bissell received samples of the oil for analysis, and chemists concluded that the oil had many beneficial qualities. In 1857, Bissell hired a man named Edwin L. Drake to take care of the oil property in Oil Bay, Pennsylvania.

Drake decided to drill the earth in search of oil. But the well became clogged with earth that had fallen into it. Drake had an idea - why not install an iron pipe in the well to support the walls of the well. Since then, this has been done in any oil well.

On Sunday, August 28, 1859, a well was drilled to a depth of 21 meters. Drake decided to check the contents of the well. Below he saw a dark liquid. He lowered the ladle onto the rope, took it back, and sniffed the contents. It was oil! He was the first to extract oil by drilling. The news spread quickly, and the world was gripped by an oil rush. It began in all corners of the United States, Canada and Europe. A new century has begun.