Appeared more than 11 thousand years ago.

Most likely, these were hunting tribes, and not permanent inhabitants. The settlement of these lands by Indians occurred approximately 3 thousand years ago., after that they no longer left the area.

This phase of history ended with the arrival of Giovanni Verrazan in New York Harbor in 1524. Although his ship did not sail further than the place where the bridge that bears his name is located.

But the settlement and colonization of these places by Europeans began precisely with his travels.

1609 — 1625

Further discoveries were continued by Henry Hudson, working for the Dutch East India Company, who discovered Manhattan Island in 1609 and sailed further down the river exploring territories unknown to Europeans. For these discoveries, the Hudson River was named in his honor.

The next Dutchman who left a mark on the history of New York was Andrian Block, who, due to a fire on the ship in 1613, was forced to land with his crew on the island of Manhattan. During the winter, thanks to the help of the Indians, they built a new ship.

And already in 1614, the Dutch founded a colony on the Hudson River, near the territory of modern Albany.

The first Dutch settlement was founded by several families who settled on Manhattan Island in 1625. To defend the settlement from Indians and other European countries, Fort Amsterdam was built on its territory. But after some time the fort was renamed New Amsterdam.

1626 — 1653

In 1626, Peter Minuit made the most “profitable” deal ever made in New York. For clothes, beads, combs and other trinkets worth $25, Peter Minuet bought the territory of modern Manhattan from the Indians.

Many call this deal an example of commercial insight, completely forgetting to mention the fact that the Indians simply did not understand that they were giving away ownership rights to the land. In the same year, the first black African slaves were brought to the territory of Fort New Amsterdam.

By 1628, only 270 people lived in New Amsterdam, whose only income was the sale of beaver pelts. The skins themselves were traded with the Indians, and in the Netherlands they were used to make beaver hats.

In the next decade, the population of the settlement increased dramatically due to migrants from many different places.

The Dane Johannes Bronck, after whom one of the modern boroughs of New York is currently named, settled north of Manhattan in 1639.

1654 — 1674

And the future Shearith Israel was founded by 23 Jewish refugees from Brazil who arrived in New York in 1654. In 1657, English Quakers arrived in the colony.

Assessing the importance of the colony in the new lands, the British tried with all their might to take possession of the territory. The beginning of hostilities can be considered the year 1664, when 450 English soldiers under the command of Colonel Richard Nichols landed on the territory of modern Brooklyn.

The city surrendered without a fight, as a result of which Colonel Richard Nichols became the first English governor.

It was he who renamed the city in honor of the king’s brother, the Duke of York, who organized this expedition. It was then that the city received its modern name. As a result of the war of 1673, the Dutch regained control of the city. But this did not last long, and in 1674 the British retook New York.

1688 — 1766

Under British rule, the development of the city slowed down noticeably. The townspeople tried to gain as much independence as possible.

The revolutions of 1688 and 1689 led to a new change of power in the city. German-born merchant Jacob Leisler captured Fort George (formerly Fort New Amsterdam) and ruled it for almost two years. But after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Canada in 1690, he was arrested by the British and hanged in 1691.

During the 1700s, New Yorkers became increasingly irritated by English rule. Over the next hundred years, the English Parliament passes more and more laws and acts imposing ever greater taxes on New Yorkers.

So, The Sugar Act was introduced in 1764 increasing tax on trade in sugar and molasses. And in 1765 the stamp duty law was passed.

Protesting New Yorkers convened a congress in October 1766 and challenged the right of the English Parliament to collect taxes from the colonies without their consent. Because of this, the English Parliament in 1766 abolished the stamp duty tax and lowered the tax on sugar.

1773 — 1783

But the short-lived calm was interrupted when in 1773, parliament passed a number of laws on duties on goods imported into the colonies, which ultimately leads to clashes with soldiers. Thus, the famous Boston Tea Party occurred as a result of the raising of the tea tax in 1773.

A similar incident occurred in April 1774, and was called the New York Tea Party.

At the beginning of the war, 500 English ships with an army of 32,000 on board sailed to besiege the city under the leadership of General William Howe. The American army under Washington's command resisted, but was ultimately defeated and gave up the city.

New York was held by the British until the end of the war as a concentration camp for American soldiers, eleven thousand of whom died.

The city was subject to fires twice and during its occupation tens of thousands of citizens left its walls. After the defeat and the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, America was recognized as an independent state. But the true day of victory is considered to be November 25, 1783, when the city was again under American rule.

1790 — 1815

After this war, the city experienced rapid growth and development. Between 1790 and 1820, the population of New York increased from 33 thousand to 123 thousand people. As a result, by 1820 New York became the largest city in the United States.

In order to streamline the construction, a city building plan was adopted in 1811, according to which 12 avenues, widely spaced from each other, were to be located from north to south. From east to west, the avenue was crossed by 155 streets located quite close to each other (61m).

This arrangement took on a rectangular shape, which was perfect for the construction of buildings on these sites. The only street that crossed the city obliquely was Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway).

But the city became the commercial capital of the United States only after the opening of the Erie Canal, which connected the Hudson River with the Great Lakes. The growth of this city did not stop during the war with the British of 1812-1815, nor during the American Civil War.

New Yorkers were reluctant to take an active part in the Civil War and responded to the call with a riot in which more than 100 people died.

After the war, the city faced a real immigration shock. According to experts, through New York in the period from 1880-1919. 17 million people moved to the United States, some of whom merged with the city’s population.

1886 — 2001

In 1886, the famous “Statue of Liberty” appeared near the shores of New York. And although Chicago is considered the first city to erect a skyscraper, New York did not keep waiting long and in 1889 the famous architect Bradford Gilbert erected the Tower Building on Broadway.

This race was continued by the Park Row Building (1897), the Singer Tower (1908), the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company skyscraper (1913), and eventually completed the race in 1930 by the construction of the Chrysler Building, and the Empire State Building which surpassed the height of the Eiffel Tower.

The last skyscraper held the height record until 2001, when the twin towers were destroyed by terrorists.

At the present time, New York continues to develop; it is one of the most unique cities in the world with a difficult past and a promising future.

New Amsterdam - the predecessor of modern New York (1613-1664)

In 1626, local residents sold the island of Manhattan to Governor Peter Minuit for 60 guilders. To protect against the Indians, the Dutch built a huge wall. The adjacent street was named “Walstraat” (Wall Street). New Amsterdam existed until 1664, when it passed into British hands.

British Raj (1664-1783)

New York played an important role during the struggle for North American independence. It was the military and political center of the British. During this period, the city was seriously damaged by several fires. New York was under British rule until 1783. The last British troops left the city on November 25 of that year. This is how the holiday “Evacuation Day” appeared.

New York during the period of American independence (1783-1898)

After the end of the struggle for independence, thousands of settlers headed here, mostly Yankees (residents of New England). As a result, it became a middle-class city consisting of merchants, brokers, bankers, artisans and well-paid workers. In 1835, New York City grew substantially in size with the opening of the Erie Canal, connecting the Atlantic Port to the markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada.

But in 1840, the economic center of the United States was rocked by enormous social changes associated with the migration of the Irish, who were mostly unskilled workers. The city's infrastructure collapsed. A struggle began between American citizens and migrants. This period of New York history is beautifully depicted in Martin Scorsese's film Gangs of New York.

Throughout the 19th century, New York was the first stop for thousands of people heading to the United States for a better life. The Statue of Liberty, built in 1886, became a symbol of migration and democracy. Entire neighborhoods populated by immigrants of a certain nationality appeared in the city.

New York in the 20th century

In 1904, there was a fire in the city, which killed more than 1,000 people. This tragedy led to improved security. Transport infrastructure was also gradually improved. In particular, the metro was opened in 1904. During the 1st half of the 20th century, the city developed into a world center of trade, industry and communications. And in 1925, New York City boasted the largest population in the world. Despite the Great Depression, in the 30s, many skyscrapers were erected in the city, which still decorate New York. One of them, namely the Empire State Building, even acquired the status of one of the symbols of New York.

In the 60s, riots began in New York, as in other major US cities, accompanied by an industrial crisis. Also in 1969, the famous gay uprising took place, and a year later the world's first gay pride parade took place. In the 70s, the economic condition of the city deteriorated significantly, which led to an increase in the crime rate. The year 1977 was especially notable, when a massive wave of looting and vandalism occurred during a blackout.

New York was able to restore its former reputation only in the 80s. During this same period, Broadway was revived. The 1990s were also characterized by a decline in crime and economic success. As a result, at the end of the 20th century, New York transformed from a center of immigrants into a modern cosmopolitan metropolis.

New York after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

It is believed that the first people appeared on the territory of modern New York more than 11 thousand years ago. Most likely they did not live permanently in these places, but only hunted. About 3 thousand years ago, the territory was inhabited by Indian tribes who never left the region. The quiet and measured phase of New York's history continued until 1524, when Giovanni Verrazana arrived in New York Harbor. He sailed no further than where the bridge that bears his name now stands. But it was with his voyage that the stage of European discoveries and settlement of these places began.

In 1609, Englishman Henry Hudson, working for the Dutch East India Company, discovered the island of Manhattan and sailed further down the river, exploring territories unknown to Europeans. Currently, the Hudson River is named after this explorer. In 1613, the Dutchman Andrian Block was forced to land with his ship's crew on the island of Manhattan. Their ship burned down at sea, but during the forced winter, with the help of the Indians, the Europeans built a new ship. The following year, 1614, the Dutch founded a colony. It was located on the Hudson River near modern Albany.

Henry Hudson's Indian Encounter Expedition

In 1625, several Dutch families traveled to Manhattan Island and founded a settlement. For protection from Indians and other European countries, Fort Amsterdam was erected in the settlement. But as the colony grew, the name Fort Amsterdam was eventually changed to New Amsterdam. In 1626, an epoch-making event occurred when Peter Minuit bought the territory of modern Manhattan from the Indians. The total cost of the transaction is estimated at $24? It was for this amount that Minuit gave the Indians clothes, metal objects and various trinkets. Many mention this deal as an example of commercial insight, forgetting to mention that the Indians simply did not understand that they were transferring rights to land. Also in 1626, the first black African slaves were brought to New Amsterdam.

Initially, the settlers' only source of income was the trade in beaver pelts. In the Netherlands, they made hats from them, and the skins themselves were exchanged with the Indians. by 1628 New Amsterdam had 270 inhabitants. In subsequent decades, settlers flocked to the colony from a variety of places. In 1639, the Dane Johannes Bronk moved north of Manhattan, after whom the modern Bronx district of New York is named. In 1654, 23 Jewish refugees from Brazil founded Shearith Israel in what would become New York. In 1657, English Quakers arrived in the colony.

The British appreciated the importance of the colony in the new lands and in subsequent years sought to take possession of it. In August 1664, 450 English soldiers landed in what is now Brooklyn. They were commanded by Colonel Richard Nichols, and their goal was to control the city and establish English rule. The townspeople convinced the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, not to resist, so Richard Nichols became the first English governor. Nichols renamed the city and named it in honor of the king's brother, the Duke of York, who organized the military expedition. Thus, the city of New York received its modern name. As a result of the war in 1673, Holland regained control over the city, but not for long. The following year, 1674, the British again took possession of the city.

Under British rule, the city's development slowed down. It is not surprising that the townspeople sought to gain as much independence as possible. Taking advantage of the revolution in England in 1688, in May 1689, the German-born merchant Jacob Leisler captured Fort George (formerly Fort Amsterdam) and ruled New York for almost two years. In 1690, he even tried to capture Canada, but was arrested by the British and hanged in May 1691.

English rule in the 1700s increasingly irritated New Yorkers. So in 1764, the English Parliament adopted the Sugar Act, which increased taxes on the trade of sugar and molasses in New York. In 1765, the Stamp Act came into force, causing a storm of discontent in the North American colonies. Protesting, in October 1765, New Yorkers convened a congress and challenged the right of Parliament to collect taxes from the colonies without their consent. In 1766, tensions briefly eased when, after a series of protests, the English Parliament lowered taxes on sugar and molasses and also revoked the Stamp Act. But the calm did not last long. In 1767, parliament passed new laws on duties on goods imported into the colonies, resulting in a series of skirmishes with soldiers in the city. Raising taxes on tea led to the famous Boston Tea Party in 1773. A similar protest occurred in New York in April 1774 and went down in history as the New York Tea Party.

After the start of the War of Independence, 500 British ships with a 32,000-strong army under the command of General William Howe approached New York. American troops under Washington's command resisted but were unable to hold the city. The British captured New York and held it until the end of the war. During the war, the city was used as a concentration camp for captured American soldiers. 11 thousand of them died due to the terrible conditions. During the war, tens of thousands of citizens left the city, which was also twice damaged by fires. The defeat of the British in the war led to the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty on September 3, 1783, according to which America was recognized as independent from England. But the day of the end of the British occupation is considered to be November 25, 1783, when American troops entered the city.

New York, early 20th century

After the War of Independence, the city actively grew and developed. So from 1790 to 1820, the population of New York grew from 33 thousand to 123 thousand people. Thus, by 1820, New York became the largest city in the United States. In 1811, a city planning plan was adopted in New York, regulating the development of the city. Before this, the city grew spontaneously. According to the plan, there were 12 widely spaced avenues from north to south. From east to west, the avenue was crossed by 155 streets, located quite close to each other (61 m). This arrangement created rectangles that were perfect for constructing buildings on these sites. The only street slanting across the slender row of streets was Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway).

With the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, connecting New York via the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, the city became the commercial capital of the United States. The development of New York was not hindered by either the war with the British of 1812-1815 or the American Civil War. New Yorkers were reluctant to take much part in the Civil War and responded to the call with a riot that left more than 100 people dead. After the Civil War, the city experienced a migration boom. It is estimated that between 1880 and 1919, 17 million people arrived in the United States through New York, many of them joining the ranks of the city's residents.

Famous historical photos of New York in the first half of the 20th century

In 1886, a significant event occurred when the famous “Statue of Liberty” was donated to the city. Although Chicago took the lead in the construction of the very first skyscraper in the world, New York quickly joined the race in the construction of multi-story buildings. In 1889, the Tower Building was built on Broadway by architect Bradford Gilbert, the first skyscraper in New York. Subsequently, the tallest buildings in the world became the Park Row Building (1897, 30 floors), the Singer Tower (1908, 47 floors), and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company skyscraper (1913, 60 floors). The race culminated in the completion of the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in 1930. Architect William Van Alen, who designed the Chrysler Building, surpassed the Eiffel Tower in height, and celebrated for several months until H. Craig Severens completed the Empire State Building. The last 102-story skyscraper held the record until the construction of the infamous World Trade Center Twin Towers, which were destroyed by terrorists in 2001.

Currently, New York, having survived the shock of a terrorist attack, is actively reviving and developing. New York never sleeps; it is the most distinctive city in the world, with a turbulent past and a promising future.

Short story

New York (English: New York City, until 1664 - New Amsterdam) is a city in the USA, one of the largest metropolises in the world. Population 8,500,500 (2009). Located on the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern New York State. The city administratively consists of 5 boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan and Staten Island.

New York was founded at the beginning of the 17th century by Dutch colonists, the original name was New Amsterdam.

The main attractions are located in Manhattan. Among them: historical skyscrapers (Empire State Building, Chrysler Building), Grand Central Station building, Rockefeller Center, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Opera, Solomon Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art (painting), American Museum of Natural History ( dinosaur skeletons and planetarium), UN headquarters, Harlem

History of New York City

In the territory that is today occupied by the city of New York, long before the arrival of Europeans, Indian tribes such as Manahattow and Canarsie lived here. This is confirmed by the discovery of arrowheads and other artifacts in areas of the city that are not built up with buildings, such as Inwood Hill Park and Riverside Park. European settlements began in 1626. from the founding of the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) on the southern outskirts of Manhattan. In 1664, English ships captured the city without encountering resistance from Governor Stuyvesant, and it was renamed New York, in honor of the initiator of this attack, the Duke of York. As a result of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1667, the Dutch officially handed over New York to the British and in return received the colony of Suriname.

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the present-day area of ​​the city was the scene of important battles. As a result of the Battle of Brooklyn, a large fire started in Brooklyn, in which most of the city burned, and it fell into British hands for the rest of the war, until the Americans retook it in 1783. This day, called "Evacuation Day" (English), was celebrated for a long time in New York.

During the 19th century, the city's population grew rapidly due to the rapid influx of large numbers of immigrants. In 1811, a visionary master plan for the city was developed, which expanded the street network to cover all of Manhattan. By 1835, New York had overtaken Philadelphia in population to become the largest city in the United States.

During the Civil War, the city's strong trade ties with the South, as well as its growing immigrant population, led to a rift between Union and Confederate supporters that culminated in the Draft Riots, the largest civil unrest in American history.

History of the City of New York (before 1664)

Before the Europeans, this territory had settlements of indigenous people, Indians - the Delaware and Metaac tribes. Italian-born French navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano, who named the place Nouvel Angoulême(fr. Nouvelle-Angouleme), sailed to New York Bay in 1524, but the colony was not founded.

The city's true history begins with the Dutch search for a quick route to Asia. Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company who was seeking access to the Pacific Ocean, again reached New York Bay in 1609 and sailed north along the Hudson River to the future city of Albany and along Manhattan. With the return to the Netherlands, the East India Company concluded that the site was ideal for the construction of the first Dutch colony in America.

New York City grew as an economic center thanks to the policies of Alexander Hamilton (he was the first Secretary of State for the Treasury) and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825.

After the American Revolutionary War, several thousand people moved from New England to New York. In 1820, the city's population was 95% American-born. In the -1840s, New York's strength and financial power grew.

Immigration from Ireland -1850 began for economic reasons. The Great Irish Famine forced millions of people to move to New York.

Write a review of the article "History of New York"

Literature

• Archdeacon, Thomas J. New York City, 1664-1710: Conquest and Change (1976)
• Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-511634-8
• Caro, Robert. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. (1973)
• Jackson, Kenneth T. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-300-05536-6
• Jackson, Kenneth T. and Roberts, Sam (eds.) The Almanac of New York City (2008)
• Greene, Evarts Boutelle et all, American Population before the Federal Census of 1790, 1993, ISBN 0-8063-1377-3
• Kessner, Thomas. Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York(1989) the most detailed standard scholarly biography
• Siegel, Fred and Siegel, Harry. The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life(2005), analytical academic study
• Slayton, Robert A. Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith,(2001), 480pp, the standard scholarly biography;

Notes

Excerpt characterizing the History of New York

The Battle of Borodino, with the subsequent occupation of Moscow and the flight of the French, without new battles, is one of the most instructive phenomena in history.
All historians agree that the external activities of states and peoples, in their clashes with each other, are expressed by wars; that directly, as a result of greater or lesser military successes, the political power of states and peoples increases or decreases.
No matter how strange the historical descriptions are of how some king or emperor, having quarreled with another emperor or king, gathered an army, fought with the enemy army, won a victory, killed three, five, ten thousand people and, as a result, conquered the state and an entire people of several millions; no matter how incomprehensible it may be why the defeat of one army, one hundredth of all the forces of the people, forced the people to submit, all the facts of history (as far as we know it) confirm the justice of the fact that greater or lesser successes of the army of one people against the army of another people are the reasons or, according to at least significant signs of an increase or decrease in the strength of nations. The army was victorious, and the rights of the victorious people immediately increased to the detriment of the vanquished. The army was defeated, and immediately, according to the degree of defeat, the people are deprived of their rights, and when their army is completely defeated, they are completely subjugated.
This has been the case (according to history) from ancient times to the present day. All Napoleon's wars serve as confirmation of this rule. According to the degree of defeat of the Austrian troops, Austria is deprived of its rights, and the rights and strength of France increase. The French victory at Jena and Auerstätt destroys the independent existence of Prussia.
But suddenly in 1812 the French won a victory near Moscow, Moscow was taken, and after that, without new battles, not Russia ceased to exist, but the army of six hundred thousand ceased to exist, then Napoleonic France. It is impossible to stretch the facts to the rules of history, to say that the battlefield in Borodino remained with the Russians, that after Moscow there were battles that destroyed Napoleon’s army.
After the Borodino victory of the French, there was not a single general battle, but not a single significant one, and the French army ceased to exist. What does it mean? If this were an example from the history of China, we could say that this phenomenon is not historical (a loophole for historians when something does not fit their standards); if the matter concerned a short-term conflict, in which small numbers of troops were involved, we could accept this phenomenon as an exception; but this event took place before the eyes of our fathers, for whom the issue of life and death of the fatherland was being decided, and this war was the greatest of all known wars...
The period of the 1812 campaign from the Battle of Borodino to the expulsion of the French proved that a won battle is not only not the reason for conquest, but is not even a permanent sign of conquest; proved that the power that decides the fate of peoples lies not in the conquerors, not even in armies and battles, but in something else.
French historians, describing the position of the French army before leaving Moscow, claim that everything in the Great Army was in order, except for the cavalry, artillery and convoys, and there was no fodder to feed horses and cattle. Nothing could help this disaster, because the surrounding men burned their hay and did not give it to the French.
The won battle did not bring the usual results, because the men Karp and Vlas, who after the French came to Moscow with carts to plunder the city and did not personally show heroic feelings at all, and all the countless number of such men did not carry hay to Moscow for the good money that they They offered it, but they burned it.

Let's imagine two people who went out to duel with swords according to all the rules of fencing art: fencing lasted for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded - realizing that this was not a joke, but concerned his life, threw down his sword and, taking the first club he came across, began to swing it. But let us imagine that the enemy, having so wisely used the best and simplest means to achieve his goal, at the same time inspired by the traditions of chivalry, would want to hide the essence of the matter and would insist that he, according to all the rules of art, won with swords. One can imagine what confusion and ambiguity would arise from such a description of the duel that took place.
The fencers who demanded fighting according to the rules of art were the French; his opponent, who threw down his sword and raised his club, were Russians; people who try to explain everything according to the rules of fencing are historians who wrote about this event.
Since the fire of Smolensk, a war began that did not fit any previous legends of war. The burning of cities and villages, retreat after battles, Borodin’s attack and retreat again, abandonment and fire of Moscow, catching marauders, rehiring transports, guerrilla warfare - all these were deviations from the rules.
Napoleon felt this, and from the very time when he stopped in Moscow in the correct pose of a fencer and instead of the enemy’s sword he saw a club raised above him, he never ceased to complain to Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander that the war was waged contrary to all the rules (as if there were some rules for killing people). Despite the complaints of the French about non-compliance with the rules, despite the fact that the Russians, the people of higher position, seemed for some reason ashamed to fight with a club, but wanted, according to all the rules, to take the position en quarte or en tierce [fourth, third], to make a skillful lunge in prime [the first], etc. - the club of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without considering anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until those until the entire invasion was destroyed.