The concept of the Defense-Industrial Complex of Russia (DIC, in educational publications Military-Industrial Complex, VPK) is a set of research, testing organizations and production enterprises that carry out the development, production, storage, putting into service of military and special equipment, ammunition, ammunition, etc. . p. mainly for state law enforcement agencies, as well as for export.

State policy The Russian Federation is responsible for: defense and security; defense production; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; Article 71, Constitution of Russia

On December 1, 2000, Putin signed a decree according to which the Russian Federation Committee on Military-Technical Cooperation with Foreign States (KVTC) was formed, a federal executive body for regulation and control of arms exports.

In 2006, the Russian state weapons development program was approved for years, providing for the purchase and development of military equipment for the Russian army. A total of 4.9 trillion rubles were allocated to finance this program during its operation.

In 2006, the Military-Industrial Commission under the Russian government was formed. The commission was entrusted with the tasks of implementing the state military-industrial policy and issues of military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement activities and state security.

The State Armament Program for a period of years was adopted, for the implementation of which more than 19 trillion rubles are provided. State Armament Program for a period of years

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Study the structure of the military-industrial complex (MIC) Introduce the products of the Russian military-industrial complex Determine the geography of various branches of the military-industrial complex Give the concept of conversion Discuss the problems and prospects of the military-industrial complex

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The military-industrial complex (MIC) of Russia is a powerful system of enterprises and institutions of science and technology that produce military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The terms “military industry” and “defense industry” are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.

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The military-industrial complex includes: research organizations (their task is theoretical developments); design bureaus (KB) creating prototypes (prototypes) of weapons; testing laboratories and testing grounds, where, firstly, the “finishing” of prototypes takes place in real conditions, and secondly, the testing of weapons that have just left the factory walls; manufacturing enterprises where mass production of weapons is carried out.

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Safety of the location of production, taking into account the flight time of missiles and aircraft from abroad Duplication - placement of backup enterprises in different parts of the country Concentration of production and scientific and production associations of the military-industrial complex in Moscow and around it, where Russia has the right to create and build up missile defense systems.

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Safety of production location Knowledge intensity Highly qualified personnel Transport factor

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Industries of the military-industrial complex Nuclear weapons complex Aviation industry Rocket and space industry Production of small arms and artillery systems Armored industry Military shipbuilding

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The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry. It includes the following productions. 1. Extraction of uranium ore and production of uranium concentrate. In Russia, only one uranium mine is currently operating in Krasnokamensk (Chita region). Uranium concentrate is also produced there. 2. Uranium enrichment (separation of uranium isotopes) occurs in the cities of Novouralsk (Svedlovsk-44), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Angarsk. Russia has 45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacity. With the decline in nuclear weapons production, these industries are becoming increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises go both to civilian nuclear power plants and to the production of nuclear weapons and industrial reactors for the production of plutonium. 3. The production of fuel elements (fuel rods) for nuclear reactors is carried out in Elektrostal and Novosibirsk.

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4. The production and separation of weapons-grade plutonium is now carried out in Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26). Russia's plutonium reserves have accumulated for many years to come, but the nuclear reactors in these cities do not stop, since they provide them with heat and electricity. Previously, a major center of plutonium production was Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65), where in 1957, due to a failure of the cooling system, one of the containers in which liquid production waste was stored exploded. As a result, an area of ​​23 thousand km was contaminated with radioactive waste. 5. The assembly of nuclear weapons took place in Sarov (Arzamas-16), Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45) and Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). The development of prototypes was carried out in Sarov and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). The first atomic and hydrogen bombs were developed in Sarov, where the Russian Federal Nuclear Center is now located. 6. Disposal of nuclear waste is one of the most difficult environmental problems today. The main center is Snezhinsk, where waste is processed and buried in rocks.

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The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at parent enterprises from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. The main factors for locating production enterprises are the convenience of transport links and the availability of qualified labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the design bureaus of Moscow and the Moscow region. Geography of the aviation industry

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The only exception is the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, where amphibious aircraft are produced. Anti-submarine aircraft - amphibian Be - 12 Multi-purpose aircraft - amphibian A - 40

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Bombers - a combat aircraft designed to destroy enemy ground and sea targets Long-range (strategic) Front-line (tactical) TU-22 MZ SU-34

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Fighter - a combat aircraft for destroying enemy aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles SU - 35 SU - 37

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Attack aircraft - a combat aircraft designed to destroy, mainly from low altitudes, small and mobile ground and sea targets - SU - 25

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Military transport aviation is intended for the transportation of weapons and military equipment, landing AN - 72 AN - 22 AN - 12 AN - 26 AN - 124

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Naval aviation is designed to destroy enemy fleet forces and cover naval groups. IL – 38 SU - 33 YAK – 141 YAK – 38

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The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) contains up to 300 thousand systems, subsystems, individual instruments and parts, and a large space complex contains up to 10 million. Therefore, there are many more scientists, designers and engineers in this field than workers. Ballistic missile R - 21

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Research and development organizations in the industry are concentrated largely in the Moscow region. ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), ​​rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), ​​and anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki) are being developed here. And the production of these products is scattered throughout almost all of Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines are produced in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Launch vehicles for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are produced there, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, and Zheleznogorsk.

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Air defense is a set of measures to repel attacks from various enemy air attack weapons. Anti-aircraft missile launchers S – 200 S – 75 S – 125

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Launchers of the anti-aircraft missile system SAM - "Volna" SAM - "Favorit" SAM - "Kub-MZ"

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In Russia, the only operating cosmodrome is now in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region (near the Plesetsk station). Anti-aircraft missile systems are being tested at the Kapustin Yar training ground in the Astrakhan region. The military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones are controlled from the flight control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

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The most famous and widely produced type of small arms is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is used in at least 55 countries (and in some it is even depicted on the state emblem).

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The main centers for the production of small arms are Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Vyatskie Polyany (Kirov region), and the leading scientific center is located in Klimovsk (Moscow region). Automatic rifle Tokarev VT - 40 Carbine "Tiger" Submachine gun PP - 93 Geography of small arms production

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Geography of artillery systems Artillery systems are produced mainly in Yekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod Anti-aircraft gun and missile system "Tunguska - M" Self-propelled howitzer "Msta - S"

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Naval artillery - consists of the weapons of ships (naval artillery) and coastal missile and artillery troops (coastal artillery) - artillery installations AK - 100 AK - 130 AK - 630 M

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Armor industry. Historical features of development. The armored industry was one of the most developed branches of the military-industrial complex. Over the last period, factories of the former USSR produced 100 thousand tanks. Now a significant part of them is subject to destruction within the framework of the Arms Limitation Treaty in Europe. Before the revolution, despite the presence of several original projects, tanks were not produced in Russia (only two prototypes were built). On the basis of domestic and mainly foreign cars, armored vehicles were assembled by the Izhora, Putilov and Obukhov plants in the country's leading mechanical engineering hub - Petrograd.

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During the Civil War, production of armored vehicles, including half-tracks, continued. The first small series of light tanks (15 pieces) was built at the Sormovsky plant in Nizhny Novgorod in 1920. A French captured tank was used as a sample. As a result of the development of the concept of the first Soviet tank at the Leningrad Bolshevik plant (Obukhov plant) in 1927-1931. The first large series of light tanks MS-1 (900 units) was produced, and in Kharkov, the leading industrial hub of Ukraine, at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant named after the Comintern (KhPZ) in 1930, production of a small series of medium tanks T-24 was organized. Since the beginning of the 30s. Large-scale production of tanks based on advanced foreign models began.

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During the Great Patriotic War, the geography of domestic tank building expanded sharply, especially to the territory of the Urals and the Volga region. The T-34 tanks, which found the most widespread use in the war, were produced at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in Gorky, as well as at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (STZ) and Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil. The Moscow Ordzhonikidze Plant was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, the Leningrad Kirov Plant to Chelyabinsk, and the Leningrad Voroshilov Plant to Omsk and Barnaul. The main production of armored vehicles took place there. In the post-war years until the end of the 80s. Mass production of armored vehicles continued. The main centers of tank building remained Nizhny Tagil, Omsk, Kharkov, Leningrad, and Chelyabinsk.

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Of the four Russian factories, tanks are now produced at only two - in Nizhny Tagil and Omsk (T-80U tanks), and the factories in St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk are being repurposed. Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are produced in Arzamas, and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) are produced in Kurgan. Medium tank T-34 Light tank BT-7 T - 80 KV - 2

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Geography of military shipbuilding Military shipbuilding is difficult to separate from civilian shipbuilding, since until recently most Russian shipyards worked for defense. The largest shipbuilding center since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg, where there are about 40 enterprises in this industry. Almost all types of ships were built here. Nuclear submarines were previously produced in Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Currently, their production remains only in Severodvinsk. Other centers of military shipbuilding are a number of cities on rivers where small ships are produced (Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.)

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Anti-submarine ships - surface ships for combating submarines Anti-submarine cruiser Small PK - 204

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Landing ships - surface combat ships for transporting and landing amphibious assault forces Hovercraft Landing assault boat

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Conversion is the transfer of military production to the production of civilian products. The defense complex developed and produced far more than just military equipment. For example, in 1989, the share of non-food consumer goods and civilian products in the total production of the defense complex amounted to 40%. This, in particular, was facilitated by the transfer of enterprises from the reformed Ministry of Light and Food Industry to the defense complex in 1987. There are frequent cases when the share of military production at defense enterprises did not exceed 10%, and a number of enterprises belonging to the defense ministries did not produce any military products at all.

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For a long time, the defense complex was provided with priority financial resources, scientific and technical personnel, and material resources. During November-December 1991, the sectoral management structure of the military-industrial complex was dismantled, and the State Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers on Military-Technical Issues, which played an important role in the old sectoral structure of industrial management, was liquidated. The privatization program occupied an important place in the government's plans to transform the defense complex. In accordance with this program, the demilitarization of the manufacturing sector of industry and the R&D sector was planned to be carried out on the basis of the development of non-state forms of ownership and entrepreneurship, the reduction of government subsidies and the curtailment of inefficient production and enterprises, and the gradual lifting of restrictions on foreign competition.

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The main tasks in the field of conversion at this stage were to be the preservation of the most important elements of the production and scientific and technical potential of enterprises of the Russian defense complex, their maximum use for economic reconstruction, development of the social sphere, for the creation of import-substituting industries, and expansion of the country's export capabilities. Enterprises deeply specialized in the production of weapons and military equipment, the conversion process of which is extremely difficult, as well as large research institutes and design bureaus, where the most complex and expensive equipment is concentrated, which could only be used for the development and testing of weapons and military equipment, were planned to be converted into state-owned enterprises. enterprises and basic state scientific and technical centers.

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Russia inherited 80% of the USSR's defense industry. This means that the degree of militarization of the economy turned out to be higher compared to other republics of the former Union. True, the number of people employed in the military-industrial complex has decreased to 5.4 million people, but it still remains excessive. Thus, the share of workers in the defense industry is 23.5% of the total number of employees in the country, and about 2 million people now directly produce weapons and military equipment. As of the beginning of 1999, the Russian military-industrial complex included about 700 defense research institutes and design bureaus, as well as 1,700 enterprises and organizations and eight industries. In addition, more than 1,500 related companies in 10 CIS countries are associated with them. Defense industry facilities produce 20% of the country's total engineering output.

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Military-industrial complex enterprises are located extremely unevenly on the territory of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Some areas and more than 70 factory towns, including closed administrative-territorial entities, are completely dependent on the work of the complex, since there are practically no other areas of employment in them. Regions with a high share of employment at military-industrial complex enterprises create a great potential for mass migration of labor to other regions, which, in the absence of sufficient investment in the production and housing and communal services sphere, creates economic and social tension. Therefore, in these regions, it is important to take into account local employment opportunities for workers being released from the defense industries. Russia inherited some of these difficulties from the Soviet Union, and some of them are the result of economic policy mistakes.

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However, the main problem of the military-industrial complex is the meager funding. In this area, the generally accepted indicators in world statistics are annual military expenditures per one military personnel and one resident of the country. In 1997, spending per serviceman in Russia was 14 thousand dollars, in the USA - 176 thousand, in Great Britain - 200, in Germany - 98. In the same year, military spending per capita was: in Russia - 233 dollars, in the USA – 978, in the UK – 578, in Greece – 517 dollars. Actual state budget expenditures on defense in 1993 amounted to 4.4% of GDP; in 1994 - 5.6%, in 1995 - less than 4%, in 1996 - 3.5%, in 1997 - 2.7%. At the same time, the volume of GDP itself has been continuously declining.

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Recent steps taken to straighten out matters in the military-industrial complex, including a number of organizational and financial measures, have begun to yield positive results. Thus, in 1998, there was a relative stabilization in the defense industry of the Russian Federation. In particular, the total volume of product output for 8 months amounted to 97.2% compared to the same period in 1997, including civilian - 92, and military - 107%, which indicates an increase in the share of the latter. At the same time, a fairly significant increase in production occurred in the rocket and space (119.9%) and radio industries (109%), the situation in the aviation (90.1%) and ammunition (93.3%) industries stabilized.

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Military-industrial complex of the Moscow region

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Definition of the military-industrial complex and its composition, industries and location features
Military-industrial complex (MIC) - a set of research, testing organizations and production enterprises that develop, produce, store, put into service military and special equipment, ammunition, ammunition, etc. mainly for state law enforcement agencies, as well as in export.

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The military-industrial complex includes: - research organizations (their task is theoretical developments); - design bureaus (KB) creating prototypes (prototypes) of weapons; - testing laboratories and testing grounds, where, firstly, the “fine-tuning” of prototypes takes place in real conditions, and secondly, the testing of weapons that have just left the factory walls; - manufacturing enterprises where mass production of weapons is carried out.

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The military-industrial complex consists of several main industries: - Nuclear weapons production - Aviation industry - Rocket and space industry - Small arms production - Artillery systems production - Military shipbuilding - Armor industry.

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Virtually all significant cities in Russia became centers of military production, where it was closely connected with “civil” mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and other industries. Arzamas-16, the most famous among them, can serve as an example of a closed city.

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Military-industrial complex of the Moscow region
The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry

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The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at parent enterprises from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. The main factors for locating production enterprises are the convenience of transport links and the availability of qualified labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the design bureaus of Moscow and the Moscow region.

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The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. Research and development organizations in the industry are concentrated largely in the Moscow region. ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), ​​rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), ​​and anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki) are being developed here. And the production of these products is scattered throughout almost all of Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines are produced in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Launch vehicles for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are produced there, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, and Zheleznogorsk. The military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones are controlled from the flight control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

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JSC NIIEM (Istra, Moscow region), - JSC MZEMA (Moscow), JSC PKP Iris (Rostov-on-Don), JSC NPO Novator (Mirny, Arkhangelsk region) , - Novator CJSC (Istra, Moscow region).
JSC "MZEMA"

The military-industrial complex of Russia is a powerful system of enterprises,
producing military equipment,
weapons and ammunition

Composition of the defense industry

Peculiarities

Industries of the defense industry Nuclear weapons complex

Aviation industry

Rocket and space industry

Artillery and small arms weapons

Armor industry

Military-industrial

Russian complex

9th grade

geography teacher

MAOU "Secondary School No. 18", Kazan

Kalyanova S.P.

Topic study plan

• The role of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy.

• Structure and sectoral composition of the military-industrial complex.

• Principles and factors for the location of military-industrial complex branches.

• Geography of the military-industrial complex.

• Problems and prospects of the military-industrial complex.

What is the military industrial complex?

A powerful system of enterprises producing military equipment, weapons and ammunition.

Testing laboratories and testing grounds

(fine-tuning of prototypes and testing of weapons is taking place)

Design bureaus

(create prototype weapons)

Research organizations

(engaged in theoretical developments)

Structure of the military-industrial complex

Manufacturing plants

(mass production of weapons is carried out)

Place of the military-industrial complex in the system

intersectoral complexes

The military-industrial complex partially includes production of other complexes; for example, in mechanical engineering, the share of defense plants is more than 60%.

Exercise: Using Fig. 31 and Table 19. determine the role of inter-industry complexes in the production of military products.

Basic principles

deployment of military-industrial complex

1. Accommodation security

3. Concentration of production in Moscow and near it

2. Duplication of enterprises

• Location of the most important centers and enterprises in the interior of the country.

• Placement of backup enterprises in different regions of the country.

• In Moscow and the Moscow region, Russia has the right to create and build up missile defense systems.

What is unique about the geography of military-industrial complex enterprises?

BUT (Closed administrative-territorial entity)

In the Soviet Union, there were many special closed cities as part of the military-industrial complex, many of which had special names: Arzamas – 16 , Chelyabinsk - 65 and - 70 , Krasnoyarsk - 26 and - 45, Tomsk - 7. They concentrated particularly important military-industrial complex objects. Some of them can become promising technopolises.

Exercise: Identify modern city names

1

• Military strategic
• Military strategic (Security and preservation of military capabilities)

2

• knowledge intensity
• knowledge intensity

3

• Highly qualified personnel
• Highly qualified personnel

4

• transport
• transport

Placement factors

Composition of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space

industry

Aviation industry

Military

shipbuilding

Armor industry

Production of artillery systems

Production of nuclear weapons

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Production of nuclear weapons

The most important complex of branches of the military-industrial complex is the nuclear complex - a shield that ensures the security of the country. The main ones in its composition are two Russian nuclear centers: in Sarov (Arzamas 16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70).

Geography of the military-industrial complex

The rocket and space industry has become the most important complex of the military-industrial complex. It was important to prepare the scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocket science. The first large research and production centers were created in the Moscow region (Energy Corporation in Korolev ).

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space industry

Under the leadership of the famous rocket designer S.P. Korolev, since 1946, work has been carried out on the creation of ballistic missiles, artificial Earth satellites and spaceships have been created, including the Vostok, on which the first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin flew. Ballistic missiles are produced in the Urals, in Siberia, launch vehicles - in Samara, Omsk , rocketry in St. Petersburg .

S.P. Korolev

Yu.Gagarin East - 1

Artificial satellite ballistic missile

Spaceports

The main cosmodrome of Russia, from which all the main military spacecraft were launched and military satellites were launched, is located near the city of Mirny (Art. Plesetsk ) south of Arkhangelsk. WITH Baikonur ships with astronauts on board were launched. Cosmodrome Kapustin Yar(Astrakhan region) has been turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome has been created - “ Free " - in the Amur region.

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space industry

To manage the Russian military space forces, a center was created in the Moscow region - Krasnoznamensk , and for manned space flights - the Mission Control Center (MCC) in Korolev.

Cosmonaut Training Center

IN Zvezdny The cosmonaut training center is located.

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Aviation industry

The geography of the Russian aviation industry is connected with the largest industrial hubs that have good transport connections with hundreds of related factories. Important factors are also strategic security and highly qualified personnel.

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Aviation industry

The largest aircraft manufacturing centers are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Samara, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Helicopters produce in Rostov - on Don, Kazan, Arsenyev (Primorye).

Kazan is a major center

aviation industry

TU – 214R strategic reconnaissance aircraft

Tu-214-ON - designed for aerial photography

Kazan is a major center

aviation industry

TU 160 supersonic strategic missile-carrying bomber

Kazan is a major center

aviation industry

Mi-8MTV-5/Mi-17V-5 airborne transport helicopter is a modern modification of the Mi-8MT helicopter, developed taking into account the experience of combat use.

Mi-8 for the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

"Ansat"

Mi-8MTV-5−1

Mi-17V-5

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Military shipbuilding

The largest center of military shipbuilding - Saint Petersburg– 40 enterprises. They produce everything from boats and submarines to nuclear-powered missile cruisers. Nuclear submarines are produced in Severodvinsk (near Arkhangelsk).

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Armor industry

Tanks are produced at two factories:

Nizhny Tagil and Omsk.

Armored vehicles are produced in Kurgan and Arzamas.

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Production of artillery weapons

Important centers for the production of artillery weapons are: Ekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd.

Geography of the military-industrial complex

Small arms production

Mikhail Timofeevich's Kalashnikov assault rifle is used in 55 countries around the world. Small arms production centers – Tula, Kovrov (Vladimir region), Vyatskie Polyany (Kirov region), Izhevsk, Klimovsk.

Conversion of the military-industrial complex

conversic – change, transformation. Transfer of military production to civilian production.

conversion

Enterprises not subject to conversion

Enterprises producing dual-use products

In the future, they may completely switch to the production of civilian products

Question : What is the conversion of the military industry? What opportunities does it open for the country's economy?

Questions for discussion

1. There are several points of view on the conversion problem.

Some believe that conversion is necessary for Russia. Others believe that the US defense industry's motto should be adhered to: "Arms export is better than conversion."

- What is your point of view?

2. Is there a need to eliminate the military-industrial complex in Russia?

Justify your arguments.

Export

Russian weapons

• Exports amount to 1.7-4 billion dollars
• Russia ranks fourth among exporting countries
• The military-industrial complex accounts for less than 4% of Russian exports

Main regions of Russian arms exports

Near East

Southeast Asia

Latin America

Question : Why does Russia sell military equipment to other countries? Doesn't this weaken its military potential?

« I don’t know what weapons will be used to fight in the third world war, but in the fourth they will use clubs and stones. »

Albert Einstein

Literature

1. E.A. Zhizhina Lesson developments in geography, grade 9, Moscow “VAKO”, 2007

2. V.P.Dronov, V.Ya.Rom Geography of Russia.

Population and economy grade 9,

Moscow “Bustard”, 2014

3. Internet Resources