National Unity Day is celebrated as a major public holiday throughout great Russia on October 4th. The presentation tells about the history of this holiday, which has more than one century behind it. His main date of birth is called 1612, when Minin and Pozharsky organized the people to defend the city of Moscow and the entire Russian land. Together they defeated the enemy. This and other facts of history are told in a presentation that can be downloaded from the site for free and shown to schoolchildren on National Unity Day.

Do not forget the holidays that are associated with the history of the people. They should be proud. They need to raise children who grow up. For a long time this date was forgotten in Russia. It's time to revive the holiday and talk about this topic. Since 2005, Unity Day in Russia has been a great day worthy of veneration of glorious people and the icon of the Kazan Mother of God.

The presentation will tell students in grades 5-9 about the history of the Unity Day holiday. At such an event, students can form both a patriotic feeling of love for the Motherland and an awareness of the need to be ready to defend our country from any aggressor.

The slides of the presentation telling about the history of Unity Day are filled with historical information and documentary photographs, pictures that characterize this event:

• Start
• The first militia in Ryazan in 1611
• Second militia in Nizhny Novgorod
• Liberation of Moscow
• The first monument in Moscow to Minin and Pozharsky
• Holiday revival
• Unity of Peoples Day since 2005 (November 4)
• Tolerance (concept)

You can download a presentation on the theme of National Unity Day not only for class hours, but also for history lessons, the world around.

Scenario and presentation for a class hour on the day of national unity. The purpose of the event is to explain to schoolchildren the meaning and meaning of the new holiday in the Russian Federation, the education of patriotism.

Presentation for the class hour for the Day of National Unity. Contains historical information, information about the origin of the holiday, a quiz. Introduce students to architecture and painting.

The material contains a script and a presentation for a class hour on the Day of National Unity in elementary grades. It develops in schoolchildren a sense of patriotism and love for the Motherland, an interest in the history of Russia, and forms a sense of responsibility for their country.

Presentation for the class hour dedicated to the Day of National Unity. Pupils learn about the Time of Troubles, about the struggle against the invaders, about Minin and Pozharsky.

The presentation for the class hour on the topic "In unity is our strength" was made by a primary school teacher. It will definitely appeal to students in grades 1-4. This work will help to organize a lesson of comprehension of new knowledge. The lesson is proposed to be held in the form of a concert. Slide shows can be organized throughout the lesson, gradually revealing the topic stated above. The resource proposed for use will tell schoolchildren about the history of the National Unity Day holidays. Properly selected material will allow the teacher to lay down in children the basic ideas about the events that took place in 1612 and tell about their future significance for Russia. Aphorisms of great people, excerpts from the story "Ivan Susanin" and poems about our Motherland will contribute to the education of patriotic principles in schoolchildren, a sense of pride in their people.

There are many visual images on the slides, there are texts of popular songs and beautiful poems of Russia. The show also includes photos from the lesson, which show the keen interest of children in the proposed topic. 12 slides will help to reveal it.

The presentation reveals the most relevant topic of today. Schoolchildren will say that it is impossible to live in isolation, that it is necessary to maintain those friendly ties that have been created over the years. It is very easy to destroy, but in difficult times you have to seek help from your closest ones, so it is not in vain that people say that our strength is in unity. These words became the motto of the lesson or class hour, which must be passed in the primary grades (1 - 4).

A form of travel is offered for the lesson. Children go on a journey and stop at the stations:

1. Olympic Games;
2. Slavic writing;
3. Crimea and Sevastopol.

Each stop once again proves that at all times people were friendly, they honored their roots. We must not be separated even today, because if we lose connections, we will lose our strength.

The presentation tells about the complexities of national relations in the modern world. It is especially difficult to build them in large states, on whose territory hundreds of nationalities live. However, we should not feel uncomfortable in this, on the contrary, being together, we become stronger. It is this topic “Strength in unity” that the teacher will reveal at the thematic class hour, which is recommended to be carried out using an electronic resource in grades 5-7.

12 slides will fill the lesson with warmth and kindness, sow the seeds of friendship and hope, because in this lesson (class hour) we will talk about the most sacred:

• nations;
• nationality;
• nationalism;
• patriotism;
• tolerance;
• National Unity Day.

The presentation was prepared for holding a unified all-Kuban class hour at school on September 1, 2015 on the topic "In unity is our strength." The work includes exactly 13 slides, on which are portraits of famous people - natives of the Kuban land. Each of them made a small contribution to the fact that today the Kuban was a happy and prosperous land.

In the photo in front of the schoolchildren are outstanding Kuban Cossacks: Ataman Holovaty, Stepanova, who did not wait for her sons from the war, the collector Kovalenko, the wife of Kirlian,. Pustovoit,. Khanzhiyan, Zakharchenko, Zhigulenko, Lukyanenko, Rossinsky, Obraztsov, Gorbatko. This list could be much longer and, if necessary, the teacher can continue it at his own discretion, adding photos of fellow countrymen there.

The methodological development of a class hour script on the theme "National Unity Day on November 4" is offered to visitors, and is recommended for holding in the middle school. In addition to the script, there is also a fascinating and visual presentation of 44 slides in development.

The material of the educational hour makes it possible to organize it in the form of a civil-patriotic orientation, timed to coincide with the Day of National Unity on November 4th. Main goals classroom hours are as follows:

development of feelings of patriotism and citizenship, love for the motherland;
increased interest in historical events that took place in the Russian state;
fostering feelings of respect and pride in;
formation of responsibility for the future, for the fate of their homeland.

National Unity Day November 4 - a brief description of the class hour

From the first minutes of the class hour "Day of National Unity", the teacher reports, accompanied by presentation slides, about the state holiday of Russia, to which the event is dedicated and announces the performance of the country's anthem ( first verse and chorus).

And after listening to an excerpt from the anthem of the Russian Federation, the conversation with the students of the class is activated on the following questions:
Tell me, what does this holiday call for all citizens of our country?
What do you think is the meaning of National Unity Day?
Why do you think our people need unity?

Having introduced students into the topic on the above questions, we proceed to reading thematic poems: "Unity Forever", .

The history of the celebration of National Unity Day

At the next stage of the classroom, we introduce the children to the history of the origin of this holiday. And this holiday was established in memory of the events that took place in the Russian state on November 4, 1612. On this day, more than four hundred years ago, under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky, as well as Kuzma Minin, the militia soldiers were able to storm Kitay-gorod, which led to the liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists.

But, the most important thing is that this event demonstrated an example of genuine unity and heroism of the whole people, regardless of religion, position in society, material well-being or origin.

If we consider this holiday from a historical perspective, then it can be associated with the end of the Time of Troubles, which took place in Russia during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. When the Moscow throne staggered after the death of Ivan the Terrible, and none of his three sons stood at the head of the throne for a long time, Boris Godunov came to power. Here began a period of history called the Troubles.

Contribution of Minin and Pozharsky and National Unity Day

Despite the fact that Boris Godunov was going to do a lot of good for his country, the people did not forgive him in the midst of famine and crop failure, the death of the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry. Here False Dmitry I ascends the throne with the support of the Polish king. However, he did not suit the boyars and Poles, since he did not allow Rus' to be freely ruined.

Then False Dmitry II ascends the throne, wishing to place the son of the Polish king Vladislav on the Moscow throne. However, the King of Poland Sigismund decided to take the throne of Moscow himself, making Rus' part of the Kingdom of Poland. Here the patience of the people burst, which began to form a militia one after another.

Minin and Pozharsky

These militias were headed by Procopius Lyapunov, and then by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, to whose militia the merchant Kozma Minin was one of the very first to donate all his property, urging others to follow his example. And now the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to gather a large army and besiege Moscow occupied by the Poles. Two months later, on November 4, 1612, the so-called Kitay-Gorod was taken, and the enemy army surrendered to the victors.

National Unity Day November 4 and Ivan Susanin

Do not forget about another feat accomplished in 1613 by Ivan Susanin. He managed to lead a detachment of Polish invaders into the dense forest, who was going to capture only the elected Russian Tsar, the son of Patriarch Filaret, Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich. At the cost of his death, Susanin managed to destroy the invaders, bringing them into the swamps of a dense forest.

In honor of Ivan Susanin, poems and musical works were composed. In the course, the script writer offers to organize a dramatization "Ivan Susanin" based on the poem by Ryleev K.

We also remind students that November 4 is also celebrated as the Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. These two holidays have become identical since 2005, since the celebration in honor of the icon named "Kazan", was established precisely as a token of gratitude for the liberation of Rus' from the Poles in 1612.

At the end of the class hour, the results are summed up, and a quiz is held on questions, accompanied by presentation slides. A detailed development of the classroom script, which is called "National Unity Day", can be downloaded along with the presentation at the beginning of the article. In the player below, we recommend viewing the slides of the specified presentation ↓

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The presentation on the topic "November 4 - National Unity Day" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: Holidays. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Beginning of the Time of Troubles

The beginning of the Time of Troubles in Rus' is considered the death of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty - Fedor Ivanovich. He died on January 6, 1598, leaving no heirs. His younger brother Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich on May 15, 1591. The prince's relatives blamed Boris Godunov for his death. But the facts show that he was not involved in what happened.

Tsar Fedor Ioannovich. Portrait from "Titular". 17th century

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Tsar Boris Godunov 1598-1605

After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, with the support of Patriarch Job, the brother of Irina (Fyodor's wife) Boris was elected to the throne. The Boyar Duma was against it. The case was decided by the dowager queen. “The time has come to put on the royal purple,” her decree read. Only after that did Godunov enter the royal chambers.

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Early 17th century

During his short reign, Boris Godunov did a lot for Russia. In 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally defeated and Rus' advanced from the Irtysh and Ob to the Yenisei. Good neighborly relations with the Crimea were established. In 1601, a twenty-year truce was concluded with the Commonwealth. Attachment of peasants to the land contributed to the development of agriculture. Powerful fortresses and cathedrals were built. The port in Arkhangelsk entered service. But his reign was the most severe natural disaster that the country has experienced in the last thousand years.

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Winters in 1601-1602 were long and snowy. It rained for weeks in the summer, and sometimes it snowed. Winter crops perished under the snow, spring crops rotted on the vine. At the beginning of 1603, the price of bread rose 18 times, money was rapidly losing its price, and there were no more reserves. The starving crowds flocked to the capital, but they no longer received help. In large cities they ate all cats and dogs, there were cases of cannibalism. People were dying of hunger right on the streets. In Moscow, only 127,000 people were buried in three mass graves, mostly those who came to the capital in the hope of being saved. Muscovites were buried, as a rule, in church cemeteries, and how many of them lay in the ground - not even counted. Contemporaries believed that a third of the kingdom of Moscow had died out. Robbery became more frequent, and special detachments under the command of experienced governors had to be sent to fight them. The next year was easier at first, but few had grain left to sow. Yet the price of bread has dropped slightly. But later the catastrophe repeated itself - again continuous rains and early frosts. The chronicle reports that "in Moscow in the middle of the summer, great snow fell and it was frosty, they rode in sledges." This means that the snow lay for at least two or three days. By this time, the price of bread had already risen 25 times.

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First pretender.

It was at this time that a man appeared in Lithuania who called himself the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry (he went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I), who supposedly escaped death by a miracle and hid in monasteries for many years. He was well educated, knew court etiquette, many secrets of the Moscow court and the details of the events in Uglich. Some believed him, others pretended to believe. The Polish princes, who were not satisfied with the peace with Russia, decided to take the opportunity and help Dmitry (False Dmitry) ascend the throne of Moscow

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Marina Mniszek Impostor's Invasion of Russia

In exchange for support, False Dmitry agreed to fulfill a number of conditions. He promised Mniszek to pay a million gold pieces, marry his daughter Marina and transfer Pskov and Novgorod to her, to the king - part of the Russian lands, to the Jesuits - to convert Rus' to Catholicism. In the autumn of 1604, the army of False Dmitry (about two thousand mercenaries) invaded Russia. Many western, and especially southern, cities and villages support the impostor and stand under his banner. Dissatisfaction with the policies of Boris Godunov is brewing in the country. In the spring of 1605, government troops completely lost their combat capability. In the last weeks before his death, Boris increasingly fell into doubt, almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe him that Dmitry was alive or that he had died. April 13, 1605 Boris Godunov died

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End of the Godunovs

Three days after the death of Boris Godunov, Moscow swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich. The largest cities of Russia - Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, as well as Pomorie and Siberia - swore allegiance. Perhaps Fedor would have become a good sovereign. He received an excellent education and had obvious abilities. But he was the grandson of Malyuta Skuratov, and this doomed him to death. In May 1605, first in the tsarist army, and then in Moscow, a rebellion began. A huge crowd gathered on Red Square and broke into the Kremlin. The king managed to hide, but at first they didn’t look for him - people rushed to rob the royal mansions, the Godunovs’ courtyards (and other rich courtyards). There were no murders, but there were also some casualties: the crowd smashed the wine cellars, and about 50 people drank themselves to death. By noon, the unrest subsided - the Muscovites did not know what to do next. Later, the king and his mother were discovered and placed under house arrest. On June 3, the boyars went to Serpukhov to bow to the impostor. He announced that he would not enter Moscow until Fyodor Godunov and his mother were destroyed. The boyars fulfill the demand. The mother and son were suffocated and their bodies were displayed in the square. The body of Boris Godunov was removed from the tomb of the Archangel Cathedral and put up for desecration. “And they threw stones at n, and with their feet they pkhali his body, defeated and lying on the ground,” the chronicle reports.

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Board of False Dmitry I

On June 20, 1605, the “royal” train, accompanied by armed Polish warriors and Cossacks, entered Moscow. The capital met him with the ringing of bells. The crowd that filled the streets of the city roared: “Lord, sir, give you health!” The 11-month reign of the impostor began. In an effort to strengthen his position, the impostor placed his henchman, the Greek Ignatius, on the patriarchal throne. He also tried to put an end to the resistance of the boyars. The influential boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who tried to expose the impostor and claimed that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich, was captured on a denunciation. The executioner had already taken Shuisky to the place of execution, but at the last moment False Dmitry pardoned him. The execution was replaced by exile. To put an end to rumors of imposture, False Dmitry summoned Maria Naguya to the capital. On July 17, 1605, near the village of Taininskoye near Moscow, the impostor and Maria Nagaya "recognized" each other. Nagaya was showered with gifts. From now on, her relatives sat in the Boyar Duma above the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, who were very annoyed by that. A few days after meeting with the "mother" False Dmitry was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. “I have two ways to keep the kingdom,” the impostor told his friends, “one way is to be a tyrant, the other is not to spare money to favor; better that sample to favor ... ” Indeed, one gets the impression that False Dmitry tried to please all segments of the population. And the most incredible rumors circulated around Moscow. Someone saw Boris Godunov alive. Someone claimed that the Don Cossacks showed up "Prince Peter" - the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Fyodor Ioannovich, as you remember, died childless). On the Terek, the Cossacks really recognized a certain Ileyka Gorchakov (Muromets) as "Tsarevich Peter". “Tsarevich Peter” wrote to False Dmitry, demanding “the throne of the father”, and fought in the South of the towns where the governors planted by the “king” were sitting. Fuel was added to the fire by the impending wedding of the tsar with Marina Mniszek. Despite the love for False Dmitry, the people called his bride nothing more than a heretic

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The death of the impostor

By the spring of 1606, a conspiracy had matured in Moscow to overthrow the impostor. The plot was headed by Ivan and Vasily Golitsyn, Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, Mikhail Tatishchev. The conspirators, in order not to quarrel, were ready to invite a “neutral” applicant to the throne, for example, the son of Sigismund III Vladislav, provided that the Polish monarch supported the conspiracy. At dawn on May 17, the conspirators began to implement their plan. Two hundred boyars and nobles under the command of the Shuiskys and Golitsyns penetrated the Kremlin. There was a changing of the guard, and there were no more than 30 guards in the palace. Duma clerk Osipov undertook to kill the king. But before he had time to shout swear words to False Dmitry, he was hacked to death. In Moscow, meanwhile, the bells were already ringing with might and main. People screaming "The Kremlin is on fire!" fled to Red Square. The Poles, sensing something was wrong, grabbed their weapons and also rushed to the Kremlin. “Lithuania wants to beat the tsar and the boyars! Don't let them into the Kremlin!" Shuisky's people shouted, and the Poles were driven back. One of the conspirators fired at False Dmitry. The rest attacked the wounded man and hacked him to death. The royal clothes were torn off the murdered man and dragged out of the Kremlin by the legs. The corpse was shown naked to Maria, and the frightened old woman renounced her “son”. The body of the impostor was put on public display at the Execution Ground. A pipe was inserted into the dead man's mouth, and a masquerade mask, which the "pagan Grishka" allegedly worshiped, was thrown on his open stomach. People crowded around him day and night. Many sincerely cried. A few days later, the body of the “king” was tied to a horse and taken out of the capital to be burned in a funny fortress near Moscow.

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Vasily Shuisky

The murder of False Dmitry opened the way to the throne of Vasily Shuisky. On May 19, 1606, his supporters gathered servicemen and merchants who were in Moscow for a kind of Zemsky Sobor. It was decided to elect a king at the Execution Ground in the presence of "the whole people." Vasily Shuisky was taken out to the crowd and shouted: “Is Shuisky, who suffers for Orthodoxy, worthy to reign?” The people, bribed by the Shuiskys, shouted approvingly, captivating the rest of the people with their example. The new king took the oath to his subjects. In the "kissing note" he promised: not to impose disgrace on anyone "without guilt"; do not take away patrimonies from anyone without a trial; do not take property and yards from wives, children and other relatives of the disgraced. The Boyar Duma was declared the highest court. Only she could condemn a noble person to death. The tsar could execute “black people” at his own discretion, “without boyars”, but he promised not to listen to slander and punish perjurers ..

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Civil War

With the election of Vasily Shuisky as king, the turmoil did not end. In 1606-1607, an uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. It covered a huge area. The ranks of the rebels were motley, and the goals were different. The boyars were looking for ranks, authorities, service people - estates with serfs. The fugitives, serfs and peasants were waiting for freedom, mitigation of taxes, dues and other duties. The goal of the rebels was to liberate Moscow from the "traitor Vasily Shuisky". In October 1606 The rebels defeated the enemy near the village of Troitskoye and occupied Kolomenskoye. The way to Moscow was open. With generous gifts, Shuisky lured the noble regiments of Lyapunov and Pashkov to his side. In October 1607 The uprising was put down.

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Tushinsky thief

In the spring of 1607, a new self-proclaimed Dmitry appeared in Belarus (he went down in history as False Dmitry II, or the Tushinsky thief). Apparently, the appeals of Bolotnikov and "Peter Fedorovich" to send at least someone who could be passed off as Tsar Dmitry had an effect. But the sovereign turned out to be some kind of inferior. It is believed that the role of False Dmitry II was played by a wandering teacher, who from poverty served in the priest's house in Mogilev. Gathering an army of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and Polish gentry, False Dmitry moved to the center of Russia. In the summer, he camped near the northwestern walls of the capital in Tushino. Legends circulated about the generosity of the impostor in the Commonwealth. The Lithuanian magnate Jan Sapega with mercenaries moved to False Dmitry and laid siege to the rich Trinity-Sergius Monastery (the siege lasted 16 months). False Dmitry II recognized Marina Mnishek as her husband. The province initially swore allegiance to the impostor. But False Dmitry allocated Polish companies and Cossack hundreds to feed the volost. Bread, belongings, horses were taken away from the unfortunate inhabitants, great violence was committed. Faith in the "good Dmitry" wavered. The population began to resist the Tushins.

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Lifting the siege from Moscow

Besieged Moscow endured cold, disease, hunger. The people were seething. Shuisky's opponents in the capital were preparing a palace coup. In the meantime, Moscow decided to resort to the help of Sweden, especially since the Swedish king Charles IX offered it more than once. An agreement was concluded with the Swedes. A detachment of Swedish mercenaries (5 thousand people) arrived in Novgorod, together with Russian warriors, set out on a campaign led by Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Skopin's army defeated the Tushins near Tver and lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. March 13, 1610 Skopin solemnly entered the capital. Skopin's victories caused panic among the Tushino people. False Dmitry fled to Kaluga. The Tushino camp disintegrated. Meanwhile, Sigismund III, dissatisfied with the treaty between Russia and Poland's enemy Sweden, broke the truce and started a war, laying siege to Smolensk (June - September 1609). Moscow honored Skopin with endless feasts. From this, the tsar's brother Dmitry Shuisky was furious, believing that his nephew wanted to take the throne from him (Tsar Vasily had no children). At the feast at the Vorotynskys, Skopin suddenly became ill, having rushed about in delirium for two weeks, the 24-year-old governor died. In June 1610, the Polish army headed by Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski approached Moscow. Dmitry Shuisky stepped forward to meet him. June 24, 1610 he was defeated in the battle of Klushino. Tsar Vasily lost his army. His days were numbered.

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Seven Boyars

July 17, 1610 Moscow rebelled. Tsar Basil was deposed. On the same day he was forcibly tonsured a monk. (Subsequently, the Poles took Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky to Poland, where the older brothers soon died.) They decided to elect a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor - a congress of representatives of "the whole earth." In the meantime, power has passed to the Boyar Duma of seven boyars. This government went down in history under the name "Seven Boyars". Meanwhile, Hetman Zolkiewski and False Dmitry II were advancing on Moscow with the Cossacks of Dmitry Trubetskoy and the "Lithuanian people" of Jan Sapieha. The idea to invite Vladislav to the Russian throne first arose among the Tushino boyars. In February 1610, they even entered into an agreement with Sigismund III that after the Troubles, Vladislav would become the Russian Tsar. On August 16, 1610, the Semiboyarshchina signed an agreement with Zholkevsky, similar to the agreement between the Tushino people and Sigismund. Russia remained an independent state. The tsar was supposed to rule in consultation with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. It was specifically stipulated that the prince would convert to the Orthodox faith. A “great embassy” left Moscow near Smolensk, but headed by Filaret Romanov and Vasily Golitsyn. But it was not possible to agree with Sigismund. The king did not agree to his son changing his faith, and demanded to surrender Smolensk. Romanov and Golitsyn firmly stood their ground. The negotiations stalled. The king turned the ambassadors into hostages and on November 21 launched a new assault on Smolensk.

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First militia

The people did not take the news of the election of Vladislav badly. The authority of the "Tushino thief" began to grow again. The Seven Boyars, fearing a popular revolt in favor of False Dmitry, brought the Polish garrison into the Kremlin and Kitai-gorod. The capital was actually occupied. The Polish vicegerent Alexander Gonsevsky became its sovereign master. On December 11, 1610, not far from Kaluga, the head of the personal guard of False Dmitry II, Tatar Prince Peter Urusov, shot the impostor with a gun, and then cut off his head. The remnants of the Tushino troops were led by Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky. February-March 1611. All patriotic forces united to expel the Poles from Moscow. The Ryazan land became the center of the association. Here the first militia was formed. In the spring of 1611 The advance detachment of the militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, entered the capital. The Poles were forced to retreat. Then they set fire to the city, and they themselves took refuge behind the stone Chinese city wall. Wooden Moscow was engulfed in fire. Residents fled the capital. The last to leave Moscow were the warriors of Dmitry Pozharsky, taking away their seriously wounded governor. The empty capital burned for two more days. On June 3, 1611, the battle for Smolensk ended. It lasted over 20 months. Events unfolded like this. (message)

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Minin and Pozharsky

By the autumn of 1611, Russia ceased to exist as a single state. A significant part of the territory, including Moscow, was captured by the Poles. Numerous impostors were active in the south. Novgorod land came under the rule of Sweden. The situation in the north-east of the country remained more or less stable. Local nobles and townspeople ruled here - the zemstvo, they made up the so-called "second militia". It all started with the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo headman Kuzma had a vision. The Monk Sergius appeared to him, ordered to collect the "treasury" for military needs and ordered to "cleanse" the Muscovite state. Minin realized that the Lord himself patronized him. Winter was spent on training the troops and difficult negotiations with the Cossacks, who were still besieging Moscow. Zarutsky already considered himself a ruler and was not going to take into account the interests of the Zemstvo. He twice sent assassins to Pozharsky and did not let warriors from the southern cities into the location of the militias. In July 1612, the Polish king Sigismund III sent the army of Jan Chodkiewicz with food and ammunition to help his garrison in Moscow

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Liberation of Moscow

Meanwhile, the advance detachments of the militia were in Moscow. Upon learning of the approach of the militia, Zarutsky with his Cossacks went to Kolomna. The militias set up camp on the left bank of the Moskva River, near the Arbat Gates. Khodkevich appeared on 22 August. From the Kremlin, the emboldened gentry shouted to Pozharsky: “Disband your warriors to the plows!” Polish hussars crossed the Moscow River near the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky attacked them. A fierce battle went on all day. The militias were forced to retreat to the Chertol Gates. But in the evening hundreds of nobles from the right bank of the Moskva River came to the aid of Pozharsky, who pushed Khodkevich away from Kitai-Gorod. On August 23, 1612, the Poles tried to break into the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye. But Pozharsky figured out their maneuver and sent part of the militias to the right bank of the Moscow River. The enemy was stopped. The battle resumed at dawn on 24 August. Mounted hundreds of Pozharsky entered the battle with the hussars. Khodkevich's army retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. And on August 25, without resuming the battle, it went to Lithuania. After Chodkiewicz left, the Polish garrison in Moscow was doomed. However, the siege continued until October 1612. 1.5 thousand Poles died of starvation. On October 22, the Cossacks stormed Kitai-Gorod. On October 26, the Kremlin garrison surrendered to the mercy of the victors.

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National Unity Day

In the face of the threat of the death of the state, the population of Russia was able to unite, feel like a single people, gain the consciousness that only together they can repel the aggressor. The turning point of resistance to the Polish army was October 25 (November 4, according to the new style), 1612. Militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-gorod. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitay-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. In 1636, in Moscow, in honor of the miraculous deliverance from the Polish invasion, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected and consecrated. In memory of the events of 1612, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2004 decided to introduce a new public holiday - National Unity Day and declare November 4 a day off.