Chernikova Victoria, Polyakova Nadezhda

The work is of a research nature. Using a survey of urban and rural school students and analysis of information provided by medical workers of educational institutions, a comparative analysis was carried out and conclusions were drawn. The work took 1st place at the city scientific and training complex “We are the future of the 21st century” in Saratov (section geography).

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Municipal educational institution

"Basic secondary school No. 57"

Lifestyle influence

urban and rural schoolchildren

to your health.

Completed:

Students of class 9 "A"

Chernikova Victoria

Polyakova Nadezhda.

Supervisor:

Geography teacher

Lunkina E.V.

Saratov

2010

Introduction

The state of health of the younger generation in our country in recent years has been a serious national problem, the solution of which largely determines the further economic and social well-being of society.

It is known that over the past decades, an unstable socio-economic situation has developed in Russia, which has led to an increase in the number of stressful situations in everyday life, a deterioration in the material well-being of many families, a decrease in the level of medical care, and more. All this has led to a deterioration in the health of the entire population of our country, including schoolchildren.

According to statistics, over the past 5 years, the overall incidence of teenage children in Russia has increased by 24.1%.Numerous studies in recent years have shown that during their time at school, the health status of children and adolescents has a pronounced negative trend. Thus, by the end of their studies, up to 70% of adolescent high school students have restrictions in choosing a profession due to health reasons, the level of suitability for military service does not exceed 50-70%, and up to 60% of girls graduate from school with chronic diseases. Only 5% of school graduates are considered practically healthy. /6/

Noteworthy is the fact that among urban adolescents the incidence rate is growing at a higher rate compared to their peers from rural areas.

The World Health Organization defines the concept of “health” as follows:

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”

According to WHO, the main factors influencing human health, as well as the length and quality of life, are lifestyle, genetics and heredity, external environment and natural conditions, and healthcare. Moreover, lifestyle plays a major role in this list. It is on this that 50% of a person’s health depends; heredity affects 20%, ecology – 20%, medicine – 10%.

Based on all of the above, we believe that our chosen topic, “The influence of the lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren on health,” is very relevant today. Since it directly affects us and our peers, it was especially interesting to work on it.

Objectives:

1. Find out whether there are differences between the lifestyles of urban and rural schoolchildren.

2. Determine whether the health of adolescents depends on lifestyle.

The objects of the study were students of two schools, urban and rural (MOU “Basic secondary school No. 57” of the Leninsky district of the city of Saratov and MOU “Secondary school in the village of Novopolevodino” of the Balakovo district of the Saratov region).

At the first stage of the work, a survey of students was conducted, most of the questions were aimed at characterizing the lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren (Appendix 1).

At the second stage, an analysis was made of the health status of students in urban and rural schools based on indicators of the general morbidity of students in the educational institution and data from student medical records provided by medical workers.

At the third stage, the received information was processed, analyzed, compared, and as a result, conclusions were drawn.

The survey and collection of medical data in a rural school were carried out by a student of grade 8 "A" Chinareva Tatyana with the help of a geography teacher at the Novopolevodinsk Secondary School Novikova Alevtina Aleksandrovna.

The methodological basis of this study is a systematic approach with elements of structural and functional analysis. It was proposed in the twentieth century by T. Peterson and R. Merton, who considered social life as an infinite variety and interweaving of social structures and social interactions. /2/

1. Lifestyle. Urban and rural lifestyle.

Lifestyle is a way of life aimed at ensuring the optimal functioning of the human body through rational behavior.

This concept is studied by the modern science of sociology and corresponds to the terms: “way of life”, “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “standard of living”. But a new direction has also appeared in the science of geography - “geography of lifestyle”, which examines the lifestyle of people in different territories of the country, depending on place of residence (city, village), religion, nationality, gender, age, etc.

A person’s lifestyle is characterized by the following indicators:

1. food,

2. motor mode (physical activity),

3. presence or absence of bad habits,

4. activities in free time and organization of recreation.

In our work we compare the lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren; it, of course, will depend on the place of residence.

Urban lifestyleis a historically established system, the main function of which is to organize the life of people in a city. /7/

In Russia, most of the population lives in cities and urban-type settlements. Urban residents have an advantage over the rural population in terms of such indicators as the level of domestic comfort, medical care, and the presence of a well-developed social and cultural sphere (various educational institutions, museums, theaters, libraries, etc.).

But life in the city also has a number of negative aspects that greatly affect the physical and mental health of people:

• difficult environmental situation (air pollution, chlorinated water);
• high background noise;
• concentration of large masses of people;
• increased pace of life;
• high risk on the streets.

Under rural lifestyleunderstands the conditions, forms and quality indicators of life of people living in rural areas, engaged primarily in agricultural work; a historically developed specific form of labor, everyday and sociocultural relations, manifested in the common interests of villagers and stereotypes of social behavior. /7/

The rural lifestyle is characterized by the following:

• Conservative and traditional sociocultural environment(strong influence of the rural adult population on the upbringing of their children);
• Limited area of ​​residence

(conditions of closeness with fellow villagers and a relatively common way of life, which contribute to the development of natural care for those who are nearby);

• Weak cultural factor of rural life

(reduction in library collections, remoteness of theaters, museums, etc., as a consequence, limited opportunities for self-education and independent cultural growth for both children and adults)./8/

1. Comparison of the lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren and characteristics of their health.

As a result of the survey, a total of 200 students from grades 5 to 9 were interviewed, of which 163 students from school No. 57 in the city of Saratov (53% boys and 46% girls) and 37 students from a school in the village of Novopolevodino

(60% boys and 40% girls). While the total number of middle-level students in school No. 57 is 190 people, in Novopolevodinsk school there are 51 people.

The research involved adolescents aged 11 to 15 years. It is known that it is during this period that the human body undergoes intensive maturation. It is characterized by sharp endocrine shifts, changes in the functional state of all organs and systems, intensive growth and structure of all organs and tissues of the body.

The excitability of the nervous system increases, all types of inhibition weaken, fatigue increases, both during mental and physical stress. /3/

Initially, we were interested in how students themselves assess their health? (Appendix 2)

Table 1.

Among the most common problems that children from urban schools experience, in their opinion, are vision problems (38%), headaches (33%), and stomach pain (19%). Among rural schoolchildren, colds come first (62%), followed by problems with posture (35%) and headaches (19%).

1. Nutrition.

One of the main factors influencing human health is proper nutrition. The normal growth and development of a child depends primarily on how much the body is provided with the necessary nutrients.

The basic principle of nutrition is regular meals after a certain period of time.

According to the results of the questionnaire:

• 33% of urban and 50% of rural schoolchildren try to eat healthy;

• 26% and 11%, respectively, sometimes forget to eat during the day or eat once a day;
• 44% of urban and 39% of rural children eat only what they consider the most delicious and do not keep track of time.

Food should be varied. If the food includes eggs, milk, cottage cheese, vegetables, fruits, cereals, bread, then the body gets everything it needs without additional effort (Appendix 2).

Table 2.

The results show that rural schoolchildren have better organized nutrition compared to their urban counterparts.

According to WHO, 80% of all diseases are to one degree or another caused by our diet, and 40% are directly related to it. Its irregularity and imbalance, stress and lack of time are part of the lifestyle of a modern city dweller, including schoolchildren. Meanwhile, this entails many problems - from a general decrease in the body’s immune defense to the development of serious pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

According to medical records, 10% of urban schoolchildren and 6% of rural ones have gastrointestinal diseases; metabolic disorders (mainly grade 1 and 2 obesity) are observed in 11% in the city and 4% in the village.

1. Motor mode (physical activity).

The second component of a healthy lifestyle is physical activity. The life of a modern person, especially in cities, is characterized by a high level of physical inactivity (insufficient physical activity). Schoolchildren especially suffer from this, since they are forced to spend a large amount of time sitting at their desk. Watching TV shows and computer games increase the immobility of adolescents.

According to the survey, only 33% of urban schoolchildren regularly play sports (i.e. attend sports clubs), and in the village this figure is much higher - 62%!

35% of people in the city engage in physical labor every day, while 20% do not do it at all. In rural areas, children are already accustomed to physical labor from childhood, because... the majority of families have a subsidiary plot and this is evidenced by the survey data: 68% do physical labor every day, only 10% do virtually no work (Appendix 2).

The good news is that most of the kids know how and love to ride bicycles, skate, ski, and rollerblade, but, unfortunately, they do not do it regularly. Only 24% of urban and 19% of rural children prefer active recreation.

1. Activities in free time, organization of recreation.

A healthy lifestyle necessarily implies an active social life, consisting of interesting activities and a wide circle of friends. The way a child rests affects his physical and psychological state. Aimless waste of free time cannot compensate for the effects of accumulated fatigue and prepare a person for the next active day.

The three most popular leisure activities for students

Cities: villages:

A) walking on the street 64% A) walking on the street 54%

B) chat with friends 56% B) watch TV 51%

C) play computer games 44%. C) communicate with friends 43%

From the data presented, it is clear that both in the city and in the countryside, spending time in the fresh air remains a priority. Note that reading books attracts only 17% of urban and 24% of rural schoolchildren.

Most children try to spend their holiday time in an interesting and varied way in order to gain new impressions, positive emotions and a boost of energy. Thus, 72% of urban schoolchildren spend their holidays outside the city: in health camps, sanatoriums, but most of them still prefer to relax in the countryside or at the dacha. But a large percentage of students (28%) do not leave the dusty, stuffy and polluted city.

Among rural school students, many also change their surroundings during the holidays (60%), and 40% remain in the village, but at the same time they are not exposed to harmful environmental influences.

We live in an age of technology and electronics. Today it is difficult for us to imagine how we can do without televisions, computers, telephones and other important and necessary devices and cars. We compared how much time urban and rural teenagers spend interacting with technology (Appendix 2).

Table 3.

Today there is a lot of talk about the harmful effects of computers, televisions, and telephones on the human body. Teenagers stop communicating in person, preferring chats, ICQ, mail, SMS, etc., but the main thing is that many diseases arise associated with poor posture, decreased visual acuity, diseases of the respiratory system and nervous system. For example, a running computer produces electromagnetic radiation, making the air very dry, weakly ionized and difficult to breathe. Naturally, such air cannot be beneficial for the body and can lead to allergic diseases and other disorders.

To confirm all of the above, we provide data on chronic diseases of students (Appendix 2):

Table 4.

1. Bad habits.

One of the most important problems of modern society is smoking, alcohol and drug use.

Using survey questions, we tried to find out how schoolchildren are doing with bad habits and, unfortunately, we received the following results (Appendix 2):

Table 5.

If we perform simple arithmetic operations, we get the following numbers:

• 55% of city schoolchildren and 32% of rural schoolchildren are familiar with cigarettes to one degree or another;
• with alcohol - 70% in the city and 54% in the village.

From these data it is clear that bad habits are more common among city teenagers; we think that a decrease in adult control plays a certain role here (parents in the city spend less time with their children).

In conclusion, let’s compare the data on the overall morbidity of students from the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 57” in Saratov and the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School in the village. Novopolevodino" Balakovo district, Saratov region. The information was taken from class registers based on the registration by class teachers of students’ medical certificates and KPMO information.

Table 6.

Conclusion.

Our research allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. The lifestyle of city and rural schoolchildren has certain differences.

2. The lifestyle of students affects their health; improper activities can lead to chronic diseases.

3. The health of adolescents from the school in the village of Novopolevodino is better compared to their urban peers from school No. 57.

Rural children have better organized nutrition. Due to the fact that most residents have private farming, the products consumed will be of better quality than in the city.

The physical activity of schoolchildren in rural areas is higher than that of their urban peers. Most attend sports sections that operate at school (football, basketball, volleyball). Also, many people have been helping their parents with housework since childhood, which means they are engaged in physical labor. Despite the fact that the city has a larger selection of sports sections, students are in no hurry to take up sports.

But urban kids spend more time communicating with computers and cell phones than rural kids. We think that in the city this technology is more accessible and there are better opportunities to use the Internet, and city children also have more free time. But TV is watched the same way in both areas.

During the holidays, most students strive to leave their locality to gain new impressions and emotions. But only 27% of children want to move from city to village for permanent residence, and 33% from village to city.

Unfortunately, more than half of the teenagers surveyed are already familiar with cigarettes and alcohol. But, nevertheless, in the city the number of children with bad habits is higher - up to 35%, and in rural areas up to 19%. 2-3% of students tried drugs.

The percentage of frequently ill children is the same both in the city and in the village (7-8%), most often schoolchildren suffer from colds and miss classes for this reason. The main problem for all students is poor posture.

But urban children have more chronic diseases (of the visual organs, heart, neurological, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system).

The research results we obtained can be practically used in geography, biology, ecology, and healthy lifestyle lessons.

In conclusion, we note: all the guys believe that it is important for a person to be healthy in order to live a long and interesting life, to be beautiful and strong, and to have healthy children in the future. Also, most teenagers understand that everyone should take care of their health themselves.

We agree with our peers and think that it does not matter where a person lives - in a village or in a city, the main thing is that he leads a healthy lifestyle.

Introduction 3

1. Lifestyle. Urban and rural lifestyle. 4

2. Comparison of the lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren and characteristics of their health. 6

2.1. Meals for schoolchildren. 7

2.2. Motor mode (physical activity). 8

2.3. Activities in free time, organization of recreation. 8

2.4. Bad habits. 10

Conclusion 11

List of sources used 13

Appendix 14

List of sources used.

1. Antropova M.V., Manke G.G., Borodkina G.V. and others. Risk factors and health status of students. // Healthcare of the Russian Federation. – 1997. - No. 3.
2. Large explanatory sociological dictionary, vol. 1, trans. from English – M.: “Enlightenment”, 1999.
3. Kuchma V.R., Stepanova M.I. Modern hygienic approaches to assessing the impact of educational technologies on the health of children and adolescents / Population health and habitat. – 2002. - No. 2.
4. Sinyagina N.Yu. How to preserve and strengthen the health of children: psychological attitudes and exercises / N.Yu. Sinyagina, I.V. Kuznetsova. – M.: Guminitar. ed. VLADOS center, 2004. – 150 p. – (Family Library).
5. Smirnov N.K. Health-saving educational technologies in the work of teachers and schools. – M.: ARTI, 2003.
6. Social and pedagogical activities to promote a healthy lifestyle for students of the Amga Pedagogical Gymnasium. Abstract. Sleptsova S.E.http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-50733.html
7. Encyclopedia of Sociology, ed. Gritsanova A.A. - M.: “Book House”, 2003.
8. Web-Atlas: "Environment and health of the population of Russia."www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra36a.htm

Appendix 2.

Factors influencing human health, according to WHO.

Schoolchildren's assessment of their health status.

Meals for schoolchildren.

Motor activity of students.

Activities for teenagers in their free time.

The number of teenagers who spend more than 3 hours a day interacting with technology.

Bad habits.

Chronic diseases of students.

Annex 1.

Annex 1.

Instructions : Please fill out our questionnaire. It's very simple. For each question, choose your answer and circle the letter next to the correct answer. Don't be afraid to fill out the form. We will keep your answers confidential. We hope that you will help us by answering our questions sincerely.

a) male

b) female ____________________________.

a) very good b) satisfactory

b) good d) bad

3. Which of the following people do you think should care most about your health? a) doctors, b) teachers c) parents d) myself

a) colds d) problems with posture

b) vision problems e) abdominal pain

c) headaches f) other (specify) ____________________.

a) I don’t miss classes due to illness c) 3-5 times a year

b) 1-2 times a year d) more than 5 times a year

d) read books

a) less than 1 hour b) 1-2 hours

a) I eat healthy food and follow a diet

b) I eat healthy, but only under the supervision of my parents

c) I eat only what I consider the most delicious and do not keep track of time

a) every day b) several times a month

b) several times a week d) less than once a month

a) almost daily b) several times a month

b) several times a week d) I hardly eat

a) tea, coffee and a sandwich c) I usually don’t have breakfast

b) porridge, cottage cheese, eggs d) other (specify)______________________________

a) no, never c) yes, sometimes I play around

b) yes, I tried it once d) yes, I smoke all the time

16. Have you ever tried alcoholic drinks (beer, champagne, wine, liqueur, vodka, cognac)?

a) no, never c) I drink sometimes

b) tried (a) once d) I drink alcohol regularly

a) yes b) no c) I don’t know

a) daily

b) several times a week

a) to be strong d) to please parents

b) to study well e) to be beautiful)

c) to live long g) when you are healthy, life is more interesting

The results of the survey of students of municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 57"

Leninsky district of the city of Saratov.

QUESTIONNAIRE Lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren and its impact on health.

TOTAL QUESTIONED: 163 people.

1. Please indicate your gender? 2. How old are you?

a) male 86 people (53%)

b) female 77 people (47%) 11-15 years old.

2. How do you assess your health?

a) very good (4%) c) satisfactory ( 61%)

b) good (35%) d) bad

(38%) d) myself (a) (49%)

4. Which of the following health problems have you experienced most often?

a) colds(10%) d) problems with posture(15%)

b) vision problems(38%) d) abdominal pain ( 19%)

c) headaches (33%) f) other (specify) ____________________.

5. How often during the year do you miss classes at school for health reasons?

(14%) c) 3-5 times a year (22%)

b) 1-2 times a year (42%) d) more than 5 times a year(20%)

6. How much time per day do you spend on the following activities?

(indicate the answer for each line)

7. How do you usually spend your free time?

a) I watch TV(38%) d) I play computer games ( 44%)

b) chatting with friends(56%) e) I go in for sports ( 24%)

c) walking on the street ( 64%) g) other (specify)_____________________

d) read books (17%)

8. How much time a day do you spend outdoors?

a) less than 1 hour (20%) b) 1-2 hours (24%) c) more than 2 hours (33%) d) all free time 1 8%

9. Do you know how to swim, skate, ski, rollerblade, skateboard, bike (underline or indicate your option)? ___________________________________.

10. Are you involved in a sports section? If yes, please indicate which sport?

YES - 33% NO - 67%

11. What can you say about your diet?

a) I eat healthy food and follow a diet ( 22%)

b) I eat healthy, but only under the supervision of my parents ( 12%)

c) I eat only what I consider the most delicious and do not keep track of time ( 44%)

d) sometimes I forget to eat during the day or only eat once a day(26%)

12. How often do you eat fruit?

a) every day (46%) c) several times a month ( 9%)

b) several times a week ( 38%) d) less than once a month(6%)

13. Do you regularly consume fermented milk and dairy products?

a) almost every day(46%) c) several times a month(12%)

b) several times a week ( 34%) d) I practically don’t eat(8%)

14. What does your breakfast usually consist of?

a) tea, coffee and sandwich ( 65%) c) I usually don’t have breakfast ( 20%)

b) porridge, cottage cheese, eggs(15%) d) other (specify)_________________________

15. Have you ever smoked cigarettes or cigarettes?

a) no, never (45%) c) yes, sometimes I play around(14%)

b) yes, I tried it once(30%) d) yes, I smoke constantly ( 11%)

16. Have you ever tried alcoholic drinks (beer, champagne, wine, liqueur, vodka, cognac)?

a) no, never (30%) c) I drink sometimes (32%)

b) tried it once(35%) d) I drink alcohol regularly ( 3%)

17. Have you ever tried any intoxicants or drugs?

a) yes (6%) b) no (94%) c) I don’t know

18. Do you often do physical labor?

a) daily (35%)

b) several times a week(45%)

c) I practically don’t do it (very rarely)(20%)

19. During the holidays, do you usually

a) do not leave your locality anywhere(28%)

b) relax in camps or sanatoriums(25%)

c) relaxing at the dacha or with relatives in the countryside(47%)

20. Would you like to move permanently to a rural area?

YES – 27% NO – 73%

21. Why do you think it is important to be healthy?

a) to be strong 30% d) to please parents 22%

b) to study well 26% e) to be beautiful) 23%

c) to live long 48% g) when you are healthy, life is more interesting 34%

d) to have healthy children in the future 42%

Information about the incidence of students at secondary school No. 57

Leninsky district of Saratov.

1. Number of children registered with specialists

(chronic diseases).

Data were taken from student medical records.

100% ==163 people.

1. ENT - 20 people. (13%)

2. Respiratory organs (asthma, asthmatic bronchitis) 6 people. (4%)

3. Neuropathologist - 30 people. (18%)

4. Gastrointestinal tract (chronic gastritis, pancreatitis) - 16 people. (10%)

5. Endocrinologist (metabolic disorders, including obesity of 1st and 2nd degree) - 18 people. (eleven%)

6. Oculist - 45 people. (28%)

7. Nephrologist (kidney diseases) - 6 people. (4%)

8. Cardiologist - 20 people. (12%)

9. Orthopedist. (poor posture, flat feet) - 80 people. (49%)

2 . The share of frequently ill children at school (according to KPMO information) - (7-8%)

3 . Illnesses in days per student (according to KPMO) - 3-4 days per person. in year.

4 . In 2008 – 2009 academic year. year absences from classes due to illness - 121 people (78%)

Of these, 23% are absent due to illness 2 times or more.

(Information from class registers based on registration of medical certificates by class teachers)

The results of the survey of students of the Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School in the village of Novopolevodino"

Balakovsky district, Saratov region.

QUESTIONNAIRE Lifestyle of urban and rural schoolchildren and its impact on health.

A total of 37 people were interviewed.

1. Please indicate your gender? 2. How old are you?

a) male 22 people. 60%

b) female 15 people 40% 11 -16 years old.

2. How do you assess your health?

a) very good 64% c) satisfactory 11%

b) good 22% d) bad 3%

3. Which of the following people do you think should care most about your health? a) doctors, b) teachers c) parents 35% d) myself 59%

4. Which of the following health problems have you experienced most often?

a) colds 62% d) problems with posture 35%

b) vision problems 11% e) abdominal pain 11%

c) headaches 19% f) other (specify) ____ 14%________________.

5. How often during the year do you miss classes at school for health reasons?

a) I don’t miss classes due to illness 5% c) 3-5 times a year 19%

b) 1-2 times a year 35% d) more than 5 times a year

6. How much time per day do you spend on the following activities?

(indicate the answer for each line)

7. How do you usually spend your free time?

a) watch TV d) play computer games

b) communicate with friends e) play sports

c) walking on the street g) other (specify)_____________________

d) read books

8. How much time a day do you spend outdoors?

a) less than 1 hour b) 1-2 hours c) more than 2 hours d) all free time

Regulations on the scientific and practical conference

Position

about the municipal scientific and practical conference of schoolchildren

"We are the future of the 21st century"

1. General Provisions

1.1. The city scientific and practical conference (hereinafter referred to as the Conference) has municipal status. The number of participants in the Conference is at least one hundred, the number of sections is at least eight, the percentage of participants from the educational institution where the conference is held is no more than 20% of the total number of participants. An order is issued on the conduct and results of scientific and practical conferences.

1.2. The conference is held for all types of schools in Saratov and is one of the areas of work with gifted children of the education committee of the administration of the municipal formation “City of Saratov”. The coordinator of the Conference is the educational institution where the Conference is held.

1.3. The conference is an exchange of opinions, ideas; identifying the intellectual and creative abilities of schoolchildren, developing in students an interest in research work, public speaking skills, the ability to defend their scientific interests and solve practical problems.

1.4. The conference is held in one of the following areas:natural-mathematical(physics, algebra, geometry, mathematics, computer science and ICT, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, general chemistry, physical geography, economic geography, geography of Russia, the environment, human ecology, plant ecology, animal ecology, general biology, plant biology, biology animals, human biology);social and humanitarian(Russian language, Russian literature of the 18th century, Russian literature of the 19th century, Russian literature of the 20th century, modern literature, foreign literature, local history, economics, applied economics, foreign languages: linguistics and linguistics, regional studies, sociology, political science, law, philosophy, religion, theology, domestic history, history of foreign countries, psychology);artistic and aesthetic(MHC, fine arts, music, history of theater (non-stage performance), cultural studies, school museums).

2. Goals and objectives of the Conference

The purpose of the Conference is to create conditions for the development of schoolchildren's creativity, independent thinking, skills, mastery of the subject of research, and broadening their horizons.

The conference has the following objectives:

Identifying and supporting gifted and capable children, stimulating them to creativity and experimental work,

Involving schoolchildren in research activities,

Promoting the best achievements of schoolchildren,

Improving psychological and pedagogical support for gifted and capable children,

Involving scientists from scientific institutions and universities to work with students.

3. Conference participants

3.1. Students of all types of schools in Saratov who are ready to present their creative projects and research works can take part in the conference.

3.2. Academic supervisors and parents may attend the Conference as listeners.

4.Management of the Conference

4.1. The general management of the Conference is carried out by the organizing committee, which includes methodologists of the municipal institution “City Methodological Center”, deputy directors for educational and scientific-methodological work, teachers.

4.2. The organizing committee is approved by order of the chairman of the education committee of the administration of the municipal formation "City of Saratov" and coordinates the preparation and holding of the Conference.

4.3. The jury includes teachers from universities in Saratov, methodologists, and heads of subject methodological associations. One subject teacher takes part in the jury of each section. The total number of teachers from the educational institution where the Conference is held should not exceed 2-3 people.

4.4. The educational institution on which the Conference is held forms the composition of the jury members, the expert group for reviewing works, draws up a program, collects applications for participation in the conference, and draws up protocols.

4.5. The jury cannot include teachers whose students participate in the scientific-practical conference.

5. Conference technology

5.1. The work of the Conference is conducted in sections and includes public presentations by participants based on the results of their own research activities and discussions.

5.2. The name of the sections may be varied by the organizing committee depending on the number and directions of the declared work. The number of works in each section must be at least 5 and no more than 10. The participants who score the most points are considered winners.

5.3. The rules for participants' speeches include public defense of the work (lasting up to 7 minutes) and discussion (lasting up to 3 minutes). A participant has the right to present work on a given topic only at one conference.

5.4. The age of the conference participants is 6-9th grades,

5.6. School conference coordinator - deputy. Director for Water Resources Management Olga Vyacheslavovna Moiseikina,

5.7. Sections: physics, mathematics, computer science and ICT, chemistry, geography, ecology, biology, the environment.

6. Selection criteria and job requirements

6.1. The following types of works are accepted for the Conference: problem-abstract, problem-search, problem-research.

6.2. Criteria for evaluating submitted works:

Relevance of the topic - 1-3 points,

Compliance of the content with the stated topic - 1-5 points,

Degree of independence in conducting research - 1-5 points,

Analysis and systematization of information sources - 0-2 points,

Practical significance of the work - 1-5 points,

Literacy and logic of presentation of work - 1-5 points,

Ability to support a discussion - 1-5 points.

6.3. The works of the Conference participants are evaluated in accordance with the criteria by calculating the average score for all criteria. Works that have received a negative review are not allowed to participate in the Conference.

6.4. The work must be completed independently and meet the design requirements:

Title page (indicating the topic and initial data of the author and supervisor),

Introduction (justification of the topic, goals and objectives of the study),

Main part,

Conclusion with results and conclusions,

Bibliography,

Application.

6.5. It is necessary to clearly identify the theoretical and practical parts, as well as the authors’ own achievements and areas of use of the results.

6.6. The volume of work is no more than 10 pages, A4 format printed sheet (spacing 1.5; font 14), excluding illustrations and applications.

7. Application and work deadlines

7.1. Applications in the form (Appendix 2) and works for review must be submitted to the organizing committee no later than one month before the start of the Conference. After this period, applications and works will not be accepted. The application must indicate the equipment required to present the work.

7.2. The works of the Conference participants are reviewed but not returned.

7.3. The results of the review of works are posted on the website of the institution where the Conference is taking place three days before the start of the Conference.

8. Summing up

8.1. At the end of the work, meetings of the jury members of the subject sections are held, at which decisions are made on the winners. All decisions of the jury members are recorded and are final.

8.2. All participants of the Conference are issued a certificate of participation. Participants of the Conference who presented the best works are awarded diplomas of 1, 2, 3 degrees (1st place - 1 diploma, 2nd place - 2 diplomas, 3rd place - 3 diplomas).

8.3. Possible financial expenses during the preparation and holding of the Conference are made through charitable donations.

Annex 1

Urban lifestyle

A historically established socio-cultural subsystem of the urban structure mechanism, the main function of which is to organize the process of life activity of social subjects in the conditions of the specific socio-spatial reality of the city. Along with individuals, subjects of G.O.Zh. demographic, educational, professional groups, etc. are advocated.

The first indicators include the standard of living, which characterizes the degree to which various needs of the individual are satisfied, usually expressed in their quantitative measurement (for example, in monetary units).

According to official medical statistics, over the past 5 years, the incidence of illness in children across the country has increased by an average of 12%, and in adolescents by 35%.

The incidence of cancer increased by 14%.

Diseases of the endocrine system – by 29.8%.

Blood diseases – by 36.7%.

Asthma – by 43%.

Diseases of the digestive system – at 22, 65.

Today's children have worse indicators than their peers 10-15 years ago in height, chest circumference, and strength capabilities (dynamometry).

Conclusion

Urban and rural lifestyles certainly have differences.

Adolescence is one of the critical stages in a person’s life, characterized by formation in psychological and social terms and the primary completion of the development process of the body. As WHO notes, deteriorating living conditions and decreased stability in society contribute to an increase in morbidity and deterioration in health, especially in such a social group as adolescents. Numerous studies have shown that the emergence and development of pathological processes in the body is the result of a complex convergence of biological, social and environmental factors. The latter often determines the occurrence and course of many diseases , socio-political and cultural activities of people, as well as various behavioral habits and manifestations.

People's lifestyles can be divided according to the degree of activity. If we distinguish two main types, they will be active and passive . One more intermediate type can be distinguished. Active – people who are quite mobile both at work and at home. Such people actively participate in the life of the work team, are often social entertainers, and they also choose active recreation at home. Adherents of this lifestyle visit various sports institutions (fitness clubs, gyms, team games), spend time with friends after work, go to the cinema and other entertainment institutions. Adherents of a passive lifestyle are calm and measured in everything. Many people do not pay attention to the life of the team in which they work. Free time is spent mainly with family, doing household chores. Of course, they also go to the cinema and meet with friends, but this happens quite rarely and in most cases not on their initiative, but, for example, by their wife or husband, perhaps friends or colleagues. An average type of lifestyle can also be distinguished. These are people who lead a quiet lifestyle. They are moderately active at work and at home. Such people visit entertainment establishments when they get tired of their measured lifestyle. They often behave as active at work, but very calm at home and in their free time. Or vice versa, they are very passive at work and very actively rest after it.

© Book House Publishing House, 2003

Winter, due to the icing of road surfaces and the formation of icicles on the cornices, is a time of increased injury to city residents. Moving from cold air to heated rooms and back is a common problem for Russians. The result is an increased incidence of colds, although deaths from lung diseases in citiesmuch less often - affects the level of qualified medical care.

www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra36a.htm Web-Atlas: "Environment and health of the Russian population."

Urban, rural... How many times in our lives have we heard and pronounced these concepts ourselves, without really thinking about their deeper meaning! For us, these are antonym words, the meaning of which we have learned since childhood. However, do we know exactly and thoroughly what the difference is between the residents of these two “settlements”? It would seem that the answer is unequivocal - yes. But as reviews of this topic on the Internet and the personal experience of the authors have shown, this is not always the case. As a rule, the understanding of how the urban lifestyle differs from the rural one is based on several stereotypes that are not exhaustive and defining. We hope that our article will help the reader understand this issue. Let us warn you in advance that we will talk about life in fairly developed and prosperous cities and villages.

We all come from a village...

It would seem a controversial statement. And, probably, the tenth generation townspeople will be outraged to the core. However, if you look further into the distance, this is certainly true. When primitive man came out of the cave and built the first huts, it was not an urban type of housing at all, but a rural village, where farming, keeping domestic animals and livestock, and hunting came first. Moreover, this way of life lasted for thousands of years. Therefore, no matter how proud someone is of their urban pedigree, its roots grew from the village.

However, let's return from the distant past to today's present. What are the main characteristics of a modern village? They are hard to miss.

Material

A village or town is always a small community of people living in a relatively small area. For example, in many republics of the former USSR there is still a standard - if the number of people living in one settlement (meaning a village, village) exceeds 10 thousand people, then it receives the status of an urban-type settlement (urban-type settlement), that is, almost a city . Again, nowhere in the world will you find a village the size of Paris or Moscow. Although in fairness it is worth noting that these cities (like the vast majority of others) also once began as small villages. Let us list some of the main features that are necessarily inherent in rural settlements.

• Lack of large production. Of course, there are many factories, factories and powerful industrial complexes located far from cities, but all residential and non-residential buildings around them have the status of at least a small town or a specialized town.

• Subsistence farming is mandatory. In many of today's villages, modern low- and multi-storey buildings with all city amenities are being built. However, the main housing stock of any rural settlement is a private house with a yard and a plot of land for planting.

• Financial component. Now many villagers do not work on the land, as was the case in the recent past. They work in small but fairly modern enterprises of various specializations, many of which have been created in today's villages. These factories, workshops, and individual production workshops are no different from similar enterprises in the city. However, it should be recognized that the average salary in rural areas is lower than in the city, and in some places – quite significantly. And these are statistics not only for the CIS, but throughout the world.

• In the countryside you won’t meet academicians or spaceship designers. With rare exceptions, great artists or outstanding architects do not work here either. And this is not caused by a lack of talent (this is exactly all right), but by the lack of a material base for the work and creativity of such individuals. In the village you will not find the Bolshoi Art Theater or the Brain Traumatology Research Institute. There are no National Libraries or Tretyakov Galleries here. Whether this is good or bad is an open question. But the fact that this is impractical is clear without words.

• And further. About 20-25 years ago, one could have written about the uncomfortable living in the countryside (in the territories of the former Soviet Union). Now this topic is no longer relevant. With today's technologies, you can provide yourself with conditions no worse than in the city - even in the remote taiga. It all depends on the availability of appropriate finances. In the West, this problem was solved many decades ago.

Spiritual

Let us also dwell a little on the spiritual component of the modern village. And it occupies a significant place in the village way of life.

• The rural population is more friendly than the urban population. This is due to the close ties between members of this society. Family and neighborly relations here are much stronger than in a metropolis.

• In rural areas, people are more or less equal in social status; there are no large cultural and material gaps between members of rural society. The rural intelligentsia (doctors, teachers, etc.) are much closer to ordinary villagers than their urban counterparts to the so-called hard workers.

• Life and spiritual communication between fellow villagers flows measuredly, steadily and trustingly. The very rhythm of such a life contributes to more sincere relationships between people, their high ability for mutual assistance and compassion. It’s not for nothing that we all know the phrase: “A neighbor’s barn caught fire, and we put out the fire with the whole village.” However, no one has heard, for example, such an expression: “The neighboring nine-story building caught fire, and we put it out with the entire microdistrict.” It is impossible to imagine that during a fire in a village, its residents gathered in a heap away from the flames, photographed it on their mobile phones or took selfies against the backdrop of the fire, without even thinking about some meager assistance to the arriving firefighters. Unfortunately, this is par for the course in the city.

• A village resident's love for his small homeland is much stronger than a city dweller's. And although many may say that this is a controversial statement, since many rural youth leave for the city and try with all their might to gain a foothold there, there are no less examples when a person moves from a small town to the capital or a large regional center and completely forgets where he is from, and for decades does not remember the city of his childhood. For the most part, a village resident always remembers where he comes from, and at the first opportunity he goes to his native birch trees, at least for a few days.

Skyscrapers, skyscrapers, and I’m so small...

Monster, handsome, fantastic, ruthless, indifferent... These, and not only, epithets can be heard in combination with the word city. And we must admit that they are all legitimate. The city is the son of the village, a wayward, eccentric son, not at all like his parent. And the difference between the urban and rural lifestyle is striking to any person who comes here from a distant village. Huge, insatiable, absorbing everything that the earth gives, endowed with all known vices - it can sometimes seem like a punishment sent to people for their sins. But without the city, humanity would never have risen to the current level of civilization. All the global achievements of our world were created in cities, and this is an immutable fact. Cities are necessary for the development of human society, at least at today's historical stage. Let us consider in more detail the features that characterize a typical urban landscape.

• Huge, multi-story residential anthills, where more people often live in one entrance than in some strong villages. Factories, factories, large industrial and trade associations are an organic feature of any more or less developed urban settlement.

• Advanced medicine, science, large educational complexes (institutes, universities, academies, etc.) are again exclusively a city privilege.

• One of the significant advantages of a city over a village is its well-developed infrastructure. As you know, this concept combines the presence of a transport system, schools, medical institutions, service complexes, services of budgetary organizations, shopping facilities, etc. That is, simply put, everything that makes a person’s life beyond the threshold of his home easier and more comfortable , can be attributed to infrastructure. Unfortunately, even in modern and prosperous villages, many elements of such a system leave much to be desired.

• A big problem for any village and even a small regional town is choosing a specialty and getting a job in it. In a large, wealthy city, this issue is much less acute. With perseverance, ability and a strong desire, a city dweller is almost always able to find a job according to his taste and specialty.

• The city is filled with all kinds of entertainment. Theatres, exhibitions, numerous sports shows, concerts - all this is quite ordinary, natural things for a city dweller, but for a villager it rather belongs to the category of exotic, rare holiday...

• Political events, cultural and ordinary revolutions, radical reforms always begin in cities and from there spread throughout the country.

• In the city there are very strong contrasts in interpersonal communication between social groups. For example, at some critical moments, workers of one or several factories can unite and come out in an organized manner with urgent demands, and provide each other with moral and material support. Here we see a certain similarity with a rural community. However, the same workers may live in the same multi-story and multi-entrance building and not even really know who lives on the same landing with them. In the village this is basically impossible. They not only know thoroughly everything about their neighbors, but often have the same information about the entire street, or even the entire village.

• The disunity of the townspeople has long been the talk of the town. Cases when, for example, a lonely person dies in a neighboring apartment and lies there for weeks, or even months, are not uncommon. Neighbors begin to react only to an unpleasant smell, and not always. We gave this gloomy example only to show how far people living in the city are from each other in terms of communication, despite living much more crowded compared to village residents.

• The rhythm of life in the city is incomparable to the pace of the village. He is much taller, more fussy and filled with stress to the limit. It is not surprising that, according to statistics, despite a higher level of medical care, city dwellers, on average, live shorter lives than their rural fellow citizens.

Note. In very rare cases, some of the above factors are present in the village, but this is an exception to the rule that only confirms the rule.

Comparison

Above, we described the most, in our opinion, characteristic features of the urban and rural way of life, although it should be recognized that this is far from an exhaustive analysis. Now let's try to summarize all this in one table and draw some conclusions.

Table

An attentive reader may ask: “What does all of the above have to do with the topic of the article - what is the difference between urban and rural lifestyles?” The most direct. For example, the presence of a highly developed infrastructure allows a city dweller to fill his day more fully than the same villager.

how the life of villagers differed from the life of city dwellers and received the best answer

Answer from Unknown[guru]
The main differences between the rural way of life and the urban way of life are well known: less developed and technically equipped labor, less variety of jobs and professions, and, as a rule, more difficult working conditions. Rural settlements are characterized by greater integration of work and life. Here the rhythm of life is lower, the forms of communication are simpler. The specificity of agricultural production is such that it requires uniform settlement in order to develop agricultural lands. As a result of ill-conceived settlement policies, hundreds of thousands of villages disappeared, millions of hectares of meadows, pastures, and arable land fell out of production... .

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: how was the life of rural residents different from the life of city residents?

Answer from Tatyana Tanya[newbie]
City dwellers and rural dwellers have different lives; rural dwellers seem to live in the countryside and city dwellers live in cities. In the city there can be both rich and poor, but in the villages the people living in the countryside are poor, but they grow a lot of food and sell it. But city dwellers do not grow food, they buy this food with their own money. Rural people do everything with their own hands, and city dwellers buy it from other people who have created factories. In rural areas, in the summer you can go to the river very well, and in the city, city dwellers can also swim, only the noise of cars disturbs you, but rural ones do not have cars, but only in rare cases and in the atmosphere you can hear the sound of nature, like grasshoppers singing with birds, frogs croaking. The villagers were engaged in agriculture, and the townspeople were engaged in trade and crafts.

Answer from Tanya - Manya[guru]
everyone knows about everyone in the village,
and of course it’s hard work getting up early..

Answer from Antonina Andreeva[guru]
Different civilization.

Answer from Sergei Nanezov[active]
City dwellers and rural dwellers have different lives; rural dwellers seem to live in the countryside and city dwellers live in cities. In the city there can be both rich and poor, but in the villages the people living in the countryside are poor, but they grow a lot of food and sell it. But city dwellers do not grow food, they buy this food with their own money. Rural people do everything with their own hands, and city dwellers buy it from other people who have created factories. In rural areas, in the summer you can go to the river very well, and in the city, city dwellers can also swim, only the noise of cars disturbs you, but rural ones do not have cars, but only in rare cases and in the atmosphere you can hear the sound of nature, like grasshoppers singing with birds, frogs croaking. The villagers were engaged in agriculture, and the townspeople were engaged in trade and crafts.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Answer from Javokhir Khadykhodjaev[newbie]
The main differences between the rural way of life and the urban way of life are well known: less developed and technically equipped labor, less variety of jobs and professions, and, as a rule, more difficult working conditions. Rural settlements are characterized by greater integration of work and life. Here the rhythm of life is lower, the forms of communication are simpler. The specificity of agricultural production is such that it requires uniform settlement in order to develop agricultural lands. As a result of ill-conceived settlement policies, hundreds of thousands of villages disappeared, millions of hectares of meadows, pastures, and arable lands fell out of production...
The basis that organizes the life of the urban population is the production of goods and services. Economic, cultural and information potential of society in large urban centers, achievements of material and spiritual activity. At the same time, it leads to the emergence of serious contradictions - uneven development of central and peripheral cities, environmental pollution, and an increase in the number of stresses. .

Lifestyle is a combination of various aspects of people’s life, their behavior in everyday practice. Ultimately, the way of life is determined by the specific socio-economic conditions of a given society, the level of development of the productive forces and the nature of social relations. Therefore, the way of life in different historical eras is not the same. In addition, the way of life reflects national traditions, customs of a given people, their mentality, spiritual culture in general, as well as a person’s property status and economic status. In this regard, the lifestyle of social classes, nations, individual social strata and groups is different in content. The way of life of people living in different territories and in different types of settlements differs in significant features. These features are determined by the nature of labor, its technical and technological content, and the territorial parameters of the life of the population. In this case, we are interested in the urban lifestyle. It is based on the content of industrial labor, the territorial-spatial nature of the urban environment, population density and other factors inherent in the city as a type of settlement (infrastructure development, concentration of government bodies, etc.). All this is reflected in the content of the urban lifestyle, all its aspects: work, everyday life of the population, forms of using free time, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, participation in political and social life, norms and rules of behavior.

Every phenomenon is cognized more deeply and systematically in comparison with other phenomena of the same order as it, through the disclosure of their general and special features. We will consider the urban lifestyle by comparing it with the lifestyle of the rural population, as well as comparing the lifestyle of large and small cities.

What is characteristic of the lifestyle of the population of a big city today?

Firstly, the separation of the place of employment and place of residence. In rural areas, a person lives and works in the same small space, within the boundaries of the fields belonging to a given village. This is especially true today for farms: the farmer's land is located, as a rule, around his house. The separation of place of work and place of residence is not so strongly felt in small towns. The distances between them are small, people often do not use public transport, and it is poorly developed in such cities. In a large city this problem is very acute. For example, in Moscow, travel time to work and back is often two to three hours. This situation has a negative impact on the life of a working person; The road in crowded transport exhausts his strength, unpleasant situations that sometimes develop in the interior of vehicles injure the nervous system. When a person arrives home, he no longer has the energy or time to do housework or keep the apartment clean, not to mention reading, watching television, or spending time with children. In general, transport in Moscow works well compared to other cities, but it cannot cope with the increasing demands placed on it. The opening of new surface routes and metro lines lags behind the increase in the city's population. Transport problems are common in large cities around the world. Thus, a day for a working person in a big city is divided into three parts: work, being in transport and sleep. There is almost no time left for other types of life activities. Free time is only on weekends.

Secondly, the urban lifestyle is largely characterized by the individual-family orientation of the population’s life. In Russia, from time immemorial, collectivism has been an essential feature of people's behavior and their entire lives. The collectivist psychology of the Russian people came from peasant life, based on communal land use and periodic, fairly fair, distribution of land between peasant households (per capita). With the collectivization of agriculture in the USSR, the collectivist psychology of the peasant was supported by joint, socialized labor on the collective farm fields. Collectivism in agricultural production also extended to interfamily, interpersonal relationships, and to the entire lifestyle of a village resident. This feature of the rural way of life has not been lost today.

The life activity of city residents is different. On the one hand, industrial work is collective in nature. Even more collective than agricultural labor, because in large plants and factories thousands of workers are gathered into single labor collectives. But each worker knows only a few immediate neighbors at his workplace, where he works individually. On the village field, work is carried out, as a rule, by an “artel”.

Individuality as a feature of the urban lifestyle is fully manifested in its family and everyday aspects. Here, unlike in the village, a person withdraws into his family after work. He often does not know his neighbor who lives next door to the apartment. And in general, in the city, neighborhood as an aspect of family and personal relationships plays a very insignificant role. People meet with work colleagues more often (they go to visit each other, relax together). The rooting of the individual orientation of the urban lifestyle is facilitated, not least, by the presence in cities of so-called “dormitory areas”. These are new buildings on the outskirts of the city, where there are no industrial or other enterprises. Working in the city center, people come here only to “sleep”. Here their life activities hardly go beyond the scope of family life. Because of this, in the city social control is significantly weakened, while in the village it is at a high level: people know each other thoroughly, they know their parents, grandparents, and everyone living in a given village. Everyone's behavior is under the control of all village residents.

Thirdly, the urban lifestyle is characterized by the predominance of social forms of satisfying people’s everyday needs and a decrease in family forms! In this regard, it is qualitatively different from the rural way of life. In the village, from time immemorial, a person's everyday needs were satisfied in the family. Family members, as a rule, knew how to sew their own clothes, repair shoes, and make simple tools. And, of course, grow bread, vegetables, meat and other food products for your own consumption. Therefore, from an early age, a villager is accustomed to work on the family farm, and then in the field.

In the city, due to objective conditions, the economic and household function of the family is narrowed. A city dweller cannot grow food - he buys it in the store. He most often does not know how to repair his clothes and shoes. A city apartment, unlike a village house, does not require the preparation of fuel and animal feed.

In recent years, the service sector in cities has expanded significantly. This is caused by technological progress - an increase in the number of personal cars, televisions, computers, and mobile phones. They require maintenance and repair. The expansion of the network of service enterprises is also associated with their transition to private ownership. They provide considerable income to their owners, so their number is growing. If in the recent past, say, in Moscow there was an acute shortage of urban service enterprises, now there is another problem for the population - their high cost. Not every working Muscovite, especially a pensioner, can use consumer services enterprises.

Fourthly, the urban lifestyle develops away from nature, in an artificial socio-cultural environment. No matter how rich a particular city is in green spaces and water spaces, they cannot replace living nature. Meanwhile, man as a socio-biological being needs to communicate with the natural environment from which he grew and in which he was historically formed. The biological principle in a person does not disappear when he moves to the city, with the title “city dweller”. A deficiency in the satisfaction of this principle negatively affects a person’s physical health, his psyche and, ultimately, his social behavior.

Naturally, a person, born in urban conditions, adapts to them; his body adapts to a polluted atmosphere and far from clean environmentally friendly water and food. However, the adaptive capabilities of the human body are not unlimited; today they clearly lag behind the growth of components of the artificial environment, especially in a big city. This increase intensifies under market conditions. Business owners care little about developing the city's infrastructure, creating a favorable city-wide environment for residents, and landscaping the streets. They shift the care and costs of this onto the local budget, being interested only in the short-term profit of their enterprises.

The feeling of distance from nature among city dwellers is enhanced by the monotony of the typical development of residential outskirts of modern cities. Houses, like Siamese twins, are similar to each other in different cities. It is not difficult for a person to confuse them, like the hero of the famous film who, having accidentally ended up in Leningrad, could not distinguish the house there from his house in Moscow, where he lived.

For small towns, the problem of remoteness from nature is not as acute as in large and super-large cities. The residents there are closely connected with the village, communicate more often with the villagers, and buy food from them for the winter. The lifestyle of small towns takes on the character of a rural-urban lifestyle. Currently, the remoteness of city residents from nature is somewhat compensated by the massive acquisition by city residents of garden plots, where they spend weekends, vacations, work on the land, and communicate with nature.

These are some of the characteristic features of the urban way of life, which in their totality distinguish it into a special type of way of life as a social phenomenon.

It is known that a person as a personality is formed depending on the objective conditions in which he lives. They determine his value orientations, worldview, system of views on the surrounding reality and his place in it. The urban environment is no exception in this regard. With all its aspects, it has a daily influence on the development of the personality of a city resident from his very birth. Urban living standards in which a person finds himself in adulthood (he moves to the city for permanent residence) determine his desocialization and resocialization, adaptation to their characteristics. With good reason we can talk about “the education of man by the city.”

On what aspects of the personality of a city dweller does the city exert its educational influence? First of all, on his mentality. A city dweller thinks in broader categories than, say, a resident of a village or small town. This is facilitated by a number of reasons: the breadth of urban space, being in large work teams, multinational population, a system of cooperative ties between enterprises, etc. It is also important, of course, that the city population has the opportunity to receive a higher education than a village resident. Therefore, he no longer thinks only in concrete, but also in abstract theoretical categories, and is predisposed to generalizing the facts of life. A worker, an ordinary employee of a city enterprise or institution, more often than a resident of other settlements communicates with the intelligentsia, which is concentrated mainly in cities. This communication contributes to the growth of the general cultural level of the urban population as a whole.

The urban environment fosters in a person a heightened sense of internationalism and equal treatment of people of other nationalities and religions. Without this, social stability in a big city and the normal functioning of work collectives consisting of representatives of many nations and social groups are impossible today. For example, representatives of almost all nations and religious movements that exist in the Russian Federation live in Moscow. Friendly, equal relations between them are the key to calm life in the city.

Transience and the constant change of rhythms in the development of urban life make people want to know urban processes, since they affect everyday life, the well-being of residents, and the social status of workers. The desire to know everything about one’s hometown and real knowledge about it contribute to instilling in its residents a sense of urban patriotism and a desire to contribute to its well-being. City authorities must systematically provide information to the population about news in the life of the city and answer citizens' questions. In Moscow, such information is regularly broadcast on television and radio channels, especially in the television programs: “Events. Moscow Time” and “Facing the City.”

Urban conditions naturally favor the general cultural and professional growth of residents, especially young people. Young people can prepare and enter a university, improve their specialty both at the enterprise and in the postgraduate education system. The city has libraries, theaters, and museums, a visit to which helps enrich the spiritual world of a person.

Thus, the urban way of life, being a variety of the way of life of a given society, retains the basic, essential features of the latter. At the same time, it represents an independent type of lifestyle as a social phenomenon. It is characterized by such features that qualitatively distinguish it from, say, a rural way of life. In the future, both of these basic ways of life will apparently come closer together on the basis of the gradual overcoming of social differences between city and countryside, between people of industrial and agricultural work. The differences are precisely social, natural differences will persist for a long time. The study of the processes occurring in urban and rural ways of life, in their movement towards each other, in their mutual enrichment is the task of sociological science.

I am a romantic person, so when I mention rural life, bright pastoral pictures bloom in my imagination: a beautiful house, a garden, a vegetable garden, fields, lawns, birds, goats...

But in reality, everything is not so rosy. Rural life has undeniable advantages, but in the village the standard of living is often lower than in the city. This is especially true for Russia with its brightest contrast between village and city.

Urban lifestyle

Familiar and familiar to many, judging by the size of the urban population.

City makes a lot of things easily accessible, provides huge selection regarding:

• study and work;
• cultural and entertainment events;
• communication;
• medicine.

Comfort is also high at the everyday level. Electricity, gas, and running water are available in every apartment. But You have to pay dearly for comfort.

Stress- a constant companion of a city dweller.

The city air is full of dust and smog. Transport is often overcrowded and traffic jams are common. Always noisy, it is often difficult to feel privacy even in your own apartment if you do not take care of sound insulation.

Country life

Briefly about the obvious advantages of living in a village:

• measured lifestyle;
• proximity to nature;
• less noise pollution;
• better state of the environment;
• there is an opportunity to engage in agriculture.

However, it will not be without hassle and large financial investments in the maintenance and repair of a private house.

Difficult to find in the village work, so you often have to work in the city and spend many hours on the road. To obtain the services of highly specialized specialists, you often still have to travel to the city.

Choice cultural and entertainment events, as a rule, small. The population is small, and sometimes it is difficult to form a social circle and find like-minded people.

Different people, different lives

Only someone is cute rural life, and the prospect of waking up every morning in an anthill house in the middle of a metropolis is terrifying.

Close to someone city with its speed, brightness and capabilities. For others, a change of environment is familiar: in the summer they go to nature, and spend the winter in a city apartment.

Difference in standard of living is often erased due to the characteristics of a particular city/village and a person’s social status.

Unfortunately, many of us don't have much choice when it comes to where we live. Moving from city to village, as well as vice versa, is always a difficult thing.