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The presentation was made by a student of grade 11 “A” of State Educational Institution Secondary School No. 186 in St. Petersburg Maria Estrina *

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Human ecology is the science of the relationship between man and his environment in various aspects (economic, technical, physical-technical, socio-psychological) and is intended to determine the optimal conditions for human existence, including the permissible limits of his impact on the environment. The relationship with the environment of a person as an organism is studied by autecology, the ecology of human communities - synecology. F. Bacon

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chemical atmospheric pollution and human health; biological pollution and human diseases; the influence of sounds on humans; weather and human well-being; nutrition and human health; landscape as a health factor; problems of human adaptation to the environment; bibliography.

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Chemical pollution of the atmosphere industry household boiler rooms transport The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide, fluorine compounds, chlorine compounds

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Human exposure to carbon monoxide Concentration Mg/m3 Duration of exposure Symptoms of poisoning 6 20 min Reduced color and light sensitivity of the eyes, decreased accuracy of visual perception of space and night vision 80-111 3.5 hours Reduced speed of visual perception, deterioration in performance of psychological and psychomotor tests, coordination of small precise movements and analytical thinking 460 4-5 hours Severe headache, weakness, dizziness, fog before the eyes, nausea and vomiting, collapse. Headache, general muscle weakness, nausea. 1760 20 min Loss of consciousness, collapse 3500 5-10 min Headache, dizziness, vomiting, loss of consciousness 3400 20-30 min Weak pulse, slowing and stopping of breathing. Death 14000 1-3 min Loss of consciousness, vomiting, death

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Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride. Symptoms of poisoning: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentrations may result in suffocation, speech impairment, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, and possible acute pulmonary edema. Human exposure to nitrogen oxides quantity symptoms Small amounts dulling of pain sensitivity. Small amounts of feeling of intoxication. Inhalation of pure gas causes narcotic state and suffocation

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Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide Concentration Mg/l exposure time Symptoms of poisoning 0.006 4 hours headache, lacrimation, photophobia, runny nose, pain in the eyes, decreased air and bone sound conductivity. 0.2-0.28 4 hours burning in the eyes, photophobia, lacrimation, congestion of the conjunctiva, irritation in the nose, metallic taste in the mouth, fatigue, headaches, chest tightness, nausea. 0.7 15-30 min painful irritation of the conjunctiva, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, colic, sometimes diarrhea, pain when urinating, shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, palpitations, headache, feeling of squeezing of the head, weakness, dizziness, sometimes fainting or agitation with confusion. 1.0 and above, convulsions and loss of consciousness end in rapid death from respiratory arrest, and sometimes from cardiac paralysis.

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Human exposure to fluorine compounds Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis). Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration. Human exposure to chlorine compounds is severe. Short-term cessation of breathing, then shallow, convulsive breathing is restored. The man loses consciousness. Death occurs within 5-25 minutes. medium form Reflexive cessation of breathing is short-lived, burning and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, pain behind the sternum, attacks of painful dry cough, after 2-4 hours toxic pulmonary edema develops. mild form of signs of irritation of the upper respiratory tract, which persist for several days.

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Biological pollution of the environment - its contamination with pathogenic organisms. Main sources: wastewater from industrial production, agriculture, municipal services of cities and towns, household and industrial landfills, cemeteries, etc. Biological pollution and human diseases

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Causative agents of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, or if hygiene rules are violated. Contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery. infection occurs through the respiratory tract by inhaling air. Diseases: influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. Pathogens get into the air when sick people cough, sneeze, and even talk. Soil Water: rivers, lakes, ponds. Air

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The influence of sounds on humans Sound is mechanical vibrations of the external environment that are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Noise is loud sounds merged into a discordant sound. Noise level dB Impact 20-30 practically harmless to humans 80 permissible limit 130 causes pain in a person 150 becomes unbearable for him

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weather and human well-being Biorhythm - many rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain). Circadian rhythms and biorhythms The study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to identify the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages Climate and health 17th century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born 1725 - the beginning of the study of the influence of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

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nutrition and human health Doctors say that good balanced nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development. Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms. 16 slide

Problems of human adaptation to the environment Types of human adaptation: Sprinter Stayer high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads. Reverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the “stayer” type predominate among the population) Adaptation is a dynamic process through which the mobile systems of living organisms, despite the variability of conditions, maintain the stability necessary for existence, development and procreation.

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Adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension and fatigue. Any disturbance in the person-environment balance is a source of anxiety. Anxiety, defined as a feeling of an uncertain threat; a feeling of diffuse apprehension and anxious anticipation; vague anxiety is the most powerful mechanism of mental stress. The main features of mental stress: 1) stress is a state of the body, its occurrence involves interaction between the body and the environment; 2) stress is a more intense state than the usual motivational one; it requires the perception of threat to occur; 3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive reaction is insufficient.

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References http://ru.wikipedia.org/ http://www.5ka.ru/ http://revolution.allbest.ru/ http://www.ecologyplanet.ru/ http://www.ecosystema. ru/ http://www.chromdet.com/ http://otvety.mail.ru/ http://base.safework.ru/ http://www.ecostandard.ru/ http://www.chemport. ru/ http://www.medkursor.ru/ http://www.rian.ru/ http://otherreferats.allbest.ru/ http://www.100let.net/ http://www.biogweb. ru/ http://www.psylive.ru/

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Ecology and human health

The presentation was made by E.V. Shaboldina, Biology Teacher at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 102 in Volgograd.

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Human ecology is the science of the relationship between man and his environment in various aspects (economic, technical, physical-technical, socio-psychological) and is intended to determine the optimal conditions for human existence, including the permissible limits of his impact on the environment.

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Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

industry

domestic boiler rooms

transport

The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants,

(consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel.)

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide, fluorine compounds, chlorine compounds

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Human exposure to carbon monoxide

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Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride

Symptoms of poisoning: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentrations may result in suffocation, speech impairment, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, and possible acute pulmonary edema.

Human exposure to nitrogen oxides

gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia. It is called amusing.

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Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide

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Human exposure to fluoride compounds

Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis), Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration

Human exposure to chlorine compounds

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Biological pollution of the environment - contamination by pathogenic organisms

main sources

wastewater

industrial production

Agriculture

municipal services of cities and towns

domestic and industrial landfills

cemeteries, etc.

Biological pollution and human diseases

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Causative agents of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, or if hygiene rules are violated.

Contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

infection occurs through the respiratory tract by inhaling air. Diseases: influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. Pathogens get into the air when sick people cough, sneeze, and even talk.

Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds.

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The influence of sounds on humans

environments that are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Noise is loud sounds merged into a discordant sound.

Oscillations of higher frequency are ultrasound, lower frequency are infrasound.

Very noisy modern music dulls hearing and causes nervous diseases.

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weather and human well-being

Biorhythm is a set of rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain).

Circadian rhythms and biorhythms

Studying changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to identify the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages

Climate and health

17th century - the foundations of the scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born

1725 - the beginning of the study of the influence of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

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INFLUENCE OF WEATHER direct indirect

affects the blood supply to the skin, the respiratory, cardiovascular and sweating systems.

The longer the body is isolated from external climatic factors and is in comfortable or subcomfortable indoor microclimate conditions, the more its adaptive reactions to constantly changing weather parameters decrease.

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nutrition and human health

Doctors say that nutritious nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the quantities it needs.

Regular overeating and consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

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The surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state.

landscape as a health factor

Nature increases vitality and calms the nerves. The forest, especially forest air, has one of the strongest effects on health.

Outdoor recreation is useful for city residents due to the busy pace of life and polluted air, including noise pollution, and the overall urban environment.

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Problems of human adaptation to the environment

Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure certain activities of the human body.

Human Adaptation Types: Sprinter Stayer

high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads.

Reverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the “stayer” type predominate among the population)

Adaptation is a dynamic process due to which the mobile systems of living organisms, despite the variability of conditions, maintain the stability necessary for the existence, development and procreation.

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Adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension and fatigue.

Any disturbance in the person-environment balance is a source of anxiety. Anxiety, defined as a feeling of an uncertain threat; a feeling of diffuse apprehension and anxious anticipation; vague anxiety is the most powerful mechanism of mental stress.

The main features of mental stress: 1) stress is a state of the body, its occurrence involves interaction between the body and the environment; 2) stress is a more intense state than the usual motivational one; it requires the perception of threat to occur; 3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive reaction is insufficient.

The work was completed by students of class 10 “B” Nadeeva Milya and Kaldina Anna

Human ecology is the science of the relationship between man and his environment in various aspects (economic, technical, physical-technical, socio-psychological) and is intended to determine the optimal conditions for human existence, including the permissible limits of his impact on the environment. The relationship with the environment of a person as an organism is studied by autecology, the ecology of human communities - synecology. F. Bacon

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere industry household boiler rooms transport The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants (consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel.) The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide fluorine compounds chlorine compounds

Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride. Symptoms of poisoning: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentrations may result in suffocation, speech impairment, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, and possible acute pulmonary edema. Effects on humans of nitrogen oxides, a gas mixed with oxygen, is used for anesthesia. It is called amusing. number of symptoms Small amounts of dullness of pain sensitivity. Small amounts of feeling of intoxication. Inhalation of pure gas causes narcotic state and suffocation

weather and human well-being Biorhythm - many rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain). Circadian rhythms and biorhythms The study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to identify the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages Climate and health 17th century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born 1725 - the beginning of the study of the influence of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

nutrition and human health Doctors say that good balanced nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development. For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the quantities it needs. Regular overeating and consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

The surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state. landscape as a factor of health Nature increases vitality and calms the nerves. The forest, especially forest air, has one of the strongest effects on health. Outdoor recreation is useful for city residents due to the busy pace of life and polluted air, including noise pollution, and the overall urban environment.

Thank you for your attention!

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Presentation on the topic: Ecology and human health

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LESSON OBJECTIVES Educational: to formulate a concept - environmental problems to reveal the role of the environment on living organisms Developmental: to promote the development of logical thinking during the lesson to develop the ability to compare, think independently, generalize, draw conclusions Educational: to educate the modern generation with a sense of respect for all living things and the environment environment

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LESSON PROGRESS 1 Organizational moment goal: to mobilize students for the lesson method: verbal 2. Study of new material posing a problematic question: does the environment affect living organisms, humans? (after watching a fragment of the film “Ecology 21st Century”)

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INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN HEALTH The state of the environment has no small importance on health: The “Ozone Hole” effect affects the formation of malignant tumors Atmospheric pollution - on the condition of the respiratory tract Water pollution - on digestion, sharply worsens the general health of mankind, reduces life expectancy

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INFLUENCE OF ECOLOGY ON HEALTH Currently, environmental consciousness is not able to cover the entire variety of factors of technogenic impact. Of these, chemicals are steadily coming to the fore, the number of which has now exceeded 18 million. Long-term adverse effects on human health have only been fully assessed for less than 5% of the approximately 70,000 synthetic chemical compounds used today. In a number of regions, anthropogenic loads have long exceeded established standards.

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YOUR HEALTH AND ECOLOGY In our technological age, the human body has to cope with a considerable amount of stress. The most obvious factor of such stress is physical pollution of the environment, environmental degradation. As a result, the human body, being a product of the environment, also suffers from environmental pollution. Up to a certain point, the human body copes with harmful factors, but when there are too many of them, illness can occur. Not to mention the influence of urban ecology on a person’s appearance, especially on female beauty. This influence is so obvious that it is enough to compare the appearance of two peers who lead a relatively healthy lifestyle, but one of whom lives in the city, and the other in rural conditions.

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ECOLOGY OF THE PREMISES AND HEALTH Sources of pollution: Budget furniture made from production waste, cabinets made of chipboard, furniture made of polymer materials, some construction and finishing materials, toxic cleaning products. Pollution mechanism: During the aging process of polymer materials, harmful volatile chemical compounds are released. They have mutagenic and allergenic activity. Many cleaning products, such as washing powders, contain phosphate compounds. Surfactants (surfactants) that are formed when using such a powder do not wash off even after repeated rinsing. Effects on Human Health: Chemicals, if you are exposed to them day after day, tend to accumulate in your body. Diseases that can be caused by this are asthma, allergies, nervous system disorders, and oncology.

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INTERNATIONAL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS The modern world, thanks to the rapid development of transport and communications, is becoming more and more integral. Events occurring in a single country can have an impact and affect the interests of both a number of countries and all of humanity. The further development of humanity depends on how it can solve global problems, which include problems of a political nature - war and peace, human rights, racism, nationalism, etc., economic - economic crises, environmental - environmental protection, depletion of natural resources. resources. Let's take a closer look at a number of environmental problems and their impact on humanity. Scientific and technological progress with its sharp socio-economic changes has led to the emergence of a global medical and biological problem: the survival of humanity in an environment deformed by humans. Medical, sociological and hygienic studies have confirmed the cause-and-effect relationship between lifestyle, environment and human health.

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THE EMERGENCE OF AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS The following factors contribute to the emergence of an environmental crisis: predatory attitude towards nature, making profit at any cost, although natural resources are not limitless. This is what has led to the fact that currently the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere per year is 10 - 12 billion tons. In Russia, the volume of mining and processing of mineral resources doubles every 8 years, in the rest of the world - every 15 years; multifunctional use of natural resources (in economic, biological and social terms); imperfection of technological processes, when only 10% of the extracted natural substance is used beneficially by humans, and the rest is returned to nature in an indecent form, polluting the air and soil; environmental illiteracy of society, ignorance of environmental laws; moral impoverishment of society, loss of civil responsibility for the consequences of its activities in relation to its habitat; insufficient funds for environmental protection measures.

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LESSON CONCLUSION: Man does not oppose nature - he himself is an inseparable part of nature. Ecology is a moral problem. By polluting nature, we not only spoil it, but also human health. So, in order to preserve our health and our lives, let’s not pollute nature because it is very beautiful!!!

Ecology and human health

Problems of the influence of environmental pollution on human health in Russia.

According to available data, the changed environment, combined with a person’s incorrect attitude towards their health, is the cause of disease in 77% of cases, the cause of death in 50% of cases, and the cause of improper physical development in 57% of cases.

Of the poisons that regularly enter the human body, 70% come from food, 20% from the air and 10% from water.

Food products.

The content of harmful substances in food products is monitored for 14 elements, the most dangerous and toxic of which are cadmium, mercury and lead. Cadmium is most abundant in plant foods and mushrooms, mercury and nitrosamines are found in fish products, and lead is found in both products of plant and animal origin. There are many pesticides in plant foods; nitrites are used as preservatives in the production of sausages, ham, and many canned foods. Many of them are carcinogenic. Peanuts exported from other countries are 24% contaminated with aflatoxin.

Radionuclides migrate through food chains and enter the human body through food in radio-contaminated areas. The half-life of strontium-90 and cesium-137 (uranium fission products) occurs in approximately 30 years.

Among food products that do not meet hygienic safety standards, the largest share is made up of:

Wine products (21%); -honey and beekeeping products (19%);

Drinks (15%); - bakery and flour products (13%).

Atmospheric air.

As we already know, atmospheric air is most polluted in large cities and industrial centers, especially with developed metallurgical, processing and coal industries, where the main pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine, phenol , metals, etc.

In such centers, the average morbidity levels of the population are higher than the norm by 40% for the respiratory system, by 130% for diseases of the cardiovascular system, by 176% for skin diseases, and by 35% for malignant neoplasms. At the same time, the least sensitive group of the population is aged 20-39 years, and the most sensitive are children from 3 to 6 years old (3.3 times higher) and over 60 years old (1.6 times higher).

Drinking water.

Up to 80% of all chemical compounds entering the external environment sooner or later enter water sources. In Russia, the quality of drinking water supplied to the population does not meet hygienic requirements for sanitary and chemical indicators in 20-25% of cases and for microbiological indicators in 10-15% of cases.

In most reservoirs of modern Russia, water quality does not meet regulatory requirements. The process of increasing the number of objects with high (more than 10 MPC) and extreme levels of excess of the norm (more than 100 MPC) continues. The most polluted water bodies are the lower reaches of the Volga, the southern Urals, Kuzbass, and some areas of the North.

About 50% of the Russian population continues to use water for drinking that does not meet hygienic requirements for various quality indicators.

In large cities of Russia, every year during the spring flood, the quality of drinking water deteriorates. In this regard, drinking water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds. In 22% of cases, water in centralized water supply sources does not meet sanitary and chemical requirements. When using decentralized sources, 28% of sources do not meet sanitary and chemical standards, and 29% do not comply with bacteriological standards.

Overall, 50% of the Russian population continues to use water that is unfit for drinking. The situation regarding water in Russia is especially difficult in the Arkhangelsk, Kursk, Tomsk, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kaliningrad regions, Primorsky Krai, Kalmykia and Dagestan.

In a number of regions, including our region, up to 64% of sources drinking water supply does not have sanitary protection zones.

Ecology and healthy lifestyle.

2.1. Man is a component of the biosphere.

Each person, like any other living organism, exists in a certain biotic and abiotic environment and is inextricably linked with it.

Man is a derivative and important element of the biosphere, which depends entirely on its state, and the state of the biosphere, in turn, is regulated by processes of higher scales occurring in the Solar System, Galaxy, and Space.

Each type of plant or animal organism has developed, in the process of evolution, hereditary adaptations (adaptations) to changing environmental conditions, which serve its survival, prosperity, and optimization of all vital functions of the body.

Unlike all other species, man (Homo sapiens) is the only intelligent biosocial species on the planet that can control the functions of its body not only on the basis of genetically fixed adaptations or instinctively, but also on the basis of its analytical activity, thereby significantly optimizing their relationship with nature, overcome illnesses, extend the life of each individual person.

The intellectual potential of a person has always been more aimed at solving technical, economic and political problems than at improving environmental culture, everyday life and one’s own health.

As a result of scientific and technological revolution, gigantic production, energy, military and transport complexes were created, computerization in people’s daily lives, mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture were intensively developed, the natural resources of land, oceans, seas and rivers were intensively developed, but the development of the technosphere in most cases had a very negative impact on the health and life of each individual person, although, of course, one cannot deny the successful development of some medical and health technologies.