Nikolai Troitsky, political commentator for RIA Novosti.

The Soviet coal miner Stakhanov was both lucky and unlucky in his life. All residents of our country knew his name. But he himself lost his name given at birth. He was extolled by official propaganda. However, at best, his compatriots treated him and his labor exploits with humor. And many despised and even hated.

He himself did not deserve such treatment. He worked honestly, mined coal in a mine in the Donbass, did not crowd into the “light” and the founders of the so-called Stakhanov movement. Who asked him? Everything was decided for him.

Andrei Stakhanov woke up famous 75 years ago, on the morning of August 31, 1935. More precisely, he was artificially made famous: the work front was cleared and prepared, the best equipment was brought in, and he did not mine coal alone, but his assistants were ignored. Although collectivism was declared as the basis of the state ideology, strict unity of command reigned at all levels, as in the army.

The Pravda newspaper immediately trumpeted the pre-planned feat of a worker who allegedly personally produced 102 tons of coal during a shift instead of the required seven. But the telegram from the mine did not indicate the full name of the hero, but only the initial “A”. The journalists, without thinking twice, decided that his name was Alexey. When the mistake became clear, Comrade Stalin said: “The newspaper Pravda cannot be mistaken.”

The ascetic had to change his passport and turn into Alexei. How he reacted to this remained unknown, and again no one asked him. It’s good that they didn’t replace the name with a number, like the prisoners of Stalin’s camps.

The Stakhanov movement began with that well-prepared feat. Our hero continued to break records, and his assistants still remained nameless. Then other record holders, leaders and heroes of labor appeared. They were written about in newspapers, called “beacons”, demanded to imitate them and be guided by them, and promoted their achievements, real and imaginary. They were supposed to serve as living proof of the superiority of the socialist system and the socialist way of managing. At the same time, the leading workers themselves were actively encouraged with rubles and helped to build their careers.

Stakhanov rose to chief engineer, then to manager of the coal trust. And then he retired and, simply put, drank himself to death. He spent the last months in a drug treatment clinic. Naturally, this was not reported in the official obituary. Yes, no one was following the fate of the man Stakhanov; it was of interest only to his family and friends. He himself has already turned into a symbol.

A symbol of what - that is the question. Today the very concept of “Stakhanov movement” is perceived in much the same way as the phrase “Potemkin villages”. That is, as a typical manifestation and embodiment of Soviet window dressing. If this is true, it is only partly true.
Of course, it was not possible without bullshit and show-off. But the same Stakhanov really tried to give the country as much coal as possible and actually tried to improve the organization of labor. He was a true rationalizer and innovator of production.

Another thing is that it never occurred to Stakhanov to attribute all the successes to himself alone. On the contrary, the main meaning of his rationalization proposal was a clear division of labor between the miner and the riggers. Everyone does their own thing: one mines or, in professional terms, chops coal with a jackhammer, others strengthen the roofs of the mine. Previously, slaughterers had to do both in turn.

It is clear that after Stakhanov’s proposal was accepted, labor productivity increased. First at one mine, then throughout the entire industry, and then in other industries. So this is not a myth at all. After the establishment of the Stakhanovist and other similar movements, in reality there was “more iron and steel per capita in the country,” as Yuz Aleshkovsky wrote in his famous song about “Comrade Stalin.”

In general, Stakhanov, Nikita Izotov, Pasha Angelina, and other “lighthouses” were not engaged in window dressing, but worked by the sweat of their brow. Another thing is that in our country they knew how to take any good deed to the point of absurdity, or even idiocy. You gave out one hundred tons per gora, if you please, after that you give out two hundred, three hundred, and so on. This was already completely unrealistic, and shock work turned into bullshit.

But this concerns not only the Stakhanov movement. For example, there was nothing stupid or harmful about Nikita Khrushchev's initiative to sow more corn. But it is equally absurd to sow it beyond the Arctic Circle and to almost completely abandon this culture after the removal of Khrushchev. Or - already under Mikhail Gorbachev - in the frenzy of the anti-alcohol campaign, cut down the Crimean vineyards.

And one last thing. There is a lot of bad - and rightly bad - to be said about Stalin's times. But it cannot be denied that not only Stakhanov, but the majority of the Soviet people worked conscientiously in those years. Moreover, it was not only prisoners who worked. It is enough to check the strength and reliability of the so-called “Stalinist houses” in comparison with the buildings of subsequent eras.

And it is wrong to think that people worked well solely because they feared for their lives and fate. Many people were sincerely inspired by the idea of ​​​​building a new world, a new country. And so that the idea did not remain abstract, it had to be personified in someone. It was for this reason that all sorts of Stakhanov movements were invented, and a cult of leaders in production was created.

One could even say that it was a cult of individuals, although these individuals themselves, paradoxically, remained voiceless, powerless “cogs” who could easily, at the wave of the Leader’s hand, have their names replaced and with whom they could do whatever they wanted. It is doubly offensive that later, as is usual with us, the child was thrown out with the bathwater. They debunked the cult, and at the same time abandoned their personalities.

Stakhanov Alexey Grigorievich - miner, innovator of the coal mining industry, assistant to the chief engineer of mine management No. 2 - 43 of the Torezantracite plant of the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the Ukrainian SSR. The “Stakhanov Movement” is named after him, the goal of which was to fight to increase the production rate of each worker, primarily in heavy and mining enterprises.

Born on January 3, 1906 (according to the old style - December 21, 1905) in the village of Lugovaya, Oryol region, into a peasant family. Russian. Member of the CPSU(b)/CPSU since 1936. He studied at a rural school, which he did not graduate from. In 1914-1926. he worked as a laborer and was a shepherd. In 1927, he went to work at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in Kadievka, Lugansk region (Donbass) as a horse driver. Then he worked as a fastener, and from 1933 as a miner.

The Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine was one of the medium-sized, ordinary coal enterprises. She was in a breakthrough for a long time. The mine has undergone technical reconstruction. The butts were replaced by jackhammers, and the horses were replaced by electric locomotives. Already in 1935, in its faces there were 95 jackhammers, 4 compressors, 4 electric locomotives and many other technical means. Over two thousand miners worked at the mine at that time.

For a number of reasons, in the second quarter of 1935, the mine’s performance deteriorated somewhat, as a result of which the plan for the first half of the year remained unfulfilled. Simply replacing the butts with jackhammers did not make any significant changes. As before, the miner, after working for 1-2 hours, put the hammer aside and took up the ax to strengthen the faces. The equipment was idle at that time while the miner worked on the support. The air compressor ran idle, the flow of coal from the lava stopped.

The miners were looking for new ways to break the gap. The mine managers, in consultation with the miners, visited their apartments and dormitories and talked about ways to improve the operation of the mine. Each proposal was studied and accepted for implementation. The needs of miners' families were identified, and then management helped meet them. The miners decided to hold a public competition for the best miner.

International Youth Day (Knowledge Day) was approaching, which the whole country then celebrated annually on September 1. It was decided to celebrate this day with a production record for one of the miners. The choice fell on miner Alexey Stakhanov from the Nikanor-Vostok section of horizon 450.

On August 30, 1935, at 10 o’clock in the evening, Stakhanov, the head of the section Mashurov, the party organizer of the mine and the editor of the mine circulation Mikhailov descended into the mine. The countdown time for the start of work has been turned on. Stakhanov confidently bit into the coal seam with the peak of a jackhammer. He chopped with exceptional energy and skill. Shchigolev and Borisenko, who were behind him, were far behind. And, despite the fact that Stakhanov had to cut 8 ledges, cutting a corner in each, which took a lot of time, the work was completed in 5 hours 45 minutes. When the result was calculated, everyone gasped: Stakhanov chopped 102 tons, fulfilling 14 standards and earning 220 rubles.

Thus, for the first time in the world, 102 tons of coal were mined during a shift. The news of Stakhanov's success spread throughout the country. The Pravda newspaper named A.G.’s record. Stakhanov as the banner of the popular movement. Thus was born the powerful Stakhanov movement. At that time, Alexey Grigorievich was faced with a difficult task - to consolidate his success, to once again prove that 102 tons of coal per shift was not an accidental success, but a natural result of a new organization of work, shock work.

And Stakhanov again convincingly proved this. After 10 days, he produced 175 tons of coal per shift. Another decade later, this figure was exceeded by 52 tons, and on March 4, 1936, Stakhanov produced 324 tons per shift. The popularity of the new initiative gained national appreciation and widespread distribution in all industries and other types of activities.

On October 20, 1935, a rally of the capital’s Stakhanovites took place in Moscow. Five days later, a citywide rally of the city’s Stakhanovites opened at the Uritsky Palace of Culture in Leningrad. On November 14, 1935, the first All-Union meeting of Stakhanovites of industry and transport was held in Moscow, and on January 22, 1936, the first rally of Stakhanovites of Kuzbass was held. In 1935, Stakhanov visited the Pnevmatika plant in Leningrad.

Before Stakhanov’s record, the maximum salary for a slaughterer was 500 rubles. per month, and in 1936 reached 1,600 rubles. The earnings of framers, horse-drivers, and workers in other specialties increased sharply. The supply of miners with food and industrial goods has noticeably improved.

Stakhanov’s working pedagogy began from the first days of work in the mine. He learned the principles, methods and system of influence of the miners' collective on the formation of personality, a working person. He was a working teacher both for himself and for others. He created Stakhanov schools (author's schools) at the mine, in which about 300 people studied, 160 of them were miners of leading professions, in particular miners.

These schools taught special disciplines in mining, mathematics, Russian, history, physics, and geography. Attendance was excellent, as was academic performance. Subsequently, these schools increased significantly and functioned for many decades. For some time, Alexey Stakhanov worked as an industrial instructor of advanced methods at the mine. He persistently continued to teach miners at his school. He himself always wanted to learn and in his free time he read a lot and wrote notes in his diary.

In 1937, Stakhanov was accepted into the Industrial Academy, from which he graduated in 1941, receiving a diploma in mining engineering. The war required the strengthening of the coal front. In 1941-1942 he worked as a mine manager in the city of Karaganda, Kazakh SSR (now the Republic of Kazakhstan). Since 1943 - head of the sector for summarizing the experience of innovators and leaders in production at the USSR Ministry of Coal Industry. He often spoke to students at the Industrial Academy.

In 1957 he returned to Donbass. He worked as deputy manager of the Chistyakovoanthracite trust in the city of Chistyakov (now the city of Torez). In 1959-1974 - assistant to the chief engineer of mine management No. 2-43 of the Torezantracite plant.

By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 23, 1970, for great achievements in the development of mass socialist competition, for achieving high labor productivity and many years of activity in introducing advanced working methods in the coal industry Stakhanov Alexey Grigorievich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In 1974 A.G. Stakhanov retired. Died on November 5, 1977. He was buried in the city cemetery in the city of Torez, Donetsk region.

Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (12/8/1935, 09/23/1970), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (08/29/1953), medals, including “For Labor Valor” (09/04/1948).

On February 15, 1978, the city of Kadievka was renamed the city of Stakhanov in order to perpetuate the memory of the outstanding innovator of production Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov. In the same city, it was decided to build a monument to Stakhanov. Stakhanov’s name was given to two mines in the Donbass and Kuzbass, and to mining school No. 110 in the city of Torez, where A.G. performed many times. Stakhanov. 26 scholarships were established. A.G. Stakhanov for the best students of vocational schools of the republic. In the city of Irmino, a memorial sign was erected over the place where A.G. Stakhanov set his record, and in 2010 a monument to the creators of the Stakhanov movement was unveiled.

Composition:
A story about my life. M., 1938;
Let's revive our native Donbass. M., 1944.

Record miner Alexey Stakhanov, who set his famous record in Ukraine, was born in Russia, in the Oryol region, in the village of Lugovaya.

Alexey Stakhanov began his work at the mine as a “brake” - a worker responsible for ensuring that the trolleys with coal, which were pulled by horses, did not roll away.

On the night of August 30-31, 1935, miner Alexei Stakhanov produced 102 tons of coal in 5 hours and 45 minutes, 14 times exceeding the production rate that existed at that time. On September 19, Stakhanov improved his own result by extracting 227 tons of coal.

In addition to himself, the fixers Gavrila Shchigolev and Tikhon Borisenko, as well as the site manager Nikolai Mashurov, took part in setting Alexey Stakhanov’s record.

The real name of Alexei Stakhanov is Andrey. The name Alexey arose due to an error in the material of the Pravda newspaper, which wrote an article about the miner’s fantastic record. After this, on the instructions of Joseph Stalin, within a few days Stakhanov was given a passport with a new name, known throughout the country.

In December 1935, a photograph of Alexei Stakhanov graced the cover of the American Time magazine, and in February 1936, the publication published material about the miner entitled “Ten Stakhanov Days.”

Soviet leader Joseph Stalin patronized Alexei Stakhanov. At his encouragement, the miner graduated from the Industrial Academy and became a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Stakhanov's candidacy was considered for the post of People's Commissar of the coal industry.

The second wife of record-breaking miner Alexei Stakhanov, Galina Bondarenko, was only 14 years old at the time of their marriage. To avoid a scandal, the girl’s relatives gave her two extra years, passing her off as 16 years old.

Under Nikita Khrushchev, miner Alexei Stakhanov was actually expelled from Moscow to Donbass. The reason for his disgrace was Stakhanov’s reluctance to take part in the campaign to debunk Stalin’s personality cult.

In 1957, Stakhanov was sent from Moscow, from the ministry, back to Donbass to a low-level position in the coal trust. The hero of the Stalin era became extremely inconvenient for the new leader of the country, Nikita Khrushchev.

Stakhanov, a man who did not have the skills of a diplomat, did not catch the spirit of the new era and did not brand “damned Stalinism.” Moreover, one day Khrushchev and Stakhanov, both of whom had a hot temper, had a fight over a mining issue. The head of state said: “I, like a miner...”, to which I heard Stakhanov’s sharp: “What kind of miner are you?!”

As a result, the “legend of Stalinism” was quietly exiled to the Donetsk region, to the mining town of Torez. Added to this was a conflict in the family, which led to Stakhanov’s actual break with his family.

There was no one to stop Stakhanov, and he began to drink seriously. This aggravated the incipient diseases, provoked by work in the mine. His health began to deteriorate sharply, and some suspicious people began to circle around the forgotten hero.

When, for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution, one Moscow journalist was going to write an essay about Stakhanov and arranged a business trip to Torez, his boss exclaimed in surprise: “Stakhanov?! Is he really alive?

They remembered Stakhanov’s feat, he was an integral part of the history of the state, which they were proud of, but they forgot about the man himself.

When the journalists got to Stakhanov, he was in terrible condition - alcoholism and progressive illnesses were taking their toll.

We must pay tribute to the journalists: thanks to their efforts, Stakhanov was remembered. The legend was sent for treatment, and in 1970 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, which Stakhanov was not awarded in the 1930s.

Stakhanov met with young people, he was taken to plants, factories... They could not do without feasts, which was categorically unacceptable for him.

But he himself did not know how to refuse, and it turned out to be impossible to explain to everyone. As a result, the disease began to progress rapidly.

Alexei Stakhanov spent the last months of his life in the hospital. Evil tongues say that the former hero simply went crazy due to chronic alcoholism. Stakhanov's daughter Violetta argued that this was not so. It’s just that the department for patients with cerebral vascular lesions in the small town of Torez was located in a psychiatric clinic.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to miner Alexei Stakhanov in 1970 - 35 years after his record that went down in history.

Stakhanov was drawn to people. He, as a famous person, had his own ward, where they tried to create the most comfortable conditions for him. However, the miner left from there to the general ward. Once in this ward he slipped on an apple skin and hit his head on the sharp corner of the table. A few hours later, on November 5, 1977, Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov passed away. He was 71 years old.

On February 15, 1978, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, the city of Kadievka, in which Alexey Stakhanov set his legendary record, was renamed Stakhanov. The city still bears this name today. They say that Stakhanov is the only city in the world named after a worker.

A.G. Stakhanov- one of the most famous miners of the USSR, the founder "Stakhanov movement". Alexey Grigorievich gained his popularity after setting a record for coal production in 1935, thanks to a test on the division of labor in the coal mining process.

Stakhanov was born in 1906 in the village of Lugovaya in the Oryol region. Father Alexey Grigorievich Grigory Stakhanov was a simple peasant. Alexey Stakhanov studied at a rural school, but after 3 winters he dropped out. WITH 1914 By 1926 gg. Stakhanov worked as a farm laborer and shepherd. Family Alexey Grigorievich was poor therefore, fleeing death from starvation, Stakhanov went to Donbass because I heard that the miners made very good money. IN 1927 Alexey Grigorievich got a job at a mine "Central-Irmino""braking". The essence of the work was to monitor the prevention of trolleys with coal rolling back. He was even able to get this position with great difficulty, because... At that time there was no reception in the mine. Thankfully my fellow countrymen helped Stakhanov.

With time A. Stakhanov became horse chaser (man driving horses that pulled trolleys) and only after that he reached the position of slaughterer ( 1933). By that time, coal was extracted in the mines using jackhammers. By the way, before this, miners cut coal with a shell.

Towards the middle 1935 Coal production per miner was 7.5 tons per shift. And thanks Alexey Stakhanov this record was broken on the night of August 30 to 31, 1935. Previously, several miners cut coal in one face at once, and then they strengthened the mine themselves to prevent a collapse. But it was on this night that the principle of division of labor was implemented, according to which one miner mined coal at the face, and other people were engaged in strengthening and removing the coal.

Unfortunately, the assistants Stakhanov remained in the shadows, but we are obliged to name the names of the heroes, because their unity made it possible to do what was previously impossible. Stakhanov’s team included people like TikhonShchegolevand Gabriel Borisenko. These were the best fixers of the mine, who also made a significant contribution to achieving the record! As a result, the team chopped 102 tons of coal, thereby fulfilling 14 standards.

But before Alexey Grigorievich The task was to consolidate the success, because After the first record, many began to doubt the reality of the indicators. AND Stakhanov did it again. After 10 days, the record had already reached 175 tons. A March 4, 1936 Stakhanov was able to extract 324 tons of coal! This operating principle became so popular that it began to be used not only in other mines, but also in other industries and other types of activities. It was the first record that served as the beginning "Stakhanov movement".

IN 1936-41 A. Stakhanov studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow and received a diploma in mining engineering. During Great Patriotic War Stakhanov They didn’t take me to the front. From 1941 to 1942 he was the head of mine No. 31 in Karaganda. A 1943-1957 worked as head of the socialist competition sector in People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry of the USSR in Moscow.

After death I.V. Stalin came to power N.S. Khrushchev who didn't like A. Stakhanova. Therefore, in 1957 at the direction N.S. Khrushcheva A. Stakhanov was returned to the Donetsk region (Torez). Because of this move in the family Stakhanov a conflict occurred, and in the city of Torez Stakhanov left alone. The family remained in Moscow. Left alone Stakhanov started drinking more than ever. This served to aggravate the onset of illnesses. Before 1959 Alexey Grigorievich was deputy trust manager « Chistyakovanthracite » , With 1959 Assistant Chief Engineer of Mine Administration No. 2/43 Trust « Thoresanthracite» . IN 1974 Stakhanov retired.

Rank Hero of Socialist Labor A. Stakhanov received only 35 years after his record in 1970.

Last months of life Alexey Grigorievich spent in the hospital. Someone said that the miner had gone crazy from alcoholism, but his daughter Stakhanov claimed that in Torez the department for patients with cerebral vascular lesions was located only in a psychiatric clinic.

Died Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov in this clinic, having slipped on an apple skin. After falling, he hit his head on a sharp corner of the table and died several hours later. This happened November 5, 1977. The Hero of Socialist Labor was then 71 years old.

February 15, 1978 By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, the city of Kadievka, in which Alexey Stakhanov set his legendary record, was renamed Stakhanov. The city still bears this name today. They say that Stakhanov is the only city in the world named after a worker.